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SOY lET
NOISE RESEARCH LITERATURE
From the F.F. Erisman
Scientific Research Institute for HygieneMoscow, USSR
APRIL 1974
II.N. ENVIRONMENTAI,'I=RII'I'I.;( :'fll)N A(,I,N( .Y
Washington, I).(:. 20460
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Documenb £s available in limited quant£tivs through theU.S. Environmer;tal |_PuCoction Ag¢_ncy_ Oh'flee oE NoiseAbatement and Contrul_ ltooJll 112_, Crystal M_ll //2, 1921Jet'fcrson Davis Ilighway, Arli_lgbon_ Virginia 20460.
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550/9.74-002
SOVIET NOISE RESEARCH LITERATURE
From the F.F. Erisman
Scientific Research Institute for Hygiene
Moscow, USSR
APRIL1974
Prepa r/_d For:Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Noise Abhtement and Control
Under Contract No. 68-01.2229
wll i _ irl i i Ill
PREFACE
The following are six reports translated from the original
Russian and German. These reports were provided h¥ Dr. I,]..
l_aragodina, of the F.F. Erisrnan P.esearch Institute of I-lygiene,
Moscow, USSR, through the good offices of PauIN. Borsky,
Director of Noise Research at Columbia University;
~r
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface i
RE PORT
A. Effectiveness of Naise Reduction Measures /or ZPneumatic Looms ... L.I, Makaimova. LT.
Anreyev, A, Ye. ZapaeDin, and R,J. Suhkova,1968
B. Hygienic Importance of the Problem of Noise 8Abatement in The Cities ... I.L. Karagodina,
1971
C. Severs[ Procedural Questions in the Study o[ 12the Effect of Noise on the Human and Animal
Organisms... L.L Maksimova, Ye,A,
Geltiahcheua, and t.L. Karsedina
D. Effect of Industriat Noise With Different Parameters ZO
on the Auditor). Analyzer and the Central. Nervous
Sy.tem of Workln_ ,]'uvenlies... Ye. A. Ga[tisheva,1973
E. Data for a Hygienic Evaluation of Urban Noise ... Z7S.A. SotdatkLna, Yu. V. Novikov. and T. V.
Yudina, 1973!
F. Standard Recluirements Concarnin_ Aviation Noise in. 30
the Community ... I.L. Karagodlna, A. Putlinia, andS.A. Soldatklaa, 1973
._ _,i ¸_ _ • _ • •=_ _ ': • _ ; • .: i, i ¸¸ L
Effectiveness of Noise Reduction Measures For Jet Air Rapier Looms
L.I. Maksimova, I.T. Andreyev, A. Ye. Zatsepin, and R.i. Suchkova
The high noise levels inweaving shops, which are produced
by modern looms, demand the use of individualprotective measures,
in addition to a search for means of combatting noise at itssource.
The Special Bureau for Weaving Equipment and the Air-Union Scientific
Research Instituteof Textile Machine Construction have worked our
measures for reducing the noise o£jet air rapier looms.
A comprehensive health-noise evaluation was conducted in
weaving shops equipped with jet air rapier looms; automatic, P-105,
non-shuttle looms; and AT-100-SM shuttle Ioom_.. The physical
ci_aracterof the noise was establishedfor a singlejet air rapier loom
before and after implementing noise reduction measures. In particular,
an evaluation of sound absorption level ispresented for a metal pro-
tectivehousing, linedwith Poroloa. The sound absorption effectiveness
of seven types of muffling material was studied - AKS, ENIMS,
TsNHMAShDETAL t, rubber, fatting (35 and 55 mm thick), and felt=
rubber. The physical noise characteristics were determined for a jet
air rapier loom in which the metal idler gears were replaced by
composition ones (Textelite) and the steel blades were replaced by
alul'rlinurn ones.
I Gil_iona i Sanitariya, 12. 1965, pp. 87-89.
The noise levels were measured three times using Sh-63
IRPA sound level meter. In view of the steady character of loom noise,
an ASh-ZM analyzer was used for the noise analysis. During tile
operation o£ single looms, all the measurements were made in four
places: in /rent, to the left, behind, and to the right of the loom,
at the level of the operatorBa head. In shops, the noise levels were
measured at several points, equally spaced not more than 20 m apart.
As has been established, the over-all noise level in a
weaving shop equipped with 1226 AT-100-SM looms was equal to
105-106 dB and was almost identical in all areas, lligh-frequency
spectral components (SPL) predominate. In the 4000 and 8000 ;Iz
octave bands, they reached 98-101 dB. in the mid- and -low frequency
ranges, a gradual decrease iaSPL is noted, to 90-95 dB. with a more
pronounced decrease to 76 dB in the octave centered at b3 Hz. In the
high frequency range the levels exceed permissable levels by 10 to 33 dB.
Over-all noise level in a shop equipped with 168 non-shuttle,
automalie P-105 looms is 98 dB. The predominantSPL in the noise
spectrum occurs in the octaves centered at 125 and 2000 Hz and are
equal to 92-95 dB. In the remaining areas, SPL is somewhat lower,
84-88 dB.
Consequently, during the operation o£non-shuttle, automatic.
P-105 looms, over-allnolse level is 7-8 dB less. The most pronounced
difference inSl_L. 13 - 18 dD, is in the 4000 Hz oet.'tve band. However,
SPL in high-frequency octave bands exceed permissible levels by 5-15 dl_,
;_• • • _ _ ? _H._ ¸ • /. ; .___i_ •• _ •
In view of the fact that one of the weaving shops was equipped
with nine jot air rapier looms, it is only possible to compare ro_ighly
its sound levels with those in shops with more than I00 looms. During
the operation of the nine looms, SPL in certain octave bands exceed
by 9 - i0 dB theSPL during the operation of 168 P-105 looms. It is
well known that during the operation of I00 looms with identical noise
levels, the over'all level in the shop increases ZO dB in comparison
wlthnoise occurring during the operation of a single teem. Practically
speaking, as was observed in the weaving shop equipped with AT-100-SM
shuttle looms, the over all level may increase only 10 dB. since the
noise levels of the separate looms differ and their joint operation does
not yield an increase over the noise level of a single Loom whicil is equal
to _'_. fiB, But under these conditions also, the noise levels in the shop
equipped with jet air rapier looms will significantly exceed the
permissible levels.
The data obtained are the basis for proposing measures for
reducing the noise of jet air rapier looms. In particular, in an
experimental model of aloom, metal idler gears were replaced with
Testolite ones, steel gears were replaced by aluminum, and th_
housing was coveredwlth Porolon, The e£fectiveneBs of measures
_or noi_e redt_ctlsn of jet air rapier looms was evaluated in a
relatively quiet room in aweaving shop, in an area 150 aq m in
size (10x 15). The measurements andnoiDe analyses were made
during the operation of one loom.
4
D_iring the operation of a jet air rapier loom before the
application of soundproofing material, noise of 94-95 dB occurs,
with the level at 8000 Hz predominating (90-92 dR). At 63 _-Iz, the
noise level is equal to 75-77 dB, i.e. 15 dB lower than at 8000 Hz.
At other frequencies, the difference is less by 3-10 dB. Noise
levels range between 78 and 90 dB. In the high frequency region,
they exceed permissible limits by 5-15 dB. HighSPL, at 8000 Hz
occurs because of the operation of the blade drive gear, evidently,
partially due to the movement of the blades themselves as well as
measurement data from the operation of the jet air rapier loom,
without the blade drive gear, and the blades and heddle movements
ia operation. According tc this, the noise level is tower at 8000 flz
LinJ.ng the protective metal housing with Porolon secures
the lowering of the SPL in the 8000-Hz octave band by 3-6 dB. During
the operation of the jet air rapier loom in which the steel gears were
replaced by composition ones and the ate'elblades by alumiaun_, SPL
at 8000 Hz are lower by 5-9 dB, Overall noise levels behind and to the
right of the loom are l-Z dB lower, The protective metal housing
without the lining of sound-absorbent materials does not affect the SPL,
With the use of AKS muffling material, SPL at _O0O Hz
increase 4-9 dB and th_ overall level is decreased by 1 d/3,
l
5
The application o£ ENIMS mtff/llng material leads to a
decrease in levels in the 63-hZ octave band by 3-7 dB, while lowering
the over, all levels by" I-2 dB. Using different types o[ muffling, an
insigniIicant (1-2 dB) decrease is also attained for ove_all noise level,
while decreasing levels at h3 Hz by 2-6 dB. With the use of felt-
rubber muffling, an increase inSPL to noted at 8000 Hz by 4-I0 dB.
Thus, the _najority of soundproofing meehode did not yield
satisfactory resttlts. Noise absorption of about 6 dB in the 8000 Hz
octave band is not sufficient.Noise absorption in the b3-Hz octave
band, which is observed with the application' of muffling material, is
unsuitable,since inthisrange the noise inweaving shops already
usually conforms topermissible levels, It isnecessary tonote that
the use of muffling can lead to an increase in SPL in the 80O0-Hz
octave band.
CONCLUSIONS
I. During the operation ofjetair rapier looms in shops, noise
is produced which exceeds the permisslble levels established
[ for indt:etrial establishments. Noise in the operation of such
looms is dt_e, in the 8000-Hz octave band, mainly to the
blade drive gear and the heddte movement,
2, The liningof the loom's protective metal housing with a
layer ofPorolon l cm thickprovides insignificantnoise
absorption. The replacement ofsteel loom gears by
composition (Textolite)provided a noticeable reduction
in SPL in the 800-Hz octave band, The use of muffling
causes an insignificantloom noise reduction.
_L
80
70 / _n_
_.______..--._------Ll_ _l_e
_poot, z"_. Oh_r&ctorl_tle_ o_' Hotno £nWoav_ng Shopo.
ti! 8hut_lo looao AT-100-._I
2 Air Jot r_p_or loom_Shuttlelon_ _utoa_t£c loou P-105
) Maxlmua po.rmtaatblo nol_e (pol"Tompox'_r_ _anlt_ry /_oras forlndtmtrl_ l_oJ.elo20.q-,56)
7
Translation From the German
Seventh International Congress on Acoustics. Budapest. 1971
Hygienic Importance of the Problem Noise Abatement in the Cities
I.L. Karagodina. F,I 2. Erisman Research Institute of Hygiene.
Moscow, TJSSR
During the last decade the task of noise reduction gained
increased social and economic importance. The rapid growth of
cities, industry, and traffic causes a steady increase of background
noise in residential areas. The major sources of urban noise are
traffic vehicles such aa heavy trucks, trains, and airplanes. The
noise proportion contributed to the urban noise level by street traffic
ie on the order of 80 percent. A direct rolationehipwas found between
increase of noise level and increasing traffic density and the efficiency
of vehicle motors and speed of traffic. During the last few _.ears
these factors only caused a noise level increase in cities of 12 - 14
dB, i.e., 1 dB per year. At present the urban traffic noise level
ison the order of I00 dBA. High noise levels are prevalent inworking
places in industrial plants, offices, apartment and hospital buildings,
on the streets and in the parks; people are under the influence of
noise for a lifetime.
Urban noise is studied by expertt3 in various research
institutes: e.g., byphysic/ans, acoustical engineers, architects,
et¢,
}
b
8
Noise maps were developed for several large cities in
Russia that serve as a basis for the set-up of perspective traffic
plans and for the development of possibilities for noise reduction
in urban planning, Studies have shown that one-third of the residential
areas with small hnusing complexes are subject to high noise levels.
Large-scale population surveys documented that 50 - I00
'percent of apartmenl residents living in apartment baiidings 100
meters off highways reported their living quarters to be very noisy.
During the day and with the windows open the noise level in these
apartments reached tip to 60 - 80 dBA.
In order to investigate the character of urban noise
physiologic and hygien|e studies were conducted both ander natural
conditions (in apartments, in residential areas, on streets, in
hospitals), and in the laboratory (in soundproof chambers). Samples
of all population groBpswere studied (hoasewives, retirees, students,
intellectuals, workers, healthyand sick persons, and children), In
addition the mechanism of noise effects was studied on research
animals (white rats). Modern electrophyoiologic, biochemical,
and histologic research methods were employed.
Studied were the objective charscteristics of the organism's
conditions, the subjective counter-reactlons to noise, and the frequency
of disease among populatlon groups stlbjected to various noise levers
present in their area of residence (i,e., urban trafflc noise of varying
Intenslty, and airport noise).
9
Traffic noise caLzses a steady strain on hearing which lead_
to anincrease of tile sound perception threshold by I0 - 25 dB. Noise
levels over 70 dBA interfere wiLh speech perception, in the brain
noise Ilas inhibitory effects that lead to changes in continued reflexes,
Effects on the cardiovascular system are decreased of the systolic
and increase of diastolic blood pressure. The arterial pressure
variation may be 20 and 30 mm Hg.
Shifts of the electrocardiogram have been found to be due to
an increase in heart cycle and decrease in pulse rate due to noise.
Decrease of the pulse frequency amplitude may be due to arterioo
ccinstriction.
Study of the sleep pattern among inhabitants of apartments
adjacent to major traffic arteries in Moscow showed that the time
required to go to sleep was increased by as much as 1-1_. hours at
noise levels of 50-60 dBA. Depth of sleep decreased by 60 percunt.
After awakening the people felt tried, had heart palpitations and
headaches. Sleeping criteria are normal if the noise levels do not
exceed 30-35 dBA. Under these conditions the average time spend
going to sleep in 15-20 minutes and stage-of-sleep level criterion
is 85 percent.
Lack of normal recovery time after a working day and
sleeping distt_rbance led to chronic fatigtm, which in turn causes a
variety of diseases_ e.g., central nervous system, cardiovascular,
(hypertension), and hearing dinordern. Studies proved a relation-]1
1 ship between increase of total disease £requency on one hand and
: . traffic and airplane noise, a".d .... ct,..,,,.,_ LI_ a. j vLay uzivi_'omnenL on the
other hand.I
I
10
Physiologic and hygienic research detsrrninedthe threshold
ofharmful influencesto lie between 30-35 dBA and led to the
establishment of standards for urban noise limits. The Department
ofHealth in the USSR has ratHied "Sanitary Standards for Permitted
Noise Levels inApartment Buildings,Public Buildings, and Zones
ofResidential Areas" (No, 872-70) thatare obligatoryfor urban
planners and constrnction organizations.
II
Several Procedural Questions ia the Study of the Effect of Noise on the
i-luman and Animal Organisms I
L.I. Maksimova. Ye.A. Gel*tishcheva, and I.L. Karagodina
F.F. ErismanScientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Moscow
The aathors consider a number of factors in the study of
noise effects on human beings and animals, using procedural approaciles
which differed from those of previous studies. The effect of noise on
the organism was investigated in the areas of occupational health,
the health of children and adolescents, and communltyi_ygienc.
The study of the effects of noise pursue various aims.
Most comrrton are studies pertaining to the h_man or_anlsm, in
which the responded reaction is analyzed in relation to the character
and duration of the neise, indlviduai and age features, state of ixealth,
etc. These have significance in working out health standard8 for
different groups of the general and working papulations (adults.
adolescents), and for residences, public buildings, and areas of
industrial and residential construction. Studies are conducted as a
basis for developing measures for limiting noise impact.
IGigiena iSaaitariya, 7. 1973, pp. 30-34.
12
iI
I
The subjects are chosen for a study in relationto the
problem to be investigated° In industrialestablishn'Jentsand in
physiologicalstudies on the effectof industrialnoise, a group of
persons is selected, who have no chronic illness,and, in addition,
age, sex, length of time worked, and profession arc taken into account.
Itistherefore necessary toconsider an age group classification
sci_eme, with boys 13-16 years ofage and girls Ig-15 corresponding
to the age ofadolescence and young men 17-Zl and young women 16-
20 corresponding tothe age of youth. Subjects of this age must be
divided from adults in separate grouplngs, in addition, inorder to
work out recommendations on rationalorganization of labor and a
basis for contraindicationsto work, the effectof noise on functional
reactivityof the organism in healthy and illpersons must be studied.
Studies in the area of community health are conducted with
different groups of the population - healthy and iH persons, including
children, adolescents, youth, grownups, and old people. ]People in
mental and physical types of occupations are represented, as well as
!_ousewives and retiredpersona.
In physloiogicai studies under industrial conditions, it is
expedient to choose a group of eight to ten people of the same sex,
age, and occupation, and to make observation for a minimum of three
to fivedays. itis necessary to try for a greater number ofpersons
Bobserved for a shorter length of time, rather than a smaller number
of people observed for a ionge_ time. This permits the consideration
of different individual featureB which are leveled out in statistical analysis,
Under industrial conditions, physiological studies are con-
dueled prior to the start of work, during work, and after the working
day. Simultaneously, methods are used which are directed toward
revealing the effect of the _vork l_rocess itselfon functional state,
as in the muscle system. Under the laboratory experimental conditions,
a group of subjects is chosen wh0 are identical in sex and age ai_dwh¢_
are not exposed to the effect of harmful externai factors, The mln_ber,
of persons can be limited to five to ten for an observation of no less
than five to ten days. At the beginning of the physiologicai studies,
tilebaseline indices decrease in the course of se,,era[ days. and
training is conducted according to each method of sttldy until stable
indices are obtained, Under real-life conditions in a health experi-
ment, observations are ¢'arried out in industry, schools, residences,
and other noise impa.ct areas during the work and school day, sleep ..."
at_d rest, various types of'day, week, month, year, and over several
years,
Control "studies are obligatory for noise-effect studies.f
Under lab conditions the controls may be persons observed in a
room not affectcd by noise aridunder various other conditions, In this
case, background noise in the rooms must be no higher tiles 30 d/3A.
Control studies on animals are conducted on independent groups Linder
identical conditions with no noise exposure. Under industrial conditions,
the control may be a group of workers with similar character and
working conditions, but with significantly lower noise levels, or the
same grot_p of workers _sing individual means of noise protection.
In the area of coz_munity studies, the control can be groups of the
population which are not s_bject to the action of intrusive noise {industrial,
urban, aviation, raliroad, etc,) i.e., groups of people who liv_ in
14
relatively quiet conditions.
In the laboratory experiment, orientation studies arc
conducted _vith dingle or repeated exposure from 3 to 30 mlnL_tcs.
Tl_e studies have indicated that optimal exposure is one hotir. A
wry sharp increase ia at_ditory threshold is observed toward the
er_d of a one-hour nois_ impact. With longer exposure to noise,
an insignificant decrease in hearing sensitivity is noted. The
ftmctional utaie of other organs and systems may woraenwith longer
exposure, _ven withont expostlre to nolsc. In sttldies of urban iloisc
at relatively low levels, r_al-Hfe conditions must be need. Therefore
the duration of the experiment may be increased up to eight hours.
as in sleep studies.
The _xpu_ure of animals to noise may last from five
minutes to eight hours a day of even round-the-clock in the course
of several nlonths. It is expedient to continue observations in the
recovery period, especially in experimental studies.
The effect of noise on workers and the general population
ought to be studied by an assortment of different objective and subjective
method, which characterize the functional state of the separate organs
and systems, as well as the organism a8 awhole. Subjective methods
include surveys using specially prepared questionnaires and analyses
Of annoyance. They are widely used in the USSR and abroad to analyzeI
_he effect of industrial and urban noise on a large group of people in
the same social conditions. The questionnaires contain questions on
social hygiene, and are analyzed by age, sex, and occupational indices, !
.... bF profe_slonal experience, as well as the length of exposure to noise.
I
15
The number of people questioned is determined by statistical require-
manta.
In using objective methods of study, specialattentionis
given to the state of the auditoryanaiyzer, thB central nervous
system and cardiovascular system.
Hearing, as the principal function of the auditory analyzer,
is studied from differentpoints of view, In relationto hygiene,
hearing studies are conducted as indicators ofthe harmftfleffectof
noise. The rnetbod of dynamic tone and speechaudiomelry and auditory
adaptation is used for thispurpose, Speech audiometryia indicative
for certain groups for which speech and hearing are occupational
functions and noise masks signal reception. Noise enters variotts
parts of the brain through transmission paths in the auditory analyzer,
changing the normal interdependent processes ofhigher nervous activity.
Intense nolsn disrupts the baiance of stimulationand inhibitionprocesses,
The reflex reactions are aitered, pathologicalphase statusa.reevoked,
and vegetativereactions are disrul_ted, Long-term actionof noise
activates struct_Iresofthe reticularformation as a resulLofwhich
persistent disruptions occur in the activitiesofa number of systems
in the organism, in particular, the circulatory system, Changes are
noted in electricalbrain activity. Therefore during studiesof functional
state inthe centrainervous system, itisexpedient tous_ electro-
sncephatographic, nystagmographic, oculographic, and chrono reflex-
[ ometric studies, and todstermlne conditionedreflexactivity.r
i Numerous atudlaagive.ovidcnce of ch_tn_as inEHGs_ arterial
i pressure and vascular tonua, especially_in capillaries. For [t_w-level
(urban) noise, adecrease in systolic and an increase in diastolic blood
pressure are recorded, Plethysmography has revealed substantial
changes in vascular tonus during high-frequencynoise. The study
of the functional state in the cardiovascular system is conducted by
recording EKG, biood pressure, pulse, plethysmograms, and
sphygmograme. The study of blood flow in separate areas and organs
can be done by rheography.
The long-term e/feet of industrial and trart_portati0n noise
lessens the capacity for mental work, and lowers work productivity
due to the longer time needed to complete tasks, a decrease in the
work tempo, distraction, and an increase in the slumber of errors.
Studies are widespread on mental work capacity, attention, and memory
using various psycho-physiological tests. The effect of noise on the
visual and vestibular analyzers, and on the respiratory and muscle
systems, has been studied. Functional changes in the analyzer systems
are noted under the in$1uence otnoise. In particular, electrical and
light sensitivity in the visual analyzer change during the process of
dark adaptation, the stabilityof clear vision decreases, and dilation
of the pupils occurs, lending to a reduction in visual activity,
Shifts are observed given urban noise of 50-60 dB, and. these
increase with noise level. Noise changes the functional stats of
the endocrine system and exchange processes. There/ore indicators
for industrial noise are biochemical studies which reflect the
functional state of the adrenal cortex, the sympathetic adrenal systems,
in particular the content of 17-dete steroids and catecholamines
(adrenalin and noradrenalln) in the blood and their removal from the
sugar, pyruvic and ascozbic acids, and vitamins in the blood and
tissues ofanlmals).
17
To determine the compensation potential of the organism
in the study of various organs and systems, it is expedient to use
corresponding ftmctional samples (the multivariate sample of Masters,
the orthoclinicai statistical sample, etc.).
it is necessary in noise-effect studies to use methods
reflecting the functional state of no fewer than three systems {central
nervous and cardiovascular, auditory analyzer or central norvoas
and sympathetic adrenal systems, oxidation-reduction processes,
etc, ) The number of methods is limited by the time of the study,
which must be within five to seven minutes. First are conducted
the functional studies, which are characterized by rapid recovery
(auditor7, cardiovascular, higher nervous activity).Itis advantageous
touse electrophyaiologicaimethods of study which permit recording
indices ofa great many functionsand observing the dynamics of their
changes. Multichannel recorders, electrocardiographs, electro-
encephalographs, etc. can be used for this.
The statisticaiand physlologicaicriteria for evaluating
functionalstateare differentand are determined by the problems and
methods ofthe study, and by age, and socialgrouping. However it
Lsnecessary to consider the direction,frequency, and degree of shifts,
the complex evaluatlon of ali the physiologicalfunctions stadied, their
character evaluation of allthe physiologicalfunction, mtudied, their
character and occurrence, and theirrestoration. In evaluatingthe
effect of noise on the organism, one must proceed from the physiological|
nature and statistical reliability of the shift and the necessity of!,
oxceedi,xg the inhcrnnt error in the measurement instrumentu. Thus, r
..... 18
in studying the auditory threshold using tone audiometry using equipment
consisting of a sound generator, dynamic telephones, and a lamp
voltmeter, in measuring the accuracy of the apparatus, + or - 1 dB
from the reaction shift may be taken for a 3-5 dB change in hearing,
and 10 dB or more as a significant shift. In determining the auditory
thresholdwithaudiometers, the accuracy of which is + o£ - 5 dB. a
10dB threshold shift is a significant shift, and more than 10 dB is a
subs tantiaishift.
Even small shiftsis one or more physiotogieat systems musti
be considered undesirable,since they disrupt the organisms functional
balance and thenormal interrelationshipwith the environment. A
longer recovery time for the specific functions inassociationwith
small shiftsmay be evaluated as negative indicatorsduring longterm
exposure of relatively low noise levels. They are evidence of the
stress ofprotective-adaptivemechanisms of the human organism
and of the development ofinhibitionin the brain cortex, which subject-
ively is manifested by fatigue.
Low noise levels may increase the functional activity of
certain systems during short-term exposure. In the absence of reaction
tonoise, itis stillnot possible to say itisnot harmful to man.
Habituation ischaracterized by removal of strong subjectiveand
objective sumptoms for some time. at the end ofwhich pathological
phenomena may be revealed on ti_epart of the various organs and systems.
We bresur,'le that the recommendations set forth here wilt
facilitate studies on the effects of noise and the choice of approaches to
solve various methodological problems.
19
.... iii i
Effect of Industrial Noise With Different Parameters on the Auditory
Analyzer & the Central Nervous System of Workin_ Juveniles 1
Ye. A. Gel_tischeva
F.F. Erisman Institute ef Hygiene, Moscow
There are no studies which throw light on the effect on
working juveniles of high-frequency industrial noise with parameters
permissible for adults (F_-g0} g and higher than permiBsible parameters
(_S-85). Information is also lacking on the effect of industrial noise
with parameters permissible for juveniles (PS-55) 3. [PS-80 = ISO
Curve N. 80, or about 85 dBA.)
In this article data are presentedfrofn studies of the effect
of industrial noise of maximum permissible level on the functional
state of the auditory analyzer and the central nervous system of working
juveniles aged 16-19 years during the work day, in order to work out
prophylactic measures directed toward protecting thelabor force.
The studies were conducted in a machine-construction factory. The
IGigiona Truda: ProfasslonaPnyye Zabolevaniy_t, 7, 1973, pp. 5-8.
2 Sanitary Standards and Regulations for Limiting Noise in the Territoriesand at Industrial Sites, No. 785-69.
.... 3 _rocvdural Rules for the Prophylaxis of the Harmfai Effect of
Industrial Noise on the Juvenile OrganiDm, No. 765-687.
. ZO ................................. ..................
frequency charactdristics of thu noise were measured by Chief
Engineer G.N. L_otiniy, using a sound level meter and RF'T [East
German) analyzer at all the work sites of juveniles.
.Analysis of the frequency range of the industrial noise
and a comparison of the results obtained with the present standard
SN-785-69 permitted the separation of the juvenile work sites into
three groups: 1) industrial noise meets the standard for adults
(PS-80); 2) higher-than-standard noise for adults {PS-8fi); and 3)
industriainoise meets the standard for juveniles 1PS-65). At the
last levels, juveniles worked temporarily on the research days. On
the remaining days they may have been subjected to the effect of
noise of higher intensity. 56 juveniles who had worked up to two
years were under observation (turners, millers, slicers and driller_,
electricians), They worked on the first shift from 7:Z0 a.m. to 3-d
p.m. with a lunch break of 40 minutes, All the youths under-_vent a
preliminary medical check-up.
The physiological studies were conducted in health stations
before work, before the lunch break (about 3-3= _ hours later), and
immediately after work. Each juvenile was observed from one to five
days. Fir=it, before the examination, questions were asked about the
state of health, sleep at night, activities the preceding evening, etc.
Juveniles with good health were chosen for the studies.
Our observations indicate that some juveniles in the first
and second groups suffered from ringing in the ears, headache, increased
fatigue, and poor tolerance of industrial noise. Auditory thresholds
were determined two minutem aftt:r leaving the shop, using a semi-....
21
automatic audiometer at sevnn fixed frequencies: 125, 250, 1000,
Z000, 4000, and 80001qz. Temporary threshold shift was determined,
based on the difference between indices taken before the noise exposure
(before work), before lunch, and at the end of work.
An analysis of individual data showed that generally a change
tn hearing sensitivity is determined by" parameters of the noise and by
its duration, and is also greatly determined by individualpec_liarities.
21 clear dependence of threshold shift for the same noise parameters on
age was not indicated. All this made necessary the statistical evaluation
of auditory threshold indices in relation to the industrial noise para-
n_eter8 studied. About 200 audiometric examinations were conducted.
The greatest changes in auditory threshold were noted at
high frequencies, especially at 4000 and 8000 Hz, at the end of the
work day for noise parameters equal to PS-80 and PS-85. This is
evidence of the manifest fatigue of the auditory analyzer and the
absence of adaptation to the noise parameters indicated. Analogous
data were obtained for a significantly high sound pressure level (95-
105 dB) of high-frequency industrial noise in juveniles undergoing
industrial training in the factory. Less obviotls were changes after
noise exposure not exceeding the standard for juveniles, PS-65.
Auditory threshold shift is detected by the frequency character of the
noise and agrees with data obtained by various other authors.
2Z
The results of the studies of auditory threshold in juveniles
in the first and second groups attest to the potential danger of hearing
loss. Threshold shift at the high frequencies sometimes reaches high
amounts (25-30dB). The auditory threshold indices sometimes do not
recover after 16 houl-sof rest or even aftertwo days off. This is
evidence of the manifest cumulative effect o£ industrial noise corresponding
to the limits ofPS-80 and PS-85. After one year of (and in certain noise
sensitiveyouths, a/t_r 2-4 months}, a threshold shiftwas observed
with no recovery after two to four weeks of rest, All this shows the
disruptionof auditory analyzer reaction and, inthe presence era
permanent threshold shift,in allprobability,an earlier organic injury
to the organ ofCorti0 intheperiod of auditory analyzer formation of
a young age.
As a result ofthe industrialnoise (PS-80 and PS-85), a
decrease occurs in auditory analyzer excitabilityby virtue of the
development of the process of inhibition in the central nervous system,
which is confirmed by the results ofehrono-reflexnmetric investigations.
The latentreaction time was determined for lightand sound stimuli
for reflexmotor reactionswith spoken instructionbeforehand.
An analysis ofthe investigationsindicatedhigh values of
latent reaction time to lightand sound stimulieven before work, in
comparison with the resultsobtained for middle-school students in the
upper classes, The average time was obtained before work and
during the work day was greater for sound stimttllthan for lightstimuli,
which isproof ofthe disrnptlonof inter-centralrelationships.
Z.3
fr:_r_._-_-.,,_ _*_,: _. :_. , - , •
Toward the end of a work day in noise at PS-80 and PS-85
levels, the number of persons (13 percent) increased with disrupted
intercentral relationships, especially in the second group. More
obviotts shifts in simple reaction indices to light and sound were
noted for PS-80 and PS-85 noise than for PS-65. The number of
adolescents who made mistakes in dlffarentiatior_increased. EspecJaliy
clear was the number of errors in PS-80 and PS-85 noise for a sound
stimulus. An analysis of individual data showed that 16 ho,_rs of rest
or even two consecutive days were almost insufficient to revice the
functional state of the central nervous system,
Industrial noise equal to the permissible standard (PS-80)
or above the standard {PS-85), acting on working adolescents daily,
five days aweek, leads to a sharp decrease in the excitability of the
central nervous system, aweakening of the strength of internal
inhibition, and a disruption of intercentral relationships between
analyzers, as manifested by the development of fatigue and overwork.
Thus. indt2strial noise permissible for adults (PS-80) or of higher
level (PS-85} is a strong stimulus for adolescents. It leads to
extensive changes in functionaistate, as evidenced by the disruption
of the posslbility of compensation and by the manifest additive effect
of industrial noise. Noise just meeting the standard for juveniles
(PS-65) evokes less obvious changes, indicating the development of
inhibition in the auditory analyzer and central nervous system.
24
i
The disruption of intercentral relationships in juveniles
working in noise corresponding to PS-65 is evidently expiained by noise
exposures on preceding clays,when theyworked under higher intensity
noise. On the basis of the data obtained, recommendations wer_ worked
out to improve working conditionsand to introduce means of individual
protection.
I i zs
Table 1
c_-o_p @C'::/"J_ L._ ...._o 500 iooo ._ooo 400o BoosN:,
I _ee _4 3 8=I O_ 5,8--1.19 58----0_ 35_ I.O0 30:1_ I] 5:1 O0 70--] _8_fL ,v._._ 4.6--144 ?,.n-----l,(_l 76=1.04 50b=lO_ 63 153 144 155 96--13_
9 SQ_v. t_ 38--14[ 41_--1_6 71=)77 74 I _0 _6----20J i47_273 82_I92stR:r *,.rk G,6 171 71--]._ 94--2.02 _7----1.0_ 9,2=2t7 [71=900 1_.9_144
3 g_ee _ 33=0.94 ]7=024 50=15B 08_080 1 7_lG7 06----1.54 J7"----]05_Jr_. 17=3_ 67"=2 08 5 0--2 05 7,5=2,5 33 --288 58--30 42 --436
Ch_z&'oin threshold of ho_Tin_ o£ juvenil.m tn tho oourae o£ worki_ day n,_so, TunctJon o£ exposuretO i_dustrlal .oiso. (AVOL"e_Odata,) (Threshold shift relative ¢o .ItILl data.) ( • - u_rollahlo data.)
Table 2
t P_-es) (e._-'_o
wv_s eCct,,, ,s I I
I _ _;_;a_ 3_:042 43824_048 44773--047 397lG----03( 405_1 034 43500 043 414._7=039 3_735----0_ 3_ 59----0 51_r_r_ _eca_ ]c_=Ol_ 300 00[ 9fl5=029 3_=01_ L49=032 355=035 990=04_ 353"084 182--_029
_._ _le_J( 3_25¢04] 4131l=054 47382 O_ 421_--0_ 45562=04_ 4_71--_044 39079=Q5_ 40500=070 4014_0_
/V:t_ JeT_mt;_;_ 4_38=0_ _294--_059 5_50Q=077 _9r_ 041 _9.20=0._ 5725_=0_! I
310=020 5]]=0_4 2,_-----0,24 392--03; 45794=051 4_73=0._1_ _7912----0_#_,,/,e* ,_c _r_kJr 3,42-----0,4EI 3,_I=0.40 I_90=0,39 2,0_--0,24 2,7 --_0,33
ShaJ16S in later r_tion time (1/1000 sos,) to light and oulld e_tisuli of juveniles Is the courso of
• .orkin_ day as a function of oxpo_ure to induntrinl noise.
1Data for a Hygienic Evaluation of Urban Noise
S.A. Soidatkina, Yu. V, Novikov, and T.V. Yudiaa
F.F. ErismanScientlfic Research Institute of Hygiene, Moscow
Health quest[one concerning the effect of urban nolee on the
organism are very real. Studies of animals have indicated not only
the dynamics of biological changes but the character of the unpleasant
effects of noise as well. However, there are onlya few experimental
studios on the effect of transportation noise on animals.
In our studies, the effect of 80 dBA noise onanirna[s was
determined by physiological and biochemical methods. 130 mate
white rats were used in the e_F_riment. The functional state of the
central nervoos system was evaluated based on the value of latent
reaction time to an electrical skin stimulus; functional state of the
cardiovascular system was based on arterial pressure reaction. The
animals (the control and experimental groups) were subjected for two
to three weeks to conditions in which noise level did not exceed 40 dBA.
During this time, bamellne indices of the physiological functions were
taken in the animals. Then the experimental group was subjected to
the effect of 80 dBA low-frequency transportation noise for a period
of ono month, for six hours a d_y. During this time the studies were
repeated every day. Irt each series of observations, the indices of
physiological functions in the experimental group were compared with
the baseline and the control group.
I GiEien a iSanitariya_ 3. 1973, pp. 16-20
z7t
The biochemical studies included the determination ofb
ascorbic acid content in the tissues, a study of sorption capacity of
cells, and a determination of histamine in the brain. The atudles
were conducted on the 15th and the 30th days of noise exposure and
for 15 days after its cessation. A study of the permeability of histo-
hematic barriers using tagged atoms was conducted on the 30th clay
of noise exposure. The data obtained from the experimental animals
were compared with the controls. The results of the studies are
presented as the group average and were treated statistically.
The first indication of noise impact on the experimental
i animals was motor agitation in the first hours of its action, Toward
: the end of the first day', air the rats collected together in a corner of
i the cage away from the noise source and went to sleep. In the courseJ
(, of several days they remained restrained; in the final stage theiri
i behavior did not differ from that of the control group, Noise had no
i effect on growth or weight of the animals.
In the study of the long-term effect of noise on animals,
the method used was that of determining latent reaction time to an
electrical skin stimulus as an index of the functional state of the central
nervous system. Toward the end of the first day, the effect of
80 dBA noise which was noted was a somewhat lengthened latent
reaction time. From the second week until the end of the experiment,
the noise increased the background i,LdiceB signtiicantly, although
the behavior of the experimental animals did not differ from that of the
controls, Arterial pressure under noise sharply increased (by 20 ram)
t and remained so to the end of exposure. Thus, a noise level of 80 dBA
harmfully affected the animals unconditional reflex activity and cardio-
' i| vascular aye tern.
28
Disruption of nervous system function was associated most
closeIywith shiftsin the exchange of substances. The quantity of
bio-chernicalstudies which throw fighton thisqusstLoa are very
limited, They revolve mainly on separate aspects of the exchange.
The important role in substance exchange was played by ascorbic
acid. Based on itscontent in the adrenal glands, we determined the
f_mctionaJ,stateof the endocrine system. A decrease inascorbic acid
contentin the adrenal glands, as well as theirweight increase, under
the influenceof noise is believed _o indicatethe occurrence of protective
reactions of the genera_ adaptationsyndrome type. Chronic noise
exposure leads to a deficiency iathe tissues (brain, liver,skin,
l_lusclee)ofascorbic acid as a reBultof it_passage with urine; _o that
inrats itmay be considered a resultof red,_ctionin _he synthesizing
function.
Ascorhic acid was determined b)"the co|orimetricmethod in
the adrenalglands, brain, liver,kidneys, spleen and teetlc[es.
In the adrenal glands, a 12 percenL decrease inascorbi¢
acid content web neted at firstwith 80 dBAnoise, then a 28 percent
Lncrease, and in the recovery period somewhat of a decrease again
(seven percent). In the other organs (brain, liver, spleen, kidneys.
_esticles), the changes bore an analogous phasic character. In the
first hail of the exposure period (up to the 15th day), the quantityof
ascorbic acid decreased 10-33 percent. Toward the end of the noise
exposure (on the 30th day) it increased 8-3Z percenL, and two weeks
after the conclusion of noise exposure, tt decreased 6-11 percent.
I1
_ 29
To determine the functionalstateof the centralnervous and
eedocrine systems° the me'hod of vitalstainingwas used, which
allowed for determining the state of activecells. Changes inthe
quantity of associated stained cells occur even invery slightnoise
exposure. Therefore such a procedure has found applicationin
studies of the biologicaleffectof ultrasound. As the studies indicated,
the greatest amount of stainingoccured inthe adrenal glands, then
the pituitarybody, and somewhat less inthe brain, Lease cell
activitywas noted in the testicles.
With g0 dBA noise durieg the firsthalfofthe exposure time.
the sorption capacity ofbrain cells increased 25-35 percent, but it
hardly changed (one tothree percent) inthe pituitaryand adrenal
glands. Toward the end of exposure (the30th day), a decrease of
33-38 percent was recorded for sorption of cellsinthe organs studied.
In the recovery period, sorption activityof cellsdilfersooly insigni-
ficantlyfrom the control group(10-15 percent). The effectofnoise
was observed on the adrenal and pituitaryglands and the brain, while
in the parietalregion o£ the brain, the process ofsorption proceeded
more activelythan in the temporal region.
The quantity of histamine in brain tissueof rats subjected
to 80 dBA noise increased 87% over the controlgroup up to the 15th
day- of exposure. By the 3Oth day, this difference was reduced
significantly(8.7 percent),
Barrisr mechanisms serve as an indicatorof the state ofthe
organs and physiological systems which malntain the constancy ofthe
! internal organs and tissues, The importance.. of thestate of the hi6to-
b
30
hematic barriers for the livingorganism polnts up the necessity for
studying the effectof noise on their permeabillty. Studies have been
conducted on the effectof I00 dBA noise on such barriers in the
brain, especially in the temporal region.
(See attached for Table 1)
An analysis ofthe data presented in the table above
indicatedthat 80 dDA noise causes an increase in the permeability
of the histo-hematic barriers in the kidneys (ialess than 0.05).
The barrier permeability for the other organs did not change compared
to the control group.
Conclusions
The animal studies indicated that the long-term effect of
transportationnuise causes physiological and biocbemicai changes
which are evidence of the development of a general, non-specific
reaction tonoise.
1
i 31
Table I. Effect of 80 dBA Noise on the Perz'aeabHity of Histo-Hernatic Barriers in the Organsof White Rats
M_¢ L_vel of Confidende.
Organ Control Exper. Reliability pGroup Grotzp Coeff.
Brain 29.2 -+3.0 29.9 -+ Z. 7 0, 1 over 0, 05
Pituitary 134, 1 -+1.0 116,6 + 13. 5 1, 0 over 0, 05
Thyroid 320.0 -+ 67, 4 341.7 + 53.5 0.2 over 0.05
Adrenal 491.3 -+42. I 499.7 -+49.0 0. 1 over 0, 05
Spleen 362, 8 + 28, 8 409.9 + 80.2 0. 5 over 0.05
Kidneys 609.8 + 59.3 889.7 +70. 5 3.0 ander 0.05
Liver - 891.7 + 68.8 1042,3 + 126.5 1.0 over 0.05
M = (radioactivity of tissue)(radioactivity of blood) x I00
STANDARD I'_.EQHIREM.ENTS CONCERNING AVIATION NOLSE IN THE
COMMUNITY
At: 3rd Natior_al Corderence Ai_ainet Noise I Varna. Bul_arial,Oc.t.
27-29. 1973
LL. Karagodina. A. /_utlinia,and S.A. Soldatkina.F. F. Erieman
Scientific Research Institute, Moscow
The Btormy development ofaviation transportationin recent
years has involvedan increase in the number ofpowerful, fast air-
craft, which has led to a sharp increase in noise radiation into the
external medium and a worsening of the acoustic regime in residential
area_. The construction and expansion of airports is becoming all the
more a perceptible barrier to the planned development of a number of
cities.
Standards are being used at the present time to limit aviation
noise in residential areas to levels of llO-112 PNdB (perceived noise
level in decibels), or it)0 dBA byda_and to 100-102 PNdB (88-90 dBA)
at night, loveiswhich are excessively high and cannot be considered
acceptable from the point of view of health.
The F, F. Erisman Scientific Research Institute. of Hygiene
has been conducting a study for a number of years on noise propagation
_'rom different classea of airports and its effect on the state of health
of the populace, with the aim o! formulating guidelines for airportan *' distribution in city planning.
1
t
The ef/ect of aviation noise on the human organism is
determined to a significant degree by the ma_ximum level, duration,
flightdensityand distributionduring a 24-hour period, time of the
year, etc., which are all considered in the equivalent sound level
in dBA. This level is taken at the present time toevaluate non-
continuous noise inresidentialareas which is produced by various
modes of transportation.
Physiological and health studies under laboratory conditions
ofhealthy subjects have indicated that noise levelsof 70-80 dB from
aircraftinflightevoke changes in the bioelectricslactivityof the
brain and a significantincrease in latentreflex reaction time to
lightand sound stimuli, in addition towhich work decreases and
attentionstrays. In the cardiovascular system, arrhythmia and
reduction in systole are noted, as well as an increase in arterial
pressure and peripheral vascular tonus.
Observations of young school-age children at dispensaries
in small villagessituatednear airports revealed hmctional changes
inthe cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as distrubance
of hearing. Noise evokes increased fatigueand headache, and it
decreases success in school children.
A study of general morbidity, in the adzl_population living
at distances up to ten kilometers from airports, indicated an increase
by two tofour times in the frequency'of disease inthe auditory organ,
the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and the gastrointestinaltract.
The Increase in morbid_._rv:hichv."-_noted Rfc.T._.t_pcr_on_ o_ young
and middle age.
34
An interview survey of 4000 persons, in a popt_lation living
at 33 settled areas at adistance of 5-I0 krn from airports, was con-
ducted on the annoyance of aviation noise, using a specially formulated
questionnaire° The st_rvey indicated that the major complaints
involved loss of sleep and rest {30-51%), and the remaining forms of
disturbance in daily activities (disturbance of conversation, mental
activity, and physical work, startle, fear, etc.) made up 10-22
percent of the complaints.
In rcund-the-ciock airport operation, the annoyance dus to
noise is sharply increased. The intensive movement of aircraft during
the entire 24 hour period creates, for the populace living adjacent to
each areas, extremely unbearable levels to which 81 percent of the
complaints were evidence.
The general number of complaints occur in direct proportion
to the value oi the equivalent level in the area of the population
points: with an increase in equivalent sound level, the number of
complaints and the sharpness of the populace's reaction increase.
Thus. for r. = 58.4 dBA. 49 percent of those qaestiorJed compia'inedeq
of noise. For L = 60.8 dBA, 50 percent complained, for L = 6Z.3eq eq
dBA -- 56 percent, and for L = 77dBA, 81 percent.eq
Aviation noise, like no other, causes annoyance and fear due
to its unexpected occurrence in a quiet interior background, especiallyJ
at night and to children. The populace notes that aviation noise fatigues.
annoys, disrupts sleep and rest, and does not permit the possibility of
concentrating at work.
r
l
35
The effect of maximum levels £or oingle aircraft flights
were evaluated under laboratory _onditions based on subjective
evaluationdata, using the method of "mass observations". Aviation
noise was used am the annoyance factor and had been recorded on
magnetic tape in the form of a noise scenario during the take-off
of a TU-104 turbejet aircraft. Levels from 70 to 100 dBA were
studied. Noisq was evaluated on a five-pointscale; no annoyance,
tolerable,disturbing,annoying, unbearable. 79-dBA noise was
evaluated as "tolerable" in 32 percent of the cases. With anincreaee
in noise intensity, the answers 'Sdisturbing" and 'rannoying" increanv
and, correspondingly, the number of Hue annoyance" evaluations
decrease, For aviation noise levels of 85 dBA, 59 percent of the
answer_ were negative, and 90-dBA noise _'annoyed H in 61 percent
of the canes, 100-dBA noise in subjectively t_nacceptable, according
to 88 percent of the answer0 received.
ThLte, the results of otudies conductedt_nder actual and
laboratory conditions indicatedthat aviationnoioe levolaof 70-85
dBA are acceptable for pe0ple's daily activitieo,L__¢i?0dBA
is the limitof tolerability,and L = level_of 95 dBA and higher exerteq
an unpleasant influence on the populace and cannot be permitted ina
residential area.
i
36
On the basis of these data, the Erinmanlnstitute, together
with the State Scientific Research Instituta of Civil Aviation and the
State Scientific Researchlnetit_te oJ_ Building Physics, State Depart-
rnent of Construction, have worked out ntandardn. In accordance with
"; which equivalent noise levels o_ L---65 dBA (day) and 55 dBA (:light) in
residential areas, corresponding to 75 and 85 dBA. Three land a_e
zones were also established in the rleighborhood of airports.
J
i
37
: "".......... " :, "J • , J . "