Basic Electronics

ByWaqas

Muhammad12081556-034

Presented toSir Us man

Integerated Circuit: integrated circuit (IC) is a electronic device

made out of a semiconductor material.

OR  Integrated circuits, also called

"chips“. In electronic circuits where all the

components (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors)

manufactured on the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.

The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby .

EE439/539

IC Fabrication Technology: Brief History

• 1940s - setting the stage - the initial inventions that made integrated circuits possible.

In 1945, William Shockley, included, John Bardeen develop a semiconductor replacement for the vacuum tube.

In 1947 Bardeen and Shockley succeeded in creating a device that l known as a transistor.

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Lecture #1

Why We Need To Manufacture Ic First engineers had to use vacuum tubes

. .The size of vacuum tube is large.When engineers tried to build complex

circuits using the vacuum tube, they quickly became aware of its limitat

When the transistor . Small, fast, reliable and effective, it quickly replaced the vacuum tube.

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W. Shockley

J. Bardeen

W. Brattain

1st transistor in 1947 by Bell Lab, it is a transistor.

Some history in IC industry: first transistor

Base is n-type Ge.Emitter and collector are two metal wires, which are very thin and pushed onto the Ge base.

Problems

Problem was the size of the circuits. A complex circuit, like a computer, was dependent on speed. In 1958 Jack Kilby at found a solution to this problem.

. Kilby's idea was to make all the components and the chip out of the same block of semiconductor material .

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Integrated Circuit (IC) invented by Kilby from TI

TI: Texas Instrument

Jack Kilby, Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000

IC: integrate multiple components on the same chip and to interconnect them to form a circuit.

A simple oscillator IC with five integratedcomponents (resistors, capacitors, distributedcapacitors and transistors) on Ge substrate.

Kilby's invention had a serious drawback.

In 1959 Robert Noyce came up with his own idea for the integrated circuit

. The main difference was the material Noyce used silicon while Kilby used germanium for the making of ics.

Monolithic: made from same substrate

Planar technology

Planar process invented in the late 1950s

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 Integrated circuitsIntegrated Circuits play a very important part in

electronics. Most are specially made for a specific task and contain up to thousands of transistors, diodes and

resistors. Special purposes IC's such as audio-amplifiers, FM

radios. Some of the simple Integrated Circuits are shown in

figure

Figure7.1

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Pentium IV

1st transistor

1947

1st electronic computer

ENIAC (1946)

Vacuum Tuber

1st computer(1832)

Explosive growth of computing power

Macroelectronics Microelectronics Nanoelectronics