fabian m. suchanek ontological reasoning for natural language understanding1 ontological reasoning...

Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 1Fabian M. Suchanek

Ontological Reasoning

for Natural Language Understanding

Fabian M. Suchanek

Supervisors: Prof. Dr-Ing. Gerhard Weikum

Dr. habil. Peter Baumgartner

Colloquium


Overview

1. Introduction to the Problem

2. Our Approach

1. SUMO-Ontology

2. Text Analysis

3. KRHyper

3. Conclusions and Outlook


Text Entailment

Hypothesis: „Elvis is still alive!“

Text:

...Yes, Elvis is alive...

...Elvis is not alive...

...Elvis comes to Saarbrücken on January 1st...

...Elvis is living incognito in a small Russian village...


Plan of Attack

KRHyper-Rules

subclass(funeral, socialinteraction).subclass(literacyattribute, traitattribute).subclass(mixedlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(pidginlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(creolelanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).

subclass(human,animal).

subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).

comesTo(elvis,saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).

SUMO-Ontology

Text


SUMO-Ontology – Concept Hierarchy

Entity

PhysicalAbstract

ConstrictorSnake

Anaconda

Human


instance(P, intentionalProcess) agent(P, A)=> holdsDuring(when(P), attribute(A, awake))

SUMO-Ontology – Axioms




Functions




Functions Nested Formulae

O


SUMO-Ontology – Nested Formulae

thinks(bob, alive(priscilla) alive(elvis)).

alive(elvis) alive(priscilla)

<=> alive(priscilla) alive(elvis)

thinks(bob, alive(elvis) alive(priscilla) ).


SUMO-Ontology – Nested Formulae

thinks(bob, false beautiful(priscilla)).

alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis)

<=> false

<=> false beautiful(priscilla)

?

thinks(bob, alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis) ).

O


Propositional Equivalence

p(t1,… q(t'1,…t'n'),… tn)

~~~~~> x p(t1,…,x,… tn) q(t'1,…t'n',x)

p(t1,… not(q(t'1,…t'n')),… tn)

~~~~~> x p(t1,…,x,… tn) q(t'1,…t'n',neg(x))

says(bob,a)

says(bob,not(b))a b


Propositional Equivalence, Example

thinks(bob, alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis) )

=> thinks(bob, beautiful(priscilla) )

thinks(bob, wife(elvis,priscilla)) wife(X,Y) <=> husband(Y,X)

=> thinks(bob, husband(priscilla,elvis))

knows(bob, alive(elvis)) knows(X,Y) => believes(X,Y)

=> believes(bob, alive(elvis))


Plan of Attack

KRHyper-Rules


subclass(human, animal).subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).

comesTo(elvis, Saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).

SUMO-Ontology

Text


Text Analysis

Elvis comes to Saarbrücken

Noun Verb Prep Noun

Comp

VP

S

O


Mapping a Sentence to SUMO


?




BodyMotion




BodyMotion

??

AgentDestination

O




BodyMotion

Agent Destination

instance(b,bodymotion).agent(b,elvis).destination(b,saarbruecken).


Plan of Attack

KRHyper-Rules


subclass(human, animal).subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).

comesTo(elvis, Saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).

SUMO-Ontology

Text


KRHyper

First-Order-Reasoning System ر

Developed at the University of Koblenz/Germany ر

by P. Baumgartner and C. Wernhard

Given some facts and rules, calculates a set of ر

entailed facts

Facts+Rules

entailed

O


attribute(A, alive) ← agent(P,A) instance(P,process).

subclass(bodyMotion, process).

instance(b,bodyMotion).agent(b,elvis).

Application

SUMO-Ontology

Text

attribute(elvis,alive).

instance(b,process).

Hypothesis false ← attribute(elvis,alive).


Results

It is possible to enhance question answering ر by a kind of common sense reasoning

There is still a long way to go to practical applicability ر

O


Outlook

Idea: Learn the Ontology from the Web

Web(Wikipedia)

Free Text+ HTML+ Ontological Knowledge


Conclusion

References:

KRHyper: http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~wernhard/krhyper

SUMO: http://www.ontologyportal.org

Comp. Linguistics: http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de

Thesis: http://www.mpii.mpg.de/~suchanek/personal

Elvis is alive, but there‘s still much work to do.

fabian m. suchanek ontological reasoning for natural language understanding1 ontological reasoning...

Documents