F. Scott Fitzgerald

      Construction out of fragments, collage technique, montage of images (writing as cinema)

    The ideal of art is to regain the whole

   Work structured as a quest for the very coherence it seems to lack at the surface; looking for order found in art, religion

     Sense of discontinuity, harmony destroyed in WWI

      Omission: of explanations, interpretations, connections, summaries, continuity (reader fills these in)

      Arbitrary beginning, advancement without explanation, end without resolution

      Shifts in perspective, voice and tone

      Experimentation with time: flashback, leaps to the future

     Rhetoric understated, ironic Symbols and images instead

statements

Use of myth –escape from dramatic present, Christianity also a myth (Faulkner)

  World of random possibilities     Search for truth     Subject often the literary work

itself (the only meaningful activity is the search for meaning carried out in art)

  Opposition to mass culture, belief that art is for the elites

     References to literary, historical, philosophical, religious past to remind the reader of old, lost coherence

Secularization of religion, erosion of religious belief, lose of mystery

Nitze declared God was dead and man was on his own

  Undermining of the belief in history as a linear concept (Darwin)

Fragments of popular culture, dream imagery

    Parodies     Use of language previously

considered improper: colloquial, slang, uneducated

      Directness, compression, vividness ~> significance of short story

      First person narration, one character’s point of view (truth does not exist objectively)

A naïve or marginal person as narrator (a child, an outsider) to convey the reality of confusion

     Alienation of the individual       Experimental, self-conscious

manipulation of form

      Stream of consciousness, interior monologue

     Psychological influences: Freud, Young

     Fascination with machines       Vision of social breakdown,

society in decay       Faith in art

      Distrust of family bonds, family no longer the safe haven (Freud)

     Anti-female tendency, “new woman”, a flapper – a carrier of chaos;

Widespread male anxiety about a female “takeover” – some writers (Lawrence, Hemingway, Fitzgerald) believe that women conspired with the new technology to render their male contemporaries socially and even sexually impotent

Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent (1920) Eliot,    The Waste Land (1922) Fitzgerald,   The Great Gatsby (1925) Hemingway,  The Sun Also Rises (1926) Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (1929) Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (1929) Faulkner, Light in August (1932) Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (1936) Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men (1937) Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939) Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea (1952) Steinbeck, East of Eden (1952 )

1914-18 – World War I 1917 – US enters the War, Russian Revolution 1918 – worldwide flu epidemic Jan 1919 – Prohibition (18th Amendment) 1920 – women given the vote (19th Am.) 1920s – Henry Ford’s assembly-line, cars

become  affordable 1921 – Sacco-Vanzetti case 1924 – Immigration Act, quota systems:

1921, 1924.

1927 – first non stop solo flight across Atlantic 1928 – Mussolini’s comes to power in Italy 1929 – first motion picture with sound                stock market crash, Depression begins 1932 – F. Delano Roosevelt becomes President 1933 – 18th Amendment repealed 1933 – Hitler’s dictatorship in Germany 1936-39 – Spanish Civil War 1941, 7 Dec –   Pearl Harbor 1945, 6 Aug – Hiroshima atomic bomb

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 24, 1896, the namesake and second cousin three times removed of the author of the National Anthem. Fitzgerald’s given names indicate his parents’ pride in his father’s ancestry.

Awww….. Ain’t he cute?

As a member of the Princeton Class of 1917, Fitzgerald neglected his studies for his literary apprenticeship. He wrote the scripts and lyrics for the Princeton Triangle Club musicals and was a contributor to the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and the Nassau Literary Magazine.

On academic probation and unlikely to graduate, Fitzgerald joined the army in 1917 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry. Convinced that he would die in the war, he rapidly wrote a novel, “The Romantic Egotist”; the letter of rejection from Charles Scribner’s Sons praised the novel’s originality and asked that it be resubmitted when revised.

In June 1918 Fitzgerald was assigned to Camp Sheridan, near Montgomery, Alabama. There he fell in love with a celebrated belle, eighteen-year-old Zelda Sayre, the youngest daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge.

The war ended just before he was to be sent overseas; after his discharge in 1919 he went to New York City to seek his fortune in order to marry. Unwilling to wait while Fitzgerald succeeded in the advertisement business and unwilling to live on his small salary, Zelda Sayre broke their engagement.

Fitzgerald quit his job in July 1919 and returned to St. Paul to rewrite his novel as This Side of Paradise. It was accepted by editor Maxwell Perkins of Scribner's in September. Set mainly at Princeton and described by its author as “a quest novel,” This Side of Paradise traces the career aspirations and love disappointments of Amory Blaine.

The publication of This Side of Paradise on March 26, 1920, made the twenty-four-year-old Fitzgerald famous almost overnight, and a week later he married Zelda Sayre in New York. They embarked on an extravagant life as young celebrities. Fitzgerald endeavored to earn a solid literary reputation, but his playboy image impeded the proper assessment of his work.

After a riotous summer in Westport, Connecticut, the Fitzgeralds took an apartment in New York City; there he wrote his second novel, The Beautiful and Damned, a naturalistic chronicle of the dissipation of Anthony and Gloria Patch. When Zelda Fitzgerald became pregnant they took their first trip to Europe in 1921 and then settled in St. Paul for the birth of their only child, Frances Scott (Scottie) Fitzgerald, who was born in October 1921.

In the fall of 1922 they moved to Great Neck, Long Island, in order to be near Broadway. The distractions of Great Neck and New York prevented Fitzgerald from making progress on his third novel. During this time his drinking increased. He was an alcoholic, but he wrote sober. Zelda Fitzgerald regularly got “tight,” but she was not an alcoholic. There were frequent domestic rows, usually triggered by drinking bouts.

Literary opinion makers were reluctant to accord Fitzgerald full marks as a serious craftsman. His reputation as a drinker inspired the myth that he was an irresponsible writer; yet he was a painstaking reviser whose fiction went through layers of drafts. Fitzgerald’s clear, lyrical, colorful, witty style evoked the emotions associated with time and place.

The chief theme of Fitzgerald’s work is the aspiration and idealism he regarded as defining American character. Another major theme was mutability or loss. As a social historian Fitzgerald became identified with the Jazz Age: “It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire,” he wrote in “Echoes of the Jazz Age.”

Seeking tranquility for his work the Fitzgeralds went to France in the spring of 1924 . He wrote The Great Gatsby during the summer and fall in Valescure near St. Raphael, but the marriage was damaged by Zelda’s involvement with a French naval aviator.

The Fitzgeralds spent the winter of 1924-1925 in Rome, where he revised The Great Gatsby; they were en route to Paris when the novel was published in April. The Great Gatsby marked a striking advance in Fitzgerald’s technique, utilizing a complex structure and a controlled narrative point of view. Fitzgerald’s achievement received critical praise, but sales of Gatsby were disappointing, though the stage and movie rights brought additional income.

Matched against the Cincinnati Reds, the Chicago White Sox were favored to win the World Series. They were almost the same team that won the 1917 championship and the 1919 Series looked to be no contest. It was said that people came not to see if the Sox won, but how they won. Early gamblers' odds favored them 5 to 1. The day before the Series opened in Cincinnati rumors of the fix were everywhere. As quickly as big bills started changing hands, the odds began to shift toward Cincinnati.

There was wide spread stock speculation in the 1920s. Everyone was buying stocks on credit and didn’t really know what they were doing. It all ended in 1929 when Wall Street collapsed.

Jazz term stemmed from houses of prostitution near the naval training center in New Orleans. They called the prostitutes Jezebels and the musicians who entertained customers in waiting, Jezz musicians. The military had to close down the houses because many of the men were getting VD and then the Jezz musicians headed north along the Mississippi. The 1920s were dubbed by Fitzgerald, “The Jazz Age.”

One of the symbols of the Jazz Age were these type of women.

The role of women changed dramatically during this time: skirts were shorter, hair was worn short, bare shoulders were shown. Women began to smoke and wear pants as well. Women also drank and became more promiscuous.

During these years Zelda Fitzgerald’s unconventional behavior became increasingly eccentric. In 1930 she suffered her first mental breakdown; her second breakdown, from which she never fully recovered, came in 1932. Throughout the 1930s the Fitzgeralds fought an ultimately unsuccessful battle to save their marriage.

In 1937, however, he managed to acquire work as a scriptwriter in Hollywood. There, he met and fell in love with Sheilah Graham, a famous Hollywood gossip columnist. For the rest of his life, though he frequently had drunken spells in which he became bitter and violent, Fitzgerald lived quietly with her.

In October 1939 Fitzgerald began a novel about Hollywood entitled The Last Tycoon.

On December 21, 1940, Fitzgerald suffered a fatal heart attack while his novel was still unfinished. Even in its half-completed state, The Last Tycoon is considered the equal of the rest of Fitzgerald's work "in the intensity with which it is imagined and in the brilliance of its expression."

F. Scott Fitzgerald Dies at 44;

Chronicler of ‘Lost Generation’

Author of ‘This Side of Paradise’ and

‘The GreatGatsby,’ Who

Voiced the Growing Disillusion

of the Jazz Age, Passed in Hollywood

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