exploring karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

34
Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus Andrew Garrett, Erik Maier, Line Mikkelsen, Clare Sandy University of California, Berkeley SSILA, Portland 8 January 2015

Upload: others

Post on 09-May-2022

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Exploring Karuk morphologyin a parsed text corpus

Andrew Garrett, Erik Maier, Line Mikkelsen, Clare SandyUniversity of California, Berkeley

SSILA, Portland8 January 2015

Page 2: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Acknowledgements

▶ Karuk elders, teachers, and activists: Tamara Alexander, LuluAlexander, Sonny Davis, Susan Gehr, Julian Lang, CrystalRichardson, Nancy Richardson, Bud Smith, Vina Smith, FlorrineSuper, Arch Super; and †Lucille Albers and †Charlie Thom, Sr.

▶ Technical collaboration and information: Ronald Sprouse

▶ UC Berkeley students: Jeff Spingeld, Whitney White; Nico Baier,Shane Bilowitz, Kayla Carpenter, Anna Currey, Erin Donnelly,Kouros Falati, Matt Faytak, Nina Gliozzo, Morgan Jacobs, KarieMoorman, Olga Pipko, Melanie Redeye, Tammy Stark; and others

▶ NSF (‘Karuk [kyh] . . . syntax and text documentation’, #1065620);Undergraduate Research Apprentice Program, UC Berkeley

▶ These slides: linguistics.berkeley.edu/∌karuk/resources/ssila-2015.pdf

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 2/34

Page 3: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Karuk text corpus

▶ Database as of January 2015

▶ 150 texts containing 23,511 words in 6,167 clauses▶ texts recorded in work with numerous elders by A. L. Kroeber,

J. P. Harrington, Jaime de Angulo & Lucy Freeland, WilliamBright, Monica Macaulay, and the present authors

▶ Genres

▶ traditional narratives, medicine texts▶ anecdotes, personal history▶ procedural texts, descriptions▶ conversation▶ documentation sessions: responses to visual prompts (avoiding

English), responses to translation tasks (elicitation)

▶ For eventual incorporation

▶ >50 other legacy (transcribed) texts▶ >160 hours of untranscribed Karuk recordings

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 3/34

Page 4: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 4/34

Vina Smith in 2013

Photo: Florrine Super

Page 5: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Karuk lexicon database

▶ History

▶ 138-page lexicon in Bright’s The Karok language (1957)▶ converted to Shoebox by Susan Gehr & William Bright▶ William Bright & Susan Gehr, Karuk dictionary (2005)▶ converted to XML format in 2000s; now a mySQL database

▶ Scope

▶ 7,302 entries▶ every entry has a unique ID

▶ Linked to text corpus

▶ words in texts are parsed morphologically▶ morphological elements are tagged with lexicon ID numbers

▶ All lexicon and text resources are for (and are actively used by)academic and community researchers, learners, and teachers.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 5/34

Page 6: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 6/34

Florrine Super in 2013

Page 7: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

“Karuk Dictionary and Texts” online: Home page

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 7/34

(http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/∌karuk)

Page 8: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

“Karuk Dictionary and Texts”: Dictionary search

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 8/34

Page 9: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

“Karuk Dictionary and Texts”: Search with examples

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 9/34

(continued)

Page 10: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

“Karuk Dictionary and Texts”: Text list

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 10/34

(continued)

Page 11: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 11/34

Maggie Charley in 1948

Photo: Mary Jean Kennedy (Hearst Museum of Anthropology)

Page 12: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Text display: Paragraph mode

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 12/34

(continued)

Page 13: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

XML text database fragment

▶ From Maggie Charley’s “Indian Food” (WB KL-68):

<txt lang=”kyh”><w>

<m lemma=”4407”>pa</m> pa-’asiktavaan-sas<m lemma=”656”>’asiktavaan</m> ‘the women’<m lemma=”5200”>sas</m>

</w><w>

<m lemma=”416”>apkaas</m> apkaas</w> ‘iris (leaves)’<w>

<m lemma=”3977”>kun</m> kun-’ıshum-tih<m lemma=”3130”>’ıshum</m> ‘they scraped (it)’<m lemma=”6035”>tih</m>

</w>.</txt>

▶ Each “lemma” tag links to a lexicon ID number.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 13/34

Page 14: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Text display: “Word components” mode

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 14/34

(continued)

Page 15: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Non-hierarchical text parsing

▶ Text parsing with no internal hierarchical structure:

vıriso

vaaso

kıchjust

kun-kupı-tih-anik3S-do-DUR-ANC

pa=kun-par-ıshriih-va-naa-tih-anikNOMZ=3PL-ROOT-down-PLACT-PLUR-DUR-ANC

“They were just doing this: twining.” (KS 41.003)

Even a word with seven internal morphemes and a procliticlacks internal hierarchical structure.

▶ This is typically true of not only the visual display but theunderlying data structure, but it is not faithful to linguisticstructure . . .

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 15/34

Page 16: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Non-compositional meanings

▶ Complex words transmit semantic idiosyncrasies (conventionalnoncompositional meanings) to their further derivatives.

▶ This most often occurs with less semantically predictable wordformation—e.g. compounds, denominal verbs, deverbal nouns,diminutives, but not e.g. causatives or productive directionals.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 16/34

Base Derivative word Further derivative

asiv “to sleep” asım-chak “to close eyes” asimchak-chak-veen-ach “wren”(“sleep-closing.up”) (“close.eyes-RED-AGT-DIM”)

ih “to dance” ıh-uk “to do a flower dance” ıhuk-a “a flower dance”(“dance-hither”) (“to.flower.dance-DEVRB”)

ishvırip ishvınip-ich “place name” peeshvınipich /pa=ishvınipich/“Jeffrey pine” (“Jeffrey.pine-DIM”) “man’s name” (from ishvınipich)

(“DEF-ishvınipich”)

vıitkira “ridge” viitkır-ik “Bald Hills” vitkirık-thuuf “Redwood Creek”(“ridge-LOC”) (“Bald.Hills-creek”)

Page 17: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Non-compositional meanings: Compounds

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 17/34

Base Compound word Further derivative

aas “water” as-iktav-aan “female” musmus-’asiktavaan “cow”iktav “carry” (“water-carry-AGT”) (“cattle-female”)

apxaan “hat” apxan-tınih-ich “white man” apxantıich-puufich “sheep”(“hat-wide-DIM”), (“white.man-deer”)reduced apxantıich apxantiich-tayiith “potato”

(“white.man-brodiaea”)

asa “rock” asa-xuus “rubber” asaxus-kutrahara “raincoat”(“rock-smooth”) (“rubber-coat”)

thuuf “creek” thuf-karoom thufkaroom-thuuf“place near Rock Creek” “Rock Creek”(“creek-upriver.above”) (“thufkaroom-creek”)

uuh “tobacco” uh-thaam “garden” uhthaam-hi “to plant”thaam “meadow” (“tobacco-meadow”) (“garden-DENOM”)

uux “bitter” ux-’aas “liquor” ux’as-iyeeshrıhv-aan(“bitter-water”) “bartender” (“liquor-sell-AGT”)

Page 18: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Non-compositional meanings: Denominatives, deverbatives

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 18/34

Base Derivative word Further derivative

pathak “knee” pathak-hi “to kneel” pathakhı-ram “place by Katimin”(“knee-DENOM”) (“to.kneel-place”)

pathakhı-ishrih “to kneel down”(“to.kneel-down”)

thukin “gall, bile” thukin-hi “to tattoo” thukinh-a “a tattoo”(“tattoo-DENOM”) (“to.tattoo-DEVERB”)

ihruv “to use” ihrooha /ihruv-ahi-a/ ihnooha-hiich “common-law wife”“wife” (“use-ESS-DEVRB”) (“wife-make.believe”)

ithyuru “to haul” ithyur-a “automobile” ithyura-’aah “headlight”(“haul-DEVRB”) (“automobile-fire”)

matnus “to burst” matnus-a “cotton” matnusa-vaasa “quilt”(“burst-DEVRB”) (“cotton-blanket”)

Page 19: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Non-compositional meanings: Problems for searching

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 19/34

Page 20: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 20/34

Page 21: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 21/34

Page 22: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 22/34

Page 23: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

XML text database fragment

▶ From Mamie Offield’s “The Greedy Father” (WB KL-24):

<w><m lemma=”3745”>kari</m> kari “then”</w><w><m lemma=”6847”>xas</m> xas “then”</w><w><m lemma=”5506”>t</m> tu’asimchishrihvunaa

<m lemma=”6175”>u</m> “she put (them) to sleep”<m lemma=”661”>’asimachishrih</m><m lemma=”6648”>vunaa</m>

</w><w><m lemma=”4407”>p</m> p=aaxiich

<m lemma=”920”>aaxiich</m> “the child(ren)”</w>.

▶ Each “lemma” tag links to a lexicon ID number.

▶ The underlined verbal stem is morphologically complex:asiv “sleep” + causative -math + ishrih “down”.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 23/34

Page 24: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

A morphologically complex stem in the lexicon

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 24/34

Page 25: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Morphological parsing: Summary▶ Lexicon database

▶ Every attested stem (base of inflection) has an entry.▶ The coded ingredients of any complex stem are its maximal

(attested) components. For example:

▶ ıhukvunaa “a flower dance” = ıhukvunaa + DEVRB -a▶ ıhukvunaa “to have a flower dance” = ıhuk + PL -vunaa▶ ıhuk “to do the flower dance” = ıh “to dance” + -uk “hither”

▶ Text database▶ The coded ingredients of any complex form are its inflectional

affixes and its stem.▶ Thus tu’asimchishrihvunaa “she put (them) to sleep” =

PERF t- + 3SG u- + ’asimachishrih “put to sleep” + PL-vunaa (where ’asimachishrih is a complex stem in thelexicon).

▶ Thereby search queries are possible on minimal morphs orcomplex forms.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 25/34

Page 26: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va (Bright 1957, Conathan & Wood 2003)

▶ Representative examples

▶ xasthen

karithen

aseemfirrock:hot

t-u-turu-raamnih-vaPERF-3SG-handle-into-PLACT

“Then he put in hot stones.” (Julia Starritt, WB KL-81)▶ chavura

finallyitaharaanten.times

taPERF

kun-p-arihıshriih-va3PL-ITER-sing-PLACT

“Finally they sang ten times.” (Nettie Reuben, WB KL-02)

▶ How is -va ordered with respect to other suffixes?

▶ Scope?▶ On the typological parameter space: Rice (2011)

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 26/34

Page 27: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va position: Immediately after the root

▶ Root + PLACT (AM = Associated Motion)

▶ xasthen

u-kfuy-v-uunish3SG-whistle-PLACT-at

“And she whistled (a signal) at him.” (Lottie Beck, WB KL-35)▶ chımi

soonni-maah-v-ar-eesh1SG-see-PLACT-AM-FUT

“I’m going to go visiting.” (Bright & Gehr 2005 s.v.maahva)

▶ Internally complex eventuality with sub-parts

▶ ikfuuy-va “whistle a signal” (complex whistling)▶ maah-va “visit” (complex seeing)

▶ Other suffixes have scope over Root + PLACT

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 27/34

Page 28: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va position: Surrounded by other suffixes

▶ Directionals + AM + PLACT + TAM

▶ uknamxanahichplacename

chımisoon

nu-’ıh-uk-an-v-eesh1PL-dance-hither-AM-PL.ACT-FUT

“We’ll go flower-dance at uknamxanahich.”(Nettie Reuben, WB KL-2a)

▶ pa=kaanNOMZ=there

kun-’axup-ruuprih-vu-ti3PL-put.deermeat-in.through-PLACT-DUR

pa=puufichthe=deer

t-ooPERF-3SG

mtaap-hadust-DENOM

“Where they used to put in the dressed deer meat was dusty.”(Mamie Offield, WB KL-33)

▶ Multiple event instances or participants in a temporal window

▶ multiple dancers▶ multiple instances of putting deer meat somewhere

▶ Compositional interpretation; no added conventional meaning

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 28/34

Page 29: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va position: After TAM

▶ TAM + PLACT

▶ peheeraha-’ıpathe:tobacco-tree

pa=koothe=all

u-thvuy-tiih-va3SG-be.named-DUR-PLACT

pa=mu-svita-vathe=3SG.POSS-part-INDEF

“how all the tobacco plant’s parts are (variously) named”(JPH TKIC-III.2)

▶ karumain.fact

nıka.little

apxan-yaamach-ascap-pretty-PL

taPERF

kun-p-ithxuna-tiih-va3PL-ITER-put.over.head-DUR-PLACT

In fact they wear pretty caps.” (Lottie Beck, WB KL-30)

▶ Multiple (e.g. simultaneous) imperfective eventualities

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 29/34

Page 30: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va position: A near-minimal pair

▶ DUR (PLACT): multiple event instances in a temporal window

paythis

peethıvthaaneenthe:land

thaaneenaround

ni-p-thivruh-iroopith-vu-tih1SG-ITER-float-around-PLACT-DUR

“I float around and around this world.”(Chester Pepper, WB KL-52)

▶ PLACT (DUR): multiple (simultaneous) imperfectiveeventualities

u-thivruh-tiih-va3SG-float-DUR-PLACT

“(Clouds) are floating.” (Bright & Gehr 2005 s.v. thivruh)

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 30/34

Page 31: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va position

▶ Multiple -va

taPERF

kun-’akun-v-an-va3PL-shoot-PLACTa-AM-PLACTb

“They went hunting.” (Nettie Reuben, WB KL-72)

▶ Interpretation

▶ PLACTa: can add conventional (non-compositional) meaning

akun- “shoot” akunva “hunt”ıimnih “love” iimnıhva “have a love affair”iin “be on fire” ıinva “be a forest fire”ırih “drip” ırihva “leak”mah “see” maahva “visit”sir “disappear, be lost” sıinva “fail to recognize”yuh “spit” yuuhva “vomit”

▶ PLACTb: multiple event instances or participants

This is not canonical multiple exponence (Caballero & Harris 2012),because each instance of the affix is fully interpreted.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 31/34

Page 32: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Pluractional -va: Summary

▶ Some locations for -va:

Root – va1 –Directionals, AM – va2 –TAM – va3

▶ Meaning effects of -va due to semantic composition:

▶ -va1 combines with Root: adds lexical aspect or some otherconventional meaning

▶ -va2 combines with Root + Directionals + AM: multipleinstances or participants of the associated event

▶ -va3 combines with Root + Directionals + AM + TAM:multiple events with shared temporal features

There is only one -va, with different kinds of interpretation acompositional effect of its placement.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 32/34

Page 33: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Morphological parsing and pluractional -va▶ Bright’s (1957) templatic analysis of Karuk suffixes describes

about a dozen position classes. For example:

▶ Class 3: directional suffixes▶ Class 4: AM -ar and several other suffixes

But his appendix lexicon is instead hierarchically structured,because complex word meanings are crucially compositional:

▶ We have shown that it is helpful to have direct access to thesecomplex units in a text corpus. A good analysis benefits frommore than just a list of all examples of a morpheme.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 33/34

Page 34: Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus

Background Morphological parsing Example: Pluractional -va

Yootva!

References cited

▶ Bright, William. 1957. The Karok language. Berkeley.

▶ Bright, William, and Susan Gehr. 2005. Karuk dictionary. Happy Camp.

▶ Caballero, Gabriela, and Alice C.Harris. 2012. A working typology ofmultiple exponence. Current issues in morphological theory: (Ir)regularity,analogy and frequency, ed. Ferenc Kiefer, Maria Ladanyi and PeterSiptar, pp. 163–188. Amsterdam.

▶ Conathan, Lisa, and Esther Wood. 2003. Repetitive reduplication in Yurokand Karuk: Semantic effects of contact. Papers of the Thirty-FourthAlgonquian Conference, ed. H. C.Wolfart, pp. 19–34. Winnipeg.

▶ Rice, Keren. 2011. Principles of affix ordering: An overview. WordStructure 4: 169–200.

SSILA ‱ 8 January 2015 ‱ Garrett, Maier, Mikkelsen, Sandy Exploring Karuk morphology in a parsed text corpus ‱ 34/34