exploring artificial immune system through immunoinformatics

8/7/2019 Exploring Artificial Immune System Through Immunoinformatics

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploring-artificial-immune-system-through-immunoinformatics 1/19

Exploring Artificial

Immune Systems

through

Immunoinformatics



What is Immunology?

Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immunesystem including its structure, function & malfunction

during normal as well as diseased state.

What is Bioinformatics?

The application of computational techniques for thecollection of biological data, its analysis, solving

biological problems is known as Bioinformatics.

What is an algorithm?

An algorithm is a finite number of well defined

instructions for reaching a predictable solution for

any given problem.

What is Immunoinformatics?

Immunoinformatics = Immunology + Bioinformatics



What is Immunoinformatics?

Immunoinformatics or Computational Immunology is a

breed of Immunology which encompasses the

application power of Bioinformatics and the vast

immunological data.This synergy of these two fields is very useful for

researchers in analysis of immunological data, its

conversion to computational problems, finding

solutions using computational and mathematical

approaches and finally interpretation of obtained

results into meaningful data.

The major exponents in this field are D. Dasgupta, C.

Aeckelin, Z. Ji, S. Forrest and F. Gonzalez.



Applications of

Immunoinformatics

} Artificial Immune System (AIS)

} Immunological Databases and Data Mining

} Epitope Mapping Studies

} Predicting Peptide MHC Binding

} Computer Aided Vaccine Design (CAVD)



Artificial Immune System} Artificial immune systems (AIS) can be defined

as computational systems inspired by

theoretical immunology, observed immune

functions, principles and mechanisms in order

to solve problems.

}

An AIS is an abstraction of one or moreimmunological processes.



Relationship with Systems

Biology

The concept of AIS draws from Systems Biology

paradigm which is the study of complex

interactions in a number of biological systems.

The aim of Systems Biology is the modeling and

discovery of emergent properties whose

theoretical description has only been possible

thus far.



Major AISs

}Artificial Negative Selection Algorithm

}Artificial Clonal Selection Algorithm

}Artificial Immune Network Algorithm



Artificial Negative Selection

Algorithm

It is inspired by the self ² nonself discrimination

behavior observed in the T-cells. The

information processing principles of the self ²

nonself discrimination process via negative

selection are that of an anomaly and change

reduction systems that model the anticipation

of variation from what is known.



http://www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-inspired/immune.html



Artificial Clonal SelectionAlgorithm

The general Clonal Selection Algorithm involves

the selection of antibodies based on affinity

either by matching against an antigen

pattern or via evolution of a pattern, by a

cost function. Selected antibodies are

subjected to cloning proportional to affinity

and the hypermutation of clones is inversely

proportional to the clone affinity.



Artificial Immune Network

Algorithm

Jerne proposed an Immune Network theory where

immune cells are not at rest in the absence of

pathogen, instead antibody and immune cells

recognize and respond to each other. The classical

clonal selection and negative selection paradigms

integrate the accumulative and filtered learning of the

acquired immune system, whereas the immune network theory proposes an additional order of complexity

between the cells and molecules under selection.



http://www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-inspired/immune.html



Our Ideas«} Computer simulated experiments to study the

efficacy of drugs can drastically reduce the number

of potential drugs while making them more specific.

} Creation of Artificial Neural Network based on the

AIS.

} Predicting all possible mutations in RNA viruses and

studying the relationship between them can pave

way for developing drugs against diseases like AIDS.



References

Text References:

} Immunoinformatics ² Predicting

Immunogenicity In silico ² Darren R. Flower

} Introduction to Systems Biology ² Sangdun

Choi



Web References:

} www.asap.cs.nott.ac.uk/publications/pdf/ux

a_05intros_ais_tutorial.pdf

} www.mitpress.mit.edu/journals/pdf/evco_13_

2_145_0.pdf

} www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-

inspired/immune.html

} www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2477327

} www.zhouji.net/prof/CEC-03.pdf

} www.zhouji.net/prof/438reformat.pdf



Made by:

Ravi K. Rayapati

SnehashishC

howdhary

B.Tech Bioinformatics

Semester VI

exploring artificial immune system through immunoinformatics

Documents