FA2Module 2. Income statement and statement

of financial position presentation

I. Statements of income and comprehensive income

II. Statements of financial position and changes in equity

Remember the attendance sheet!

I. Statements of income and comprehensive income

1. Theoretical considerations2. Income statement presentation3. Asset disposals4. Discontinued operations5. Intraperiod tax allocation6. Comprehensive income

1. Theoretical considerations

The income statement is the most important financial statement, and net income the most important figure:• EPS widely predicted and published;

earnings surprises rewarded (or punished)• Income statement information helps to

confirm past predictions (feedback value)• I/S information helps predict future cash

flows and risk associated with them

Nature of incomeEconomic income: Income is change in wealth – events approach, i. e., watch for events that change wealth (e. g., changes in fair value of asset)Accounting income: Traditionally based on transactions approach, i. e., income is recognized only as result of transactions (e. g., item sold for amount different than its historical cost)More recently, accounting income moving closer to economic income

Nature of income (cont’d)

Comprehensive income• all changes to owners’ equity not the result

of transactions with owners in their capacity as owners (e. g., dividends, share capital)

• Two categories of comprehensive income– Periodic profit/loss (net income)– Other comprehensive income (OCI) – changes

in balance sheet values that are not yet recognized in net income (profit or loss)

Nature of income (cont’d)

Items not included in net income• all changes to owners’ equity that result

from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners (e. g., dividends, share capital)

• OCI (other comprehensive income)• cumulative adjustments to retained earnings

that result from changes in accounting policies and corrections of errors

Nature of income (cont’d)

Presentation of comprehensive income

1.Single statement that combines income statement and OCI

Revenue $

Expense $

Net income $

OCI $

Comprehensive income $

Nature of income (cont’d)Presentation of comprehensive income

2.Income statement plus statement of comprehensive income

Revenue $

Expense $

Net income $

Net income $

OCI $

Comprehensive income $

2. Income statement presentation

Required components (IFRS)• Revenues• Finance costs (interest expense)• Share of earnings from associated cos.• Profit or loss on discontinued operations,

net of tax• Net income• Earnings per share

Lots of additional note disclosure

2. Income statement presentation

Alternative formats

1. Classification by nature of expense

Classification on the basis of inputs – what the money was spent on (e. g., salaries, amortization)

2. Classification by function

Output-based classification – what money was used for (cost of goods sold, operating expenses, selling and administrative expenses)

Example: Nature vs. FunctionChen Inc.

Expense Depreciation Salaries Other Total

Cost of goods sold $500

Selling $120 $100 $40 260

Administrative 60 110 30 200

Total $180 $210 $70 $960Revenue for the year was $1,400. Prepare an income statement for Chen for the year, classifying expenses by (a) nature and (b) function.

(a) Chen Inc.Income statement: Expenses classified by

natureChen Inc.,

Income Statement for the year ended December 31

RevenueCost of Goods SoldDepreciation expenseSalaries expenseOther expensesNet income

$1,400500180210

70$440

(b) Chen Inc.Income statement: Expenses classified by

functionChen Inc.,

Income Statement for the year ended December 31

RevenueCost of Goods SoldSelling expenseAdministrative expenseNet income

$1,400500260200

$440

2. Income statement formats1. Single-step income statementRevenue $Expenses $Net income $Simple presentation, allows (forces) users to decide what importance to attach to each item.Disadvantages: GAAP requires separate presentation of items like discontinued operations

2. Income statement formats

2. Multiple-step income statementOften includes:• Separation of results related to normal vs.

unusual activities• Expenses grouped by functional category:

cost of goods sold, selling expenses, administrative expenses

• Separate presentation of other, non-operating items: interest, gains, losses

2. Income statement formats

2. Multiple-step income statementAdvantages:• Arguably more informative in that

operating and non-operating items are separated

• Better matching of expenses with related revenues

Example: A3-6

3. Asset disposals and restructuring

Asset disposal means disposal of a (usually non-current) asset by abandonment or sale.Abandoned asset: No longer used in company operations but there are no plans to sell. Amortization stops, asset is written down to lower of net realizable value (fair value less costs to sell) and carrying value. Asset remains classified as non-current.

Planned disposal of assets by sale

Individual assetsCurrent assets: Written down to lower of NRV and carrying value and left as current assetNon-current assets: Once removed from use, amortization ceases. Asset written down to lower of NRV and carrying value. If right conditions are met, asset is classified as held-for-sale and reclassified as current asset.

Conditions for held-for-sale classification

1. Asset available for immediate sale in present condition

2. Asset sale is highly probable– Price asked for asset is reasonable– Active program to find buyer has started– Management committed to selling asset– Unlikely that offer to sell will be withdrawn or

terms significantly changed– Sale expected to take place within one year of

reclassification as held-for-sale

Recording non-current asset as held-for-sale

1. Asset is remeasured at lower of NRV and current carrying value; any loss determined as result of remeasurement is recognized

2. Asset is reclassified as held-for-sale if all of the criteria are met

Amortization ceases. Accumulated depreciation is eliminated.

Recording non-current asset as held-for-saleExample: A3-14 (c): Panych ceased to use a company-owned cargo plane on September 30. The plane cost $7,000,000 and now has a carrying value of $2,400,000. The company plans to find a buyer as quickly as possible, and has engaged a dealer to look for a buyer. The agent expects to find a buyer within the following six to eight months. The asking price is $2,000,000. The dealer will take a 3% commission on the sale.Prepare journal entries and show how the assets will be reported on balance sheet.

4. Discontinued operationsA discontinued operation is an operating segment that contains a “cash generating unit” (group of assets that generates cash flows that are independent of cash flows from other assets or groups of assets) and has either been sold or is held-for-sale (same criteria as for assets).

The segment is separable from the rest of the organization.

Under IFRS, discontinued operations are only major organizational segments.

Components of net income

1. Current operating performance concept

Net income should contain only regular, recurring revenues and expenses. Unusual items should be presented on statement of retained earnings.

2. All-inclusive concept

All gains and losses should be included in net income.

What is “relevant” income?

1. Net income

2. Income from continuing operations

3. EBITDA (earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization)

4. Pro forma earnings (includes EBITDA)

5. Core earnings (Standard & Poors)

Bell Canada 2010 earnings release

Earnings figure Total ($ billion)

Net earnings for common $2.165

Net earnings before investments, restructuring and other

$2.159

Operating income $3.292

EBITDA* $7.188Free cash flow* $1.374

Why calculate a second earnings figure?

“Because the numbers reached by applying GAAP are woefully inadequate when it comes to giving investors a good sense of a company’s prospects. Many institutional investors, most Wall Street analysts, and even many accountants say GAAP is irrelevant . . . The problem is that GAAP includes a lot of noncash charges and one-time expenses.”

- Business Week, November 26, 2001

Components of net income

IFRS approach: A modified all-inclusive conceptUnusual items are included in income, but discontinued operations are presented separately on the income statement in order to highlight income from continuing operations.This enhances the predictive power of the I/S.

Items that affect shareholders’ equity – where do they go?Income statement: revenues, expenses, most

gains and lossesStatement of changes in equity: effects of

changes in accounting policy, error corrections, effects of some capital transactions

Other comprehensive income: unrealized gains and losses on held-for-sale assets, translation of statements of some foreign subsidiaries, some hedging instruments

Discontinued operations and the financial statementsIncome statement• Net profit or loss from operating

discontinued operation until date of disposal or year-end if disposal not complete by year end, net of income tax

• Writedowns of asset carrying values to net realizable value, plus all realized gains and losses on disposal not previously recognized, net of income tax

Discontinued operations and the financial statementsStatement of financial position• Assets are reclassified as held-for-sale and

reported as single current asset• Liabilities associated with segment are

reclassified as single current liability

Discontinued operations example

On September 1, Hatchet Ltd. closed and decided to sell off its unprofitable Service Division. The division has non-current capital assets with a carrying value of $300 (cost = $500, accumulated depreciation = $200) and a fair value of $250. Selling costs are expected to be $10. Its current assets have a carrying value and fair value of $100. Hatchet’s tax rate is 40%.

Prepare the journal entry required on Sept. 1.

5. Intraperiod tax allocation

Income tax expense depends on all other income statement items.

Inc. tax exp = Tax rate (R) X Inc before tax

= (R X Revenue) – (R X Expenses) + . . .

Guiding principle

The income tax effect of major income statement items (continuing operations, discontinued operations) should be related to the specific item on the income statement.

Example: Viger Ltd.

Viger LtdIncome statement for the year ending Dec. 31,

2010RevenueOperating expensesLoss on operation of discontinued op.Gain on sale of investmentIncome before taxIncome tax expense (40%)Net income

$400150

4060

270108

$162

Prepare an income statement that is consistent with IFRS.

6. Comprehensive income

In 2006, Canadian firms had to start reporting comprehensive income, composed of (1) net income and (2) other comprehensive income (OCI).

OCI includes unrealized gains and losses on certain types of transactions – available-for-sale assets, translation of financial statements of a certain type of foreign subsidiaries, and cash flow hedges related to anticipated transactions.

Other comprehensive income on the balance sheet

OCI recognized each year accumulates in the “Cumulative other comprehensive income” account (a shareholders’ equity account) on the balance sheet. When the gains and losses included in OCI are realized, they are transferred from Cumulative OCI to Income statement gain and loss accounts.

Example: A3-9

II. Statements of Financial Position (SFP) and Changes in Equity

1. Uses and limitations of the SFP

2. SFP classifications

3. SFP formats

4. Statement of Changes in Equity

5. Disclosure notes

Remember the attendance sheet!

1. Uses and limitationsUses of SFP information• Compute rates of return (income vs. assets

and owners’ equity)• Evaluate firm capital structure (debt vs.

equity financing)• Assess liquidity (ability to meet obligations

coming due) and financial flexibility (ability to alter cash flows to meet unexpected needs or take advantage of unexpected opportunities)

1. Uses and limitations (continued)

SFP limitations• Historical cost basis of valuing many assets

and liabilities• Use of estimates and accounting choices • SFP omits many items that are of financial

value to the firm but cannot be measured reliably (e. g., human resources, internally generated goodwill)

• Numbers are consolidated

2. SFP classifications

Overriding principle: Provide sufficiently detailed information to permit users to assess future cash flows (amounts, timing and uncertainty) and the liquidity, financial flexibility, profitability and risk of the entity. Balance sheet items are sorted according to:• Type or expected function (assets)• Implications for financial flexibility• Liquidity characteristics

2. SFP classifications

Assets are resources controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events from which future benefits may be obtained.• Current assets (cash, accounts receivable,

inventories, prepaid expenses)• Investments (current and non-current)• Capital assets (PP&E plus intangibles)• Other assets (e. g., deferred charges)

2. SFP classificationsWhile not required under IFRS, most Canadian companies distinguish between current and non-current assets and liabilities.Current assets are cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash, sold or consumed within one year or one operating cycle, whichever is longer.The operating cycle is the conversion of cash into inventory (through purchase and/or production), then into accounts receivable (through sale) and, finally, back into cash.

Current assets (order of liquidity)

Item Valuation

Cash Market value

Temporary investments

Market value

Accounts receivable Realizable value

Inventory Lower of cost and net realizable value

Prepaid expenses Cost

2. SFP classificationsLiabilities are obligations of an enterprise arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer of assets, provision of services, or other yielding of economic benefits in the future.• Obligations related to operations (accounts

payable, future income taxes)• Unearned revenue• Obligation from financing (loans, bonds)• Contingencies

2. SFP classifications

Current liabilities are obligations that are reasonably expected to be settled through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities (usually, liabilities due within one year)

• Accounts payables• Accrued liabilities (e. g., wages payable)• Unearned revenue• Current portion of long-term liabilities

Example: A4-11

4. Statement of changes in equity (SCE)

Discloses the components of equity and the changes in each of those components during the reporting period. Typical components are:• Share capital• Additional paid-in capital/contributed

surplus• Equity components of hybrid instruments• Retained earnings• Cumulative other comprehensive income• Non-controlling interest

SCE ExampleThe balances in Richmond Inc.’s shareholders equity accounts on December 31, 20x8 were as follows:

Common shares Retained earnings Total

$500 $250 $750During 20x9, Richmond changed accounting methods to provide more relevant information to shareholders. The cumulative effect was to increase retained earnings by $60 as of Dec. 31, 20x8. Richmond issued common shares during 20x9 for $120. 20x9 net income was $35 and cash dividends of $40 were declared.

5. Disclosure notes

1. Compliance statement (GAAP used)2. Accounting policies3. New accounting standards not yet in effect4. Additional detail required by standards5. Major underlying assumptions and

estimates

5. Additional disclosures1. Contingencies: material events that have

an uncertain outcome2. Guarantees3. Segment reporting4. Related party transactions5. Economic dependence6. Unrecognized contractual commitments7. Financial risk management objectives and

policies8. Subsequent events

Subsequent events

The or subsequent events period is the period between the date of the statement of financial position and the date of publication of the annual report.Subsequent events occur in time to have an impact on the previous year’s annual report, if necessary.

Types of subsequent events

1. Adjusting events provide additional information about conditions existing at the balance sheet date, information that affects estimates used in preparing the financial statements. An adjustment is required.

This is generally information that would have been in the financial statements were it available.

Types of subsequent events

2. Non-adjusting events provide information about conditions that did not exist and do not require adjustment to the financial statements. This information will affect next year’s financial statements and should be disclosed. Examples include:

• Fire or flood• Decline in value of investments• Issues of share capital or long-term debt

Non-adjusting events that do not require disclosure

These are typically nonaccounting events or events that are generally communicated to users through other means. Examples include:

• Legislation• Product changes• Management changes• Strikes• Unionization

Subsequent events exercise

For each of the following subsequent events, should company (a) adjust financial statements; (b) disclose in note; (c) neither adjust nor disclose?1. Settlement of tax case for amount in excess of amount estimated at year end2. Introduction of new product line3. Loss of assembly plant due to fire4. Sale of significant portion of company assets5. Retirement of company president6. Prolonged employee strike7. Loss of significant customer

Subsequent events exercise

Should company (a) adjust financial statements; (b) disclose in note; (c) neither adjust nor disclose?8. Issuance of significant number of common shares9. Material loss on year-end receivable because of a customer’s bankruptcy10. Hiring of a new president11. Settlement of a prior year’s litigation against the company12. Merger with another company of comparable size