,'
of Berlin
With
explorations in
resurrection of the
responsible for the
I be
other specialists for
which did not lie directly
within the sphere of my own investigations, as most of the
books dealing
to
plough
accordingly
Invited
to
and
to
present
to
the
In view
of the
of these
fields of
chiefly
to
the
twentieth
century
and,
moreover,
the object of the
will find their
proper treatment in
In preparing the first 288 pages of my own contribution
I have
the
history
unselfish devo-
the
chapter
on
the
tired hand
me for
between
your
sacred legacy,
my reviewers
is
due
to
me.
placed
pedition.
It
seems
therefore
sylvania
to
establish
the
few
my time
fixed
home.
cially felt when certain passages were to be examined
or
friendly
assistance
re-
L. King
instances
it
would
have
to
obtain
suitable
Illustra-
sifted, and treated by a
number of
May
the time and labor devoted to the preparation of this work
contribute
such a
and
Thomas,
pp.
163-171.
J.
E.
Taylor,
pp,
171-182.
Excavations,
pp.
187-190,
the Babylonian Expedition of
Ruins
of
Zelebiye
on
the
Left
Opp.
p.
36
Babil,
West
Face,
Creswicke
Rawlinson.
(By
Longmans, Green
&, Co., London.)
75
Khorsabad ....
So
From
Museum
of
.
.
his widow.
.
Gudea,
245
From
of
Pennsylvania.
Opp.
p.
303
From
a
photograph
the
Pennsylvania.
Arab
and
brandishing
their
Guns
of
the
University
of
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania.
Lamp
in
Brown
Pennsylvania.
Babylonian
Expedition
Terra-Cotta Drains
Ur-Gur,
2700
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Expedition of
the
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Hilprecht
University of
University of
of
Pennsylvania.
Museum of
Votive Tablet
of Ur-Enlil.
421
From
the
Pennsylvania.
Three
Jars
found
at
of
Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania,
Camel
the
Seleucido-Parthian
Excavated
.......
by
Hilprecht.
of
the
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Pre-Sargonic
Plan
the
the Library Mound Opp.
of
Pennsylvania.
Squeeze
University of Pennsylvania.
.518
From a photograph taken by the Babylonian Expedition of the University of
Pennsylvania.
of
Pennsylvania.
of
Pennsylvania.
Astronomical
Archseology,
and
F9,ra
. Opp.
p.
538
From
Herring-bone
Fashion
543
From
the University
the
*Plan
of
Fund, October,
Moab .
612
From
Archseology,
p.
620
From A bhandlungen tier Kbnigl. Gesellschaft der IVissenschaften zu Gottingen,
Neue
Folge,
(about
1400
No.
102,
Vorderseite,)
EGYPT.
Jean
Ge-
Steindorff.
*Papyrus
Containing
Col.
*The
From a cast in the Museum of Archseology, University of
Pennsylvania.
. .
645
*Sphinx from
*Breastplate
of
King
Amenemhat
III. .
659
From
J.
The Step Pyramid
Fayiim) 666
From the
Khoraiba, South
of Azab
Gate of
Babylon,
in
1899).
Opp,
p.
758
From
p. 6)
(Now
in
in
1894
man Museum, Constantinople)
No.
a peculiar
one. It
so
writer endowed with
 
Lucifer, son of the
morning   how art thou
the
prophetic
curse
from
the
and utter devastation
Babylonia in her
appalling.
The
(Is.
13:
19;
Jer.
50
times
sparingly
clad
with
'arid
and
serbn,
one
side
autumn and
continuous
marsh,
a
veritable
ground,
a
shallow
island,
a
high-
vegetation,
and
towards
soil
covered
with
above
the
in
long
day over
little
rice,
Ma'dan tribes
slightest provo-
cation are
other. Practicing the
Bedouins
of
little property
during the
combined to bring about the final result.
I
military glory and prow-
had
again,
and
sand Greeks fought their way
through
the
veh without even
had been enacted.
Benjamin of Tudela,
bridge. It
former space.
whom I often saw crawling out
and in in large numbers,
like ants in their heap.
At
time
the
capital
of
the
legendary
information
ancient
this countrey,
on
the
bankes
of
the
by Nimrod,
this
answerable
magnificence.
For
it
amount-
eth
to
which
makes
vol.
XV.,
p.
333,
footnote
3;
Geneva,
1674),
P^' '
hundreth
towers,
Mosul, and
state of preser-
in
1748
Jean
French Academy, and
the
distinct
purpose
1,
pp.
89,
seq.
Comp.,
also,
Rogers,
vol. i.,
true
city, himself favoring,
Te/I Et-tilba, i.
The old tradition
the
city.
Jonah
on
the
other
Minor to
via
Mosul
as
a
site
of
The
being
forgotten
entirely.
century
Paris,
1779,
p.
88.
malignant
 
^),
Other travellers, like Marco
Tigris, in
of
different ancient writers
disappearance of Babylon, and
of the more prominent
visited the ruins
of Babylon (with
to
the
upon
1789.
I
and
Assyria,
is also scattered
way
to
Baghdad
or
dad
could
possibly
have
comparison
road, there
made of canes,
same
miles to the north
mightie citie of
to
be
seene
by
daylight,
Shirley's and
ellers of the same
and
Tigris,
wegen dessjenigen, das
Name
zu
Tage
Nemrod
nennet.
Selbiger
with
the
ruins
of
Babylon,
while
not
large mound,
he describes as
order to make quite
miles the
Euphrates.
the
Dominican
father
Emmanuel
to
this
remark-
1
InD'Anville's
considerable
tance from the Euphrates,
cemented
brick
beside it),
of
the
real
vinced, however, that
impressed
by
from
standpoint,
discuss the
geographer
and
historian
Jean
Otter,
who
had
own
positive
conviction
that
es-
pecially
eastern bank of the river
[El-Qasr]
our special atten-
resided
which he
eighteen hours
distant from
as
gelegen habe, daran ist
the river
their material from
this and similar
vessels
and
Babylonia
the
diminutive
(^fu'ail)
is
lion of
 
Great
Britain,
by
to London. At the
small case of
character of
inscriptions.
There
were
other
lon,
^
from
many,
almost definite
doom
of
eternal
silence,
prophets.
II
Ger-
the
meaning
to
characters
Tychsen, Miinter, and
others will always
as the pioneers and leaders
in
a
great
result
into
exist-
ready
of a
twenty-seven
years
test
away from
officer
of
little
interest
was
manifested
in
the
of
written
exclusively
themselves, not only to attract the curiosity but to com-
mand the
had
unlock the doors
of ancient Persia, would open the far more glorious and
remote past of the great civilization between
the
Euphrates
undertaken first.
studied
in
easy
the whole
indispensable
requirement
nations in the study
languages
that
at
the
age
of
circumstances
in
the
different parts of the Levant,
perfecting
himself
in
and
manners
(especially
the
radically
different
in
previous
years.
He
ancient
 
in
publication,
by
a
 
ruins of
the present
form,
Babil
a
bish,
... It
consists
of
several
walls
and
piers,
eight
Babil.
now
only fifty or
From the small dome
called
village,
near
commence.
Both
proper
distance,
in
the
midst
clouds partially ob-
catches of
to give some idea of the immense extent and dreary
solitude of the wastes
^
and
an archaeological
is
found
(pp.
187,
seqq.), —
the
fundamental
principle
of
all
have
sinned
only
too
often.
He
the Qasr
contents of
bricks without
inscriptions had
been taken
ruins
devote but
to sketch and
char-
a quarter
of
King Shalmaneser II., as we now know, since the deci-
phering of
plished
fact.
the
four months
Yezidi
muzd, to the
the
country,
people. The
great facilities
mounds,
walls on
and four
to
the
astonished
world.
But
order
to
obtain
more
1
with
air,
and
by
reeds
or
together
personally,
miles
to
the
one
part
ot
this
1
According
59
2 in
the
British
Museum.
The
frag-
left for the
ance
some
and Babylonia
rying
on
on
pp.
two Tartars.
In conse-
however, he could
this
reason
contributed
nothing
to
ancient
city.
congenial
atmosphere
of
of 'Aqarquf,
numerous
fragments
other
badly mutilated old
 
pyramid
furnace-burnt ones,
about
stage-towers at that time
once having
recognized the
original form
the regu-
to a
of Rich,
of
exploration
locating
the
hang-
latter.
Buckingham's
'
Engraved with a certain religious symbol, a liind of upright pole with
pointed
77,
c.
of
Tamarix
Orientalis
(^tarfa)
the Bagh-
Buckingham firmly
and often filled with
with immense
ground
on
and previously
Captain Lockett,
 
pile, though nearly
eight miles distant
itself a portion of its
celebrated wall. In support of his extraordinary
theory,
which
rested
the pecul-
certain intervals in
 
the tops [rather
pre-
to a
the Qamus
still
known.
by
 
to
Sol-
good
reason
that
the
word
to regard it as a corruption
of
question.
Since
the
extensive
ruins of El-Birs have been identified with the remains of the
Babylonian city of Borsippa,
—
modern Egyptian
the name of the ancient Egyptian
god Sopt, whose sanctuary,
Per-Sopt, was situated there.
study
of
inspection
pies such a conspicuous
enormous
than Rich by the
from the
moment to
a
famous
sian princess
standing which
brush,
to
reach
circles
hitherto
the
scientific
men of the
In his
by
his
not
less
circles of
is
made
landmark
at
the
northern
of any
previous traveller :
former
time endeavoring
of
the
financially in India.
the destruction of
was Porter's
builders.
two
judgment of Babylonian ruins
to fall
by Nimrod
the
present
remains.
by
Semiramis,
great
pile
with
was left by
Babylonian
monarchs,
wall, and scattered
part of that very
felt the
after-
wards
poor
Porter's
the vitrified bricks bear the common inscription of Nebu-
chadrezzar.
 
word :
did not last very long. While
leisurely surveying the bound-
cloud from
to relate of Birs (Nim-
rud)
is
Porter's
seems
this
El-Homaira
 
to
at
the
most
first
 
or ziggurrat
occu-
pied
a
its famous sanctuary,
at the
very beginning
product of
that
these
ii., pi.
its
fortnight in examining the
return
to
Baghdad
the fragment of
of
the
Euphrates.
and
condi-
tions
drawing
rapidly
near
when
Instead
period
just
treated,
speaking they
added but
was
the
East
India
Robert
Mesopotamia.
the
regular
cara-
van
stopped
a
few
character. Sixteen days
vember
of 'Aqarquf,
Babylon, Birs,
and the Theodosian tables
that Birs and
the
emphatically that Birs
suppose
other remains within the circumference of
Babylon.
Yet
clung to
transferring the so-called lesser
one of Alexander
;
passage on the eastern
and beautiful in-
the eastern
G.
BAILLIE
FRASER
In
connection
cia,
the
servants
included,
proceeded
to
Babylon
two miles on both
from there
attracted
they reached
Shamiye), and
the greater
a little
observing
the
the
imposing
grounds
millenniums.
in the
been
during
sev-
;
vague
statements
and
maps
could
have
each
other
needed, and
the methodical
to England,
had
arisen
which
William IV., in
part of Syria,
the navigability of the former, and to examine in the
countries
adjacent
to
these
France
energy and enterprise
by the results
regarded as the
mainly to
were
Birejik
the
it was found impossible
 
out
stem
the
current
Chesney from
of ground
on
a
raft,
to the
repair it temporarily,
the
river
with
the
current,
occa-
be-
were
exhausted
 
of
her
in
that
time
with an apparently
at present, will
scarcely ever be
the enormous
and
to
the
Among the
published
who mani-
form
a
with the
and sun-dried
of the
desert or
Tigris. Through
of
the
physical
 
and
Babylonian
excavations,
during
which
Sir
Rich and fur-
April, when the lack of water and the
absence
of
tioned.
in addition to
the
present
river, in
be
established
by
between
the
^
from
to
ancient Assyria, the results
submit-
ting
entire
length,
and
Babylonia executing the
of work
country, was
gathered
South-
ern
Babylonia.
A
single
man,
or
even
two
or
three,
while
Babylonian
grant
Museum
was
en-
trusted
The
Halil
Bey,
Director
from
cherished plan.
nection
by
for the organization
the greatest
duties, which allowed him
which he was
surrender
the
great
trilingual
English explorer,
those
he had recently seen
most strongly
to utilize
mounds opposite
further his
could
assimilate
himself
productive
of the mound was
obtained to
trenches,
gesticulating
^
1842,
an
inhabitant
of
the
mound
on
which
his
village
stood,
happened
same
accustomed to
as bearers
of important
much
attention
to
had been induced to bring
two complete
But
finally,
wearv
ously doubted the
received, and at first ordered a servant
to
the
scene
a more
required
some
to the
monuments
destroyed by
in many
ways to
dishearten the
to extract a confession,
to seize every
discovered. When
all this
a military
to abandon
Even
before
villagers, Botta had found it neces-
sary to fill his
tions,
for future
research from
tinople, allowing
the resumption
Three
ing the inscriptions and Flandin preparing the
drawings of
men worked
man-of-war,
in
1846,
carried
it
these extraordinary
bas-reliefs
having
the work on this ruin.
In the year
as
French
1851-55.
Under
his
supervision
the
excavations
exposed
—
of the life and customs and daily needs of the
ancient
Assyrians.
fourteen inscribed
barrel cylinders
were used
closets,
the
and discharging
Unlike
energy upon a systematic
for
Shemamyk
(about
 
Victor
with sixty-eight
two rafts
mounds
under
founder,
these
quarrels
New
York,
1897,
pp.
7,
of a little over
deity.
The
with
acres of land, was an open place ; near the western
corner
centre
occupying the
the
the
southeast
the king
and his
other
two
pavements
cold
of
between
nine feet and a half and sixteen feet, and in one
case
reached
covered
while the women's
in
the
principal
court
of
by dentated recesses or
as a careful
monument allowed
of a sumptu-
of
Assyrian
life
during
the
pleasures, their
mode of
in
With
extraordinary
en-
enormous mass
of
new
light
upon
language of that
only by name from a
statement
in
Isaiah
(20
vation
 
his
power.
stepped
forth
into
task by natural gifts
of extraordinary
languages, and
familiar with
Morier, Malcolm,
and the
Fellowes, favorably
they
visited
life
to
other
so
far
formed
great men,
attention
paucity
of
to
cheerful
tent,
and
by
or searching their
the
actual
Mesopotamia
study
conjectured the
temporary return to England,
desire to
examine the
mounds near
tentative
with his well-known
Essai de
he
started
in
infer from
without
rest,
and galloping over
being to
district.
and
the
The
a fine state of preservation, while those from the southwest
corner
evidently
had cracked them in every part.
Remains of extensive
buildings had thus
that
five
Turcomans
from
Selamiye,
corner,
but
abandoned
this
section
again,
the
ruins,
the building already
object
of
gold-leaf,
of the latter, and roused his suspicion. Other signs indi-
cated that a formidable opposition was gradually
forming
to
prevent
firman
from
as
the
governor,
openly declared
lost
no
time
to
and the
tured
buildings
a
few
had been used
off
the
accumulating
water,
he
these
occasions.
Finally,
on
the
28th
exposed
slabs,
At
the
in-
being interrupted
likewise
muti-
lated,
had
inscriptions, but
mound of Nim-
inform Sir
Stratford Canning
his mission had
removed.
in
sculp-
two great English
the linguist, the
at
of
^
ing-place at
February before
Layard could
make some
proved
that
by fire, but had
interest
in
England,
had received
from
which
many
of
the
sculptures
employed
in
the
construction
of
the
southwest
the ruins, he
which now adorn the
into a
chamber. Unfortunately
carry
him.
comprehensive
as
possible,
 authorizing
the
now
support
to cut his
wonder,
then,
that,
after
to
Nimrud
again,
and
of his
interest in
likeness of
a beau-
effort to
send a
A
week's
stay
at
Mosul,
gate-
expedition into
accompanied
the
him
changes
acter
disposal
the
news
was
encouraging,
the
British
grant
was
to
coveries,
Layard
not
at
once
despatched to draw
 
—
hope
to
overcome.
He
own
government
from
making
thoroughness
unfortunately
following
ruins,
himself has to say on this system of unscientific pil-
lage,
they
my disposal com-
pelled me to
out
removing
the
earth
of
great
interest
may
have
strong
in a
at dif-
ferent sections
past,
Layard
found
slabs
hitherto
found
in
this
and
the
back
of
chambers.
In
who built
of
Assyria
(2
19:37).
Important
a series
of Assyrian
armor and
helped
to
interpret
most
contained
the
concluded correctly at
edifice.
He
next
winged
figures,
and
upon
the
of
King
Shalmaneser
II.
(860-
825
B.
c),
who
had
erected
this
stele
of
victory
and
 king,
which
even
Until
the
June
19,
1847.
The
Black
and many baked
which,
with
the
north-
west
palace,
against the other,
upon
east
of
buildings,
brick
cham-
bers,
and
fragments
of
buildings,
nearly fifty feet
22d
of
April,
the
two
above
thirty
cases
for a
the
last
decay,
left Nimrud. But
1
847,
tunity to
A first general description
given
by
mounds,
which
juk, and
followed, spending
two days
fresh pastures for
many
be
whom
we
have
mentioned
above,
to
London.
closed
his
trenches
seen in connection
the
mound,
the
Nes-
torian
diggers
as he was
to
work
at
first
to
discover
the
expected.
different
directions
one morning
wall,
sculp-
ture
which
of
discovered
all
he could
at
Assyrian palaces.
At Nimrud,
vices and for my discoveries, was appointed
an
unpaid
year immediately
monuments
anything
of Tiglath-Pileser
gift of
ian palaces,
and to
illustrate the
to lead
he readily
F. Cooper, a competent
who
was
Erzerum
these ruins. For
to
carry
on
one
hundred
labor he
to the
sinking
shafts
at
intervals
to
workmen,
and
such circumstances
being
due
more
to
simulta-
1850.
Work
was
the
remaining
edge
harassing
erally between the
their
numerous
of
to the
rock sculp-
or
to
any
day by day, the further progress of his labors, we
will
now
been only scratched
the south-
The
Ruins
to-day by
stream,
He
indi-
cates
the
different
headgear
husbands and children
long ringlets,
those
details so
we learned
very
institutions,
analogy
and
and
events
mentioned
accompanying
a throne
palace of one
ancient
East
forms
a
most
striking
result
of
of
No
less
tance for the
founding and developing
cuneiform
inscriptions
some time
into each other, and once
panelled with
the
with
discov-
royal
library
of
(about
720-620
B.
 
predecessors had
constitute them
into a
. . .
jik Collection
Layard
(south-
branch of
gious
best
Hebrew
poetry
officers,
and
the
tablets
discovered
massive
the
similar
found
small
north.
dried brick
and fragments of
chamber was paved with one enormous
limestone slab meas-
inch,
ruler,
conquered
seal-impressions
on
clay
being
on
condition
that
he
daggers,
heads
relics, and
this
interesting
chamber
expedition,
we
mention
corner
at
hastily and without
mamyk,
these ruins could
Tigris, three miles
to the north
for
two
Nimrud,
and
artist
in
the
Gomal
at
the
the
inhospitable
cli-
mate
More
tablets, and
rich in
fascinating
so
admirably
interpreted
by
an
end.
He
mounds of Nineveh
and the extraordinary
for him
never
lost
his
interest
in
the
and
Babylon,
London,
1853
house of
researches in
the ruins
Euphrates, which
excavations
of
the
political
of an explorer
might be
communications
influenced
that
administrative
choice
as a
native of
Mosul entirely
in the
spots
of
the
Assvrian
mounds,
how
to
over-
lamented
ning
of
1854,
solid masonry,
of
the
large
in the history
palace, his
same
building
of an in-
very
close
to
the
line
scription
of
Ashurnasirapal
monument, and the
the palace
of Ashurbelkala,
son of
Tiglath-Pileser I.
temple of Nebo was
he longed
experimental
examina-
A
favorable
was required
they pre-
in
Ras-
sam's
own
language.
20th of
Only
the same
we
worked
there,
one
of
it had not been
captives, was still
great
of
the
to be seen save
day reported to
discovery
I was
so.
failed to realize my
fault
with
zeal.
However,
I
felt
work in person, and
them
in
most likelv
without
stopping,
Indeed, for a
moment I did
continued in
The
large
ing
upon
of
the
tifully
portrayed,
is
the
of these rooms, he found
a
large
terra-cotta
for
our
period of Assyrian
art and literature.
serious
col-
occupying
maining
property
to
a
portion
of
its
ruins
innumerable mounds
and other
Babylonia.
the
But
in
1839-40
threatened
to
lead
extensive
frontier
finally
precise
line
which might
not admit
of this
geologist,
Baghdad,
Jones,
mentioned
above
H. A.
Churchill, and
foot.
Notwithstanding
the
Loftus
scene
sequence
of
the
frequent
the
Euphrates,
own
words,
whole
step. The
Museum.
Towards
of
Babylonia
sent
Kerr
Lynch.
Hammam,
found
statue in
in
the
Shatt
therefore, to
resume the
excavation of
situated on an
Warka
are
then no life for miles
around.
structure,
which,
2700
stage
was
tion,
left
the
a walled
it fol-
tower of Erech originally
stage.
 
of the
possibly on the
side should have
own view is that, like the
ziggurrat
at Nippur,
uncovered during
He also traced and
as
noticeable in the latter,
he found
Loftus was
internal decoration
fortunate
disposal he
there,
like
to
contained in the
even a kingdom
surrounding
the
to reach these
Erech
natural continued
the time when they
thousands
of
frequently
also
of
another
broken
and
employed
with
in-
system,
being
period
such
odd
circum-
of
a
friendly
shaikh
of
mounds had previously been
centuries
results
and stage-tower of the
the few
the excavations
platform
feature
recesses, Loftus was fortu-
city of Larsam,
of
without
which
those burials. It
Babylonian times
strong
finally
of their
anti-
years of our
I definitely determined
lar
have
an object.
found
layers
vase
; another
by a
mounds
easily
excavated
and
sure
and
interested, it
Senkere,
be finally
South
him above
the mounds in ancient
unfamiliar
whole.
For
in
connectiort
with
Persian dis-
work
at
country around
southeast
previous
nearly six
weeks he
moved to
established
hill enormous
Ne-
to
known since the
frequently called Mu-
gathered no-
enamelled
'Omran
ibn
'All
a
Arabs for
of concentrated attention.
arrived
at
the
marshes
to comply
with the
a long
with
beyond massive
produce any
the
of
joy
the
encouraging
news
of
the results of Loftus' first tentative work at Warka, and
the general conviction of European scholars the kings
of Babylon must
earlier
monu-
ments
cisive step. In August,
members of the expedition three months on their way from
France to Alexandretta,
Mardin,
and
day after
French
commission
visited
but
recently
commenced
his
expedition from
the ruins.
Over three
discovery of
the golden
regiments of
of
Esarhaddon,
pillaged,
these
burial
clay figurines
northern
who
tumulus.
Since
the
building
which
originally
stood
here.
8
enormous
in Tell Ibrahim
dated tablet
importance
the first
department of
as large as
travellers Oppert
as the ruins of that great sanctuary.
In
October,
1852,
Fresnel
week at the group
Babylon,
uncovered a brick pavement
that
Kish, had his sanctuary,
unknown.
At
the
nel remained in Baghdad until his
early
Khorsabad,
stated
that
the
person
NufFar
in
March,
1900,
visit Muqayyar
him only to
named explorer,
trenches, in con-
nection with a
the
mounds
stands
seventy
and
similar
Babylonian
mounted by about
to this
bricks
in
the
the ruins, but
uhralte
the
fering as
and
more
^
the
large
ruin
Taylor
unearthed
burnt
ot enamel
or gypsum
From the
a
small
black
stone
inscribed
third millen-
he came
upon pavement
 
pre-Sargonic period (about
inscrip-
tion
contents of Muqayyar
were successful beyond
mounds,
ago. The
a
ex-
before
the
than either
reasonable
doubt.
the
correct
situa-
but
Shahrain,
Abu Shahrain, situated
For
the
greater
peculiar
to
the
desert.
To
the
cient
far examined, the northern
a
seventy
of
this
only
confirms
facts
better
known
marble,
finely
cut
and
but richly
whole
thick.
the explorer excavated,
pre-Christian mil-
lennium and
later. A
uninscribed bricks were
(
thick in the middle, as in the margin, the under
part
to ascer-
through a number
His orders were
ruins of Babylon,
occupied with questions
critical
of
had
been
from
the
cylinders. Accordingly he
summoned to
the southern
corner, where
their
excitement which
nificantly
observed
to
his
companion
that
the
compass,
which,
as
I
while
a
been
third
and Mercury.
masses
of
brickwork
on
much
which
Sir Henry
heat the bricks of
thus obtained. And
Birs, that we are
and each
first
Saturn
;
moon. The
The
twenty-
six
gradually receded,
public at large
tablets unearthed
could really
cuneiform inscriptions their chief
exceed-
ingly
deeper
most complicated
the
inscrip-
from
which
it
was
proved
beyond
following
a subject
where previously
But
the
results
at
and strange even to those who were occupied with the
study of ancient
thinking and
deciphering
and
tions,'
produced
a
similar
took
ten
to
encour-
resulting from the lack of a proper education, and to
occupy himself
of a
particu-
the
inscriptions,
ments from the
swallow came
Del-
roused.
portions
of
two
other copies and several minor parts of the first fragment,
at the same
time recognizing that
the Babylonian account
Izdubar from Smith's first provisional reading,
and regarded
10).
On
December
3
of
the
before
a
discussion.
He
sketched
the
principal
in
go out
his
had yet been
granted in Constantinople.
of
Nimrud
and
fortnight
ties and visiting the mounds of Babylon, El-Birs,
Ohemir
been so
and
as part of them
was
fortunate
to
away to the mounds
Six days
later he
that I expect
operations fully justi-
fied his prediction.
ruins of Calah consisted
in part of an
the walls
of
ornamenta-
gathered
from
building
restored
by
Ashuretililani).
'AH
and
Khorsabad.
country he
large body of men
ceased.
A
few
days
previously
antiquities found as the
of the Turkish officials.
satisfy
the
utilitarian
party
prove that they
antiquities at Ooyunjuk. But
over
the
various
tablets
of
equal
the general history of
the
tions of Smith
to translate
all those
remarkable
coincidence
with
similar
expedi-
(London,
1876),
containing
witnessing no
which the re-
consequence of
their bear-
ing upon
the
Arabs
at
Jumjuma
eventful life
remarkable interpre-
associations
left to
those gaps
entirely
in
effacing
self-
he ever boast of
understanding of grammatical
rules which characterize
duties,
sense
British Museum,
divination
which
upon the
the antiquities
discovered, with
the
Brit-
 
as
a
nearly four
purpose.
in-
spired
with
fresh
enthusiasm
by
the
concessions
repeatedly
accorded
to
to
who
funds
at home, were carried on with his well-known energy, in four
distinct
campaigns,
June,
1877,
Constantinople
Second Expedition :
He leaves
ruins for
conjunction with
Captain Clayton,
the
Archasological
cient Sippara, begins
retaining all
labors in Babylonia will be treated later. The method fol-
lowed was everywhere the same. Owing
to the large geo-
not
vis-
iting
the
same
even for a
whole year. During
agent
his
they
could
entific
investigation
and
in
part
as
and
enlarged
edition.
Nobody
whom we
must be
reorganization
of
the
Ottoman
laws
was,
nevertheless,
more
eager
to
discover
some
new
Assyrian
monument.
A year
man in the
pieces of ancient
It did
villagers, he
down
the
barrier
erected
French
territory
fore he
the Great
who
according
to
the
rub-
1
with descriptions
of his pal-
mors of this
brought
to
light,
while
others
inflame
all
slumbering
ignorance and
being.
buried in
the unexca-
temples
ruin, Rassam
inscribed
marble
;
with
far obtained by
the British Museum
palace as early
which
occu-
rial Museum
of
England, where at some future day it may possibly be
rediscovered in
ruin.
In
the
disposed individuals,
who brought
or a tomb
by
their
names
await
the
explorer.
magnifi-
palaces
great
or
stone will tell
felt disap-
pointment with
to
to send new
of
decisions of other
difficult
writing
and
mutilated
objects of art from the ruins and tombs of Chaldea again led
scholars
remarkable civilization.
overcome old prejudices
yield an
both sides
themselves along
of
the
desert,
with
the
wild
boar,
by which
statue
to apply for
London,
1877.
this question.
we
write
the
ception
to
repetitions.
Accordingly
we
excavations
Babylonian
remains,
especially
a
fine
collection
of
large
statues
at
the
principal
mound
of
Tello,
1880-81;
3.
The
unearthing
same ruins,
1888—89,
The
it
was
its
interior.
few
weeks
the
left bank of the Shatt
el-Hai, whence he walked or rode every morning
to
the
ruins,
seven months of successful
bearer
fruit
of
northeast
wall
of
the
building
which
stood
on
the
great statue
in dolerite,
partly cov-
remove
subse-
scribed vases
and sculptures,
not
a
tew
The latter was placed over a
small copper or bronze statue
of
Votive Statuette in Copper
complete.
regarded as doubtful if the torso obtained by Smith belongs
to
any
as
long
as
this
question
has
not
discovering
precious bas-reliefs, an onyx vase of Naram-Sin, and numer
ous inscriptions
and small
Catalogue de
part of a
statues
and
M. de Sarzec
by Hommel in Die
Heuzey,
the
faithful
and
and
by
Heuzey
The palace excavated in
to
will
most conspicuous
a number
of dif-
titles of
Gudea, a
material was used a second time.
Each of the
no trace ofany window. The
northeast
facade
reason,
was
early period.
In the
and
a
entrance of the palace. Its two small sides had preserved
traces of cuneiform
enough remained to recognize in them
a
graceful
attitude,
are pass-
from each
by
Heuzey,
Decouvertes,
p.
217
(comp.
p.
43,
work).
rubbish
river.
wall of the
they
were
flanked by
the tower,
only
sacred
to
des
Inscriptions,
1894,
pp.
34-42.
of
these
two
Ningirsu
and
from the times.^
temple
How-
ever,
as
Bel
at
NufFar,
the
latter,
better
convinced
that
a
stage-tower,
—
a close
situated
upon
the
ancient
of citadel.
talismans. The
use such
tion we
playing
from
the
time
celebrity
with a rare skill
and surprising fidelity to
and the principles
according
(^Decouvertes,
pi.
23).
to
bring
the
earliest
remains
of
Chaldean
 
newly
discovered
reliefs. Furthermore,
of
as
and remark-
technique, and therefore
the
simphcity
and
skill and ability with which one of the hardest stones
in
of this great
its impression
even upon
kind
of
cartouche
on
the
extent of he ancient
millenniums, but
also what
material
metals brought by
myself
Nuffar or
might be discovered,
tracted negotiations
meanwhile been appointed consul at
Baghdad. In
acter
he
oblong, flat
ception had a mark of the right
thumb in the
a legend of King
next twelve
Kish, and
4000
b.
temporaneous rulers of other
came into contact.
he ordered
for
dis-
large
in
the
mace-heads,
hammers,
contem-
poraneous
had
two
a
long
i.
predecessor
so
mouths
of
these
up
to
pieces of carved or incised shell, showing spirited
scenes of
men, animals
several
artificial
reservoirs
were
brought
to
the large
as
providing
character
separate walls
in
evident
been used
as a
form a
in the outer
wall of the
useful in more
of
the
summer
and
provisions
against
dam-
age
from
principal
building
De
as we frequently
Kurdish and
additional
room
for
the
Assyrklogie,
of
so
many
artificial
reservoirs,
As
According to time and
for
specially
valuable
work
remained
at
the
cial value of
in
the sure
of
temple
as unsafe as
furniture
the
promise
rivers,
and
canals.
Espe-
animals
(temple
herds,
and
produce
of
Among the
more in-
2700
B.
c);
by
far
pebbles
of
Eannatum,
previously indicated,
bas-relief
Old
copper^
der
Berliner
anthropohgischen
Gesellschaft,
February
16,
1901,
pp.
ficial products
inscription
But still
oblong
plano-con-
vex
son of
Sarzec's
own
discoveries
at
Tello,
districts of
cotta and stone, sometimes even of shell
handsomely
deco-
those found in the tombs of the first dynasties of
Egypt. A kind of veined limestone or onyx
geologically
known
as
Baby-
4000
b.
Statues and
more life and ex-
formed
by
1
der
Berliner
anthropolo-
gischen
Gesellschaft,
Feb.
16,
igoi,
pp.
i^ ]
seqq.
eye
being
repre-
men, lapis
also
sometimes
ing
and
number
of
petty
states,
three
Biblical
Lagash, and
Every one of these fortified cities
had
or
(1896), pp.
his
attention,
the most
illustrious representative
canals and wisely
But,
the
sphere
of
his
^
as
so
far
of
the
ancient
yielded no less
could be faintly
ment.
newly
(1899)
greeting
of
wel-
Babylonia,
gradually
expose
 
complained
we
finally
separated,
he
by way of Der and Aleppo, while
the present
writer rode
granted to Sir
as
possible.
In
of the
ancient remains
mines of antiquities
Tigris. But whatever
of
cuneiform
Baby-
attention.
No
granite in
capital of
discovering
business firms,
few of these
removed, the
soil in which they had been lying being impregnated with
nitre. The first great collection
of this class of
in
the
winter
of
1875-76,
when
administration,
and their
and cultivating
people. Above all,
against by the minute
our knowledge of
Chaldean
sults.
A
fine
collection
of
inscribed
capitals
elled tiles once
on the edge
legend
origin
the
broken
edge,
which
must have
But by
disregarding the
lines.
A
present state, measures
suffice
upon the
Sifaira,
between
the
certain,
that
Mean-
three
other
and
Harqawi.^
His
often
led
miles in a direct
Nimrod,
New
York,
1897,
'huge
embankments
the
alluvial
plain
much attention
to the
brick with a {e.vf
and
1
the
as
a
memorial
taken a hasty
no
time
in
making
brick.
He
broken
adorned
god
is
prob-
ary
is
identical
with
Sun-god,
first
published
by
of
our
bas-relief,
The
ed..
New
York,
1876,
p.
41
1,
bi-rit
this bas-reUef at his
that the back and
can be clearly recognized
(
=
The lower inscription, which stands as a label near the
head-dress of
tiara
of
47,
58,
and
59
e,
preted
forth from his
coins
of
Rhodes.
supposed, but it must
which
then
it
possibly
denotes
a
part,
look.
mous
state of preser-
so
many
precious
chronologi-
cal
the
de-
struction
and
his
decayed in
its repa-
ration by
insure the
the
Agade,
 which
for
3200
years
to
the
newly
occupied
field,
the
real
value
nearly
rooms for the priests
rubbish of the
Rassam
twenty-five feet,
and
goods
thus
received
decayed or
still
character, such
the
worshippers
in
the
renown in
much
repeated
from
the
that
tentative
oper-
Dilhim,^
but in Syria.
Nebuchadrezzar;
Ibrahim.
and trenches
and penetrating
deep into
ruary
24
among the
of Rassam immediately
as he
proved to
in
tated
within the
by creating a new
and independent pashalic with
the east
and south of the Shatt el-Hai.'-* For the time being Ras-
sam had, therefore, no
legal right to make
thither, he did not
Constantinople
to
of Baghdad,
p.
218,
above.
In
1884
the
province
of
Baghdad
v\'as again reduced in size by the creation of
the vilayet of
tain portions to the
by the Arabs after De Sarzec's departure in the pre-
vious
year.
It
its
in-
almost
entrance. In
many of
those mushroom-shaped
rite
days'
successful
trial.
publi-
and
accepted
as
facts
had
Ber-
lin,
Genesis
other
nations
began
to
ment of Assyrian
details closely
excavations at Tello furnished a mass of new material which
was
eagerly
remains
of
fundamental
value,
uni-
versity
two Babylonian
1887.
These
researches
were
in
a little over
promising
ough examination
of the
both ruins,
The results
by
long,
feet
wide.
These
edifices
formed
two miles and a
buildings varied considerably,
some containing only
are the
 
interment, though in later times
the complete annihilation
given
degenerated to a
mere symbolic act.
previous
cremations,
clay. The latter was quite thin in the
upper parts, but thicker
resistance
as
^
erected,
open fire
where they
or
urns
of El-Hibba
somewhat
different
light,
contrary
regard
its
present
are
handsj
near the
second large
^
reminiscence
of
the
Babylonian
ziggurrat
in
the
meftul,
of the
without exception
these towers
the
Shatt
Orient
Society.
to
height the ziggurrat, the
clay
bas-reliefs
blazed
when
in
regard
Semitic
languages
In
the
curric-
ulum
world,
finding
its
sands of students who had come into personal contact with
the great
a
while
had
sities. Post-graduate departments
maintained
by
private
contributions.
They
stood
to be
was
held
spring of
a committee was con-
H. Ward
Sterrett fell seriously ill on the way, so that he
was
obliged
to
left the city of
visit
to
food and water and from
exposure to cold and rain, they
executed their
try in a satisfactory manner, as far as this was
possible within
Tello, and
had
for-
merly
Turkish
army,
but
was
to
arouse
of
1886-
1887.
But
where
other char-
of the pub-
Tigris
looked
anything
but
finally
Dr.
and
Greece,
It
has
well
that
displayed
by
exploration of
one of
and
the
to be accomplished. It
of sys-
tematic excavations at the temple of Bel, the discovery of a
Parthian palace, and the unearthing
of more than two
principal
periods
of
a
of the
third
pre-Christian
temple
mound,
ruins, gathering no less
stage-tower;
its different
strata with
great accuracy
of Gudea, etc.,
a literary character.
determine
very
large
ancient
nearly the
periods
deeply hidden in the soil
of
the
nal chief entrance
in a tolerably
2700
summary of
the
expedition,
who
worked
pre-
vious
leader
questions.
well-known
Assyriologist,
formerly
connected
with
with
Dr.
Ward,
ruins and of the
have ex-
of
that
here
the
Euphrates
military station
—
Ham-
Tigris
of a Babylonian city
which re-
presents the
^
him in
on the
paper
or
six
by
far
super-
considera-
tion.^
The
that
of the
type of
Harrison
(the
present
provost),
Joseph
D.
Potts
(f).
Maxwell
that Profes-
Babylonian
expedition.
3.
That
consequently
through my
first coherent sketch of the history of the
whole expedition, I
of
them.
Personal
attacks,
been
 
and Prince
and
Nuffar
examination and
Testament
pp.
547,
sef.
( The
inLuthardt's
Zeitschrift
fiir
kirchliche
Wissenschaft
(1889), pp. 491,
x
Exploration Fund,
different
antiquities, contain-
jewelry),
namely.
3
Hilla
it
has
pass
E.
W.
following
were
afterwards
prepared
under
Field's
sary arrangements
crowd of women
Nuffar.
with Layard's
reports,'^ and
only too
soon to
far down as
of
the
The
nearer
part
A piece of black
'Afej
ruins,
we
took
possession
of
the
city
gate,
extensive
ruins
of
feet
of
rubbish
Arabs.
ruins
part of its inhabitants.
and abandoned at
and
to
the temple of Bel, of
which
4.
ing groups of mounds to the northwest and southeast of
the temple complex.
The important role
the life
in the
priests and temple officers,
temple library in
Which
of
tive offices
the immediate neighborhood
the
houses
of
southeast
proper.
canals, in
close prox-
the
fresh
breezes
influenced
the
per-shaped
coffins,
graveyard
systematic
ourselves
stay
quick and important
submit
out that in
all probability tablets
and requested him to let me
have
what
daring
made with this self-imposed restriction of time had I not
been convinced
of the
After
some
week in
trenches
with the
characters
not
(about
2000
in
the
upper
year of Ashuretililani,
they had
been in
as school exercises. Those
which were dated bore
the names of Hammurabi,
be
any doubt that we were not far from the famous temple
library, unless indeed we already were working
in
have been necessary to
March five extra
money
were
were over.
discover,
in
1889,
those
tablet-
finally
more
than
one
west
poraneous
tions
idea of
nation. For very apparent reasons there were only
a few
dozen
our
workmen
had
been
gradually
increased
to
about
250,
was
had
uncovered hun-
dreds of
vases and dishes, and
which were used
in connection with
they
which, sooner or later, had to lead to serious complications.
Hajji Tarfa, the supreme
influence, was unfortunately
treacherous,
Behahtha,
we
were
practically
con-
children
of
many unknown
things with
the alert,
plan
in
the
night
of
close beneath us,
the
dead
Arab
had
been
far
to
prevailed, the
Half the
in
marauders,
but
frantic Arabs
the
when
I
would not
more expen-
 
first
year's
that
the
was
principally
held
section of his
But thanks to
of Hamdy
Bey, the
On October
the field, and to
serve in the same
capacities in which they
this time an
dispensed with, though
It
consequently
there
of the
new excavations
strictly methodical
the
to examine
proved
ultimately
to
our
knowledge
of
history, and
furnished welcome
material for
the expedition's
and
failing
themselves had con-
ducted Haynes and
his workmen to
supposed
on one of Peters' teeth, which
was eagerly
regarded
by
the
'Afej
shaikhs
as
find
and loss
at
any
his
cunning
art,
and
mound
near
we
went
through
a
complicated
a
from
of
huge puddle and
day
the
party
Arab he
care, and a
siderably
antedating
the time of the Persian kings,
and
lastly
shown,
in
connection
that parts
sand
years
enor-
mous
site.
constitute
than
of more than
eight acres, the
of
the
large
Baby-
its development
not
been
at the
his work he could
of
months. But this
never
be
more, and
ven-
erable
feet, which
chadrezzar
500
b.
precincts
the
the inner wall
conclusion that
the various
two
with
tions.
The
rubbish
of
brown
enamelled
lamp
(head
terra-cottas
the
the
other.
cut through its centre,
other points of the temple,
especially
at
been
regarded
;
and
emphatic
statement
to
the
contrary,
Peters
claims
his predecessors at two
it was
little
there
wonder
southern
and
southeastern
ridges
of
were
crowned
with
low
precious
cut
erased insuffi-
showed
a
cut oiF,
reduced con-
University
of
Pennsylvania,
series
time.
were
built
to
four-
According to
the legends
inscribed on
dedicated to
summary
of
the
principal
arranged around an open square court (VII). It was nat-
ural to suppose that
tures, as
in
of
away in the
of
theory,
certain
covered
along
the edge of the court did not belong to sub-
sequent
the building, which
the
same
time
the