externals adaptors

8/2/2019 Externals Adaptors

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External Adaptors

These are used to expand system applications

Types of External Adaptors are

1. Graphic adaptors

2. Sound cards

3. T.V turner cards

4. Joy sticks

5. LAN cards

All these are connected to the expansion slots (PCI & PCI express cards)

PCI- Peripheral Component Interface

Graphic Cards – It connects the monitor to the motherboard. Some

motherboards have in – built – graphic cards like N- VEDIA, SIS, VIA &

Intel

Graphic adaptors consists of

1. DAC – Digital Analog Convertor

2. GPU – Graphic Processing Unit

3. Video Memory

Dot Pitch

The display image on a monitor is made by small dots with 3 colours they are

Red, Blue and Green

Standards resolution & contrast ratio

Standards Resolution Contrast

SXGA(super extended graphicarray)

1280*1024 5:4



N.T. boot. sys Only for SCSIcontrollers

C:\windows\

HAL.DLL( hardwareupdate layer)

Kernel Loading C:\system root\ system32

System Load all configurationfiles C:\systemroot\system32\configDevice Drivers. Sys Load all device drivers C:\sustem root \drivers

Types of printer

1. Impact printers

2. Non – impact printers

Under impact printers

1. Dot Matrix2. Daisy wheel

Under non – impact printers

1. Ink Jet printers

2. Laser printers

3. LED printers

4. Thermal printers

History of processors

Data width Model name Year of release

No of transistors

Clock speed

4bits 4040 1971 3000 1MHz8bits 8080 1974 6000 2Mhz8& 16 bits 8088 1979 29000 5Mhz

16bits 80286 1982 1.34Lakhs 6Mhz32bits 80486 1985 2.75Lakhs 16Mhz32bits 80486 1989 12Lakhs 25Mhz32& 64 bits Pentium 1 1993 31Lakhs 60Mhz32& 64bits Pentium 2 1997 75L 233Mhz32&64bits Pentium 3 1999 95L 450Mhz



32& 64bits Pentium 4 2000 4.2C 1.5Ghz32& 64bits Pentium 4 EE 2003 6.2 C 2.6Ghz32&64bits Pentium

Presco ++2004 125C 3.6Ghz

32& 64bits Pentium DuelCore

2005 140C 2.6-3.6Ghz

32&64bits Core 2 duel 2006 2.4-3.6Ghz

Throttling- Excess amount of heat generated during the working function of

the processor. It reduces the performance of the processor

Clock speed – It is a clock frequency at which rate all the instructions and

programs are executed.

Types of computers

1. Micro computers – personal computer

2. MINI computers – small companies , banks

3. Main frame computers – servers , big office

4. Super computers – scientific research

Types of motherboards

1. AT – Advanced Technology

2. ATX – AT Extended

3. Micro ATX

4. NLX – New Low profile extended

5. BATX – Baby ATX

Types of RAM Slots

1. SIMM - Small Inline Memory Module



2. DIMM – Duel Inline Memory Module

3. RIMM – Rhombus Inline Memory Module

4. Micro DIMM

5. SODIMM

MIDI PORT – Musical Instrumental Digital Interface

Types of connectors

1. Hard disk connector

2. IDE floppy connector

3. SMPS connector

Memory Unit

1. RAM

2. ROM

Types of ROM

1. PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable READ Only Memory

3. EEPROM – Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Types of RAM

1. SRAM – Static Random Access Memory

2. DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory

Types of DRAM1. SYRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

2. AYRAM – Asynchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Under SYRAM

1. SDRAM



2. DDR SD RAM

3. DDR2 SD RAM

4. DDR 3 SD RAM

5. RD RAM – Rhombus

Under AYRAM

1. EDODRAM – Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM

2. FPMDRAM - Fast Page Mode DRAM

Types of HDD

1. SATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment2. PATA – Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment

3. SCSI – Small Computer System Interface

Components of Hard Disk

1. Plotter

2. Read \ Write head

3. Actuator Arm

4. Spindle Motor5. Voice coil Motor

6. Logic circuit board

7. Ribbon cable

8. Connector

ADC – Analog Digital Convertor

PCMCIA – Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association

Types of MINI PCI Cards

1. TYPE 1 – uses 100 pin connector

2. TYPE 2 – it’s like TYPE 1 but with an integrated RJ45 port

3. TYPE 3 – Used 124 pin SODIMM style connector



Wireless communication ports

1. Infrared

2. Bluetooth

3. WI-FI

Types of networks

1. LAN – Local Area Network

2. WAN – Wide Area Network

3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

4. CAN – Campus Area Network

5. PAN – Personal Area Network

6. SAN – Storage Area Network

Topology – physical arrangement of devices / computers connecting in a

network

Types of Topology

1. Bus

2. Ring3. Star

4. Tree

5. Hybrid Topology – combination of all the above



OSI MODEL

Open System Interconnectivity

All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics

All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics

ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGES NEVER DO PRHYSICS

APPLICATION LAYER

PRESENTATION LAYER

SESSION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

DATA LINK LAYER

PHUSICAL LAYER

ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGERS NEVER DO PHYSICS

APPLICATION LAYER

PRESENTATION LAYER

SESSION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER SWITCHES

DATA LINK LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER REPEATERS OR HUBS



The OSI Model

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer -

Network Layer – Devices used are L3 Switches & Routers

Data Link Layer – Devices used are Switch & Bridges

Physical Layer – Devices used are Hub & repeaters

Hub & Repeaters are layer one device

Types of Hub

1. Active Hub

2. Passive Hub

3. Intelligent Hub

Active Hub – To transfer the information from one machine to another

machine. It requires an external power. It regenerates & retransfers or

amplifies the signals.

Passive Hub – It does not require any external adaptors to transfer from one

machine to another machine. In this there is no signals regeneration or

amplification.

Intelligent Hub–

It’s

nothing but a switch. It is having the best way ofselecting path & can choose different paths for signal devices.

Bridge – It extends the max distance of network connecting separate network

segments. It passes signals from one network segments to another network

segments.



Switches – It is a layer 2 device, by default switch is a broadcast device but

we can change it to unicast, it is having console ports and it maintains MAC

address, MAC (Media Access Control).

It also maintains the operating System called I.O.S (internetwork OperatingSystem).

It makes full duplex communication.

Routers

It is a layer 3 device, data transfers in the form of packets, it provides better

traffic management and also avoids broadcast transmission.

AUI – Arithmetic User Interface also called as Ethernet Port of the Router.

AUX – Auxiliary Ports – used to connect modem to router.

BRI – Basic Rate Of Interface

Console Port - It is used to load the O.S from the router to P.C. system serial

port should connect directly to router’s console port.

CABLE NAME FOR MODEM IS – RS232 and it is also called DCE (Data

Communication Equipment)

Types of cables

1.

Co–

Axial cable2. Twisted pair cable

3. Optical fiber cable

Colour Coding

Wiring



PinT568A

Pair

T568B

PairWire T568A Color T568B Color Pins on plug face (socket is reversed)

1 3 2 tip white/green

stripe

white/orange

stripe

2 3 2 ringgreen solid orange solid

3 2 3 tip white/orangestripe

white/greenstripe

4 1 1 ringblue solid blue solid

5 1 1 tip white/bluestripe

white/bluestripe

6 2 3 ringorange solid green solid

7 4 4 tip white/brown

stripe

white/brown

stripe

8 4 4 ringbrown solid brown solid

Note that the only difference between T568A and T568B is that pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green)are swapped. Both configurations wire the pins "straight through", i.e., pins 1 through 8 on one

end are connected to pins 1 through 8 on the other end. Also, the same sets of pins are paired inboth configurations: pins 1 and 2 form a pair, as do 3 and 6, 4 and 5, and 7 and 8. One can usecables wired according to either configuration in the same installation without significant

problem; problems involving crosstalk can occur (which is normally minimized by correctly

twisting a pair together), but are usually insignificant in all but the most stringent specifications

such as Category 6 cable. The primary thing one has to be careful of is not to accidentally wirethe ends of the same cable according to different configurations (unless one intends to create

an Ethernet crossover cable).

WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access also called as 3G mobile

phone network

The key features of security system are

AAA

1. Authorization

2. Authentication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cable



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_brown.svg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_white_brown_stripe.svg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_green.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_orange.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_white_blue_stripe.svg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_blue.svg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_white_green_stripe.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_white_orange_stripe.svg



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3. Accounting

Adware - Software that records information about a PC and the user.

AGP – Accelerated Graphic Port

AMD – Advanced Micro Devices

AMR – Audio Modem Riser

AUTOEXEC.BAT – It contains statements that configures the operating

system during boot process

Bandwidth - The amount of data that can be transferred throught a

connection over a period

POST – Power On Self Test

BIOS – Basic Input \ Output system

BPS – Bits Per second

Coaxial cables - It is a type of cable formed from two separate conductors

that share the common axis.

DMA – Digital Memory Access

DLT – Digital Linear Tape

Dr. Watson - Debugging program that creates an error log when an

application crashes

DSL – Digital Subscriber Line. A digital internet access service provider over

normal telephone lines. The client uses a DSL modem or router to connect toa DSL enabled telephone exchange.

EPP – Enhanced Parallel Port

Full Duplex – Two way communication taking place simultaneously



Half Duplex - Two way communication not taking place simultaneously

GDI – Graphic Digital Interface

HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language

IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

Kernel - All operating systems have a kernel, which is a low level piece of code

responsible for controlling the rest of the operating system. Windows uses a

multiprocessor adware, multitasking kernel.

externals adaptors

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