explosives threats to first responders. introduction workshop developer mark chadwick, cem training...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Explosives Threats to First Responders. Introduction Workshop Developer Mark Chadwick, CEM Training Officer mark.chadwick@sanantonio.gov (210) 206-8688](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032710/56649c7e5503460f94933bd1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Explosives Threats to First Responders
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Introduction
Workshop Developer
Mark Chadwick, CEMTraining Officer
[email protected](210) 206-8688
This is a workshop presenting recognition of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), homemade explosives, and explosives precursors. The workshop will include information on the four components of an IED, types of stimulus, three types of explosives response incidents, evacuation decisions, shelter-in-place, and response safety issues.
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Objectives
1. Recognition of common IED's, homemade explosives, and precursors.
2. Recognition of the basic components of an IED.
3. Identification of the three main types of explosives response incidents.
4. Emphasis on first responder safety concerns for explosives response.
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IED Components
• Power Supply• Initiator• Explosive• Switch
• Container
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Power Supply
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Initiators
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Explosives
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Containers
Imagination is the ONLY limit!
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Explosives Stimuli
• Friction• Impact• Shock• Heat• ED – Electrostatic Discharge
• Radio Frequencies
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Common Types of IEDs
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Pipe Bomb: ½ lb of Black Powder
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Pipe Bomb in Slow Motion
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Gas Bomb in Plastic Bottle
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50 lb Explosion
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ALF Incendiary Device
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Homemade Explosives
What makes Homemade Explosives a weapon of choice?
They are made from ordinary household products
The products can be purchased or possessed legally
They are cheaper to make
You don’t need a lab to make them
They are simple to make
They can be just as effective as Commercial or Military explosives
Keep in mind that it was a Homemade Explosive that was
used in Oklahoma City.
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Sources
The Internet, books, bookstores, libraries, and people with an interest in explosives are all sources that can be used to learn how to make Homemade
Explosives.
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Explosives Precursors
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Poor Man’s C-4 Potassium Chlorate + Vaseline
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Types of HMEs: Ammonium Nitrate-Based
Popular fuels to mix with AN include:
Fuel oil (ANFO) Sugar (ANS) Aluminum powder (ANAL) Nitromethane (ANNM)
Ammonium nitrate-based explosives, consisting of ammonium nitrate and another precursor that serves as a fuel, are the most widely used types of binary explosives.
Ammonium Nitrate Sugar (ANS) Ammonium Nitrate / Nitromethane
Ammonium Nitrate
Aluminum Powder
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Ammonium Nitrate + Aluminum (AN/AL)
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Ammonium Nitrate + Fuel Oil (AN/FO)
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Types of HMEs: Hydrogen Peroxide-BasedExtremely sensitive to heat, shock, and friction, hydrogen peroxide-based explosives, such as HMTD and TATP, are some of the most commonly used HME in IEDs.
Hexamethylene Triperoxide
Diamine (HMTD)
Hair Bleach for Hydrogen Peroxide
Camp Stove Fuel Tablets for Hexamine
Drain Cleaners for Sulfuric Acid
Food Additives for Citric Acid
The Millennium bomber, Ahmed Ressam, planned to use HMTD as part of an IED attack on the Los Angeles International Airport on New Years Eve 1999, while
Richard Reid in 2001 attempted to use TATP as a booster in his shoe bomb.
Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)
Nail Polish Remover for
Acetone
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TATP
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TATP Explosion
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Additional Dangers of HME for Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement Officers may mistake HME for drugs during initial investigation.
+ =
Portable drug test kits sold under the name NIK are designed to test for cocaine, PCP, LSD and brown heroin. If mixed with TATP or HMTD, the reaction may be violent
resulting in injury to the officer.
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Urea Nitrate
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Mercury Fulminate
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3 Types of Response to Explosives Incidents
• Pre-DetonationResponse to a threat by phone, email, letter, note, or in-person where a detonation has not yet occurred.
• Post-DetonationResponse after a detonation has occurred.
• Continuing Explosives IncidentResponse where an incident has occurred (hostage situation, active shooter, etc…) where a detonation has occurred or explosives are believed to be present and the aggressor is still present and the situation is on-going.
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Evacuation Decisions
• No Evacuation• Partial
Evacuation• Full Evacuation
If you evacuate, you must search the route you will use for evacuation and the evacuation location to insure that additional devices have not been hidden.
Otherwise you may be walking people into a situation where a bomber is planning on using multiple devices to cause mass casualties and injure responders.
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Shelter-In-Place
• Move to an interior portion of the building
• Near a supporting wall• Completely away from
windows
Do not assume that people understand what it means to Shelter-In-Place!!!
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Responder Safety
Utilize the principles of Time, Distance, and
Shielding.
• Minimize your amount of Time near a danger.
• Maximize your distance between you and the danger.
• Get behind something solid to use as Shielding.
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The Dangers of Reflective Pressure
Can increase the
magnitude from 2 to 9 times the
explosive’s original
potential.
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Vehicle Barriers
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Never Approach a Suspicious Device
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Don’t Become a Victim
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Even Small Blasts are Dangerous
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If You Can See the Bomb – It Can See You