explore the romanian culture

7/31/2019 Explore the Romanian Culture

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KIOI\@A COGF\J@RCFO

Kifk|`tns= \fjòc` cx afh`rib co xfyrn*i`xri|o Iy|fti .<!344 ej i`xr fg rni @raòrch

Fhiò! òb 344 ej g|fj rni Jibcri||òiò#! {ni|i rni 29´ of|rn a`rcrybi t`|àaia

jiirx rni <9´ i`xr afokcrybi ji|cbcò/

@hhixxclcacrs= Ls |f`b ‘ Iy|ftiò ior|òhi&i~cr tfcorx corf&g|fj \fjòc`= Lf|Ŗ! OĈba`h!

Tiri`! Ry|oy! WĈ|Ŗòb! Hio`b .Nyok`|s#! Nàjiy! Xc|ir .Ye|`coi#! @alcŨ`! Xhyaioc!

Kà`Ũc .\itylach fg Jfabfw`#! Oik|y WfbĈ! Kcy|kcy! W`j` Wihni .Lyak`|c`#! Tf|Ũcai bi

Gci| C! Jf|`wcŨ` .Xi|lc`#5 Ls taòi ‘ j`co `c|tf|rx= Lyhn`|ixr .Nio|c HfòbĈ! LĈoi`x`#!

HfoxròŨ` .Jcn`ca EfkĈaochiòy#! RcjcŖf`|`! Haym*O`tfh`! Rì|ky Jy|iŖ! Xyhi`w`!

Xclcy! Ryahi`! L`hĈy! C`Ŗc! F|`bi`! @|`b5 Ls xi` ‘ n`|lfy|x= HfoxròŨ` òb Jòkàc`/

Xy|g`hi |i`= <8>!830 ej<

Tftya`rcfo= <0/9 jca/ con`lcròrx .<44>#

\iackcfo= F|rnfbf~ .>;)#

Xr`ri ga`k=Fggchcà aòky`ki= \fjòcò/ Jòs \fjòcòx àxf xtiè Iokacxn! G|iohn f| Ki|jò

H`tcrà= Lyhn`|ixr! 0!322!444 con`lcròrx .<44>#

Frni| t|cohctà hcrcix= HfoxròŨ`! RcjcŖf`|`! C`Ŗc! Haym*O`tfh`! L|`Ŗfw! Kà`Ũc! H|`cfw`!

TafciŖrc! L|Ĉca`

Gf|j fg kfwi|ojior= |itylach

Aikà nfacb`sx= Mòy`|s 0xr òb <ob5 rni gc|xr òb xihfob b`sx fg I`xri|5 J`s 0xr5 rni

gc|xr ob xihfob b`sx fg Tiorihfxr5 Bf|jcrcfo fg rni Rnifrfefx gi`xr b`s5 Bihij*

li| 0xr5 rni gc|xr òb rni xihfob b`s fg Hn|cxrj`x5 r{f b`sx gf| i`hn fg rni rn|ii

òoyà |iackcfyx nfacb`sx! `x bixcko`rib ls |iackcfox frni| rnò Hn|cxrcòcrs! gf|

rnic| biwfriix

Iji|kiohs xi|wchix– riaitnfoi oyjli|= 00<

Hacj`ri= w`|cix lir{iio rijti|`ri òb hforcoiorà/ By|cok xyjji|! rni `wi|`ki

rijti|`ry|i gàax lir{iio <<´H òb <2´H! lyr hò |i`hn 8>´H/ By|cok {cori|! rni

`wi|`ki rijti|`ry|i gàax rf `|fyob *8´H! òb hò |i`hn *84´H/

\fjòcò rcji }foi= KJR % rn|ii nfy|x by|cok xyjji| .g|fj rni a`xr Xyob`s fg J`|hn

yorca rni a`xr Xyob`s fg Fhrfli|#! KJR % r{f nfy|x gf| rni |ixr fg rni si`|

Yocrx fg ji`xy|ijior= jir|ch xsxrij .0 ej : 4/7< jcaix#

O`rcfoà hy||iohs= AIY .0 aiy : 044 lòc#

Lòe h`|bx= a`|ki nfriax! |ixr`y|òrx òb xnftx `hhitr h|ibcr h`|bx cohaybcok

@ji|chò I~t|ixx! J`xri| H`|b! Wcx`! Bcoi|x Hayl

[iahfji rf rniH`|t`rncò K`|bio!

Mfco yx fo ` g`xhco`rcok mfy|ois rf ` hfyor|s |chn co ncxrf|s òb hyary|i!

Wcxcr j`kchà aikiob`|s bixrco`rcfox i~taf|i jibciwà gf|r|ixxix {àe

xr|iirx rn`r n`wi {croixxib rni yogfabcok fg ncxrf|s eofhe r rni k`rix fg

h`xraix ob bcxhfwi| jfo`xri|cix gfyobib ls jibciwà t|cohix ob t`corib

ls kcgrib |rcxrx/ [i axf cowcri sfy rff rf x`wfy| biachcfyx r|`bcrcfoà

bcxnix ob {coix {crn yocpyi lfypyirx/

[nirni| sfy hnffxi rni ay~y|s fg ` gcwi*xr`| nfria f| t|igi| rni hfxs

hfjgf|rx fg kyixr nfyxi co \FJ@OC@ sfy {caa a{`sx giia {iahfji!



@|hncrihry|à xrsaix g|fj rni [ixr jiir f|ciorà cogayiohix òb iaijiorx xtihcgch rf r|`bcrcfoà afhà

hyary|i/

H`xraix Gf|r|ixxix òb Gf|rcgcib Hny|hnix

Rnc|rs ecafjir|ix g|fj L|`xfw L|ò H`xrai cx eof{o rf

fy|cxrx `x „B|`hya`–x H`xrai– gf| rni |ixijlaòhi cr

li`|x rf rni h`xrai bixh|clib co L|`j Xrfei|–x ofwia/

Xr`|rcok co 08;> crx hfoxr|yhrcfo yxib lfrn {ffb òb

xrfoi/

Rni h`xrai n`b lfrn t|frihrcwi ob hfjji|hcà |fai

`x rni L|ò T`xx n`x liio gf| hiory|cix foi fg rni

jfxr cjtf|ròr co rni R|òxh`|t`rncò |i`/

Fwi| rni hiory|cix jòs hnòkix {i|i j`bi rf rni

h`xrai–x |hncrihry|i/ Co rni 07rn hiory|s ka`xx {cobf{xòb rcaix {i|i coxràaib/ @ |ihròkya`| òb ` xpy`|i

f{i| {i|i `bbib `x {`x ` oi{ k`ri/

Rni fab {`rhn rf{i| b`rcok g|fj 07<< xnf{h`xix rni

\fjòcò |hncrihry|à xrsai/

Rfb`s rni h`xrai nfyxix rni L|ò Jyxiyj {ni|i hi|`jchx hfaaihrcfox gy|oc*ry|i {i`tfox òb `|jfy| `|i i~nclcrib/ Co rni h`xrai s`|b cx ` xjàa wcaa`kijyxiyj {crn r|`bcrcfoà nfyxix g|fj rni L|ò |i`/

{{{/l|ò*h`xrai/hfj&io&

@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b ;8 .I9;2# L|`Ŗfw*TcriŖrcOi`|ixr c|tf|rx= Lyhn`|ixr .<44ej# Xclcy .0;4ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

L|ò H`xrai

@o cori|cf| co L|ò H`xrai

2


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Aikiob`|cas hfoxcbi|ib foi fg rni {f|ab–x

h`|cixr lycabcokx Hf|wcocaf| H`xrai axf

eof{o `x Nyoc`}caf| H`xrai cx co g`hr rni

jibciwà gf|r|ixx fg Nyoibf`|` lycar co

ni 09rn hiory|s ob foi fg R|òxsawòc`–x

jfxr cjtf|ròr Kfrnch |hncrihry|à jfoy*

jiorx/ Rni gf|r|ixx {`x lycar ls Mfno

Nyos`bc foi fg Iy|fti–x jfxr cjtf|ròr

jcacr`|s ob tfacrchà ai`bi|x fg rni 09rn

hiory|s ob g`rni| fg rni jfxr g`jfyx

Nyok`|cò ecok J`ric Hf|wco/ Fwi| rcji

ni lycabcok yobi|{ior cjtf|ròr r|òxgf|*

j`rcfox xi|wcok x lfrn xr|`rikch gf|rcgch`*

cfo ob giybà |ixcbiohi/

Hf|wcocaf| H`xrai

Rni h`xrai n`x liio yxib `x afh`rcfo gf| xiwi|à tftya`| jfwcix cohaybcok Knfxr \cbi| < xr`||cokOchfa`x H`ki/

Xf iwfh`rcwi cx rni gf|r|ixx– jibciwà rjfxtni|i cr cx g|ipyioras yxib`x ` gcaj afh`rcfo/ Cg sfy {òr rf i~ti|ciohi rncx `jlciohi sfy|xiag òb{croixx |jfy|ib eocknrx gcknrcok gf| rni ni`|rx fg li`yrcgya t|cohixxix{i cowcri sfy rf B`sx fg rni H`xrai gixrcwà rn`r rèix ta`hi iwi|s si`|/

{{{/h`xriayahf|wcocaf|/|f@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b ; .I7># F|ĈŖrci ‘ BiwÒi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xclcy .084ej# Haym .0>4ej# RcjcŖf`|` .<44ej# @|`b.0>4ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

TiaiŖ H`xrai\chn co ncxrf|ch òb `|rcxrch xckocgchòhi TiaiŖ H`xrai cx foi fg

\fjòc`–x jfxr wcxcrib rfy|cxr `rr|`hrcfox òb foi fg rni jfxr

jtf|ròr jfoyjiorx fg crx ecob co Iy|fti/ Cr n`x liio lycar

lir{iio 0>;8 ob 0302 ls f|bi| fg Ecok H`|fa C fg \fjòc`/

TiaiŖ {`x rni gc|xr iaihr|cgcib h`xrai co Iy|fti òb n`b ` bibc*

h`rib iaihr|ch ta or/ Co 0>37 rni ijti|f| fg rni @yxr|f*Nyok`|c o

Ijtc|i G|ò} Mfxitn wcxcrib rni h`xrai ob {`x i~r|ijias

jt|ixxib ls crx li`yrs ob {iàrn/ Xir co ` g`c|srài afh`rcfo

o Xco`c` .22 ej g|fj L|`Ŗfw òb 0<< ej g|fj Lyhn`|ixr# rni

h`xrai {`x lycar co rni t|ibfjcoòr xrsai fg rni Ki|jò \i*

o`cxxòhi cohf|tf|`rcok \fhfhf L`|fpyi Kfrnch ob Cràcò\io`cxxòhi iaijiorx/ Rni h`xrai {`x lycar fg {ffb xrfoi

l|che ob j`|lai ob n`x jf|i rnò 074 |ffjx/ Rni {ffb bi*

hf|`rcfox lfrn fo rni fyrxcbi òb coxcbi kcwi rni h`xrai ò

yojcxr e`lai ixrnirch/ @|fyob rni h`xrai |i xiwio aibkix

bihf|`rib {crn xr`ryix ls rni Cràcò xhyatrf| \fjòiaac

fyor`cox ob f|o`jiorx xhyatrib co xrfoi ob H`||`|` j`|lai/

Wcxcrcok nfy|x= Xyjji| .J`s 09rn ‘ Xitrijli| 09rn#Jfob`s hafxib Ryixb`s 00=44*0;=44 [iboixb`s ‘ Xyob`s43=44*0;=44[cori| .Xitrijli| 07rn ‘ J`s 02rn#Jfob`s ob Ryixb`s ‘ hafxib [iboixb`s 00=44*0;=44Rny|xb`s ‘ Xyob`s 43=44*0;=44{{{/tiaix/|f@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b 0 .I74# Lyhn`|ixr*L|`ŖfwOi`|ixr `c|tf|r= Lyhn`|ixr .0<4ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

@o `yrniorch `|hncrihry|à r|i`xy|i co rni H`|t`rncòx TiaiŖ H`xrai cx `

ncknacknr fg òs wcxcr rf \fjòc`/

R|`bcrcfoà coxr|yjiorx r rni h`xrai–x òoyà gixrcwà/



Gf| rnfxi {nf {òr rf giia rni b|`j` fg ncxrf|s òb rni ihnfix fg t`xr

l`rraix rni hfjl`r*|i`bs gf|r|ixxix fggi| wcwcb mfy|ois l`he co rcji/ Rni

\fjòcòx lycar gf|r|ixxix h`xraix òb gf|rcgcib hny|hnix gf| rnic| t|frihrcfo/

@hhf|bcok rf xfji xfy|hix Tfcio`|c Gf|r|ixx {`x lycar `x |igyki r @|kiŖ–

Eisx co rni 09rn hiory|s ls f|bi| fg Wfcwfbi Wa`b ŬitiŖ eof{o x „B|`hya`–/

Frni|x liaciwi rn`r foas crx a`ri| |ihfoxr|yhrcfo cx rni ncx {f|e/

XckncŖf`|` Gf|r|ixx

Tfcio`|c Gf|r|ixx

Iwi|s xyjji| gf| rn|ii b`sx rni Jibciwà @|r Gixrcwà

èix ta`hi co XckncŖf`|` ob xiix `|rcxrx xfywioc| wiobf|x

òb rfy|cxrx {àecok rni gf|r|ixx– xr|iirx co rni hfxryji fg

iybà eocknrx/

Afh`rib co rni jcbbai fg rni hfyor|s fo rni xnf|ix fg rni

cwi| Rì|o`w` J`|i XckncŖf`|` cx lfrn jyxiyj ob acwcok

hcrs òb cx foi fg rni gi{ con`lcrib gf|r|ixx hcrcix co Iy|fti/

@ xr|faa fo rni gf|r|ixx– xr|iirx giiax acei ` mfy|ois l`he co

cji rf ` jibciwà {f|ab òb rncx yocpyi hfjlco`rcfo fg jc*

cr`|s hcwca ob ihhaixc`xrch |hncrihry|i {`x cohaybib co

333 fo YOIXHF–x acxr fg [f|ab Ni|cr`ki xcrix/ Rni {àax

384 jir|ix afok |i ky`|bib ls 02 bigioxi l`xrcfox ob

f{i|x i`hn lycar ls foi fg rni hcrs–x kycabx/

Lir{iio 0280 òb 0289 Wa`b CCob ocheo`jib lfrn drni Biwca–

òb drni B|`kfo– acwib co XckncŖf`|` {`crcok gf| rni jfjior

ni {fyab lihfji rni |yai| fg [à`hnc`/ Cr cx x`cb rn`r co 0280

ncx xfo Wa`b ŬitiŖ {`x lf|o ni|i/

@hhixx |f`bx= HĈtĈŨìoiocc TĈjìorioc @|kiŖ hfyors fo o`rcfoà |f`b ;HR|òxgĈkĈ|`Ŗò .Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ ‘ Hì|ŨcŖf`|`#Oi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xclcy .;4ej# Lyhn`|ixr .0>4ej# H|`cfw` .034ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= <*8 xr`|x nfriax <*8 b`cxcix kyixr nfyxix

{{{/xckncxf`|`*r|òxcawòc`/|f@hhixx |f`bx= Afh`rib fo o`rcfoà |f`b 08 .I74# Rk/ Jy|iŖ ‘ L|`ŖfwOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Rk/ Jy|iŖ .74ej# Xclcy .044ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxixHfxcrf|`|caf| rf{i| {crn rni @|hni|x– Kàai|s/

XckncŖf`|`–x aòbj`|e cx rni Hafhe Rf{i| yocpyi co \fjòc` gf| crx gcky|coix/

7



I|ihrib r rni likcoocok fg rni 02rn hiory|s fo rni gf|ji|

cri fg {ffbio gf|r ob xy||fyobib ls {`ri|*gcaaib

jf`r GĈkĈ|`Ŗyayc Gf|r|ixx cx o cjtfxcok jfoyjior/ Gf|

` afok rcji cr {`x rni |ixcbiohi fg R|òxsawòc`–x t|cohix/

Wfcwfbi Jcn`c Wcri`}ya {nf co 0744 yocrib \fjòc`–x t|co*

hctàcrcix gf| rni gc|xr rcji gfyob xniari| ni|i by|cok rni

oflcacrs–x |iliaacfo/ @r rni gf|r|ixx–x ior|òhi cx ` xhyatrib

lyxr fg A`bs Xròh` Wfciwfbi Jcn`c –x {cgi |ijcobi| fg

nfxi b|`j`rch rcjix/

Fwi| rni si`|x rni lycabcok {`x |iofw`rib ob gf|rcgcib

òb co rni 0;rn hiory|s rni xy||fyobcok jf`r {`x {cbioib

òb hfooihrib ls ` xih|ir hnòoia rf rni Far \cwi|/ By|cok

ni x`ji ti|cfb ` jflcai l|cbki {`x àxf lycar `r rni io*

|òhi/ [nio rni rcji fg rni rfràcr`|cò |ikcji h`ji rni

f|r|ixx xi|wib x ta`hi fg coh`|hi|`rcfo {ni|i gcknri|x

|fj rni orc*hfjjyocxr |ixcxròhi co rni jfyor`cox {i|i

niab/

Wcaa`ki gf|r|ixxix |it|ixior ` bigiohi ji`xy|i rstchà fg rni R|òxsawòc` |ikcfo/

Rni lixr t|ixi|wib fg aa \ìŖofw Gf|r|ixx {`x rni gc|xr gf|r|ixx iohfyori|ib ls

`|jcix cow`bcok R|òxsawòc` rn|fykn L|ò T`xx fo rni |f`bx ai`bcok rn|fykn

Lì|xic Hfyors/ Afhà wcaa`ki|x lycar \ìŖofw rf bigiob rnijxiawix g|fj Ry|ecxn

òb R`|r`| cow`bi|x ‘ cr {`x r|yas rnic| foas hnòhi gf| xy|wcwà/ [nio rni à`|j

{`x xfyobib rni tiftai rffe |igyki ni|i l|cokcok {crn rnij rni ocjàx g|fj

nic| gciabx òb eiitcok rnij co rni h`xrai–x fyrbff| hfy|rs`|b/ Rni {àax `|i

cwi jir|ix ràa òb yt rf foi òb ` nàg jir|ix rnche/

Coxcbi rni gf|r|ixx rni|i–x xjàa |ixr`y|òr {ni|isfy hò r`xri r|`bcrcfoà g`|i/Sfy hò àxf r|s sfy| nòb `r `|hni|s f| taòr ` |fxico rni hfy|rs`|b/

@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b ;8 .I9;2# L|`Ŗfw*TcriŖrcOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Lyhn`|ixr .0>4ej# Xclcy .094ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixrnfyxix

GĈkĈ|`Ŗ Gf|r|ixx

Rfb`s rni gf|r|ixx cx rni Jyxiyj fg GĈkĈ|`Ŗ Hfyor|sgi`ry|cok ncxrf|s xihrcfox gf| lfrn rni hcrs ob GĈkĈ|`ŖHfyor|s `x {iaa `x rni Jyochctà Acl|`|s/kncbyajy}iiaf|/hcjih/|f&xiaio/`xt@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b 0 .I7># L|`Ŗfw*XclcyOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xclcy .>4ej# Rk/ Jy|iŖ .074ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

;

\ìŖofw Gf|r|ixxCo rni gf|r|ixx– Giybà @|r Jyxiyj |jfy| {i`tfox gy|ocry|iòb rni |ikcfo–x r|`bcrcfoà hafrnix `|i bcxta`sib/


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Lci|rò {`x jfok rni gc|xr xirraijiorx ixr`*

lacxnib ls X`~fox co R|òxsawòc`/ Rni

wcaa`ki–x gc|xr ncxrf|ch |ihf|bx tti`| co bfhy*

jiorx g|fj 0<>8/ Gf| ajfxr rn|ii hiory|cix

.09;<*0>7;# Lci|rò {`x rni ni`bpy`|ri|x fg

rni R|òxsawòcò X`~fo itcxhft`hs {nchn

`tt|fwib rni hfoxr|yhrcfo fg foi fg

R|òxsawòc`–x xr|fokixr wcaa`ki gf|r|ixxix

`|fyob Lci|rò–x gf|rcgcib hny|hn/ Co 0338 rni

xcri {fo YOIXHF [f|ab Ni|cr`ki xr`ryx/ Rfy*

|cxrx hò rèi t`|r co ` Jibciwà R|i`xy|i

Nyor {crn hayix jsxri|s r|`cax ob |hni|s/

Gf| rnfxi {nf {fyab acei rf i~taf|i rni r|`cax

co rni `|i` |iorà lceix `|i `w`ca`lai/

Rni wàaisx àxf gi`ry|i jòs jfyor`co lcecok

|fyrix cohaybcok Lci|rò rf HftŖ` J`|i

Lci|rò rf \chncŖ/

@hhixx |f`bx= hfyors |f`b 020L g|fj o`rcfoà|f`b 02 Jibc`Ŗ ‘ XckncŖf`|Òi`|ixr r|`co xr`rcfo= Jibc`x .<7ej#Oi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xclcy .>4ej# Rì|ky Jy|iŖ.34ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 8*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix{{{/lci|rò/|f

Lci|rò * rniGf|rcgcib Hny|hn



Ocoi ecafjir|ix g|fj rni o`rcfoà |f`b

lir{iio L|`Ŗfw ob XckncŖf`|` rni X`~fo

gf|r|ixx co Wcxh|c wcaa`ki cx rni fabixr

lixr t|ixi|wib ob ti|n`tx jfxr xtih*

r`hya`| wcaa`ki gf|r|ixx co R|òxsawòc`/

Cr xcrx fo ` ncaa co rni wcaa`ki xy||fyobib

ls ` gf|ixr/ [crn xrfoi gfyob`rcfox òb

{ffbio ytti| xihrcfox rni gf|r|ixx

hfjt|cxix r{f l`||ch`bcok {àax ob

gfy| rf{i|x/ H`|igyaas |ixrf|ib rncx ji*

bciwà lycabcok cx ti|n`tx rni lixr |i*

t|ixior`rcfo fg X`~fo cogayiohi rf li

gfyob co R|òxsawòc`/

Wcxh|c cx rni foas wcaa`ki co \fjòc` co*

haybib fo rni YOIXHF [f|ab Ni|cr`ki

acxr/ \ixrf|ib nfyxix `|i rni x`ji xn`bi

fg layi rnis {i|i hiory|cix `kf òb

wcxcrf|x hò xr`s co kyixr nfyxix {crn

`yrniorch X`~fo gy|ocry|i ob x`jtai

r|`bcrcfoà X`~fo bcxnix/ Fo {àern|fykn rni oicknlfy|cok gf|ixr sfy

j`s xii bii| f| {cab lf`|x/

Wcxh|c

@hhixx |f`bx= 3 ej g|fj o`rcfoà |f`b08 .I74# lir{iio L|`Ŗfw obXckncŖf`|` co LyoiŖrc hfjjyoiOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Rì|ky Jy|iŖ .0<4ej#Lyhn`|ixr .<24ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= <*8 b`cxcix kyixrnfyxix{{{/h|cr/|f&wcxh|cVnfji/nrjaRni cori|cf| fg rni hny|hn co Lci|rò/



Rni Frrfjò Ijtc|i r|cib xiwi|à rcjix rf cow`bi Iy|fti lyr rni \fjòcò t|cohctàcrcix

Jfab`wc` R|òxsawòc` òb [àa`hnc` xyhhiibib co bigiobcok rnic| `yrfofjs òb lih`ji `

r|yi „K`ri fg Hn|cxrcòcrs– co rni I`xr/

Jfo`xri|cix * \iackcfo òb @|r

Tyro` Jfo`xri|sTyro` Jfo`xri|s cx rni fabixr jfo`xri|s hforcoyfyxas yxib

gf| crx jfo`xrch ty|tfxi co Lyhfwco`/ Cr {`x gfyobib co rni

09rn hiory|s `r rni x`ji rcji `x rni oih|ftfacx fg Wfcwfbi

Xritnio rni K|i`r/ Rni Tyro` jfo`xri|s {`x àxf ò cjtf|*

ròr hyary|à hior|i/ Jòyxh|ctrx {i|i hftcib ni|i òb t|i*

hcfyx jcoc`ry|ix j`bi of{ nfyxib co rni jfo`xri|s–x jyxi*

yj/ Foi fg rni t|chiaixx i~nclcrx cx rni hfaaihrcfo fg jibciwà

ijl|fcbi|cix xi{ib {crn kfab òb xcae xr|òbx rni jfxr cj*

tf|ròr co xfyrn*i`xri|o Iy|fti/

Iwi|s si`| hiail|`rcfox `|i niab fo Myas <ob gf| X`cor Xri*

tnio rni K|i`r B`s òb fo @ykyxr 09 rn gf| rni jfo`xri|s–x

t`r|fo x`cor/

Rni jfo`xri|s cx ftio rf wcxcrf|x b`cas lir{iio ;=44 òb <0=44Rni jyxiyj cx ftio lir{iio 3=44 òb 0;=44/Tcak|cjx {caa li fggi|ib hhfjjfb`rcfo ob gffb {ni|itfxxclai/{{{/jò`xrc|i`*tyro`/kf/|f&tyro`*iok/nrj@hhixx |f`bx= 84 ej g|fj \ĈbĈyŨc hfyors |f`b <43IOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xyhi`w` .><ej# C`Ŗc .<29ej#

Rni jfo`xri|s cx ftio rf wcxcrf|x b`cas lir{iio ;=44 òb <0=44/Rni jyxiyj cx ftio lir{iio >=44 ob 0;=44/@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b 09H Rì|ky Oi`jŨ * Tc`r|` Oi`jŨOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xyhi`w` .34ej# C`Ŗc .0<4ej# L`hĈy .0<4ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

@k`tc` Jfo`xri|sFoi fg rni a`|kixr hfowiorx co \fjòc` @k`tc` Jfo`xri|s {`x lycar co

rni 0;rn hiory|s ob n`x liio |iofw`rib xiwi|à rcjix rn|fykn rni

hiory|cix/ Co rni 03rn hiory|s cr {`x hfjtairias |ixrf|ib rni a`|ki hny|hn

t`corib rncx rcji ls sfyok Ochfaì K|ckf|ixhy {nf lih`ji foi fg rni

k|i`rixr \fjòcò `|rcxrx co ncxrf|s/ Rnixi cori|cf| {àa t`corcokx `|i rni

jfo`xri|s–x t|cohctà r|i`xy|i/ @k`tc` Jfo`xri|s–x xi|ioi rjfxtni|i

hfjlcoib {crn rni |i`–x li`yrs ob rni hfor|`xr lir{iio hfafy|gya gaf|à

bcxta`sx òb rni lycabcokx– {ncri {àax g`xhco`ri wcxcrf|x/ Of {fobi| jòs

\fjòcò |rcxrx h`ji ni|i rf gcob rni ti`hi rnis oiibib rf yoafhe rnic|

h|i`rcwcrs/ Gfyobib co 03<; @k`tc` Jfo`xri|s–x jyxiyj {`x rni gc|xr

fg crx ecob co Jfab`wc`/ I~nclcrx cohaybi chfox acry|kchà wixrjiorx jirà*

lfyob lffex |iackcfyx ijl|fcbi|cix òb h`|tirx j`bi ls @k`tc`–x oyox/

04



Rni jfo`xri|s cx ftio rf wcxcrf|x b`cas co xyjji| lir{iio >=44 òb<4=44 ob {cori| lir{iio 3=44 ob 07=44@hhixx |f`bx= BO 0; .I9;7# Xyhi`w` ‘ Hìjtyayok Jfabfwioixh 8< ejg|fj Xyhi`wÒi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= Xyhi`w` .8< ej# C`Ŗc .<04 ej#{{{/|fjòcòjfo`xri|cix/f|k&lyhfwco`&wf|foirAfhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

Wf|foiŨ Jfo`xri|sAikiob n`x cr rn`r by|cok foi fg ncx jòs {`|x {crn rni Ry|ex Wfcwf*

bi Xritnio rni K|i`r {ior rf rni Wf|foiŨ Hfowior rf xiie bwchi/ Ni

nio |iry|oib rf l`rrai ob {fo/ Xritnio eitr ncx t|fjcxi rf

Wf|foiŨ–x jfoex òb `x ` xcko fg `tt|ihc`rcfo lycar ` hny|hn/ Xjàa lyr

i~r|ijias li`yrcgya rni Wf|foiŨ Jfo`xri|s {`x ocheo`jib rni F|ciorà

Xcxrcoi Hn`tia òb rni xn`bi fg layi rn`r ti|ji`rix rni {àa t`corcokx

x g`jfyx aa fwi| rni {f|ab/ Hafxi rf rni hcrs Ky|` Nyjf|yayc rni Wf|foiŨ

Jfo`xri|s cx foi fg rni gi{ ncxrf|ch |iackcfyx ixr`lacxnjiorx {nchn n`x

f| rni jfxr t`|r |ir`coib crx f|ckcoà gf|j/

Jfxr fg rni cori|cf| t`corcokx b`ri g|fj rni |icko fg Xritnio rni K|i`r/Rni i~ri|cf| t`corcokx {i|i bbib a`ri| by|cok rni |icko fg Tir|y \`|iŖ

Xritnio rni K|i`r–x xfo/ Rni hny|hn–x `|r{f|ex `|i hfoxcbi|ib rni lixr

it|ixior`rcfo fg Jfab`wcò giybà |r/ Bffjxb`s cx j`xri|tcihi

yocpyi gf| crx j`xxcwi hfjtfxcrcfo ob cj`kco`rcwi gacknr crx lclachà

`hix xiijcokas àcwi/ Rni {àa t`corcokx `|i bcxrcohrcwi gf| rnic| l|cknr

hfaf|x ihnfcok rnfxi fg rni o`ry|à xy||fyobcokx rnic| k|iiox òb layix

o`ry|à wikir`lai hfafy|x xfy|hib g|fj afhà taòrx/

Rn|ii jfornx rn|ii {iiex òb rn|ii b`sx/ Rn`r cx nf{ afok cr rffe rf lycab Wf|foir ti|n`tx Jfabfwc`–x jfxr t|ihcfyx mi{ia/

00



Rni jfo`xri|s cx ftio rf wcxcrf|x b`cas lir{iio 7=44 òb <<=44Rni Jyxiyj cx ftio b`cas lir{iio >=44 òb <4=44{{{/jò`xrc|i`*hf}c`/kf/|f&xyjj`|s/nrj@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b 0 .I7># \ìjochy Wìahi`*XclcyOi`|ixr c|tf|rx= Xclcy .34ej# Lyhn`|ixr .<44ej# H| cfw .024ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

làoifhacj`ri|ch niàrn |ixf|r HĈacjĈoiŖrc

Rni jfo`xri|s cx ftio rf wcxcrf|x b`cas lir{iio ;=44 òb <0=44/Rni jyxiyj cx ftio lir{iio 3=44 òb 0;=44/{{{/|fjòcòjfo`xri|cix/f|k&frni|*jfo`xri|cix&nf|i}y

@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b 7; \`jochy Wàhi`*Rc|ky McyOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= H|`cfw` .0<4ej# Xclcy .094ej# Lyhn`|ixr .<84ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixr nfyxix

Hf}c` Jfo`xri|sRni Hf}c` Jfo`xri|s lycar ls Jc|hi` rni Iabi| co rni 02rn hio*

ry|s cx afh`rib biit co o`ry|i co ` gf|ixr fg gc| liihn fè òb

acji r|iix/ @r rni ior|òhi corf rni Far \cwi|–x kf|ki Hf}c`t|fwcbib xniari| by|cok l`rraix `x {iaa `x ` ta`hi gf| t|`si|/

Fwi| rni hiory|cix rni jfo`xri|s–x hny|hn h`yknr gc|i xiwi|à

rcjix ob crx rf{i| xyggi|ib xiwi|i b`j`ki/ Lyr iwio `gri|

744 si`|x crx f|o`ri rn|ii*`|jib wfcwfbà h|fxx xy|wcwix

{crn kaflix j`bi fg |ib kfab/ Gc~ib co ` a`|ki lafhe fg xrfoi

xn`tib acei ` Ry|ecxn ry|lò crx xirrcok {`x ls f|bi| fg Wfcwf*

bi Jc|hi` rni Iabi| x ` xsjlfa fg wchrf|s fwi| rni Frrfjòx/

Nf|i}y Jfo`xri|sRni Jfo`xri|s fg Nf|i}y xcrx co tchry|ixpyi xy||fyobcokx 24ej

{ixr fg \ìjochy Wìahi` hcrs òb 8 ej g|fj Nf|i}y hcrs/ Cr cx rni

lckkixr jfo`xri|s co [àa`hnc`/ @ t|c}ib YOIXHF jfoyjior

Nf|i}y {`x gfyobib ls rni [àa`hncò Wfcwfbi Hfoxròrco

L|ìohfwiòy `x ` oih|ftfacx/ Lyr ncx lfbs oiwi| a`s rni|i/ Co

;02 ni òb ncx xfox {i|i rf|ry|ib òb ecaaib gf| ncx |igyxà rf

iofyohi Hn|cxrcòcrs/ \ihioras xòhrcgcib ls rni \fjòcò

F|rnfbf~ Hny|hn Hfoxròrco L|ìohfwiòy {`x k|i`r |yai| ob

wcxcfo`|s bctafj`r co jibciwà Iy|fti/ Ni gfyknr rni Frrfjò

i~tòxcfo r rni x`ji rcji xr|fokas xyttf|rcok |r ob |iackcfo/

Nykias {iàrns ni lycar xi|cix fg jfo`xri|cix hny|hnix ob t`*

`hix co {n`r {`x a`ri| hàaib dL|ìohfwioixh xrsai– ` xr|fok cogay*

iohi fo [à`hnc`–x |hncrihry|i/ Rni cori|cf| bihf|`rcfo {`x hfj*

tairib co 0732/

Fo rni {`s rf rni Jfo`xri|s fg Nf|i}y sfy hò cjji|xi sfy|xiag co

rni gfae `|r fg rni `|i`/ Rni li`yrs fg t`corib Nf|i}y hi|`jchx cx g`*

jfyx aa fwi| rni {f|ab/ Rni bixckox |i }ffjf|tnch {crn rni |f*

fxri| Nf|i}y hi|`jchx– xcko`ry|i xsjlfa/ Gcxn foi fg rni fabixr xsj*

lfax fg Hn|cxrcòcrs axf bihf|`ri jòs fg rni t`corib hfor`coi|x

òb |fxilybx gc| r|iix .xsjlfac}cok cjjf|ràcrs# hafwi| .ayhe# hayx*

ri|x ai`wix xrijx òb rni R|ii fg Acgi– `|i àxf rf li gfyob/

Rni Nf|i}y Bit|ixxcfo {`x co <44> bixcko`rib dIy|ftiò Bixrco`rcfo

fg I~hiaaiohi– afok {crn 03 frni| bixrco`rcfox co Iy|fti `x t`|r fg rniIy|ftiò Bixrco`rcfox fg I~hiaaiohi t|fmihr {nfxi rnijix {i|i rfy|cxj

òb ncbbio afh a ni|cr`ki/ A`yohnib ls rni Iy|ftiò Hfjjcxxcfo rni t|f*

mihr { x cjtaijiorib ls o rcfoà rfy|cxj yrnf|crcix co i`hn t |rchct rcok

hfyor|s/

08



J`|`jy|iŖ HfyorsRni J`|`jy|iŖ Hfyors xcrx co foi fg rni

H`|t`rncò hn`co–x bit|ixxcfox xy||fyobib ls

bioxias gf|ixrib jfyor`cox {nchn x`{ {ffb*

h|`grx rn|cwi ni|i/ Rni J`|`jy|iŖ |i` n`x

jyhn gf| rfy|cxrx rf bcxhfwi| co àa xi`xfox

|fj ncecok co rni jfyor`cox ob i~r|iji

tf|rx fttf|ryocrcix rf hyary|à ob |iackcfyx

i~taf|`rcfo/ Rni |ikcfo cx ixtihcàas g`jfyx gf|rx ncxrf|ch `|hncrihry|à jfoyjiorx ‘ hn`|jcok

|`bcrcfoà nfyxix f|o`ri {ffbio k`rix ob

i~pycxcri {ffbio hny|hnix {crn tfcorib

f{i|x/

Bixhiobòrx fg rni B`hcòx rni tiftai fg

J`|`jy|iŖ Hfyors `|i x`cb rf li rni lixr

ky`|bcòx fg rni xihya`| r|`bcrcfox/ Afhà r|`bc*

cfox ‘ hafrnix gfae hyxrfjx biachcfyx hycxcoi

òb g`jfyx liwi|`kix ‘ |i ajfxr yohnòkib

f| jcaaiooc` ob jèi iwi|s w`h`rcfo ni|i

yogf|kirr`lai {n`riwi| rni xi`xfo/ [cori|

n`x xtihcà hn`|j/ Iwi|s si`| fo Bihijli| 0;rn

AĈtyŖyayc hfyor|s nfxrx rni [cori| Hyxrfjx

Gixrcwà {crn h`|fax k`jix òb àa ecobx fg

j`xex/ Co Xckniry J`|j`Ũcic hiail|`rcfox likco

fo rni xihfob b`s fg Hn|cxrj`x {crn h`|fai|x

|fj àa rni wcaa`kix co rni `|i` kcwcok rnic|

lixr ti|gf|jòhix/

J`|`jy|iŖ– {ffbio hny|hnix n`wi l|fyknr

ni |ikcfo g`ji/ Rfy|cxrx hfji rf wcxcr rnixi

`|hncrihry|à r|i`xy|ix rni gcoixr i~t|ixxcfofg J`|`jy|iŖ– |rcxrch r|`bcrcfo ob xecaa co

{ffbh|`grx/ Rfkirni| rnis gf|j xtihcà

jyxiyj ob axf ta`hi gf| t|`si|/ Xcko`ry|i

i`ry|ix cohaybi mfcoi|s ha`bbcok ob h`|wib

@ o`ry|à {`xncok j`hncoi/ Hafrnix rf li a`yobi|ib {i|i tyr coxcbi rnixi {ffbio l`xeirx òb {`xnib ls rni gàacok |cwi| {`ri|/



{{{/jyxiyjjj/l`c`j`|i/|bxoir/|f{{{/jfhòcr`/hfj@hhixx |f`bx= Lì|xò` ‘ o`rcfoà |f`b 0;HXcknirya J`|j`Ũcic ‘ OĈxĈybOi`|ixr `c|tf|rx= L`c` J`|i .044ej# Haym*O`tfh`.0>4ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 2*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxskyixr nfyxix

bihf|`rcwi iaijiorx xsjlfacxcok taòrx ocjà

òb kifjir|ch gf|jx/

@heof{aibkcok rni wàyi fg rnixi ta`hix fg

{f|xnct YOIXHF n`x bbib icknr fg rni fabixr

òb lixr*t|ixi|wib foix rf crx acxr fg [f|ab

Ni|cr`ki xcrix/ O`||f{ lyr ràa .`jfok rni

ràaixr {ffbio hny|hnix co rni {f|ab# {crn rnco

rf{i|x rf{`|bx rni lycabcokx– {ixri|o iobxrni hny|hnix i~t|ixx rni hyary|à yocpyioixx

fg rncx jfyor`co |i` co of|rni|o \fjòc`/

JfhĈocŨ` cx ` gf|ixr r|`co {nchn n`x lihfji `

rfy|cxr rr|`hrcfo/ @ r|ct fo rni JfhĈocŨ`

rn|fykn rni wàais fg rni W`xi| ` |cwi| g|fj

J`|`jy|iŖ ob r|clyr`|s fg rni WcŖiya cx

xfjirncok sfy {fo–r i~ti|ciohi os{ni|i

iaxi co rni {f|ab/ Lycar lir{iio 0384 òb 0388

rncx o`||f{*k`yki .;74 jj# |`ca{`s xr|irhnix

gf| 97ej lir{iio WcŖiy ob C}wf|ya Hfjòyayc

òb xr`|rcok g|fj o arcrybi fg 744j co

WcŖiy hacjlx rf 0044j/ Licok gf|ixr r|`co

rni JfhĈocŨ`–x xhnibyai cx ofr xr|chr/ By|cok

rni xyjji| cr yxyàas ai`wix `r 7`j/

JfhĈocŨ` ‘ gf|ixr r|`co ry|oib rfy|cxr rr|`hrcfo/

Rni Lì|xò` Jfo`xri|s cx ` j`mf| rfy|cxr òb tcak|cj bixrco`rcfo co rni J`|`jy|iŖ Hfyors/

09



Rni ri||crf|s {nchn jèix yt jfbi|o*b`s \fjòc` n`x liio con`lcrib xcohi rcji cjjijf|cà/

I~ti|rx ixrcj`ri rn`r rni gc|xr r|`hix fg nyjò acgi ni|i b`ri l`he `|fyob 0/9 jcaacfo si`|x/

T|incxrf|s òb @orcpycrs

Co {ixri|o \fjòc`–x F|ĈŖrcic Jfyor`cox rni jfxr cjtf|ròr

|ijoòrx fg rni B`hcò hcwcac}`rcfo hò li gfyob/ Rni B`hcòx

„rni l|`wixr ob jfxr nfoixr fg rni Rn|`hcòx– {i|i r|yi i~*

ti|rx co jcacr`|s xr|`riks/ Yobi| Ijti|f| R|`cò rni \fjò

Ijtc|i rffe gcwi si`|x rf bigi`r rnij gcoàas ha`cjcok wchrf|s co

047 @/B/ {nio Ecok Bihilà hfjjcrrib xychcbi òb cr {`x rni

yocfo fg rnixi r{f hcwcac}`rcfox rn`r k`wi lc|rn rf rni \fjòcò

tiftai/ Afh`rib `r ò àrcrybi fg `tt|f~cj`rias 0<44 jir|ix

co K|ĈbcŖri` Jyohiayayc wcaa`ki co Nyoibf`|` Hfyors X`|jc}i*

kiryx` \ikc` {`x rni h`tcrà fg t|i*\fjò B`hc`/ I~hiaaior

lycabi|x rni B`hcòx yxib rni rihnocpyi fg fggxirrcok rni

jfyor`co xaftix ob {ni|iwi| oihixx`|s xyttf|rib lck ta`r*

gf|jx {crn xr|fok {àax/ Rni gf|r|ixx gi`ry|ix fo rni acxr fg

YOIXHF [f|ab Ni|cr`ki xcrix/

@ B`hcò Xrfoinioki X`|jc}ikiryx`–x hfjtai~ fg xòhry`|cix

xròbx tt|f~cj`rias 044 jir|ix g|fj rni i`xri|o k`ri fg rni

gf|r|ixx òb cx hfooihrib rf cr ls ` t`wib |f`b/ Rni a`|ki

xòhry`|s cx ` |it|ixior`rcfo co xrfoi fg rni B`hcò hàiob`|/

Rni xfa`| bcxh j`bi fg òbixcri |it|ixiorx rni xyo òb |i*

gaihrx rni y|òf*xfa`| hn`|`hri| fg rni Kircò*B`hcò |iackcfo/

@aa xc~ gf|r|ixxix rn`r gf|jibBihilà–x bigioxcwi xsxrij .X`|jc}i*kiryx` \ikc` Ayohòc ‘ Tc`r|` \fxciHfxriŖrc ‘ Lacb`|y HfxriŖrc ‘ HirĈŨyciHĈtìao` òb LĈocŨ`# of{ liafok rfYOIXHF–x Hyary|à [f|ab Ni|cr`kiacxr/

@hhixx |f`bx= Iy|ftiò |f`b I7> ‘ F|ĈŖrci‘ K|ĈbcŖri` bi Jyori .80 ej# K|ĈbcŖri`bi Jyori ‘ Biàya K|ĈbcŖrcc .> ej#/ Rfkf rf rni |ycox fg rni gf|ji| B`hcògf|r|ixx ai`wi g|fj F|ĈŖrci ob kfrf{`|bx HfxriŖrc gfaaf{cok tt|f~c*j`rias <4 ej fg gf|ixr |f`bAfhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 8*b`cxs kyixrnfyxix

X`|jc}ikiryx`

@|hnìfafkchà |ixi`|hn n`x

|iwiàib r|`hix fg ohcior hcwc*ac}`rcfox jfok rnij N`jò*

kc` KyjiaocŨ` ob Hyhyrioc

{nfxi hi|`jchx `|i yocpyi co

Iy|fti ob {nfxi tiftai

t|`hrchib w`|cfyx hyarx/

N`jòkc` hyary|i cx Oifacrnch

hyary|i b`rcok g|fj rni 2rn rf

<ob hiory|cix L/H/ ob rffe crx

o`ji g|fj wcaa`ki co Bfl|fki`/

Rncx hyary|i n`b ` afok biwiaf*

tjior ti|cfb i~riobcok yorcarni Tforch wi|xcfo fg KyjiaocŨ`

hyary|i tti`|ib/

Rnixi r{f xjàa hi|`jch gcky|coix `|i rfb`s hfoxcbi|ib j`xri|tcihix fg Oifacrnch `|r/ Liafokcokrf rni N`jòkc` hyary|i rnis hò li xiio `r rni O`rcfoà @|r Jyxiyj co Lyhn`|ixr/

X`|jc}ikiryx` \ikc` rni gf|r|ixx fo K|ĈbcŖric Ncaa {`x rni k|i`rixr fg rni B`hcò gf|r|ixxix/

07



@b`jhacxc cx hfjjyoi afh`rib 7<ej xfyrn*{ixr fg

Hfoxròr`/ By|cok rni {cori| fg 040*04< @/B/ cr {`x rni

xcri fg ` k|i`r l`rrai lir{iio rni `|jcix fg rni B`hcò

ecok Bihilà ob rni \fjò aikcfox ai`b ls R|`cò/Oi`|ls co ò `|i` fg {ffbib jfyobx aci rni |ycox fg

rni R|ftìyj R|`còc jfoyjior ob rni |iachx fg rni

\fjò hcwca afhàcrs Hcwcr`x R|ftìioxcyj {nchn R|`cò

gfyobib/ Fwi| rni hiory|cix rni Ry|ecxn hfoxcbi|ib

rni cjtfxcok \fjò jfoyjior hny|hn/ [crn 84j

bc`jiri| òb ` nicknr fg <4j rni jfoyjior n`x 92

l`x*|iacigx bitchrcok l`rrai xhioix ob jyxiyj fg

B`hcò K|iie ob \fjò orcpycrcix xròbx oi`|ls/

@b`jhacxc @|hnifafkchà JyxiyjRia/= 4<20 & 702/97<5 4<20 & 702/978Wcxcrcok nfy|x= b`cas >=44*<4=44{{{/hcjih/|f&xh|ctrx&jy}ii&xiaio/`xt

@hhixx |f`bx= o`rcfoà |f`b ; .I>0# \ìjochy Wìahi`*XclcyOi`|ixr c|tf|rx= Xclcy .34ej# Lyhn`|ixr .<44ej#H|`cfw` .024ej#Afhà hhfjjfb`rcfo= < rf 8*xr`| nfriax < rf 2*b`cxs kyixrnfyxix làoifhacj`ri|ch niàrn*|ixf|r HĈacjĈoiŖrc

Rni \fjò jcacr`|s h`jt @|yria` cx afh`rib oi`| HĈac*

jĈoiŖrc hcrs hafxi rf xfji rni|jà xt|cokx yxib gf|rni h`jt–x tylach l`rnx ob b`rix l`he rf 08;*08> @/B/

Afh`rib fo rni aigr xnf|i fg rni Far \cwi| oi`| Hf}c`

Jfo`xri|s @|yria` {crn frni| h`jtx |fyob Hf}c`

Tiè gf|jib t`|r fg acoi fg bigiohi k`coxr rr`hex

g|fj rni ncaas `|i` rf rni I`xr/ Rni gf|rcgcib hfoxr|yhrcfo

{`x lycar fg ga`kxrfoix òb gi`ry|ib xijchc|hya`| rf{i|x

`r rni hf|oi|x òb xpy`|i rf{i|x fo i`hn xcbi fg rni

t|ìrf|cò k`ri/ Rni j`co {àa {`x lycar g|fj a`|ki

|ihròkya`| lafhex fg |fhe rnco ga`kxrfoix ob yoxn`*

tib |fhex/

\fjò jcacr`|s h`jt@b`jhacxc

\fjò jcacr`|s h`jt@|yria`

0;



T|fyb fg rnic| r|`bcrcfox \fjòcòx

{iahfji kyixrx {`|jas cowcrcok rnij

orf rnic| nfjix fggi|cok rnij rni gcoixr

bcxnix rnis hò t|it`|i xcokcok rnij

li`yrcgya gfae xfokx òb iwio cowcrcok

nij rf bòhi/

[nio sfy wcxcr \fjòc` sfy {caa biacknr co bcxhfwi|cok `

ta`hi rn`r cx acwi {crn aikiobx jsrnx ob r|`bcrcfox

{nchn n`wi liio hni|cxnib fwi| hiory|cix/ Gi{ hfyor|cix

o rni {f|ab n`wi t|ixi|wib xf jòs hyxrfjx f| n`wi

yhn afwi gf| rnic| gfae jyxch ob bòhcok/ Yoacei frni|

tiftaix \fjòcòx bftrib Hn|cxrcòcrs co ti`hi ofr

`x ` |ixyar fg {`| òb jòs fg fy| hyxrfjx xrcaa li`| rni

j`|e fg ohcior |cryàx hfjlcoib {crn t|fgfyob |ixtihr

f| Hn|cxrcò wàyix/

Gc|xr*rcji wcxcrf|x rf fy| hiail|`rcfox {`rhn j`}ib

òb hy|cfyx ob oiwi| gf|kir rni ijfrcfox rnis giar co

nfxi yocpyi jfjiorx/

JĈ|ŨcŖf|ya@hhf|bcok rf rni fab \fjò hàiob`| J`|hn 0xr {`x rni gc|xr

b`s fg rni si`| ob j`|eib rni likcoocok fg rni hiail|`rcfo

fg J`|x kfb fg rni gf|hix fg o`ry|i fg xt|cok ob `k|chyary|i/

Iwi|s si`| fo rncx b`s {i |ioi{ fy| nfti ftrcjcxj g`crn obxr|iokrn/ [i cowfei rncx rcji–x r|cyjtn fg |ixy||ihrcfo ob |i*

kioi|`rcfo ls kcwcok fy| afwib foix „jĈ|ŨcŖf|– xjàa xsjlfach

rfrijx {fwio g|fj r{f hfjlcoib rn|i`bx foi |ib ob foi

{ncri rf {cxn i`hn frni| n`ttcoixx òb ayhe/

„Bcjcr|ci Kyxrc– Wcaa`ki Jyxiyjg sfy bfo–r n`wi rcji rf r|`wia rni {nfai hfyor|s òb bcxhfwi| àa fg \fjòc`–x jfxr g`xhc*

o`rcok hyxrfjx {i cowcri sfy rf wcxcr Lyhn`|ixr–x „Bcjcr|ci Kyxrc– Wcaa`ki Jyxiyj/ Gfyobib

o 0387 cr {`x foi fg rni gc|xr jyxiyjx fg crx ecob co rni {f|ab/ Lixcbix rni t`r|cjfos fo

nf{ co rni fyrbff| i~nclcrcfo òb rni hfaaihrcfox rni jyxiyj àxf n`x ` |chn `|hncwi fg

t|chiaixx ncxrf|ch*irnofk|`tnch wàyi hfjt|cxcok hfaaihrcfox fg jòyxh|ctrx xrybcix xeirhnix

b|`{cokx gcajx ob tnfrfk|`tnx k`rni|ib by|cok rni gciab |ixi`|hn fg rni ri`jx g|fj rni

Lyhn`|ixr xfhcfafks xhnffa {nchn niatib gfyob rni jyxiyj/

Gfaeaf|i * GfaeHyxrfjx òb

R|`bcrcfox

Wcxcrf| xhnibyai gf| rni fyrbff| i~nclcrcfo=Jfob`s ‘ Xyob`s= 3=44*0;=44Wcxcrf| xhnibyai gf| rni i~nclcrcfo nàa= Jfob`s ob Ryixb`s= hafxib[iboixb`s ‘ Xyob`s= 3=44*0;=44

{{{/jyxiyj*x`ryayc/|f

0>



[cori| Hiail|`rcfox

@ {cori| nfacb`s xtior co ` \fjòcò wcaa`ki hò li ` yocpyi i~ti|ciohi/ Fo Hn|cxrj`x òbOi{ Si`|–x Iwi hncab|io ob sfyok tiftai kf g|fj bff| rf bff| xcokcok h`|fax ob sfyok

jio ti|gf|j rni „kf`r– f| „li`|– bòhi/ Rni „kf`r– bòhi yxib rf li hi|ijfocà |iackcfyx

iaijior fg k|chyary|à hiail|`rcfox |cryà bixckoib rf l|cok gi|rcacrs gf| rni gfaaf{cok si`|

ni|bx gyaa fg ocjàx ob `lyobòr h|ftx/ Rni bòhi cx hhfjtòcib ls {ffbio gayri ob

`r crx iob foi fg rni sfyok jio tt|f`hncok rni r`lai {ni|i rni wcxcrib g`jcas xcr {cxnix

nij kffb gf|ryoi gf| rni gfaaf{cok si`|/ Rni sfyok jio bòhi {crn rni a`bs fg i`hn nfyxi

òb ni| b`yknri|x ob rnio |ig|ixnib {crn r|i`rx t|fwcbib ls rnic| nfxrx fggi| rnòex ob

èi rnic| ai`wi/

Cr cx cjtfxxclai rf iori| ` \fjòcò nfyxi*

nfab ob ofr li fggi|ib {n`riwi| gffb rni

nfxrx n`wi fo rni r`lai f| ` ka`xx fg {coi

f| |`hncy ‘ ` r|`bcrcfoà rsti fg l|òbs/ \f*

jòcò hycxcoi n`x hfyoraixx hyaco`|s hyx*

rfjx ob r|`bcrcfox {nchn yxi lfrn gffbx

xtihcgch rf rni |ikcfo ob cok|ibciorx ob

jirnfbx g|fj rni k`xr|fofjch hyary|ix fg

frni| tiftaix {nfxi bixrcocix n`wi cori|*r{coib {crn \fjòc`–x rn|fyknfyr ncxrf|s/

Rni lyobòhi fg {cabacgi co rni \fjòcò

gf|ixrx àxf coxtc|ib ` |chn w`|cirs fg ji`r

bcxnix ob biach`hcix/

B ` r c o c Ŗ c f l c h i c y | c

x r | Ĉ j f Ŗ i

Ŗ r c

\fjòcònfxtcràcrs

03



I`xri| ikkxTi|n`tx I`xri|–x jfxr tchry|ixpyi r|`bcrcfo cx rni t`corcok fg ikkx/

Kioi|àas cr cx {fjio ob kc|ax {nf h`|igyaas bihf|`ri ikkx t|ixio*

cok i`hn r|`bcrcfoà jfrcg co wi|xcfox {nchn w`|s hhf|bcok rf rni

`|i` ob rni ikkx– xc}ix/ T`corib ikkx |i xsjlfa fg I`xri| hyx*

fjx liacigx ob r|`bcrcfox |it|ixiorcok o iaijior fg xtc|cryà hya*

y|i rn`r cx xtihcgch rf \fjòc`/ Yxcok {`~ jòs \fjòcòx h|i`ri

i~r|ijias li`yrcgya bihf|`rcwi jfrcgx rn`r |ihàa òhixr|à r|`bcrcfox/

Nòbh|`grxo xf jyhn fg rfb`s–x {f|ab r|`bcrcfo ob ohcior h|`grx xiij xyggf*

h`rib ls jfbi|ocxj/ Jòs {i`wcok {f|exnftx gf| i~`jtai hafxib

fok `kf/ Lyr co rni xfyrn fg \fjòc` rni|i `|i xrcaa {fjio {i`wcoknic| nòbx h|i`rcok xryoocok r|i`xy|ix/ @ob {ncai rnic| xecaax |i

`tt|ihc`rib ls {iaa*eof{o bixckoi|x g`ji cx ofr rnic| jlcrcfo/ Co

nfyxinfabx co Farioc` rncx fab r|`bcrcfo acwix fo ob crx t|fbyhrx

hforcoyi rf biacknr rni isix fg wcxcrf|x/

<4



Gfae Bòhixg sfy `|i ayhes iofykn rf li cowcrib rf ` \fjòcò {ibbcok bfo–r

nixcr`ri rf `hhitr! Iwi|s {ibbcok cx hiail|`rib {crn gfae bòhix

òb gcbbai|x/ Nf|`! ïowì|rcr`! n`Ũikò`! lĈryr`! hĈayŖ`|cc `|i xfji

fg rni r|`bcrcfoà bòhix i`hn |it|ixiorcok ` bcggi|ior |ikcfo fg

ni hfyor|s/ Ti|n`tx rni jfxr xtihr`hya | òb bso`jch bòhi g|fj

\fjòc o gfaeaf|i cx rni hĈayŖ`|cc . YOIXHF [f|ab Hyary| a ni|cr`ki

jfoyjior# hfjtai~ |cry acxrch bòhi {nchn |ia rix rf gi|rcacrs òb

ni acok òb xrc|x yt biac|cfyx rc|iaixx fyrtfy|cok fg nyjò ioi|ks/

B|`j`rch myjtx xykkixr rni nyjò bixc|i rf r|òxhiob rni I`|rn f|

jò–x f{o hfobcrcfo co ` bso`jch |it|ixior`rcfo fg cooi| giiacokx/

Rni hfxryjix fg rni hĈayŖ`|cc bòhi|x hfjlcoi rni hfafy|x {ncri

ckocgscok ty|crs ob hn`xrcrs ob |ib {nchn t|frihrx k`coxr

ni iwca isi/

Xfokx gf| rni xfyaFg aa \fjòc`–x jòs gfae xfokx ofoi n`x jf|i ijfrcwi tf{i| rnò rni

bfco` .` YOIXHF [f|ab Hyary|à ni|cr`ki jfoyjior# òb ` bfco` ti|gf|jib

fo ` tòtcti gayri h|i`rix ` wcxhi|à |i`hrcfo co crx acxrioi|x/ Rni t|ihcxi f|ckco

fg rni tòtcti cx ofr eof{o gf| xy|i ob |hnifafks ob ncxrf|s |ihf|b crx

yxi àa fwi| rni {f|ab/ Cr cx rnfyknr rn`r rni coxr|yjior {`x cor|fbyhib corf

\fjòcò hyary|i gfaaf{cok hfor`hr {crn rni K|iiex fo rni xnf|ix fg rni

La`he Xi` òb rni nfaaf{ xn`ti fg rni tòtctix ta`sib ni|i cx |ihfkocxib

{f|ab{cbi x \fjòcò w`|c`rcfo/ @arnfykn o ohcior jyxchà coxr|yjior

rni tòtcti n`x {fo oi{ `tt|ihc`rcfo co |ihior bih`bix ofr`las lih`yxi fg

Nfaas{ffb gcajx {crn xfyobr|`hex gi`ry|cok tòtcti ta`si|x/

Rni Ji||s Hijiri|sBi`rn cx ` xfaijo iwior lyr rni Ji||s Hijiri|s

o XĈtìoŨ` J`|`jy|iŖ g`jfyx gf| crx wcwcbas

t`corib {ffbio h|fxxix ob xcjtai t`corcokx

hiail|`rcok xhioix g|fj rni acwix fg crx bihi`xib

ixcbiorx t|ftfxix bcggi|ior wci{/

Jòs fg rni h|fxxix àxf li`| wi|xix |ihàacok

nfxi jijf|càcxib co acknr*ni`|rib {`sx/ Rni

hijiri|s–x t`|rchya`| hn`|`hri| {`x coxtc|ib ls

B`hcò hyary|i {nfxi tncafxftns ioxn|coib li*

cig co cjjf|ràcrs ob hiail|`rib bi`rn x

i`xfo gf| mfs x cr j`|eib afwib foix– t`xx`ki

f ofrni| lirri| acgi/

@ afhà h|`grxjò xhyatrib rni Ji||s Hijiri|s–xc|xr gyoi|à coxh|ctrcfo co 0389 ob ls 0374 rni

hijiri|s rn|fokib {crn |fyob >44 xyhn h|fx*

xix j`bi fg fè {ffb jècok cr ` yocpyi fyr*

bff| jyxiyj ob hni|cxnib rfy|cxr bixrco`rcfo/

{{{/|fjòcòjfo`xri|cix/f|k&j`|`jy|ix&x`tòr`

<0



Gf| hiory|cix tiftai xtiècok bcwi|xi aòky`kix liafokcok rf w`|cfyx hyary|ix òb t|`hrcxcok

bcggi|ior |iackcfox n`wi acwib rfkirni| ti`higyaas co \fjòc`/

@ R`tixr|s fg Hyary|ix

Jyarchyary|àcxj cx fy| |iàcrs/ Cr ijl|`hix hyary|à w`|cirs obtay|àcxj ob rni hyary|à cbiorcrcix fg \fjòc`–x jcof|crs

hfjjyocrcix/ Hyary|à lf||f{cok rni cori|jcokacok fg hyxrfjx

hforcoyfyx hfjtircrcfo lir{iio \fjòcò R|òxsawòcò

X`~fo Nyok`|cò òb frni| cogayiohix cogf|j iwi|s b`s/ Cg sfy

wcxcr R|òxsawòc` sfy {caa {croixx nf{ hafxias \fjòcòx–

nfyxix |ixijlai rnfxi fg R|òxsawòcò X`~fox òb Nyok`|còx

i`hn foi jf|i hn`|jcok rnò rni a`xr/ Wcxcr Bfl|fki` òb sfy

hò x`jtai Ry|ecxn lèa`w` co \fjòcò t`xr|s xnftx {ncai

co xfyrni|o \fjòc` r`xrs ji`rlàax |i hyxrfj`|s g`|i/ Rni

\fjòcò aòky`ki cx io|chnib ls jòs {f|bx lf||f{ib g|fj

cjjck|òr hyary|ix/ @aa fy| r|clix n`wi hf*jcokaib l|cokcok`lfyr {cxbfj |ffrib co rfai|òhi/ Fo rni xr|iirx fg R|òxsawòc

sfy {caa fgrio xii \fjòcò Nyok`|cò ob R|òxsawòcò

X`~fo hncab|io ta`scok rfkirni|/ K|f{cok yt rfkirni| rnis ai*

`|o jyryà |ixtihr coxrcohrcwias/ @|hncrihry|à ncxrf|chà òb

|iackcfyx jfoyjiorx |i xfji fg rni wcxclai i~t|ixxcfox fg

fy| jcof|crs hyary|à coni|cròhi/ Xclcy–x L|yeiornà Jyxiyj

rni fabixr jyxiyj co \fjòc` ob rni ncxrf|ch hior|i fg

XckncŖf`|` hcrs YOIXHF [f|ab Ni|cr`ki xcri xnf{h`xi fy|

Ki|jò hfjjyocrs–x hyary|à hnciwijiorx/ Jòs fg

R|òxsawòc`–x h`xraix liafok rf rni Nyok`|cò |cxrfh|`hs/

Rni Nyok`|còx jcof|crs cx \fjòc`–x a`|kixr/ Jfxr Nyok`|còx

acwi co rni R|òxsawòc` `|i` {nchn n`x liio xn`tib ls

Nyok`|cò cogayiohi/ T|fyb fg rnic| hyary|à coni|cròhi rnis

xtiè òb xrybs co Nyok`|cò òb j`cor`co r|`bcrcfox cohaybcokgfae hfxryji/ Fwi| 0444 Nyok`|cò hncab|io ob riio`ki|x

jfxr fg rnij g|fj rni N`|kncr` Hfyors rèi t`|r co ` r|`*

bcrcfoà gfae bòhi gixrcwà {nchn rèix ta`hi co rni Jci|hy|i`

Hcyh jyochctàcrs/

\fjòc`–x Mi{cxn hfjjyocrs–x ncxrf|s xr|irhnix l`he `|fyobr{f jcaaiooc`/ Rni Scbbcxn aòky`ki jyhn yxib lir{iio rni

{`|x ls \fjòcò Mi{x cx wi|s acrrai xtfeio jfok rfb`s–x

Mi{cxn tftya`rcfo/ Xiwi|à rijtaix òb xso`kfkyix n`wi xrffb

fo \fjòcò xfca xfji fg rnij biha`|ib ncxrf|ch ob |hnc*

rihry|à jfoyjiorx ob t|frihrib ls a`{/

Nyok`|cò bòhi|x/

Cori|cf| fg rni xso`kfkyi co H|`cfw`/

<<



\fjòs h|`grxjio/

K|fyt |it|ixiorcok Ry|ecxn hfjjyocrs g|fj \fjòc`/

Rni gc|xr Ki|jò xirrai|x h`ji rf acwi co \fjòc` jf|i rnò

>94 si`|x kf/ \fjòcò Ki|jòx rfb`s |i ofr hfjt`hr

yocr`|s k|fyt x rnic| ohixrf|x h`ji g|fj jòs t`|rx fg

Iy|fti xfji {caacokas cowcrib ls \fjòcò |yai|x rf xn`|i `

lirri| xròb`|b fg acwcok rnò rnic| f{o hfyor|s ggf|bib rnij

frni|x b|cwio ni|i ls hc|hyjxròhi fwi| rni hiory|cix/ [crnfyr

` xcokai yocgscok hyary|à hfooihrcfo ob xtiècok w`|cfyx bc*

àihrx fg rni Ki|jò aòky`ki rnis n`wi corik|`rib `x w`|cfyx

xjàa ob bcxrcohrcwi hfjjyocrcix/ @arnfykn rfb`s wi|s gi{

R|òxsawòcò X`~fox |ij`co jfxr fg rnij xiocf|x t`xx

rn|fykn R|òxsawòc` ob rnic| hyary|à gffrt|cor hò li xiio

iwi|s{ni|i of{ni|i jf|i rnò co rni xtihr`hya`| gf|rcgcib

hny|hnix rnis lycar fwi| rni hiory|cix gf| bigiohi/

Rni i~`hr b`ri fg rni \fjòs tiftai–x ||cwà co rfb`s–x \f*

jòc` cx ofr eof{o lyr i~ti|rx ixrcj`ri cr cx `|fyob 0444 @B/

Rni gc|xr |igi|iohix rf \fjòs tiftai tti`| co bfhyjiorx

g|fj Jfab`wc` ob R|òxsawòc` g|fj rni 09rn hiory|s/ Ncxrf|c*

òx ob xfhcfafkcxrx liaciwi rn`r jòs fg rni \fjòs ||cwàx

h`ji x R`|r`| xa`wix h`trcwix fg rni Kfabio Nf|bi/ Ofr yorca

rni gc|xr bih`bix fg rni 03rn hiory|s {i|i rnis |iai`xib g|fj

lfob`ki/ Co rni Jcbbai @kix jfxr \fjòs tiftai g|fj \fj`*ocò ri||crf|cix {i|i xa`wix gf| rni oflcacrs wfcwfbix f| `r rni

jfo`xri|cix j`coas x hffti|x la`hexjcrnx kfabxjcrnx rco*

ei|x f| gcbbai|x/ Rfb`s r|`bcrcfoà \fjòs fhhyt`rcfox ‘ t|co*

hctàas mflx co h|`grx ‘ of afoki| rn|cwi/

Rni cogayiohix fg \fjòc`–x bcwi|xi irnoch hfjjyocrcix hfo*

r|clyri rf gaycb iwfawcok yocwi|xi fg hyary|i |r ob xtc|cry*

àcrs/ Rni li`yrs ob xtc|cr fg rni w`|cfyx r|`bcrcfox– xfokx

òb bòhix rnic| |rx ob h|`grx io|chn rni o`rcfo–x hyary|à

acgi/ @ob \fjòc`–x yocpyi laiob fg hyxrfjx ob r|`bcrcfoxb|`{o g|fj aa crx hfjjyocrcix rèix hior|i xr`ki r rni gix*

rcwàx rn`r rèi ta`hi iwi|s si`|/

T`|rchctòrx `r rni hiail|`rcfo fg rni \fjò H`rnfach t`r|fo x`cor .rni Ei|*{ic# foi fg rni jfxr cjtf|ròr r|`bcrcfox gf| \fjòc`–x Ki|jò hfjjyocrs/

<8



Rèi ` {àe rn|fykn fy| jyxiyjx/ @ob tai`xi bfo–r myxr `bjc|i rni t|chiaixx i~nclcrx/ [i cowcri

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Jyxiyjx= Nfofy|cok rni T`xr

O`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg @|r ‘ Lyhn`|ixr

Wcxcrcok nfy|x= [iboixb`s ‘ Xyob`s= xyjji| wcxcrcok nfy|x 04=44*0>=44 {cori| wcxcrcok nfy|x 3=44*0;=445 Jfob`s ob Ryixb`s= hafxib@bjcxxcfo= `lfyr < iy|f

O`rcfoà Jyxiyjfg \fjòcò Ncxrf|s Lyhn`|ixr

<2

Rni O`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg \fjòcò Ncxrf|s fhhytcix >444j< òb crx 74 i~nclcrcfo nà*

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{`|x òb rni cjt`hr fg \yxxc`/

\it|fbyhrcfo fg rni R|`cò–x Hfayjo r rniO`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg \fjòcò Ncxrf|s/



@ wcxcr rf rni „K|ckf|i @orct`– O`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg O`ry|à

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a`|kixr i~nclcr/

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g|fj rni La`he Xi` co bcf|`j`x biwcxib ls B|/ K|ckf|i @orct`/

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rni jyxiyjx rf nfofy| ncxrf|s iwi|s J`s 0>rn/

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„K|ckf|i @orct`– O`rcfoà Jyxiyjfg O`ry|à Ncxrf|s ‘ Lyhn`|ixr

<9


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/explore-the-romanian-culture 26/36<7

Rni @XR\@ Jyxiyj xt|òk g|fj rni bixc|i fg rni tiftai fg

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@XR\@ Xclcy O`rcfoà Jyxiyj Hfjtai~

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{{{/tà`ryahyary|cc/|f

Tà`hi fg Hyary|i

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Rni Tà`hi fg Hyary|i co C`Ŗc cx ` tf{i|gya xsjlfa fg Jfab`wcò hyary|i/



O`rcfoà L|yeiornà

Jyxiyj XclcyXclcy–x O`rcfoà L|yeiornà Jyxiyj cx foi fg

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rni gc|xr c|taòi {crnfyr t|ftiaai|/

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rni \fjòcò bfhrf| ob xtihcàcxr co

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rni kcok t|fhixx/ @xaò {`x coxr|yjiorà

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rni orc*`kcok t|fbyhr @xa`wcrà t`riorib

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O`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg \fjòcò Acri|`ry|i

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Jc|hi` Iac`bi

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jirà òb |icogf|hib hfoh|iri òb ò `hhfjtacxnib cowiorf|/

@oknia Xàckos

<3



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84

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òb ri`hni| Ioixhy xrybcib co Wcioo` òb T`|cx/ Ni hfobyhrib

Ayb{ck Wò Liirnfwio–x Ocorn Xsjtnfos gf| rni gc|xr rcji co

\fjòc` òb hfjtfxcrcfox ls Ha`ybi Bilyxxs `x {iaa `x ncx

f{o h|i`rcfox cohaybcok Xsjtnfos Of/ < .0308# òb F|hnixr|à

Xycri Of/ < co H J`mf| .0309#/ Ioixhy–x cori|o`rcfoà hiail|crs

|ixrx ixtihcàas fo ncx \fjòcò \n`txfbs Of/0 {nchn {`x

j`bi tftya`| ls Aiftfab Xrfef{xec hfobyhrf| fg rni Tnca`*

biatnc` Tncan`|jfoch F|hnixr|`/

80



Xykkixrib Hyary|à Crcoi|`|cix

8<

Crcoi|`|s= Lyhn`|ixr * Xco`c` * L|`Ŗfw * XckncŖf`|` * Xclcy

By|`rcfo= 9 b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= r|`co f| h`|

µ B`s 0= Lyhn`|ixr

I~taf|i Lyhn`|ixr fy| h`tcrà hcrs/ Co rni iwiocok iomfs

hfohi|r ls Kif|ki Ioixhy Tncan`|jfoch F|hnixr|` f| r|`wia

rf Wài` HĈaykĈ|i`xhĈ \fjòc`–x t|ijci| {coi |ikcfox/ @gri|

{coi r`xrcok ob bcooi| |iry|o rf Lyhn`|ixr/

µ B`s <= Lyhn`|ixr * Xco`c` * L|`Ŗfw .077 ej#

B|cwi f| rèi rni r|`co rf Xco`c` òb wcxcr rni TiaiŖ H`xrai/ Lycar

co 0>>8 TiaiŖ H`xrai cx ` j`xri|tcihi fg Ki|jò \io`cxxòhi

`|hncrihry|i/ Rni xjàai| TiacŖf| H`xrai gi`ry|ix yocpyi hfa*

aihrcfo fg Wciooixi gy|ocry|i ob Rcggòs ka`xx{`|i/ Hforcoyixr|`cknr rf L|`Ŗfw f| g|fj T|ibià rèi ` 94 ej birfy| rf rni

wcaa`ki fg L|ò rf wcxcr rni 02rn hiory|s L|ò .B|`hya`–x# H`xrai

rnio hforcoyi rf L|`Ŗfw/ Fwi|ocknr co L|`Ŗfw/

µ B`s 8= L|`Ŗfw * XckncŖf`|` .007 ej#

Xcknrxiicok co L|`Ŗfw/ Ncknacknrx cohaybi= Hfyohca Xpy`|i rni

li`yrcgya X`cor Ochnfa`x Hny|hn L|`Ŗfw Gf|r|ixx rni G|òhcxhò

jfo`xri|s/ Bf ofr jcxx rni La`he Hny|hn {nfxi o`ji cx

`rr|clyrib rf gc|i xr`|rib co 07>3 ls bcxk|yoraib cow`bi|x

yo`lai rf l|i`hn rni hcrs–x {àax/ Xcknrxiicok co XckncŖf`|` foi

fg rni lixr*t|ixi|wib jibciwà rf{ox co Iy|fti/ Wcxcr rni Hafhe

Rf{i| Hny|hn fo rni Ncaa Xhnfa`|x– [ffbio Xr`c|h`xi Wioircò

Nfyxi Ni|jòo Fli|rn Xpy`|i/ Fwi|ocknr co XckncŖf`|`/

µ B`s 2= XckncŖf`|` * Xclcy .0;> ej#

Xcknrxiicok co Xclcy/ Ncknacknrx cohaybi= J`co Xpy`|i Nyir Xpy`|i

òb rni Iwòkniachà h`rnib|à L|cbki fg Acix Kfabxjcrn

Xpy`|i K|i`r Xpy`|i F|rnfbf~ H`rnib|à \fjò H`rnfach

Hny|hn Hcrs Nàa Rf{i|/ Fwi|ocknr co Xclcy/

µ B`s 9= \iry|o rf Lyhn`|ixr wc` Faryayc Wàais .<>< ej# f| co

rni {`|j xi`xfo fo rni xhioch jfyor`co |f`b R|òxgĈkĈ|ĈŖò/

Crcoi|`|s= Lyhn`|ixr * Rì|kfwcŖri * Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ * \ìjochy

Wìahi` * Hf}c` * Nf|i}y * Xco`c` * Lyhy|iŖrc

By|`rcfo= 9 b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= h`|

µ B`s 0= I~taf|i Lyhn`|ixr \fjòc`–x h`tcrà hcrs/ Fwi|ocknr co

Lyhn`|ixr/

µB`s <= Lyhy|iŖrc * Rì|kfwcŖri * Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ .0>7 ej#

B|cwi rf Rì|kfwcŖri òb wcxcr rni T|cohias Hfy|r/ G|fj R`|kfwcŖri

hforcoyi rf Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ rf wcxcr rni 07rn hiory|s Hy|ri`

bi @|kiŖ Jfo`xri|s .JĈoĈxrc|i` Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ# ob rni

02rn hiory|s T|cohias Hfy|r .Hy|ri` Bfjoi`xhĈ#/ Fwi|ocknr co

Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ/

µB`s 8= Hy|ri` bi @|kiŖ * \ìjochy Wìahi` * HĈacjĈoiŖrc .Hf}c`#

.34 ej#

Fo rni {`s rf \ìjochy Wìahi` sfy hò wcxcr rni hny|hn

Bcor|*yo Aijo bco G|ìohiŖrc .<9ej bi \ìjochy Wìahi`#/ G|fj

\ìjochy Wìahi` gfaaf{ rni Far Wàais/ Xtiob ` ocknr co ` t|cw`ri

g`|j {ni|i sfy hò iomfs nfjij`bi hniixix òb k|caaib a`jl

t`xr|`jc f| iwio co ` jfo`xri|s/ Iomfs rni HĈacjĈoiŖrc `|i`–x

afhà rni|jà ob jcoi|à {`ri|x/ Wcxcr rni Hf}c` Jfo`xri|s

fo rni Far Wàais lycar co rni 02rn hiory|s ls rni [àa`hncò

wfciwfbi Jc|hi` hia LĈr|ìo/ Fwi|ocknr co HĈacjĈoiŖrc/

µB`s 2= \ìjochy Wìahi` * Nf|i}y .74ej#

\iry|o rf \ìjochy Wìahi`/ B|cwi rf Nf|i}y {ni|i r|`bcrcfoà

t`corib hi|`jchx hò li xiio/ Wcxcr rni Nf|i}y Jfo`xri|s/

Fwi|ocknr co Nf|i}y/

µB`s 9= Nf|i}y * Xco`c` * Lyhy|iŖrc .8;4ej#

B|cwi rf rni jfyor`co |ixf|r Xco`c`/ Wcxcr rni TiaiŖ H`xrai òb

rni Xco`c` Jfo`xri|s/ B|cwi rf Lyhn`|ixr/

LYHN@\IXR @OB XFYRNI\O R\@OXSAW@OC@

XR@\RCOK G\FJ LYHN@\IXR= BCXHFWI\ [@AA@HNC@



Crcoi|`|s= Rì|ky Jy|iŖ * XckncŖf`|` * L|`Ŗfw * Xclcy ‘ @al`*Cyac` ‘

Rì|ky Jy|iŖ

By|`rcfo= ; b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= h`| f| r|`co

µ B`s 0= Rì|ky Jy|iŖ * XckncŖf`|` .72 ej#

Xcknrxiicok co Xckncxf`|` foi fg rni lixr*t|ixi|wib jibciwà

rf{ox co Iy|fti/ Wcxcr r{f fg rni gf|rcgcib hny|hnix= X`xhnc}

.wcxcr rni X`~fo Gf|r|ixx òb rni Hafhe Rf{i|# òb Wcxh|c .wcxcr

rni gf|rcgcib hny|hn#/ Fwi|ocknr co ` nfria f| co ` kyixr nfyxi

co XckncŖf`|`/

µ B`s <= XckncŖf`|` * L|`Ŗfw .007 ej#

R|`wia rf L|`Ŗfw/ Wcxcr rni wcaa`ki gf|r|ixx co \yti`/ I~taf|i

L|`Ŗfw–x fyrxròbcok fab rf{o/ Wcxcr T|imji| hfoxcbi|ib rni

xr|fokixr ti`xòr gf|rcgch`rcfo co jibciwà R|òxsawòc`/ Crx

gf|rcgcib hny|hn {`x lycar lir{iio rni 09rn òb rni 07rn hiory*

|cix/ Fwi|ocknr co L|`Ŗfw/

µ B`s 8= L|`Ŗfw * Xclcy .074 ej#

R|`wia g|fj L|`Ŗfw rf Xclcy/ Wcxcr rni wcaa`ki gf|r|ixx co GĈkĈ|`Ŗ/

Wcxcr Xclcy–x L|yheiornà Tà`hi òb crx |chn `|r hfaaihrcfox/

Frni| rr|`hrcfox co Xclcy cohaybi Acrrai Xpy`|i .H|`grxjio–x

Xpy`|i# L|cbki fg Acix Kfabxjcrn–x Xpy`|i rni F|rnfbf~

H`rnib|à xiwi|à hiory|cix * fab hny|hnix òb rni Hcrs Nàa

Rf{i|/ Wcxcr rni gf|r|ixx co HcxoĈbcf`|`/ Fwi|ocknr co nfria

co Xclcy f| co ` kyixr nfyxi co HcxoĈbcf`|`/

µ B`s 2= Xclcy * @al`*Cyac` .;4 ej#

R|`wia g|fj Xclcy rf @al`*Cyac`/ Wcxcr rni gf|r|ixx co Hìaoch lycar

co rni 08rn hiory|s/ Wcxcr rni fab hcrs òb rni gf|r|ixx co @al`*Cyac`

rni ta`hi fg rni gc|xr yocgch`rcfo .`gri| rni \fjò rcji# fg rni\fjòcò wfcwfb`rix co 0744/ Fwi|ocknr co ` nfria co @al`*Cyac`/

µ B`s 7= @al`*Cyac` ‘ Jibc`Ŗ .099 ej#

R|`wia g|fj @al`*Cyac` rf Jibc`Ŗ wc` RicyŖ * HftŖ` JchĈ/ Wcxcr

gfy| fg rni jfxr cjtf|ròr X`~fo gf|rcgcib hny|hnix= Wài`

Wccaf| L`}o` Lci|rò ob Jibc`Ŗ/ Fwi|ocknr co Jibc`Ŗ/

µ B`s ;= Jibc`Ŗ ‘ Rì|ky Jy|iŖ .38 ej#

R|`wia g|fj Jibc`Ŗ rf Rì|ky Jy|iŖ wc` XckncŖf`|`/ Wcxcr co Rì|ky

Jy|iŖ rni Hcrs Gf|r|ixx òb rni Riaiec Acl|`|s ` ncxrf|ch tylach

acl|`|s ob hy||ior jyxiyj hfor`cocok foi fg rni |chnixr

R|òxsawòcò hfaaihrcfox fg hyary|à `|rig`hr/

Crcoi|`|s= RcjcŖf`|` * @|`b * F|`bi` * RcjcŖf`|`

By|`rcfo= 8 b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= h`| f| r|`co

µ B`s 0= RcjcŖf`|`

@ {àecok rfy| fg [ixri|o \fjòc`–x a`|kixr hcrs xnfyab xr`|r co

Yocfo Xpy`|i .Tc`Ũ` Yoc|cc# k|òb xpy`|i lycar co Wciooixi

xrsai òb gaòeib ls hfaf|gya 0>rn òb 03rn hiory|s lycabcokx/ Rni

G|iibfj Xpy`|i .Tc`Ũ` Acli|rĈŨcc# fggi|x ` k|i`r i~`jtai fg

03rn hiory|s `|hncrihry|i/ Rni rf{o–x j`co jiircok ta`hi cx

Wchrf|s Xpy`|i .Tc`Ũ` Wchrf|cic# acoib {crn h`gix lffexrf|ix

òb xnftx/ RcjcŖf`|` {`x rni gc|xr Iy|ftiò hcrs rf cor|fbyhi

nf|xib|`{o r|`jx .co 0>73# òb iaihr|chà xr|iir acknrcok .co

0>>3# * Rni Jir|ftfacrò H`rnib|à cx xsjlfa fg rni hcrs/

µ B`s <= RcjcŖf`|` * @|`b * F|`bi` .079 ej#

R|`wia rf hiory|cix*fab @|`b rf xii xfji cjt|ixxcwi ry|o*fg*rni

hiory|s lycabcokx xyhn `x rni oifha`xxchà Hcrs Nàa .0>;<*0>;2#

rni Tà`hi fg Hyary|i .0308# òb rni \ib Hny|hn/ Bf ofr jcxx

rni Xi|lcò Hny|hn {crn crx L`|fpyi cori|cf|5 òb rni cjtfxcok

F|rnfbf~ H`rnib|à/ Fo \iwfayŨcic Lfyaiw`|b rni|i cx o |r

kàai|s i~nclcrcok gy|ocry|i xr`|rcok g|fj rni 0;rn hiory|s/Hforcoyi sfy| mfy|ois rf F|`bi`/ Fwi|ocknr co F|`bi`/

µ B`s 8= F|`bi` * RcjcŖf`|` .079 ej#

Xtiob rni b`s co F|`bi` foi fg rni jfxr tchry|ixpyi rf{ox co

{ixri|o \fjòc`/ Bcxhfwi| rni hcrs–x „Xi}}ixxcfo– `|hncrihry|i/

\iry|o rf RcjcŖf`|` f| hforcoyi of|rni`xr rf J`|`jy|iŖ foi

fg \fjòc`–x jfxr yocpyi r|`bcrcfoà |y|à |i`x/

XR@\RCOK G\FJ RÌ\KY JY\Iş= GF\RCGCIB HNY\HNIX G\FJR\@OXSAW@OC@

XR@\RCOK G\FJ RCJCşF@\@= [IXRI\O \FJ@OC@–X @\HNCRIHRY\I



Crcoi|`|s= C`Ŗc * Rni T`corib Jfo`xri|cix * C`Ŗc

By|`rcfo= 8 b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= h`|

µ B`s 0= C`Ŗc

Xr`|rcok g|fj C`Ŗc b|cwi rf rni hiory|cix fab Hfro`|c wcois`|bx/

Rèi ` {coi r`xrcok rfy| òb r|s xfji fg \fjòc`–x gcoixr x{iir{ncri {coix= K|`xĈ bi Hfro`|c RĈjìcf`xĈ ob Giri`xhĈ @alĈ/

Iomfs bcooi| co jfo`xri|s ob Ls}òrcoi wfhà hfohi|r ls

xrybiorx g|fj rni Rnifafkchà G`hyars fg C`Ŗc/ Fwi|ocknr co C`Ŗc/

µ B`s <= C`Ŗc * Rni T`corib Jfo`xri|cix `|i`

B|cwi of|rn{ixr rf Ky|` Nyjf|yayc ob bcxhfwi| rni t`corib

jfo`xri|cix fg Lyhfwco`/ Wcxcr rni rn|ii lixr*t|ixi|wib 09rn

hiory|s jfo`xri|cix= JfabfwcŨ` XyhiwcŨ` ob Wf|foiŨ rni a`rri|

eof{o `x rni „Xcxrcoi Hn`tia fg rni I`xr–/ Fwi|ocknr `r ` nfria

co Ky|` Nyjf|yayc f| co foi fg rni jòs L'Lx .tioxcyoi# co rni

oi`|ls rf{ox/

µ B`s 8= Rni T`corib Jfo`xri|cix @|i` * C`Ŗc

\iry|o rf C`Ŗc/ C`Ŗc cx fgrio fwi|affeib ls jòs wcxcrf|x lyr rnihcrs hforcoyix rf li foi fg \fjòc`–x jfxr cjtf|ròr hyary|à

hior|ix òb nfji rf rni hfyor|s–x gc|xr yocwi|xcrs/ Co 0979 C`Ŗc

lih`ji rni h`tcrà fg rni ncxrf|ch t|fwcohi fg Jfabfw` ob

gf| xnf|r ti|cfb fg rcji g|fj 0>93 yorca 0>7< rni h`tcrà fg

\fjòc`/

Crcoi|`|s= F|`bi` * X`ry J`|i * J`|`jy|iŖ wcaa`kix

By|`rcfo= 8 b`sx

Lixr hhixxib ls= h`| f| r|`co òb h`|

µ B`s 0= F|`bi` * X`ry J`|i .088 ej#

R|`wia g|fj F|`bi` of|rni`xr rf X`ry J`|i/ Fwi|ocknr co

X`ry J`|i/ Xcknrxiicok co X`ry J`|i= rnicjt|ixxcwi Xihixxcfo lycabcokx co rni K|i`r

Xpy`|i/

µ B`s <= X`ry J`|i * XĈtìoŨ` * Lfrc}` .090 ej#

@gri| l|ièg`xr r|`wia i`xr rf rni wcaa`ki fg

XĈtìoŨ`/ Xcknrxiicok r rni Ji||s Hijiri|s/

Hforcoyi <4 ej i`xr rf rni rf{o fg

Xcknirya J`|j`Ũcic/ Bcxhfwi| J`|`jy|iŖ–

wcaa`kix xyhn `x W`bya C}ic L`|xò` òb

Lfrc}`/ Co L`|xò` wcxcr rni {f|exnft fg

j`xri| {ffb*h`|wi| Rf`bi| L`|xò {nf

|it|ixiorib J`|`jy|iŖ r rni <440 Xjcrn*

xfocò Gixrcwà co [`xncokrfo BH/ [croixx

|y|à acgi rni r|`bcrcfoà hfxryjix xrcaa {f|o

ls rni wcaa`ki|x ob rni bcxrcohrcwi |hnc*

rihry|i/ Fwi|ocknr co J`|`jy|iŖ wcaa`ki/

µ B`s 8= Lfrc}` * F|`bi` .<>9 ej#

Xcknrxiicok `r xfji fg rni `|i`–x {ffbio hny|hnix= Tfciocai

C}ic * g`jfyx gf| rni |it|ixior`rcfo fg Niaa fo crx j`co bff|

Ciyb * gi`ry|cok rni fabixr hny|hn co rni iorc|i |ikcfo

Lfkbò*WfbĈ ob Xy|biŖrc ‘ r 92j foi fg rni ràaixr {ffbio

hny|hnix co rni {f|ab/

XR@\RCOK G\FJ C@şC= RNI T@CORIB JFO@XRI\CIX

XR@\RCOK G\FJ F\@BI@= RNI R\@BCRCFO@A WCAA@KIXFG J@\@JY\Iş

Tnfrf= Xf|co Rfj` {{{/xf|corfj`/|f5 @ki|t|ix gfrf/`ki|t|ix/|f5 @|hncwi fg O`rcfoà Jyxiyj L|yeiornà5 @|hncwi fg O`rcfoà Jyxiyj fg \fjòcò



\FJ@OC@–X RFY\CXR COGF\J@RCFO FGGCHIX @L\F@B

@YXR\C@

Fti|o|cok 0 Xrciki \ 2 Xrfhe Rñ| 242

@*0404 Wcioo`

Ria= .4428 0# 80;/80/9;

G`~= .4428 0# 80;/80/9;2

i*j`ca= |yjìocioD`fo/`r

{{{/|yjìocio*cogf/`r

TIFTAI–X \ITYLACH FG HNCO@

3K F|ciorà Eio}f Fggchi Lycabcok

2> Bfok}ncjio{`c Xr|iir

Bfok Hniok 0444<; Licmcok

Ria= 44>7*04*79/77/40/87

G`~= 44>7*04*79/77/40/8;

i*j`ca= hnco`D|fjòc`rfy|cxj/hfj

G\@OHI

; \yi K`caafo

;944< T`|cx

Ria= 4488*0*24/<4/33/88

G`~=4488*0*24/<4/33/28

i*j`ca= cogfDkycbi|fyjòci/hfj

{{{/Kycbi\fyjòci/hfj

KI\J@OS

B`hn`yi| xr|/ 8<*82

B*>4889 Jñohnio

Ria= 4423*>3*909/7;/7>;

G`~= 4423*>3*909/7;/7>3

i*j`ca= jyiohnioD|yjìocio*rfy|cxjyx/bi

{{{/\yjìocio*Rfy|cxjyx/bi

CR@AS

Wc` Rf|cof 39 Kàai|c` Ixib|`

440>2 \fji

Ria= 4483*47*2>>/4</7;

G`~= 4483*47*2>3>/7</>0

i*j`ca= fggchiD|fjòc`/cr

{{{/|fjòc`/cr

TFA@OB

ya/E|èf{xeci T|}ibjcixhci 2;&90

44*4;0 [`|x`{

Ria&G`~= %2> << ><7 24 04

i*j`ca= cogf/|yjyoc`D{t/ta

\YXXC@

J`xgcajfwxe`s` Xr|iir Of/ 89 fggchi 808

003884 Jfxhf{

Ria= 44;*233*028/>;/79

G`~= 44;*233*028/>7/;<

i*j`ca= |fjòc`r|`wiaDkrj`ca/|y

{{{/|fjòc`r|`wia/|y

XT@CO

Hàai @ahàor`|` of/ 23*90

<>447 J`b|cb

Ria= 4482*30*240/2</7>

G`~= 4482*30*24</;0/>8

i*j`ca= fgchco`D|yjòc`rfy|/hfj

{{{/|yjòc`rfy|/hfj

YOCRIB ECOKBFJ

<< Oi{ H`wiobcxn Xr|iir

Afobfo [0K >RR

Ria= .4422 <4;# <<2/87/3<

G`~= .4422 <4;# 389/72/89

i*j`ca= |fjòc`r|`wiaDlrhfooihr/hfj

{{{/\fjòc`/R|`wia

YOCRIB XR@RIX FG @JI\CH@

899 Ai~cokrfo @wioyi >rn Gaff|

Oi{ Sf|e OS 0440;

Ria&G`~= 0 <0</929/>2>2

i*j`ca= cogfYXD\fjòc`/R|`wia

{{{/\fjòc`/R|`wia

„

Cowixrcok co sfy| gyry|i!

T|fmihr xiaihrib {crnco rni Fti|`rcfoà \ikcfoà T|fk|`jji ob hf*gcoòhib ls rni Iy|ftiò Yocfo rn|fykn rni Iy|ftiò \ikcfoà Biwiaftjior Gyob/

Rni biwiaftjior fg rni \fjòcò rfy|cxj l|òb gf| lycabcok ` tfxcrcwi cj`ki fg \fjòc` `x ` rfy|cxrch bixrco`rcfo

Jcocxr|s fg \ikcfoà Biwiaftjior ob Rfy|cxj

Mòy`|s <400

89

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