extrasolar planetary systems detection methods, results and perspectives michaŁ rÓŻyczka
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EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS DETECTION METHODS, RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES MICHAŁ RÓŻYCZKA NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ASTRONOMICAL CENTER 1 ST PLANETS SHOOL, HEIDELBERG, OCT. 8 TH , 2003. AN EASY INTRODUCTION FOR EVERYBODY. The f irst discoveries Observ ing planet formation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMSDETECTION METHODS, RESULTS
AND PERSPECTIVES
MICHAŁ RÓŻYCZKANICOLAUS COPERNICUS ASTRONOMICAL CENTER
1ST PLANETS SHOOL, HEIDELBERG, OCT. 8TH, 2003
AN EASY INTRODUCTION FOR EVERYBODY
• The first discoveries
• Observing planet formation
• Detecting „mature” planets
• Statistics of extrasolar systems
• Future space missions
THE FIRST
DISCOVERIES
ALEXWOLSZCZAN
2 PLANETS (NOW 3)1600 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN
CONSTELLATION VIRGO
1ST EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEM
ANNOUNCED IN JANUARY 1992
SU
N
MERCURYVENUS
EARTH
DISTANCE (EARTH = 1)
PS
R
1257+
12
A B C
SU
N
MERCURYVENUS
EARTH
DISTANCE (EARTH = 1)
PS
R
1257+
12
A B C
THE FIRST
EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM:
CERTAINLY
GLORIOUS...
... BUT RATHER
UNFRIENDLYSURPRISING
... BUT
PROMISING
MICHEL MAYOR DIDIER QUELOZ
STAR 51 PEGASI40 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN
CONSTELLATION PEGASUS
1ST PLANET AT A SOLAR-LIKE STAR
ANNOUNCED IN OCTOBER 1995
LONG BEFORE THAT STARBIRTH-PROCESSESHAVE BEEN STUDIED,
YIELDING CLUES ABOUT
PLANET FORMATION
OBSERVING
PLANET FORMATION(INDIRECTLY)
50 000 LIGHT YEARS
25 000 LIGHT YEARS
1011 STARS
MILKY WAY – STARS ONLY
MILKY WAY – VISIBLE LIGHT
MILKY WAY - INFRARED
3-6×109 M
CO, 2.64 mm
INFRARED
300 l.y.
CO
3×105 M
mostly H2
ORION STAR-FORMING REGION
ORION NEBULA
VISIBLE
2.5 l.y.
INFRARED
ORIONNEBULA
AGE:A FEW MILLION YEARS
150 objectsR = 50 -1000 AU
M > 600 M
(H2 emission; absorption of visible light emitted by the nebula )
M > 2000 M
Concave Disk
AGE:108 years
dust mass: 0.1 M gas mass: 100 M
Infrared 1,2 resolution 0,12’’ 50 AU
Pictoris 63
l.y. 1.7 M
STARS ARE BORN
WITH
CIRCUMSTELLAR DISCS
THE DISCS DISPERSE WITHIN
~ 107 YEARS
DETAILS OF
STAR AND DISC FORMATION
UNKNOWN
DETAILS OF
DISC DISPERSAL
UNKNOWN
RESIDUAL DISCS
SEEM TO CONTAINMORE
THAN JUST DUST
WARP
A PLANET?
Pictoris
HOLE
WARP
OUTER PLANET?
INNER PLANET(S)?
FOMALHAUT
25 l.y. 2.8 M
AGE:108 years
dust mass: 0.1 M
HOLE
OUTER PLANET
INDIRECT EVIDENCE:
RESIDUAL DISCS
CONTAINPLANETSPLANETS
DETECTING
MATURE PLANETS
JUPITER SHINES WEAKER THAN THE SUN:
1 000 000 000 TIMES (visible light)
50 000 TIMES (infrared)
5 000 TIMES (mm and sub-mm)
JUPITEROBSERVED FROM THE NEAREST
STAR
0.1” DISTANT FROM THE SUN
„DROWNED” IN SUNSHINE !!
PSF, SEEING, ZODIACAL LIGHT, BACKGROUD SKY
REMNANT DISK
AND YETWITHIN THE LAST 8 YEARS
MORE THAN 110
EXTRASOLAR PLANETS
HAVE BEEN FOUND
HOW ??
POPULARVIEW
POPULARVIEW
REALITY
X = CENTER OF MASS
SYSTEM VIEWEDPOLE-ON (RARE)
REALITY
SYSTEM VIEWEDOBLIQUELY(MORE COMMON)
...BUT
THE PLANET CANNOT BE SEEN
MOTIONS OF THE STAR
BETRAYITS PRESENCE !
X
EARTH
X
JUPITER
150 000 000 km
30 km/s
450 km
9 cm/s
780 000 000 km
13 km/s
750 000 km
13 m/s
2010
2000
2005
1995
1990
2015
2020
0.002”
MOTIONS OF THE SUN VIEWED FROM A STAR 30 LIGHT YEARS AWAY
0.002’’ IS THE ANGULAR SIZE OF A MAN ON THE MOON OR A STANDARD NEWSPAPER FONT 300 KM AWAY
STELLARWOBBLE
RECEDING:
REDDER
APPROACHING:
BLUER
1 Angstrom = 10-8 cm
PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE
-50
-100
0
100
50
m/s
0 321 days
K
P ito the observer
normal to the orbit
V
K = Vsin i
PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE
K = V sin i
MK /(sin i VPL)MPL sin i = MK / VPL
KNOWN:
COMPUTED:
3. MASS OF THE STAR *2. AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS
1. ORBITAL PERIOD
1. MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT)2. ORBITAL RADIUS
ANOTHEREFFECT:
TRANSIT
PLANET IN FRONTOF THE STAR
TIMEBR
IGH
TN
ES
S
TRANSIT
1%
LIGHTCURVE
ANDRZEJ UDALSKI MACIEJ KONACKI
STAR OGLE-TR-56~5000 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN
CONSTELLATION SAGITTARIUS
FIRST DETECTION OF A PLANETVIA THE TRANSIT PHENOMENON
ANNOUNCED IN 2002/2003
KNOWN:
COMPUTED:1. MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT)
2. RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT
4. LIGHT CURVE
1. ORBITAL PERIOD2. AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS
3. MASS OF THE STAR
3. RADIUS OF THE PLANET
COMPUTED:1. MASS OF THE PLANET
2. RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT
BASIC STATISTICS
OF EXTRASOLAR
PLANETS
data from February 2001
semimajor axis (AU)
excen
tric
ity e
e=(a2-b2)1/2/a
b a
ASTRONOMICAL UNITS
AS
TR
ON
OM
ICA
L U
NIT
S
EARTH’S ORBIT
COMPOSITE EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM -1
AS
TR
ON
OM
ICA
L
UN
ITS
ASTRONOMICAL UNITS
EARTH’S ORBIT
COMPOSITE EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM -2
MERCURY’S ORBIT
„JUPITERS”
DEEP INSIDE MERCURY’S ORBIT !!!
Planetary system of And
Solar system
0.06 AU4.5 days0.75 MJ
2.5 AU3.5 years
4 MJ
0.85 AU242 days
2 MJ
0.39 AU89 days
0.73 AU228 days
1 AU1 year 1.54 AU
1.9 years
Source: Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
EXPECTED:
NEARLY CIRCULARNEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS ORBITS
BIG PLANETS BIG PLANETS FAR AWAY FROM THE STARFAR AWAY FROM THE STAR
NONO PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER
DISCOVERED:
STRONGLY ELONGATEDSTRONGLY ELONGATED ORBITS ORBITS
BIG PLANETS BIG PLANETS VERY CLOSE TOVERY CLOSE TO THE STARTHE STAR
MANYMANY PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER
CONCLUSION
SOME PLANETARY SYSTEMS SOME PLANETARY SYSTEMS
HAVE FORMED AND/OR EVOLVED HAVE FORMED AND/OR EVOLVED
ENTIRELY DIFFERENTLY ENTIRELY DIFFERENTLY
THAN THE SOLAR SYSTEMTHAN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
QUESTIONS:
WHO WE ARE: WHO WE ARE:
COSMIC STANDARDCOSMIC STANDARD
OR COSMIC EXCEPTION?OR COSMIC EXCEPTION?
ARE THERE ARE THERE ANY EARTH-LIKEANY EARTH-LIKE
PLANETS PLANETS AT DISTANT STARS?AT DISTANT STARS?
Distribution of masses of known extrasolar planets. About 1000 stars have been surveyed: a nearly complete sample of solar-type stars within 30 pc.Occurrence varies inversely with mass.
PLANETS AND METALLICITY
FUTURE
SPACE MISSIONS
RELATED
TO EXTRASOLAR
PLANETS
SIRTF
INFRARED
PROTOSTARSPTOTPLANETARY DISCS
LAUNCH:AUGUST 25TH
This engineering image is a quick look at the sky through the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), one of three scientific instruments aboard SIRTF.
The instrument was powered on for a brief electronics checkout, and some imagesof the sky were taken to test whether the IRAC detectors were functioning.
The 5 arcmin x 5 arcmin image was taken in a low Galactic latitude region in the constellation Perseus.
3.09.2003
COROT, KEPLER, EDDINGTON
LAUNCH IN 3-5 YEARS
TRANSITS SEARCH FOR EARTH-LIKE PLANTES
SIM
WOBBLE DUE TO EARTH-LIKE PLANTES
LAUNCH IN ~6 YEARS
ORBITAL PERIOD (YEARS)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
10
1
0.1
0.010.1
110
1001000
Solar System
ST
EL
LA
R M
AS
S (
M)
A
M
KG
F
B
Kepler search space
habitable zone
MainSequence
STELLAR RADIUS ORBITAL RADIUS (AU )
DARWIN
LAUNCH IN MIN. 11 YEARS
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
INTEN
SIT
Y
× 1/10 000 cm
The 2001 decadal review of astronomy and astrophysics, prepared by the U.S. National Research Council, stated that:
the discovery of life on another planet is potentially one of the most important scientific advances of this centuryit would have enormous philosophical implications
IN MORE PRACTICAL TERMS:
PLANETS
ATTRACT
MONEY
ASTRONOMICAL UNIT
1AU = 150 000 000 km= 8.3 light minutes
LIGHT YEAR
1l.y. = 63 115 AU = 1013 km