f orensic a nthropology the vertebral column. t he v ertebral c olumn functions: support, movement...
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FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
The vertebral column
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THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Functions: support, movement of trunk
Total of 33 (usually) individual vertebra
5 types of vertebrae (plural)
Cervical (5)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4)
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http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/vertebra.gif
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GENERAL MORPHOLOGY – NEED TO KNOW Vertebral body (ant) Vertebral arch (post)
On each arch…. 2 pedicles – attach arch to body 2 transverse processes – lateral projections 2 lamina – posterior surface of arch Spinous process – points postero-inferiorly 2 articulations for each adjacent vertebra
2 superior 2 inferior
Encircle vert foramen (form vert canal)
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HOW TO ORIENT VERTEBRAE
Superior facets face posteriorly
Inferior facets face anteriorly
Spinous process points postero-inferiorly
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ARTICULATIONS
Each vertebra articulates with 2 other vertebrae (superior and inferior)
Other articulations in…. The cervical vertebra: C1 articulates with the occipital The thoracic vertebra: 2 ribs with EACH vert Lumbar (NONE) Sacrum: ilium of the innominate (x2)
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http://www.med.howard.edu/anatomy/gas/wk7/20-2_CervVert.jpg
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http://www.kent.ac.uk/anthropology/department/research/images/vertebra2.jpg
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VERTEBRAL GROWTH AREAS 3 growth centers for
each vertebra Centrum (body) and
2 arches Arches fuse first
T spine <1 year old C spine 2 years old L spine 5 years old
Arches (at the pedicles) fuse to the centrum between 2 – 5 years of age
5 secondary growth centers at the transverse processes, spinous process, and superior and inferior vertebral bodies appear in teens, fuse in early adulthood
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THE C SPINE – UNIQUE CHARACTERS
C1 – call the atlas Occipital articulation
surface Articular surface for
dens (p/i) NO VERT BODY
C2 – called the axis Dens (odontoid
process)
http://www.med.howard.edu/anatomy/gas/wk7/20-4_Spec_Cerv_vert.jpg
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TYPICAL C SPINE C3 – C7
Bifid spinous process “Square-shaped” bodies
C7 has the longest spinous process and forms the vertebral prominence
http://www.clinicalexams.co.uk/images/Cervical_vertebrae.jpg
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http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpg
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THE T SPINE 12 vertebrae (pair with 12 pairs of ribs)
Rib facets/costal pits – articular area of each T2-T8 typically have 2 rib demi-facets on each
lateral side of the vertebral body (4 total) T1-T10 typically have 1 rib facet on each
transverse process (2 total)
http://www.frca.co.uk/images/epidural-anatomy1.gif
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THE T SPINE T1 1 full facet (superior) on each side
1 demi facet (inferior) on each side
1 facet on each transverse process
T2-T8 2 demi facets on each side 1 facet on transverse process T10 1 facet on each side of body
1 facet on each transverse process
T11 1 facet on each side of the body 1 facet on each transverse process T12 same as T11, but with widened inferior body
to meet with L1
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THE L SPINE
Notice it for what it is missing – No transverse foramena OR rib facets
Typically large bodied Short stunted spinous process S/I articular facets curved in (U-shaped) in
order to increase stability
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http://www.sandiego-spine.com/photos/vertebrae-lumbar.gif
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http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/mo70_maigne_thoracolumbar/fig2.GIF
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SORTING THE VERTEBRAE
There should be a logical progression as the descend Body size increases Spinous process size changes
Increase in C spine Decreases through T and L spine
Articular surface shape and position should match
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SORTING THE VERTEBRAE
Make three piles Orient each with spinous process away,
superior surface up
Begin at top and work way down matching inferior surface of upper with superior surface of next one down
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THE SACRUM
Large, wedge-shaped Composed of 5 sacral vertebrae – fused
Articulates with L5, both innominates
Characteristics Large bodies Reduced spinous processes
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19464.jpg
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http://www.back.com/images/sacrum-4-19.jpg
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_Ed/grade10/manphys/images/man/sacrum.gif
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THE SACRUM – NEED TO KNOW
Superiorly Sacral promontory
(sup/ant): central, superior border of S1
Superior articular facets: articulation of L5-S1
Spinal canal Ala (wings)
Laterally Auricular surface Spinous processes
Posteriorly – Posterior sacral
foramina
Anteriorly Anterior sacral
foramina Transverse line of
fusion
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THE SACRUM – USES IN FORENSICS Male vs female
Males sacrum curved
Females sacrum straight (WHY?)
Age
Transverse line between S1 – S2 closes mid twenties
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THE COCCYX Coccyx – group of fused bones vs coccygeal vertebra (individual bone)
Usually 4 segments fused – variation 3-5 CV1 had transverse processes and horns (cornua) CV2+ are variable, small, frequently lost Typically all fuse together and frequently to
sacrum
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THE PELVIS
The many names for this region Pelvis: composed of 2 innominate bones and the
sacrum Innominate (or Os Coxae): each half of the
“pelvic bowl” formed by the fusion of Ilium Ischium Pubis
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THE INNOMINATE
ILIUM – most superior of the 3
the blade ISCHIUM - most inferior of the 3
the ‘sit bone’ PUBIS – most anterior of the 3
forms the symphysis
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THE INNOMINATE
FUNCTIONS:
Support internal organs
Changes in the human pelvis allow for bipedal locomotion
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THE INNOMINATE
Each innominate articulates with
*sacrum (at the auricular surface)
*one femur (at the acetabulum)
*the other innominate (at pubic symph)
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THE INNOMINATE – WHAT TO KNOW
The ilium: medially - Iliac crest – superior rim Iliac fossa – superior depression under rim ASIS and AIIS Arcuate line – midline inferior ridge Iliac tuberosity – posterior rugosity Auricular surface - posterior (art.w/ sacrum) Preauricular sulcus
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THE INNOMINATE – WHAT TO KNOW The ilium: laterally –
Iliac crest Iliac pillar – ridge on midline of blade PSIS and PIIS Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum (actually the point where all three
bones fuse together, art. w/femur)
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THE INNOMINATE – WHAT TO KNOW The ischium and pubis – medially
Pubic ramus: anterior/superior, twists Pubic symphysis: most anterior point Ischiopubic ramus: flat Obturator foramen: big hole
The ischium and pubis – laterally Ischial spine: most inferior/posterior Lesser sciatic notch: inferior Ischial tuberosity: very thick Pubic tubercle: anterior, above symph
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THE INNOMINATE – L FROM R
Orient ilium (crest and blade) superior
Orient the pubic symphysis anteriorly and medially, ischium posterior and inferior
The acetabulum is on the side of origin (lateral)
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THE INNOMINATE – FUSION AGES Ischiopubic ramus; 5-8 years
Acetabululm; 11-17 years
Ischial tuberosity; 16-20 years
Iliac crest; 17-23 years
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THE INNOMINATE USES IN FORENSICS The pelvis is best for sex – due to changes in
the pelvis for childbirth, there are numerous, easy to distinguish features that help differentiate males from females in both the PUBIS and the ILIUM
ALSO, well developed methods for aging adults based on changes in the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
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THE INNOMINATE USES IN FORENSICSTO RECAP:
SEX: PUBIS AND ILIUM
AGE: FUSIONS, AURICULAR SURFACES, PUBIC SYMPHYSIS