extended color gamut for consumers - the display side

This presentation can be downloaded from the HPA online website,

or mailto: [email protected](it includes notes and hidden sheets)

PHILIPSPHILIPS

PHILIPS

Presented by: Jeroen Stessen

Philips Applied TechnologiesDigital Systems & Technology Eindhoven

HPA Tech Retreat 2007 Rancho Mirage – Wednesday 2007-01-31

Extended Color Gamut for Consumers - the Display side

PHILIPS

HPA Tech Retreat 2007 3Jeroen Stessen - Philips Applied Technologies - 2007-01-31

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OutlineWhat is a color gamut

Color gamuts for some displays

Color space conversion

Gamut mapping

Signal processing chain

Image results

Conclusions

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display gamutsource gamut

Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource

the solution

the problem

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource

What is a color gamut

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CIE-1931 (x,y) color space 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75

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yhh

ypj

,xhhxpj

The border of humanly visible colors (5 nm )Pointer gamut

of surface colors

The horseshoe

gamut covers all visible colors,

the Pointer gamut covers all practical

colors

The background colors are

incorrect, for orientation only

What is a color gamuty

x

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

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,,xhhxpjx7p

Pointer gamutof surface colors

The standard TV color

gamut does not cover all

surface colors, but

we have been happy with it for 50 years,

and this gamut is easy to reproduce


ITU-Rec.709standard TV

y

x

G

B

R

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The digital cinema

reference projector

gamut is good !

Lacking only some cyan


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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,,,xhhxpjx7pxdp

Digital Cinemareference (DLP)



y

G

B

R

x

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X

The digital cinema XYZ signal gamutis more than everything

Many codes are never used


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

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ytp

,,,xhhxpjx7pxtp x

y

Y

Z


Digital CinemaXYZ signal


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Gamut is 3D:

For each surface color

there is a theoretical maximum

brightness,it is 100%only for a

white surface

white = 100%

“wide gamut”

“bright gamut”

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Illustrations byT. Matsumoto et al, Sony Corp. for SID

ITU-Rec.709 standard TV

incomplete coverage

xvYCC wide color gamut TV

more than complete coverage

white = 100% white = 109%

Gamut is 3D:

Maximum luminance for

each color point, compared

with the Munsell color

cascade of known surface

colors(the Pointer

gamut in 3D)

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource


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This triangular

color gamut is the

de-facto standard for practically every TV or computer display in the world

Also used by sRGB

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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y

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The reference gamut for

digital cinema is defined by

a TI DLP projector

It is clearly larger than

standard TV, able to

reproduce more colors


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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y

This is the current Digital Cinema gamut

x

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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0.1

0.15

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yhh

ypj

y7p

ydp

ynp

,,,,xhhxpjx7pxdpxnp

The NTSC gamut is not

a standard for any TV, it is obsolete, but it is still much referred to:

“the gamut of this display is nnn% of the NTSC area”


“100% NTSC”display


y

x


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An LCD with a “wide color gamut” CCFL backlight for“91% NTSC” color gamut

Improved red and green primaries, but worse blue than Rec.709


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

ypj

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ydp

ys91p

,,,,xhhxpjx7pxdpxs91

p


“91% NTSC”LCD

y

x


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An LCD with a novel LED backlight for

an impressive color gamut

The saturation

for yellow is not as high as Digital Cinema


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

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ydp

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,,,,xhhxpjx7pxdpxqp

LED-backlitLCD


y

x


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With 3 RGB lasers we can

make an almost perfect color gamut

Novalux and COLOR are making the

lasers today


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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ydp

ycp

ylp

,,,,,xhhxpjx7pxdpxcpxlp

532nm

3-primarylaser displays


y


This could be the next Digital Cinema gamut !

621nm

x

628nm

465nm

447nm

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource


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If you don’t do anything then you’ll get the wrong color gamut of the standard TV

display


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yhh

ypj

y7p

ydp

,,,xhhxpjx7pxdp

Source gamut: Digital Cinema

Target gamut: standard TV

Example:y

Bx

G

R

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With color space conversion

we aim to getthe correct

colors of the digital cinema display back

(if possible)


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ypj

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ydp

,,,xhhxpjx7pxdp

y

Bx

Example:

Source gamut: Digital Cinema

Target gamut: standard TV

G

R

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Block diagram:

Use the gamma functions from the transmission standard (709)o for an xvYCC source we must use the symmetrical gamma function

The CSC matrix is only a single 3x3 matrix o it has a dominant diagonal, because it converts RGBRGBo it must have sufficient accuracy, because of linear-light RGB data


gamma inv. gamma

c c cc c cc c c

c c cc c cc c c

color space conversion matrix

XYZ

RGB

RGB

R’G’B’

R’G’B’

source displayXYZ = absolute and linear-light color space

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Color space conversionCalculation example:

o simplification: a white point of D6500 is assumed on both sides

0.487 0.266 0.1980.229 0.692 0.0790.000 0.045 1.044

3.241 −1.537 −0.499−0.969 1.876 0.042 0.056 −0.204 1.057

XYZ

RGB

RGB

source color space display color space

gamma inv. gammacolor space conversion matrix

RGB

RGB

R’G’B’

R’G’B’

=

absolute color space

1.225 −0.225 0.000−0.042 1.042 0.000−0.020 −0.079 1.098

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Interpretation:

Negative RGB values < 0 are illegal on the input of the displayo because displaying negative light is physically impossibleo in the given example, the top center coefficient of -0.225

creates the biggest problem:

A 100% Digital-Cinema Green source color (via xvYCC) wants to make a -23% red light output on a standard display

o clipping negative signals to zero is one solution o the generic solution is called gamut mapping (more later)


Rout 1.225 −0.225 0.000 Rin

Gout = −0.042 1.042 0.000 * Gin

Bout −0.020 −0.079 1.098 Bin

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Interpretation:

Positive RGB values > 100% are also a problem on the displayo they want to overdrive the display, causing ugly clipping artefactso in the given example, the top left coefficient of 1.225

creates the biggest problem:

A 100% Digital-Cinema Red source color (via xvYCC) wants to make a 123% red light output on a standard display

o a simple linear signal attenuation would prevent such problemso i.e. the entire signal can be attenuated to 91% (gamma domain)


Rout 1.225 −0.225 0.000 Rin

Gout = −0.042 1.042 0.000 * Gin

Bout −0.020 −0.079 1.098 Bin

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Color space conversionConclusion:

Color space conversion can be mathematically correcto linear problem linear solutiono it is just a 3x3 matrix in linear-light domaino it works perfectly

Conversion to a smaller color gamut can create illegal RGB signals < 0, negative light, underflow

o impossible colors gamut mapping (more later)

Conversion to a smaller color gamut can also create problematic RGB signals > 100%, overflow

o only a problem of scale attenuation

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource

Gamut mapping

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Gamut mapping

First example

A standard television

display has a smaller color gamut than

Digital Cinema

What are the consequences

?

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

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Standardtelevision

display

y

G

B

Digital Cinemareference

x

R

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Example: a Digital Cinema signal on a standard TV display

Starting from a Digital Cinema RGB signal, then from source to display we must apply this color space correction matrix:

o Watch the negative coefficients in 4 places…

Gamut mapping

Rout 1.225 −0.225 0.000 Rin

Gout = −0.042 1.042 0.000 * Gin

Bout −0.020 −0.079 1.098 Bin

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

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ydp

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It is a problem on all 3 sides

(R,G,B)

Outside the display gamut one or more of the RGB

drive signals go negative

Gamut mapping

G<0

y

x

Display gamut

Source gamut

R<0

G>0

R>0

B<0

B>0

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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0.1

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yhh

ypj

ydp

y7p

,,,xhhxpjxdpx7p

The green area needs only color

space conversion

!

Gamut mappingy

x

This part can berendered correctly

G>0

R>0

B>0

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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0.1

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yhh

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ydp

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This part isunreachable !

The red area needs gamut

mapping,to substitute something

for the unreachable

colors!

Gamut mappingy

x

R<0

G<0

B<0

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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yhh

ypj

ydp

y7p

,,,xhhxpjxdpx7p

Gamut mapping is an age-old

artistic process,

the choice of substitute colors is

subjective !

Note: this is usually not

about natural colors

Gamut mapping

?

?

y

x

G>0

R>0

B>0

Shift towards thedisplay gamut

?

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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Gamut mapping

Gamut mapping(subjective choice)

Gamut mapping summary

Color spaceconversion

(objective math)

y

x

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Gamut mapping

Second example, a LED-backlit LCD panel

The display’s wide color

gamut differs from the digital cinema wide color gamut

What are the consequences

?

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0.1

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yhh

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y

G

Digital Cinemareference

x

R

B

LED-backlitLCD

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Gamut mappingExample: a Digital Cinema signal on an LCD with LED-backlight

Starting from a Digital Cinema RGB signal, then from source to display we must apply this color space correction matrix:

o Watch the negative coefficients on the bottom row (= Bout) …

A wider display gamut makes our problems easier

Rout 0.810 0.168 0.022 Rin

Gout = 0.041 0.958 0.001 * Gin

Bout −0.017 −0.049 1.066 Bin

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

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0.1

0.15

0.2

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0.3

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0.4

0.45

0.5

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yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

Outside the display gamut only the Blue drive signals

goes negative

Gamut mappingy

x

Display gamut

Source gamut

G>0

R>0

B<0

B>0

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

The green area needs only color

space conversion

!

Gamut mappingy

x

B>0

This part can berendered correctly

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

!

Gamut mappingy

x

The red area needs gamut

mapping,to substitute something

for the unreachable

colors

B<0

This part isunreachable !

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

Shift towards thedisplay gamut

Gamut mapping is an age-old

artistic process,

the choice of substitute colors is

subjective !

?

??

Gamut mappingy

x

B>0

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

This part is not asked for

The yellow area is not asked for,

but there is a temptation to fill it up by

“gamut” “extension”

LED red isso beautiful…

Gamut mappingy

x

G>0

R>0

?

?R<0

G<0

?

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.750

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

yhh

ypj

ydp

yqp

,,,xhhxpjxdpxqp

Gamut mappingy

Nothing (or somegamut extension)

Color spaceconversion

(objective math)

Gamut mapping(subjective choice)

Gamut mapping summary

x

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource


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display gamut

source gamut


XYZsensor

CSCmatrix

gamutmap 1 ...

Rec.709display

Y’CbCr processing & channel

Standard TVgamut

CameraXYZ or wide RGB

native displaygamut

Rec.709display

Rec.709

=

the only

A legacy chain with only Rec.709 compliant components

Rec.709 gamut

inverse...

Rec.709 gamut

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display gamut

source gamut

Signal processing chainAn xvYCC wide gamut chain with a wide gamut display

XYZsensor

CSCmatrix

gamutmap 1 ...

wide gamutdisplay

gamutmap 2

inverse...


Digital Cinemagamut


native displaygamut

DCIdisplay

xvYCC+

=

dominant

not dominant

CSCmatrix

CSCmatrix

xvYCC gamut

xvYCC gamut

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source gamut


XYZsensor

CSCmatrix

gamutmap 1 ...


Digital Cinemagamut


DCIdisplay

xvYCC+not dominant

dominant

CSCmatrix

A mixed chain with a legacy Rec.709 display (compatibility)

display gamut

Rec.709display

gamut

CLIPinverse

...

native displaygamut

xvYCC gamut ?<

xvYCC gamut

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receiver-side gamut mapping

larger source gamut


XYZsensor

CSCmatrix

gamutmap 1 ...

wide gamutdisplay

gamutmap 2

inverse...


Digital Cinemagamut


DCIdisplay

xvYCC+

CSCmatrix

CSCmatrix

xvYCC signal & processing

What’s new in a wide gamut chain with a wide gamut display:

digital cinema reference display

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Outline

color space

conversion

gamutmapping

display

image processing

imagesource

Image results

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Block diagram for simulation of gamut mapping algorithms:

“DC”image

CSCmatrix

gamutmap

inversematrix

“DC”display

“DC”display 0a, 0b

Image results

=M

1.225

0.042

0.02

0.225

1.042

0.079

0

0

1.098

=M 1

0.822

0.033

0.017

0.178

0.967

0.072

0

0

0.911

1, 2, 3a, 3b

referencedisplay gamutsource gamut

resulta gamut bottleneck

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Image resultsResult 0a: ORIGINAL IMAGE (assume that this is the full DC gamut)

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Image resultsResult 1: dumb clipping of R’,G’,B’ to 0 and to 255 (worst case legacy)

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Image resultsResult 2: dumb clipping of R’,G’,B’ to 0 , plus global attenuation (0.92x)

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Image resultsResult 3a: advanced gamut mapping including global attenuation (0.92x)

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Image resultsResult 3b: another advanced gamut mapping, with attenuation (0.92x)

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Image resultsResult 0b: ORIGINAL IMAGE (now attenuated by the same factor 0.92x)

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OutlineWhat is a color gamut



Gamut mapping


Image results

Conclusions

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ConclusionsThe Digital Cinema standard is a good wide color gamut sourceThe xvYCC standard is good for wide color gamut transmissions Wide color gamut display technology is still evolving Mathematically correct color space conversion properly

connects everything together

But due to the variety of display gamuts, it is inevitable that some gamut mapping be done at the display side

o different strategies for RGB<0 and RGB>1 problems !

Decent gamut mapping has a modest effect on the output image o and the effect of gamut mapping will become less as the

color gamuts of consumer displays continue to grow larger

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ConclusionsConsumer displays want to receive Wide Color Gamut programs

o receiver-side Color Space Conversion and some minor Gamut Mapping can be OK

o even if the outer colors are slightly modified by the gamut mapping o thanks to xvYCC it works well, even if the source gamut is undefinedo and xvYCC ensures compatibility with Rec.709 legacy receivers

Without wide color gamut programs the receivers will apply more gamut extension (and more, and more…)

o the color gamut of the scene is limited by the source, and then expanded back to wide gamut by the receiver

o with much less predictable results (guessing at the original colors) o wide color gamut is a very important feature in the display marketo today’s wide gamut displays are promoted with exaggerated colors o the temptation to show off a wider color gamut is irresistible

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ConclusionsPlease produce and distribute wide color gamut programs !

o and we will display them as best as we can

Thank you for your attention

I will be available for questions, discussion, a drink, …

This entire presentation is available in electronic formo with notes and hidden sheets

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Contact information

Jeroen Stessen

Philips Applied Technologies Digital Systems & Technology Building SFJ-5 Glaslaan 2 NL 5616 LW Eindhoven The Netherlands

[email protected] http://www.apptech.philips.com/

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HPA Tech Retreat 2007 Jeroen Stessen - Philips Applied Technologies - 2007-01-31

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This presentation can be downloaded from the HPA online website,

or mailto: [email protected](it includes notes and hidden sheets)

extended color gamut for consumers - the display side

Documents