f3 mindmap
TRANSCRIPT
Wha
t is
Che
mis
try
?
Chem
Is T
ry
An e
xper
imen
t ba
sed
subj
ect
Obs
erva
tion
5 se
nses
Visi
on
Appe
aran
ce
Colo
ur
Tran
spar
ency
Stat
e /
Form
Size
spee
d of
rea
ctio
n
dens
ity
solu
bilit
y
Hea
rhi
ssin
g/po
p
Smel
lpl
easa
nt/s
wee
t/pu
ngen
t/ir
rita
ting
Tast
e
Nev
er t
ry t
his
in t
he s
choo
lla
bora
tory
Touc
hho
t/co
ld/v
ibra
ting
hard
ness
Use
of
inst
rum
ent
/ ch
emic
al
e.g.
pH
met
er
e.g.
vol
tmet
er
e.g.
pH
pap
er
Prop
er r
ecor
d ke
epin
gCo
mm
on v
ocab
ular
y
colo
urle
ss v
s co
lour
ed
tran
spar
ent
vs o
paqu
e vs
clou
dy
bubb
les
evol
ving
(eff
erve
scen
ce)
vigo
rous
hiss
ing
soun
d
pow
dere
d vs
gra
nula
ted
stic
ky
As d
etai
l as
poss
ible
Anal
ysis
and
rep
ort
wri
ting
Labo
rato
ry S
afet
y
Dis
cipl
ine
in t
he la
bora
tory
Brie
fing
of
expe
rim
ent
Dis
trib
utio
n of
chem
ical
s
Com
mun
icat
ion
in la
bora
tory
Clea
ning
up
The
side
ben
ch
Your
ow
n be
nch
Exer
cisi
ng o
f co
mm
on s
ense
Pers
onal
pro
tect
ion
labo
rato
ry g
own
safe
ty s
pect
acle
s /
goog
les
glov
es
was
h ha
nds
Und
erst
and
the
natu
re o
fha
zard
Hea
t bu
rn
Chem
ical
bur
n
Min
or C
ut
Haz
ard
war
ning
labe
ls
Prop
er e
xper
imen
tal t
echn
ique
Tech
niqu
e
Mat
ches
Test
tub
e
Smel
ling
Sink
No
dire
ct d
ispo
sal
No
solid
was
te
No
orga
nic
was
te
Appr
opri
ate
amou
nt o
fch
emic
al
Oth
er a
ppar
atus
A sc
ienc
eSc
ient
ific
met
hod
Obs
erva
tion
from
nat
ure
from
exp
erim
ent
Law
(Ru
le/p
atte
rn)
Hyp
othe
sis
(pro
pose
dex
plan
atio
n)M
ake
rela
ted
pred
icti
on
To b
e te
sted
Theo
ry (
wel
l-te
sted
hypo
thes
is)
May
not
be
the
trut
h
Giv
e ri
se t
o te
chno
logy
Chan
ge t
he s
ocie
ty
Try
to e
xpla
in e
very
thin
g
Som
ethi
ng c
hang
ed t
hew
orld
Mat
eria
l Sci
ence
Petr
oche
mic
al in
dust
ryFu
el
Raw
mat
eria
ls f
or o
ther
indu
stry
Synt
heti
c m
ater
ial
plas
tic
fibr
e
met
al a
nd a
lloy
glas
s
pain
t an
d co
atin
g
Agri
cult
ure
Fert
ilize
r
Inse
ctic
ide
Feed
the
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n of
6bi
llion
Food
indu
stry
Food
add
itiv
es
Bioc
hem
istr
y
Med
icin
e
Dru
g
Anes
thet
ic
Anti
sept
ic Soci
al H
ygie
ne1:
99
Und
erst
andi
ng o
f di
seas
e
Alc
hem
y
Mak
ing
of g
old
Mak
ing
of p
otio
n/m
edic
ine
Mak
ing
diff
eren
t m
ater
ial
Extr
acti
on o
f m
etal
Trea
tmen
t of
met
al
Fath
er o
f Ch
emis
try
(Rob
ert
Boyl
e (1
627-
91)
Stud
y of
Cha
nge
(of
subs
tanc
es)
Def
init
ion
of m
atte
r
occu
pies
spa
ce
has
mas
s
rela
tion
ship
bet
wee
n m
atte
ran
d su
bsta
nce
Phys
ical
cha
nge
of m
atte
rN
o ne
w s
ubst
ance
is f
orm
ed
e.g.
eva
pora
tion
of
wat
er
Chem
ical
cha
nge
of m
atte
rN
ew s
ubst
ance
is f
orm
ed
e.g.
ele
ctro
lysi
s of
wat
er
Stud
y of
Com
posi
tion
Stru
ctur
e
Prop
erti
es
Phys
ical
Pro
pert
ies
Appe
aran
ce
Odo
ur
Tast
e
Mel
ting
,Boi
ling
and
Subl
imat
ion
poin
t
Har
dnes
s
Den
sity
Duc
tilit
y an
d M
alle
abili
ty
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity
Ther
mal
con
duct
ivit
y
Chem
ical
Pro
pert
ies
Read
ines
s of
rea
ctio
n
Spee
d of
rea
ctio
n
Out
com
e of
rea
ctio
n
1. W
hat i
s C
hem
istry
.mm
ap -
20/5
/200
5 -
Fund
amen
tals
of
chem
istr
yPart
icle
the
ory
ofm
atte
r
Theo
ry
All m
atte
rs a
re m
ade
up o
fti
ny p
arti
cles
.
Evid
ence
s
Dif
fusi
on
Uni
que
crys
tal s
hape
sM
akin
g of
cry
stal
Evap
orat
ion
of s
atur
ated
solu
tion
Brow
nian
mov
emen
t
Kine
tic
theo
ry o
f m
atte
rTh
eory
All m
atte
rs a
re m
ade
up o
fti
ny p
arti
cles
wit
h sp
aces
amon
g th
e pa
rtic
les.
Part
icle
s ar
e in
con
stan
tra
ndom
mot
ion
K.E.
of
the
part
icle
s in
crea
sew
ith
incr
easi
ng t
empe
ratu
re
Able
to
expl
ain
The
exis
tenc
e of
3 p
hysi
cal
stat
es
The
chan
ge in
phy
sica
l sta
tes
Exis
tenc
e of
Ele
men
ts
Def
init
ion
A pu
re s
ubst
ance
tha
t ca
nnot
be b
roke
n do
wn
into
any
thin
gsi
mpl
er b
y ch
emic
al m
etho
ds.
e.g.
hyd
roge
n
Nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
ele
men
ts
92 o
nly
e.g.
hyd
roge
n,ox
ygen
, so
dium
Arti
fici
al e
lem
ents
By 3
Feb
200
4, 2
5 ne
wel
emen
ts w
ere
mad
e by
the
scie
ntis
t. E
lem
ent
117
is s
till
not
disc
over
ed.
Rela
tive
abu
ndan
t
49.9
% O
xyge
n
26.0
% Si
licon
7.3%
Alu
min
ium
4.1%
Iron
Exis
tenc
e of
Com
poun
ds
Def
init
ion
A pu
re s
ubst
ance
mad
e up
of
two
or m
ore
elem
ents
chem
ical
ly c
ombi
ned
toge
ther
.
e.g.
com
mon
sal
t -
sodi
um c
hlor
ide
Impo
rtan
t te
rms
Reac
tion
, re
acta
nt,
prod
uct
Form
atio
n of
com
poun
ds f
rom
elem
ents
Dec
ompo
siti
on o
f co
mpo
unds
to e
lem
ents
Exis
tenc
e of
Mix
ture
Anyt
hing
tha
t is
impu
re.
i.e.
Two
or m
ore
pure
sub
stan
ces
mix
ed b
ut n
ot c
hem
ical
lyco
mbi
ned
toge
ther
e.g.
sal
t so
luti
on
Dif
fere
nce
betw
een
Mix
ture
and
Com
poun
d
Sepa
rati
on o
f M
ixtu
re
e.g.
eva
pora
tion
of
salt
sol
utio
n
2. F
unda
men
tals
of c
hem
istry
.mm
ap -
19/5
/200
5 -
Atm
osph
ereTh
e ou
term
ost
laye
r of
ear
th
Intr
oduc
tion
to
ear
th
Plac
e w
here
we
live
Sour
ce o
f m
ater
ial /
res
ourc
es
Ove
rvie
w45
00 m
illio
n ye
ars
old
1280
0 km
in d
iam
eter
Laye
red
stru
ctur
eof
ear
th
Atm
osph
ere
80 k
m t
hick
held
to
eart
h by
gra
vity
Oce
anco
ver
70%
of e
arth
cru
st
max
10.
9 km
Crus
t5-
70 k
m
Man
tle
thic
k liq
uid
/ se
mi s
olid
roc
k
Out
er c
ore
dens
e liq
uid
iron
the
flow
of
iron
crea
tes
a m
agne
tic
fuild
Inne
r Co
rede
nse
solid
iron
Com
posi
tion
A m
ixtu
re o
f di
ffer
ent
gase
s
78.0
84 %
nit
roge
n
20.9
47%
oxyg
en
0.93
4% a
rgon
0.03
3% c
arbo
n di
oxid
e
18.2
ppm
/ 0
.001
82 %
Ne
5.2
ppm
/ 0
.000
52%
He
Oth
ers
: kr
yton
, su
lphu
r di
oxid
e,
Met
hane
, H
ydro
gen,
din
itro
gen
oxid
e,xe
non,
ozo
ne,
nitr
ogen
dio
xide
,io
dine
, ca
rbon
mon
oxid
e, a
mm
onia
Sepa
rati
on o
f di
ffer
ent
com
pone
nts
Frac
tion
al d
isti
llati
on o
f liq
uid
air
Dif
fere
nt c
ompo
nent
s ha
vedi
ffer
ent
boili
ng p
oint
s
Prop
erti
es o
f ox
ygen
Phys
ical
- c
olou
rles
s, o
dorl
ess,
slig
htly
den
ser
than
air
,sl
ight
ly s
olub
le
Chem
ical
- r
eact
ive,
sup
port
burn
ing,
for
m o
xide
s w
ith
othe
r el
emen
ts
Test
for
oxy
gen
Perc
enta
ge -
Pas
sing
air
fro
than
d ba
ck o
ver
heat
ed c
oppe
r
Pres
ence
- R
elig
ht g
low
ing
splin
t
Use
of
Gas
es
Oxy
gen
Filli
ng o
xyge
n ta
nk f
orbr
eath
ing
Fuel
in r
ocke
ts a
nd s
pace
shut
tles
For
wel
ding
and
cut
ting
met
al
Nit
roge
n
Food
pac
kagi
ng
As r
efri
gera
nt t
o pr
ovid
e a
very
low
tem
p. e
.g.
sper
mba
nk
Mak
ing
amm
onia
- r
awm
ater
ial f
or m
akin
g fe
rtili
zer,
nitr
ic a
cid
etc.
Carb
on d
ioxi
de
Dry
ice
Fuzz
y so
ft d
rink
Fire
ext
ingu
ishe
rs
Nob
le g
ases
Hel
ium
- f
illin
g ai
r sh
ip a
ndba
lloon
(lig
ht a
ndno
n-fl
amm
able
)
Neo
n -
Use
d in
neo
n lig
ht
Argo
n -
Filli
ng li
ght
bulb
Cha
pter
3 -
The
atm
osph
ere
Oce
ans
Intr
oduc
tion
70%
of e
arth
cru
st c
over
ed b
yw
ater
(oc
ean
and
sea)
Sea
wat
er c
onta
ins
diff
eren
tsa
lts
sodi
um c
hlor
ide
68%
(com
mon
sal
t)
mag
nesi
um c
hlor
ide
15%
sodi
um s
ulph
ate
11%
calc
ium
chl
orid
e 3%
othe
r sa
lts
3%
Extr
acti
on o
f co
mm
onsa
lt f
rom
sea
wat
er
Evap
orat
ion
by s
un
by d
irec
t he
atin
g or
indi
rect
heat
ing
wit
h st
eam
bat
h
Filt
rati
on a
nd
crys
talli
zati
on b
y ev
apor
atio
n or
co
olin
g
Rem
ovin
g th
e in
solu
ble
impu
riti
es (
resi
due)
Mak
ing
a sa
tura
ted
solu
tion
Slow
er t
he
crys
talli
zati
on p
roce
ss,
bigg
er t
he c
ryst
al
Isol
atio
n of
pur
e w
ater
from
sea
wat
erD
isti
llati
on
Labo
rato
ry s
etup
(w
itho
utw
ater
con
dens
er)
Labo
rato
ry s
etup
(w
ith
wat
erco
nden
ser
usin
g Q
uick
fit
appa
ratu
s)
Des
alti
ng p
lant
- d
isti
llati
on in
larg
e sc
ale
Test
for
dif
fere
ntco
mpo
siti
ons
in s
ea w
ater
Sodi
um io
nFl
ame
test
Plat
inum
wir
e, c
once
ntra
ted
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
d, b
unse
nbu
rner So
dium
ion
give
s br
illia
ntgo
lden
yel
low
fla
me
Can
be u
sed
to t
est
for
othe
r m
etal
:po
tass
ium
- l
ilac
calc
ium
- b
rick
red
copp
er -
blu
ish
gree
n
Chlo
ride
ion
Silv
er n
itra
te s
olut
ion
+ di
lute
nit
ric
acid
Whi
te p
reci
pita
te
Wat
er
anhy
drou
s co
pper
(II)
sulp
hate
pow
der
turn
s fr
om w
hite
to
blue
anhy
drou
s co
balt
(II)
chlo
ride
pap
ertu
rns
from
blu
e to
pin
k
Elec
trol
ysis
of
brin
e(P
ure
conc
entr
ated
sodi
um c
hlor
ide
solu
tion
) -
Chlo
r-al
kali
indu
stry
Hyd
roge
nga
s
Mak
ing
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
d,m
arga
rine
, am
mon
ia,
rock
etfu
el
Chl
orin
ega
s
Mak
ing
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
d, P
VCpl
asti
c, c
hlor
ine
blea
ch,
solv
ent.
Ste
riliz
ing
wat
er
Sodi
umhy
drox
ide
solu
tion
Mak
ing
soap
and
pap
er.
Extr
acti
ng a
lum
iniu
m.
Trea
ting
acid
was
te
4. O
cean
s.m
map
- 10
/11/
2004
-
Rock
s an
d M
iner
als
Wea
ther
ing
and
Eros
ion
Wea
ther
ing
Slow
pro
cess
of
brea
king
up
ofex
pose
d ro
ck in
to s
mal
ler
piec
e
Phys
ical
wea
ther
ing
Tem
p. c
hang
e
Irre
gula
r co
ntra
ctio
n an
dex
pans
ion
of d
iffe
rent
min
eral
s
Fros
t ac
tion
Wat
er f
reez
es in
cra
cks
inro
cks
and
expa
nds
Abra
sion
Cons
tant
abr
asio
n of
win
d,st
ream
s an
d w
ave
Che
mic
alw
eath
erin
g
Atta
ck b
y ac
id r
ain
(lim
esto
ne,
chal
k,m
arbl
e)
carb
on d
ioxi
de +
wat
er
= ca
rbon
ic a
cid
calc
ium
car
bona
te (
inso
lubl
e) +
car
boni
c ac
id=
calc
ium
hyd
roge
ncar
bona
te (
solu
ble)
calc
ium
car
bona
te (
inso
lubl
e) +
str
ong
acid
= ca
lciu
m s
alt
+ ca
rbon
dio
xide
+ w
ater
effe
rves
cenc
eob
serv
ed
Atta
ck b
y ox
ygen
Iron
con
tain
ing
rock
will
cor
rode
and
form
red
iron
oxi
des
Che
mic
alpr
oper
ties
of c
alci
umca
rbon
ate
Hea
t ca
lciu
m c
arbo
nate
(lim
esto
ne)
stro
ngly
gi
ves
calc
ium
oxi
de (
quic
klim
e) a
nd c
arbo
n di
oxid
e
Add
a lit
tle
wat
er t
o ca
lciu
m o
xide
(qu
ickl
ime)
turn
s it
to
calc
ium
hyd
roxi
de (
slak
ed li
me)
+ h
eat
Dis
solv
eca
lciu
mhy
drox
ide
(sla
ked
lime)
ina
lot
of w
ater
to
giv
e ca
lciu
mhy
drox
ide
solu
tion
/su
spen
sion
(lim
ewat
er)
Use
of
lim
ewat
erto
tes
tfo
rca
rbon
diox
ide
calc
ium
hyd
roxi
de (
solu
ble)
+ca
rbon
dio
xide
= c
alci
umca
rbon
ate
(ins
olub
le)
+ w
ater
Test
for
cal
cium
ion
(Fla
me
test
) -
bric
k re
d fl
ame
Test
for
car
bona
te i
on -
add
hyd
roch
lori
c ac
id a
nd
allo
w t
he g
as e
volv
ed t
o pa
ss t
hrou
gh li
mew
ater
Eros
ion
Slow
pro
cess
of
wea
ther
ing
ofro
ck a
nd t
rans
port
ing
away
from
the
ori
gina
l pla
ceM
iner
al
a na
tura
l sol
id w
ith
defi
nite
crys
talli
ne s
truc
ture
and
chem
ical
com
posi
tion
The
arra
ngem
ent
of p
arti
cles
are
regu
lar
e.g.
gra
phit
e, a
lum
iniu
mox
ide,
sod
ium
chl
orid
e
Use
of
min
eral
s
grap
hite
- p
enci
l lea
d
rock
sal
t -
cook
ing
jade
- j
ewel
lery
mar
ble
- bu
ildin
g m
ater
ial
gold
- j
ewel
lery
Met
al i
s us
uall
y ex
trac
ted
from
ore
Ore
- a
min
eral
fro
m w
hich
aco
nsti
tuen
t ca
n be
pro
fita
bly
extr
acte
d
Extr
acti
on p
roce
ss -
min
ing,
conc
entr
atin
g or
e, e
xtra
ctio
nof
met
al,
puri
fyin
g im
pure
met
al
Extr
acti
on o
f ir
onfr
om h
aem
atit
e (m
ainl
y ir
on(I
II) o
xide
)
Hea
ting
haem
atit
ew
ith
carb
on
Extr
acti
on o
f al
umin
ium
fro
m
baux
ite
(mai
nly
alum
iniu
m o
xide
)
Elec
trol
ysis
of m
olte
nba
uxit
e
The
reso
urce
is li
mit
ed
Rock
a so
lid m
ass
of a
min
eral
or
am
ixtu
re o
f m
iner
als
Thre
e m
ain
type
s of
roc
k
Sedi
men
tary
Form
ed b
y se
dim
enta
tion
of
min
eral
s, r
emai
ns o
f pl
ant
and
anim
als
and/
or o
ther
prec
ipit
ates
e.g.
lim
esto
ne,
chal
k, s
ands
tone
Igne
ous
Form
ed b
y ha
rden
ing
ofm
olte
n ro
ck
e.g.
gra
nite
, ba
salt M
etam
orph
ic
Form
ed f
rom
sed
imen
tary
or
igne
ous
rock
und
er h
eat
and/
or p
ress
ure
e.g.
mar
ble,
sla
te
Lim
esto
ne,
chal
k an
d m
arbl
e(2
sed
imen
tary
roc
ks a
nd 1
met
amor
phic
roc
k)
All c
onta
in c
alci
te (
calc
ium
car
bona
te)
Ori
gin
limes
tone
and
cha
lk -
fro
m t
here
mai
ns o
f se
a sh
ells
mar
ble
- fr
om r
ecry
stal
lizat
ion
of li
mes
tone
und
er h
eat
and
pres
sure
Use
s
Lim
esto
ne -
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ial,
mak
ing
cem
ent,
gla
ss,
stee
l,pa
per,
neu
tral
izin
g ac
id
Chal
k -
build
ing
mat
eria
l
Mar
ble
- bu
ildin
g m
ater
ial,
mar
king
sta
tue
and
mon
umen
t
5. R
ocks
and
min
eral
s.m
map
- 25
/11/
2004
-
Ato
mic
stru
ctur
eElem
ent
Def
init
ion
- Su
bsta
nce
that
can
not
be b
roke
n do
wn
into
any
thin
gsi
mpl
er b
y ch
emic
al m
etho
d (e
.g.
by h
eati
ng /
ele
ctro
lysi
s)
Clas
sifi
cati
on
by p
hysi
cal s
tate
solid
liqui
d
gas
by m
etal
licpr
oper
ties
met
al
Silv
ery
whi
te(e
xcep
t Au
(go
lden
yel
low
) an
dCu
(re
ddis
h br
own)
Mal
leab
le a
nd d
ucti
le
Goo
d co
nduc
tor
of h
eat
and
elec
tric
ity
non-
met
al
Vari
ousl
y co
lour
ed
Brit
tle
Usu
ally
poo
r co
nduc
tor
of e
lect
rici
ty a
nd h
eat
sem
i-m
etal
/m
etal
loid
Test
for
met
allic
pro
pert
ies
Chem
ical
Sym
bols
Atom
s
Def
init
ion
- Sm
alle
st p
art
of a
n el
emen
t st
illpo
sses
ses
the
prop
erti
es o
f th
e el
emen
t.
0.03
nm
- 0
.30
nm ;
1 m
= 1
,000
,000
,000
nm
ON
E el
emen
t is
com
pris
ed o
fon
ly O
NE
kind
of
atom
s.
Chem
ical
Sym
bols
for
the
ele
men
ts c
anal
so b
e us
ed a
s th
e At
omic
Sym
bol.
Mas
s of
ato
ms
Isot
opes
Atom
s of
the
sam
e el
emen
t w
ith
diff
eren
t m
ass
/ m
ass
no.
/ no
. of
neu
tron
Hav
ing
the
sam
e ch
emic
al p
rope
rtie
s bu
t sl
ight
lydi
ffer
ent
phys
ical
pro
pert
ies
Carb
on-1
2 sc
ale
a C-
12 is
otop
e is
def
ined
as
havi
ngex
actl
y 12
uni
ts o
f m
ass
(Rel
ativ
e) Is
otop
ic m
ass
Mas
s of
a p
arti
cula
r is
otop
eba
sed
on C
-12
scal
e
Isot
opic
mas
s ≈
mas
s no
. (n
ot e
qual
)
(Rel
ativ
e) a
tom
ic m
ass
Rela
tive
abu
ndan
ceof
dif
fere
nt is
otop
es
Wei
ghte
d av
erag
e of
isot
opic
mas
ses
Elec
tron
ic
conf
igur
atio
nof
ato
ms
by n
umbe
ring
by e
lect
ron
diag
ram
elec
tron
ic a
rran
gem
ent
of t
he f
irst
20
elem
ents
Stab
ility
and
ele
ctro
nic
conf
igur
atio
n of
nob
le g
ases
dupl
et o
r oc
tet
Stru
ctur
eof
ato
ms
Dif
fere
nt m
odel
s
Dal
ton'
s m
odel
Atom
s ar
e in
divi
sibl
e sp
here
s
Thom
son'
s m
odel
Rais
in p
uddi
ng m
odel
-el
ectr
ons
on a
pos
itiv
e pu
ddin
g
Ruth
erfo
rd's
mod
elN
ucle
us +
ele
ctro
ns
Bohr
's m
odel
Nuc
leus
+ e
lect
rons
orbi
ting
aro
und
Orb
ital
mod
el
Loca
tion
of
elec
tron
s ca
n on
lybe
des
crib
ed b
y pr
obab
ility
Fund
amen
tal
suba
tom
icpa
rtic
les
- Al
l at
oms
are
mad
e up
of
thes
e.
Prot
onPo
siti
ve p
arti
cle
at n
ucle
us
Neu
tron
Elec
tric
ally
neu
tral
par
ticl
eat
nuc
leus
wit
h th
e sa
me
mas
s as
pro
ton
Elec
tron
Neg
ativ
e pa
rtic
le w
ith
virt
ually
no
mas
s, t
hesa
me
amou
nt o
f ch
arge
as p
roto
n, o
rbit
ing
arou
nd n
ucle
us
In a
n el
ectr
ical
ly n
eutr
al a
tom
, #
of p
= #
of
n
Atom
ic n
o. (
Z)no
. of
pro
ton
uniq
ue t
o in
divi
dual
ele
men
t
Mas
s no
. (A
)no
. of
pro
ton
+ no
. of
neu
tron Fu
ll at
omic
sym
bol
wit
h m
ass
no.
wit
h or
wit
hout
ato
mic
no.
over
all a
ll ch
arge
s
tota
l no.
of
p -
tota
l no.
of e
lect
ron
no.
of s
peci
es
6. A
tom
ic s
truct
ure.
mm
ap -
21/1
/200
5 -
The
Peri
odic
Tab
le
Dev
elop
men
t of
Per
iodi
cTa
ble
Prop
erti
es o
f va
riou
s el
emen
ts a
re c
ompa
red
Elem
ents
wit
h si
mila
r ch
emic
al p
rope
rtie
s ar
e gr
oupe
d to
geth
er in
gro
ups
e.g.
sod
ium
, po
tass
ium
e.g.
chl
orin
e, b
rom
ine,
iodi
ne
Elem
ents
are
arr
ange
d in
asc
endi
ngor
der
of a
tom
ic n
o. (
not
mas
s)
Elem
ents
sho
ws
peri
odic
vari
atio
n of
pro
pert
ies
e.g.
non
-met
al,
met
al,
sem
i-m
etal
, no
n-m
etal
,m
etal
, se
mi-
met
al,
non-
met
al,
met
al..
.
e.g.
gas
, so
lid,
gas,
sol
id,
gas,
sol
id,
gas,
sol
id..
.
Stru
ctur
e of
a m
oder
npe
riod
ic t
able
Elem
ents
wit
h th
e sa
me
no.
of o
ccup
ied
elec
tron
shel
ls a
re a
rran
ged
in r
ows
calle
d pe
riod
Peri
od n
o. =
no.
of
occu
pied
ele
ctro
n sh
ells
Elem
ents
wit
h si
mila
r ch
emic
alpr
oper
ties
are
arr
ange
d in
vert
ical
col
umn
calle
d gr
oups
Gro
up n
o. =
no.
of
oute
rmos
t el
ectr
on
Som
e sp
ecia
l gro
ups
Gro
up I
- al
kali
met
als
soft
, ca
n be
cut
by
a kn
ife
silv
ery
reac
tive
reac
t w
ith
wat
er t
o gi
ve a
nal
kain
e so
luti
on
Gro
up II
- a
lkal
ine
eart
h m
etal
sle
ss r
eact
ive
than
alk
ali m
etal
Gro
up V
II -
halo
gens
pois
onou
s
reac
tive
reac
t w
ith
sodi
um s
ulph
ite
solu
tion
to
give
col
ourl
ess
prod
ucts
Gro
up 0
- n
oble
gas
esco
lour
less
gas
very
sta
ble
Gro
up t
rend
met
al
reac
tivi
ties
incr
ease
s do
wn
agr
oup
Met
al a
tom
lose
s el
ectr
on m
ore
read
ily d
own
a gr
oup
Attr
acti
on b
etw
een
the
oute
rmos
t el
ectr
on a
nd t
henu
cleu
s ge
ts le
ss a
s th
e si
ze o
f th
e at
om g
ets
bigg
er
non-
met
al
reac
tivi
ties
dec
reas
e do
wn
agr
oup
Non
-met
al a
tom
gai
ns e
lect
ron
less
rea
dily
dow
n a
grou
p
Attr
acti
on b
etw
een
the
inco
min
g el
ectr
on a
nd t
he n
ucle
usge
ts le
ss a
s th
e si
ze o
f th
e at
om g
ets
bigg
er'
Gro
upin
g in
blo
cks
40 m
etal
s in
the
mid
dle
of t
he t
able
are
cal
led
tran
siti
on m
etal
s
28 m
etal
s in
the
a s
epar
ate
bloc
k at
the
bot
tom
are
cal
led
rare
ear
th m
etal
s /
elem
ents
All o
ther
ele
men
ts o
n th
e 2
side
s ar
e ca
lled
mai
n gr
oup
elem
ents
7. T
he P
erio
dic
Tabl
e.m
map
- 21
/1/2
005
-
Ioni
c bo
ndin
g
Cond
ucti
vity
of
com
poun
ds in
liqu
id o
raq
ueou
s st
ate
Elec
trol
yte
a co
mpo
und
whi
ch c
ondu
cts
atliq
uid
or a
queo
us s
tate
onl
y
usua
lly c
ompr
ised
of
met
alan
d no
n-m
etal
cons
ists
of
part
icle
s ca
lled
ions
ion
: an
ele
ctri
cally
cha
rged
atom
(si
mpl
e io
n) o
r gr
oup
ofat
oms
(pol
yato
mic
ion)
non-
elec
trol
yte
a co
mpo
und
whi
ch d
oes
not
cond
uct
at li
quid
or
aque
ous
stat
e
com
pris
ed o
f no
n-m
etal
s on
ly
cons
ists
of
part
icle
s ca
lled
mol
ecul
e
mol
ecul
e :
the
smal
lest
par
ticl
eth
at c
an e
xist
on
its
own
(ele
ctri
cally
unc
harg
ed)
Evid
ence
of
pres
ence
of
ions
Elec
trol
ysis
of
elec
trol
yte
Elec
trol
ysis
of
mol
ten
elec
trol
yte
e.g.
mol
ten
lead
(II)
brom
ide
Som
e te
rms
cati
on :
pos
itiv
e io
n
anio
n :
nega
tive
ion
cath
ode
: th
e el
ectr
ode
whi
ch t
heca
tion
(+v
e io
n) m
oves
tow
ards
to
anod
e :
the
elec
trod
e w
hich
the
anio
n (-
ve io
n) m
oves
tow
ards
to
posi
tive
ele
ctro
de :
the
elec
trod
e co
nnec
ting
to
the
posi
tive
ter
min
al o
f th
e ba
tter
y
nega
tive
ele
ctro
de :
the
ele
ctro
deco
nnec
ting
to
the
nega
tive
term
inal
of
the
batt
ery
com
pris
ed o
f m
obile
ions
Cond
ucti
ng o
f el
ectr
icit
y
mig
rati
on o
f th
e m
obile
ions
inth
e el
ectr
olyt
e
mig
rati
on o
f el
ectr
ons
in t
heco
nduc
ting
wir
e
Dec
ompo
siti
on o
fth
e el
ectr
olyt
e
disc
harg
e of
cat
ions
at t
he c
atho
de
e.g.
for
mat
ion
ofm
olte
n le
ad a
t ca
thod
e
disc
harg
e of
ani
ons
at t
he a
node
e.g.
for
mat
ion
ofbr
omin
e va
pour
at
anod
e
Elec
trol
ysis
of
aque
ous
elec
trol
yte
e.g.
copp
er(I
I)ch
lori
de s
olut
ion
com
pris
ed o
f m
obile
ions
sur
roun
ded
by w
ater
mol
ecul
es
Cond
ucti
ng o
f el
ectr
icit
ym
igra
tion
of
the
mob
ile io
ns in
wat
er
mig
rati
on o
f el
ectr
ons
in t
heco
nduc
ting
wir
e
Dec
ompo
siti
on o
fth
e el
ectr
olyt
e
disc
harg
e of
cat
ions
at t
he c
atho
de
e.g.
for
mat
ion
ofco
pper
met
al a
tca
thod
e
disc
harg
e of
ani
ons
at t
he a
node
e.g.
for
mat
ion
ofch
lori
ne g
as a
t an
ode
Colo
ur o
f io
nsus
ually
con
tain
ing
tran
siti
on m
etal
Mig
rati
on o
f io
nsm
igra
tion
of
ions
in g
el
mig
rati
on o
f io
ns o
n a
piec
e of
filt
er p
aper
moi
sten
ed w
ith
an a
queo
us e
lect
roly
te
Form
atio
n of
ioni
c bo
nd
tran
sfer
ring
of
elec
tron
fro
mm
etal
ato
ms
to n
on-m
etal
ato
ms
repr
esen
ted
by e
lect
ron
dot
and
cros
s di
agra
m (
elec
tron
dia
gram
)
Onl
y an
ove
r-si
mpl
ifie
d ex
plan
atio
n; t
heac
tual
exp
lana
tion
will
be
stud
ied
in F
orm
6
non-
dire
ctio
nal n
atur
e of
ioni
c bo
nd
Elec
tros
tati
c na
ture
of
the
stro
ng a
ttra
ctio
n am
ong
oppo
site
ly c
harg
ed io
ns
trill
ions
and
trill
ions
of
oppo
site
lych
arge
d io
nsjo
inin
g to
geth
er
Gia
nt io
nic
stru
ctur
e
Elec
tric
ally
neu
tral
Form
ula
ofio
nic
com
poun
d
ioni
c fo
rmul
a
show
ing
the
sim
ples
t w
hole
num
ber
rati
o of
ions
pre
sent
empi
rica
l for
mul
a
show
ing
the
sim
ples
t w
hole
num
ber
rati
o of
ato
ms
pres
ent
brac
ket
is u
sed
to e
nclo
seth
ose
poly
atom
ic io
n in
afo
rmul
a if
the
re is
mor
e th
anon
e po
lyat
omic
ion
of t
hesa
me
kind
Ions
Form
atio
n of
ions
met
al a
tom
s te
nd t
o lo
se e
lect
rons
to
get
a fu
lly f
illed
out
erm
ost
shel
l to
for
m c
atio
ns
Onl
y an
ove
r-si
mpl
ifie
d ex
plan
atio
n of
for
mat
ion
of io
ns;
the
actu
al e
xpla
nati
on w
ill b
e st
udie
d in
For
m 6
non-
met
al a
tom
s te
nd t
o ga
in e
lect
rons
to
get
a fu
lly f
illed
out
erm
ost
shel
l to
for
m a
nion
s
Form
ula
and
nam
ing
ofio
ns
Nam
e of
cat
ions
sim
ple
cati
on
Usu
ally
hav
e th
e sa
me
nam
e as
the
ato
m e
.g.
hydr
ogen
ion
For
thos
e at
oms
capa
ble
to f
orm
mul
tipl
e io
ns,
the
char
gew
ill b
e in
dica
ted
by a
rom
an n
umer
al e
.g.
copp
er(I
) io
n,co
pper
(II)
ion
poly
atom
ic c
atio
ne.
g. a
mm
oniu
m io
n
Nam
e of
anio
ns
sim
ple
anio
nen
d w
ith
-ide
e.g.
oxi
de io
n
poly
atom
icio
n
end
wit
h -i
dee.
g. h
ydro
xide
ion end
wit
h -i
te o
r -a
te
oxyg
en c
onta
inin
g po
lyat
omic
ion
-ite
, co
ntai
ns l
ess
oxyg
en
e.g.
sul
phit
e io
n, n
itri
te io
n
-ate
, co
ntai
n m
ore
oxyg
en
e.g.
sul
phat
e io
n, n
itra
te io
n
othe
rpr
efix
es
per-
: e
ven
mor
epe
rman
gana
te io
n
hypo
- :
even
less
hypo
chlo
rite
ion
di-
: tw
odi
chro
mat
e io
n
hydr
ogen
- :
hydr
ogen
ion
hydr
ogen
carb
onat
e io
n
thio
- :
repl
aced
an
Oat
om w
ith
a su
lphu
r at
omth
iosu
lpha
te io
n
Dif
fere
nce
betw
een
atom
and
ion
atom
s an
d io
ns s
how
tot
ally
diff
eren
t pr
oper
ties
e.g.
sod
ium
ver
sus
sodi
um c
hlor
ide
in w
ater
8. Io
nic
bond
ing.
mm
ap -
1/2/
2005
-
Cova
lent
bon
ding
Cova
lent
bon
d
Nat
ure
of c
oval
ent
bond
Stro
ng,
elec
tros
tati
c, d
irec
tion
al
Form
ed b
y sh
arin
g of
out
erm
ost
elec
tron
s,
i.e.
co-
mea
ns s
hari
ng,
-val
ent
mea
ns o
uter
mos
t sh
ell e
lect
rons
From
the
ele
ctro
stat
ic a
ttra
ctio
n be
twee
npo
siti
ve n
ucle
us-n
egat
ive
bond
ing
elec
tron
-pos
itiv
e nu
cleu
s
Elec
tron
diag
ram
of
cova
lent
mol
ecul
e
feat
ures
on
the
diag
ram
(fo
r th
eou
term
ost
elec
tron
s on
ly)
bond
ing
elec
tron
s
Each
pai
r is
know
n as
abo
nd p
air
1 bo
nd p
air
= si
ngle
bon
d2
bond
pai
rs =
dou
ble
bond
3 bo
nd p
airs
= t
ripl
e bo
nd
non-
bond
ing
elec
tron
s
Each
pai
r is
kno
wn
as a
lone
pair
Form
atio
n of
cova
lent
bon
d
Two
non-
met
al a
tom
s sh
are
the
oute
rmos
t el
ectr
ons
wit
hea
ch o
ther
to
atta
inco
mpl
etel
y fi
lled
oute
rmos
tsh
ell.
The
atom
s b
ecom
e st
able
.
Shar
ing
of e
ach
elec
tron
virt
ually
giv
esth
e at
om o
nem
ore
elec
tron
.
Gro
up 7
ato
ms
usua
lly s
hare
1 e
lect
ron;
For
m 1
bon
d
Gro
up 6
ato
ms
usua
lly s
hare
2 e
lect
rons
; Fo
rm 2
bon
ds
Gro
up 5
ato
ms
usua
lly s
hare
3 e
lect
rons
; Fo
rm 3
bon
ds
Gro
up 4
ato
ms
usua
lly s
hare
4 e
lect
rons
; Fo
rm 4
bon
ds
Gro
up 1
-3 a
tom
s do
not
for
m c
oval
ent
bond
at
all a
sth
ey a
re m
etal
ato
ms.
Gia
nt C
oval
ent
subs
tanc
e (S
ubst
ance
s in
whi
ch b
illio
ns a
ndbi
llion
s no
n-m
etal
ato
ms
are
join
ed t
oget
her
byco
vale
nt b
ond.
)Ex
ampl
es
Dia
mon
d (a
for
m o
f ca
rbon
elem
ent)
Billi
ons
and
billi
ons
of c
arbo
nat
oms
are
join
ed t
oget
her
tetr
ahed
rally
by
stro
ng C
-Csi
ngle
bon
d
Har
dest
sub
stan
ce in
the
wor
ld.
Silic
on(I
V) o
xide
, al
so k
now
nas
qua
rtz
Silic
on a
tom
s ar
e jo
ined
tetr
ahed
rally
thr
ough
oxy
gen
atom
s by
str
ong
Si-O
sin
gle
bond
Mol
ecul
ar s
ubst
ance
s(S
ubst
ance
s in
whi
chdi
scre
te (
sepa
rate
)m
olec
ules
are
fou
nd.)
Def
init
ion
of m
olec
ule
: th
e sm
alle
stpa
rtic
le t
hat
can
exis
ts o
n it
s ow
n. i.
e.th
e pa
rtic
les
foun
d in
non
-ele
ctro
lyte
Ion
cann
ot e
xist
on
its
own;
Posi
tive
ions
alw
ays
attr
act
nega
tive
ions
Prot
on c
anno
t ex
ist
on it
s ow
n,It
alw
ays
attr
acts
ele
ctro
ns
Met
allic
ato
ms
cann
ot e
xist
on
its
own,
bill
ions
of
met
alat
oms
are
stic
king
tog
ethe
r in
the
smal
lest
pos
sibl
e pi
ece
ofm
etal
.
Elem
ent
Def
init
ion
of a
tom
icit
y :
Num
ber
of a
tom
s in
a m
olec
ule
of a
n el
emen
t
Exam
ples
mon
oato
mic
(at
omic
ity
= 1)
: H
e, N
e, A
rdi
atom
ic (
atom
icit
y =2
) :
H2,
O2,
N2,
F2,
Cl2
, Br
2, I
2tr
iato
mic
(at
omic
ity
= 3)
: O
3te
traa
tom
ic (
atom
icit
y =
4) :
P4
octa
atom
ic (
atom
icit
y =
8) :
S8
Com
poun
dEx
ampl
es :
wat
er H
2O,
alco
hol C
2H6O
, gl
ucos
e C6
H12
O6
Form
ulae
use
d to
repr
esen
t m
olec
ular
subs
tanc
e
Empi
rica
l for
mul
a
Show
ing
the
sim
ples
t w
hole
num
ber
rati
o of
ato
ms
pres
ent
e.g.
CH
2O f
orgl
ucos
e
Mol
ecul
ar f
orm
ula
Show
ing
the
actu
al n
o. o
fat
oms
pres
ent
in a
mol
ecul
e e.
g. C
6H12
O6
for
gluc
ose
Stru
ctur
al f
orm
ula
Show
ing
the
orde
r of
conn
ecti
on o
f at
oms
in a
mol
ecul
e
Mod
els
used
to
repr
esen
tm
olec
ular
sub
stan
ce
Ball-
and-
stic
k m
odel
Skel
etal
ato
mic
mod
el
Spac
e-fi
lling
mod
el
Inte
rmol
ecul
ar f
orce
s(a
ttra
ctiv
e fo
rces
am
ong
the
mol
ecul
e)
Firs
t di
scov
ered
by
van
der
Waa
ls,
ther
efor
e it
is a
lso
know
n as
van
der
Waa
ls'
forc
es.
Muc
h w
eake
r th
an c
oval
ent
bond
, ab
out
10 t
imes
wea
ker.
The
stre
ngth
is d
epen
ding
on
the
mol
ecul
ar s
ize,
usu
ally
ala
rger
mol
ecul
e w
ill g
ive
ast
rong
van
der
Waa
ls' f
orce
.
9. C
oval
ent b
ondi
ng.m
map
- 12
/4/2
005
-
Structure andproperties of
materials
Structure - a description of the arrangement of particles in a substance.
Molecular structure(individual/discretemolecules can be found)
Simple molecular
e.g. H2O, NO2, S8, P4
under 100 atoms fat and oil - marginal cases, with just over 100 atoms
weaker intermolecularforces among molecules
usually gases, liquids or low melting solids
soft and weak
usually insoluble in water (a polarsolvent) but soluble in non-aqueoussolvent (non-polar solvent).
In general, LIKE (solvent)dissolves LIKE (solute)
Macromolecular
e.g. starch, protein, plastic
over thousands of atoms
stronger intermolecular forces as the strength ofvan der Waals' is depending on the molecular size
usually solid at roomtemperature
non-conducting
no delocalized electrons ormobile ions present.
Giant structure (trillionsof atoms/ions are joinedtogether by strong bonds(ionc, covalent ormetallic)
Giant ionic structure
strong ionic bond(non-directional in nature)
high m.p. and b.p.
All are solids at roomtemperature
hard
high density
brittle
slight dislocation bringsions of similar chargetogether repulsion cleaves the crystal
presence of ions
the ions are not free tomove in solid state only conducts in molten or aqueous state
If soluble, only soluble in aqueous solvent
In general, LIKE (solvent)dissolves LIKE (solute)
Giant covalent structure
e.g. diamond (C), quartz (SiO2), graphite (C)
strong covalent bond(directional in nature)
high m.p. and b.p.
All are solids at roomtemperature
hard
high density
usually non-conductor ofelectricity
bonding electrons in most covalentsubstances are not free to move
usually poor conductor ofheat (except diamond)
insoluble in any solvent
intermolecular forces are never strongerthan covalent bond
Special case : Graphite
brittle weak van der Waals' forces between layers
slipperyflat hexagonal layers
weak van der Waals' forces between layers
conducting
presence of delocalized electrons along thehexagonal layers
high melting, even higherthan diamond strong C-C bond, bond order 1.5
lower density thandiamond
large spacebetween layers
weak van der Waals' forcesbetween layers
Giant metallic structure
Electron sea model of metal
A lattice of positive metal ions is immersed in a sea ofdelocalized electrons which are contributed by the metalatoms from their outermost shell.
Metallic bond (non-directionalin nature)
Attraction between the positive ions - delocalized electrons -positive ions
usually very stronge.g. in Fe
high m.p. and b.p.
hard
high density
Except Hg, all metals are solidat room temperature.
Presence of sea of delocalized electronsmalleable and ductile
the metallic bond canreform at new position whenthe position of the ions arebeing shifted.
high conductivity of heat and electricity
Usually soluble in mercury
Mercury alloy is called amalgam. e.g. sodiumamalgam - a mixture of sodium and mercury
In general, LIKE (solvent)dissolves LIKE (solute)
10. Structures and properties.mmap - 5/5/2005 -
Occ
urre
nce
and
extr
acti
on o
f m
etal
Prop
erti
es a
ndU
sefu
lnes
s of
met
als
Fact
ors
to b
e co
nsid
ered
: a
vaila
bilit
y, p
rope
rtie
s an
d pr
ices
Iron
Pros
Chea
p, s
tron
g, m
agne
tic
Cons
Hea
vy,
Easi
ly c
orro
ded
Use
sCo
nstr
ucti
on,
Vehi
cle
Copp
er
Pros
Stro
ng,
Exce
llent
con
duct
or o
f he
at a
nd e
lect
rici
ty,
Corr
osio
n re
sist
ant,
duc
tile
, m
alle
able
Cons
Hea
vy,
Expe
nsiv
e co
mpa
ring
wit
h ir
on
Use
sEl
ectr
ical
wir
e, w
ater
pip
e, c
ooki
ng u
tens
il
Alum
iniu
m
Pros
Ligh
t, G
ood
cond
ucto
r of
ele
ctri
city
and
hea
t,no
n-po
ison
ous,
duc
tile
, m
alle
able
Cons
Expe
nsiv
e, N
ot a
s ha
rd a
s ir
on a
nd c
oppe
r, d
iffi
cult
to
sold
er
Use
s
Ove
rhea
d po
wer
cab
le,
airc
raft
, sa
ucep
an,
kitc
hen
foil,
sof
t dr
ink
can,
win
dow
fra
me
Tita
nium
Pros
Ligh
t, S
tron
g, C
orro
sion
to
resi
stan
t
Cons
Very
exp
ensi
ve
Use
sAi
rcra
ft
Gol
d
Pros
Attr
acti
ve a
ppea
ranc
e,
very
mal
leab
le,
Expe
nsiv
e,Re
frac
tive
, Re
sist
ant
to a
bras
ion
Cons
Expe
nsiv
e, T
oo s
oft
Use
sJe
wel
lery
, Co
ins,
Ele
ctri
cal c
onta
cts,
Shi
eld
for
heat
Mer
cury
Pros
Liqu
id a
t ro
om t
empe
ratu
re,
Not
sti
cky,
Exp
and
upon
heat
ing,
Dis
solv
e ot
her
met
al
Cons
Very
poi
sono
us
Use
sTh
erm
omet
er,
dent
al f
illin
g
Silv
er
Pros
Exce
llent
con
duct
or o
f he
at a
nd e
lect
rici
ty,
Corr
osio
nre
sist
ant,
Att
ract
ive
appe
aran
ce,
Shin
y, m
alle
able
and
duct
ile
Cons
Expe
nsiv
e
Use
sEl
ectr
ical
wir
ing,
Jew
elle
ry,
Coin
s
Cons
ervi
ng m
etal
s
Nee
d of
con
serv
atio
n
Met
al a
s a
non-
rene
wab
le r
esou
rce
Recy
clin
g sa
ve e
nerg
y an
d ot
her
reso
urce
s
Recy
clin
g he
lps
to r
educ
e po
lluti
on
Recy
clin
g pr
omot
es p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
of r
esou
rce
scar
city
Way
of
cons
ervi
ng
Reus
e m
etal
art
icle
s
Recy
clin
g us
ed m
etal
s
Repl
acin
g m
etal
s by
oth
er p
rodu
cts
Dis
cove
ry o
fm
etal
s
Ord
er o
f di
scov
ery
Less
rea
ctiv
e m
etal
fir
st,
follo
wed
by
the
mor
e re
acti
ve o
nes.
Som
e un
reac
tive
met
al e
xist
in f
ree
stat
e in
the
ear
th c
rust
. e.
g.Au
, Pt
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
met
als
Abun
danc
e of
met
als
in e
arth
cru
st
Ease
of
min
ing
of t
he o
re
Ease
of
extr
acti
on o
f m
etal
Extr
acti
on o
fm
etal
s fr
omm
etal
ore
s
Som
e M
etal
Ore
s
Baux
ite
cont
ains
Al2
O3 Co
pper
pyr
ite
cont
ains
CuF
eS2
Hae
mat
ite
cont
ains
Fe2
O3
Gal
ena
cont
ains
PbS
Met
als
in f
ree
stat
ese.
g. A
u, P
t
Extr
acti
on o
f m
etal
sfr
om m
etal
ore
s
By h
eati
ng a
lone
e.g.
Hg,
Ag
By h
eati
ng w
ith
carb
on
Sulp
hide
or
carb
onat
e or
es a
re h
eate
dst
rong
ly in
air
to
conv
ert
to o
xide
fir
st
The
oxid
e of
met
al is
heat
ed w
ith
carb
on t
o ge
tre
duce
d to
met
al
Ope
rati
on o
fbl
ast
furn
ace
e.g.
Zn,
Fe,
Pb,
Cu
By e
lect
roly
sis
of m
olte
n or
e
only
wor
ks in
the
abs
ence
of
wat
er
e.g.
K,
Na,
Ca,
Mg,
Al
Ord
er o
f di
ffic
ulti
es in
extr
acti
on
K, N
a, C
a, M
g, A
l, Z
n, F
e, P
b,Cu
, H
g, A
g, A
u
Exam
ples
of
wor
deq
uati
ons
Gen
eric
Wor
d Eq
uati
on
Spec
ific
Wor
d Eq
uati
on
11. O
ccur
renc
e an
d ex
tract
ion
of m
etal
.mm
ap -
19/5
/200
5 -
Reac
tivi
ty o
fm
etal
s
Reac
tivi
ties
of
diff
eren
t m
etal
s
Reac
tivi
ty :
the
read
ines
s to
rea
ctCo
mpa
re t
he t
emp.
nee
ded
to s
tart
the
rea
ctio
nCo
mpa
re t
he r
ate
(spe
ed)
of r
eact
ion
Com
pare
the
am
ount
of
heat
giv
en o
ut in
the
rea
ctio
n
Ord
er o
fre
acti
vity
(rea
ctiv
ity
seri
es)
K, N
a, C
a, M
g, A
l, Z
n, F
e, P
b, C
u, H
g, A
g, A
u
Reac
tion
wit
h ai
rst
orag
e of
met
als
Reac
tion
wit
hw
ater
Reac
tion
wit
h liq
uid
wat
erRe
acti
on w
ith
stea
mRe
acti
on w
ith
dilu
te a
cid
Expl
anat
ion
for
reac
tivi
ty o
fm
etal
s
Met
als
reac
t by
losi
ng e
lect
ron
Read
ines
s to
lose
the
oute
rmos
tel
ectr
ons
Reac
tivi
tyin
crea
ses
dow
n a
grou
p
The
larg
er t
hem
etal
ato
m,
the
wea
ker
the
attr
acti
onbe
twee
n th
eou
term
ost
elec
tron
s an
dth
e nu
cleu
s.
Reac
tivi
tyde
crea
ses
acro
ss a
peri
od
Wit
h th
e sa
me
no.
of e
lect
ron
shel
l, t
he la
rger
no.
of p
roto
ns a
tth
e nu
cleu
sat
trac
ts t
heou
term
ost
elec
tron
s m
ore
stro
ngly
.
App
licat
ion
of reac
tivi
tyse
ries
of
met
als
Extr
acti
onof
met
als
from
the
iror
e
Redu
ctio
n of
met
al o
xide
(Rem
oval
of
oxyg
en f
rom
met
al o
xide
)Ac
tion
of
heat
on
met
al o
xide
sRe
duct
ion
wit
h m
etal
sRe
duct
ion
wit
h ca
rbon
Dis
plac
emen
tre
acti
ons
ofm
etal
inaq
ueou
sso
luti
on
A m
ore
reac
tive
met
al is
cap
able
to
disp
lace
a le
ss r
eact
ive
met
al f
rom
aso
luti
on o
f th
e sa
lt o
f th
e le
ss r
eact
ive
met
al.
Chem
ical
equa
tion
s
Role
of
aneq
uati
on
All e
quat
ions
are
use
d to
rep
rese
nt r
eact
ions
acc
urat
ely.
Lim
itat
ion
of e
quat
ion
Doe
sn't
tell
the
cond
itio
n ne
eded
to
star
t th
e re
acti
onD
oesn
't te
ll ho
w f
ast
and
how
vig
orou
s th
e re
acti
on is
.
Gen
eric
wor
d eq
uati
on
Spec
ific
wor
d eq
uati
on
Unb
alan
ced
equa
tion
Phys
ical
sta
tes
of d
iffe
rent
spe
cies
: (
s),
(l),
(g)
and
(aq
) Bala
nced
equ
atio
n
Stoi
chio
met
ric
coef
fici
ents
No
new
sub
stan
ce s
houl
d be
intr
oduc
ed in
bal
anci
ng a
rea
ctio
n
Ioni
c eq
uati
on
Ioni
c eq
uati
on =
Ba
lanc
ed e
quat
ion
- sp
ecta
tor
ions
Spec
tato
r io
ns :
tho
se io
ns w
hich
are
neit
her
phys
ical
ly n
or c
hem
ical
ly c
hang
ed.
Bala
nced
equ
atio
n
Ioni
c eq
uati
on
Spec
tato
r io
ns
12. R
eact
ivity
of m
etal
s.m
map
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