A facade or façade is generally one side of the exterior of a building, especiallythe front, but also sometimes the sides and rear.

The word comes from the French language, literally meaning "frontage" or"face".

What is façade ?

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Type of Facade

Glazing Cladding

ü Curtain Wallingü Point Support Glazingü Spider Glazingü Bolted Glazingü Glazing on Tension Trussü Glazing on Cable Trussü Atriumü Skylight , Canopies , Domeü Shop Front / Displayü Doors & Windows

ü Aluminium Composite Panelü Metal Claddingü Zinc Panel Claddingü Stone Claddingü Clay tile Claddingü Wooden Panel Claddingü Polycarbonate Panelü GFRC Claddingü FRP CladdingUn

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GLAZING

Glazing, which derives from the MiddleEnglish for 'glass', is a part of a wall, madeof glass. Glazing also describes the workdone by a professional "glazier"

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Curtain Wall Structural Glazing Spider Glazing on Tension Rod System

Sky Light Sliding Door Aluminium door

Glazing

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What is a curtain wall?

Curtain Wall is a form of a vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its own weight and the environmental forces which act upon it.

Types of Curtain Wall q Conventional Stick System (Capped System) q Structural silicone glazing ( SSG)

Ø Semi unitized system Ø Unitized System

In this system the vertical mullionsand horizontal transoms are installedon MS/SS/Aluminium brackets whichare anchored to the columns/slabs.Cut to size glass is fixed on the gridwork with pressure plates.(The glass isheld Mechanically) Cover cap is snapfit on the pressure plates for aestheticlook.In the above system 90% of the workcan be done at site.

Conventional Stick System

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Semi unitized system

In this system the vertical mullions andhorizontal transoms are installed onMS/SS/Aluminium brackets which areanchored to the columns/slabs. Cut to sizeglass is structurally glazed to the Aluminiumsub frame by structural sealant. The sub framewith the glass is installed on the Grid work.In the above system 50% of the work is doneat site.

In this system MS/SS/Aluminium brackets are anchored to the columns/slabs after detailed site survey. The complete unit spanning floor height fully fabricated at the factory is installed on the brackets.

In the above system 10% of the work is done at site.

Unitized system

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ISOMETRIC VIEW OF UNITIZED GLAZING SYSTEM

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v The space between the glass sheets are filledwith whether seal.

v The support elements that hold the fitting canbe space frame, glass fin or tension cables.

v The inherent characteristics of each type ofglass product define the type of articulatedfitting which it will require.

Spider Glazing -

v Spider System is a system for point-supportedvertical glazing in which thermally toughened (Tempered ) glass sheets are used, in singleglazing or in insulated glass.

v Laminated safety glass ( tempered laminatedglass ) is preferable to be used in single glazingor as the outer sheet of the insulating glassunits.

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v This system consists of a number ofaccessories with metal arms. At the end ofeach arm, a sheet of glass is fixed by thecorners with a special screw. The vacuumbetween these sheets is filled up withisolators to overcome mechanical pressureand weather conditions.

v The rectangular glass sheets have 4 or 6countersunk drilled holes into whichcountersunk stainless steel bolts acting aspoint-fixings.

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Point Fixing Bolts:v These are also known as Routels, Articulated Bolts,

Swivel bolts etc.v Point Fixing Bolts are of two types: Fixed and Swivel.v These can be used for fixing single glazing and/or

double glazing of various thicknesses.

Spider:v Different shapes, dimensions for a wide variety of

specifications are available.v Center to center dimensions vary according to the

wind load and stress requirements.v Different types of fixing arrangements like fin type,

structure fixing types are also possible.

Tension Rod/Cable System:v This is used along with tension rods and tension

cables and is the main element for the tension rod ortension cable structure.

v Tension cables structures are also known as WireRope structures.

v Tension Rod and tension cable structures are used forgiving a very light weight look to the glass Façade.Un

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Features of the spider system

ü Modern architecture ü Most possible transparencyü Large and fully smooth glazed areaü Doors and windows can be inserted in a

spider glass façadeü Excellent adaptation to local

requirements.ü Full daylight on all sides.ü Double and single glazing.ü Good thermal insulation with 16mm

airspace in double glazing.ü A solution to more and more structural

needs.

Applications of Spider System

ü Huge building and shop facadesü Lobbies, passageways and glasshousesü Skylights and domesü Walls, interior partitions and internal

staircasesü Stands and furnitureü Interior designs

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Ø The factors that play an important role in glass façade design

q Height of the buildingq Distance between slabsq Location of the buildingq Span of each panel

Ø Factors affecting the price of the glazing

q Curtain wall systemq Glassq Location & Height of the buildingq Finish on the aluminium profilesq Accessories

Ø Important factors for glazing

q System Design – pressure equalized systemq Barrier against water & air leakages – 3 barrier – Minimumq Thermally efficient system for better performance of the building, as no

heat will be transmitted inside by the aluminum

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CLADDING

Cladding is the covering of one material with another

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CLAY TILE ZINC PANEL

GFRC

STONE

ACP

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GlassGlass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solidmaterial. Glasses are typically brittle andoptically transparent.

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Ordinary glass – called Annealed or Float glass

Safety Glass – This can be either Toughened, Laminated, Safety Wired Glass or Annealed glass with safety film applied to it. Safety glazing is mandatory for new installations within 800mm of the floor in windows and partitions, and within 1500mm of the floor in doors and side panels. Glazing is marked in the corner with BS6206.

Security Glass- Laminated glass or Annealed glass with film applied to it.When security glass is installed you must ensure there is an emergency escape route in case of fire.

Low Emissivity glass or Low E glass- The glass must be used in a double glazed window so that the special reflective coating, which is always placed inside the cavity, is protected from any damage

Decorative glass - This can be Opaque, patterned, Stained, Sandblasted or Etched

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Type of Architectural Glass

ü Annealed Glassü Toughened Glassü Heat Strengthen Glassü Laminated Glassü Fire Rated Glass

ü Insulated Glass Unit with Air Gapü Insulated Glass Unit with Gas Filledü Laminated Insulated Glass Unitü LOW-E Glass

ü Clear Glassü Tinted Glass (Blue,Green,Bronze)ü Colour Glassü Frosted Glassü Ceramic Fritted

Appearance

Strength / Safety

PerformanceSafety / Sound / Heat

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HEAT TREATED GLASS

v Toughened Glassv Heat Strengthen Glass

Heat Treated Glass is produced by heating the glass to a plastic state at around 650ºC,and then by computer control, the glass is moved into the quench area where it israpidly cooled by a series of high pressure air nozzles.

This rapid cooling or quenching induces high compression stress in the glass surface,while the center remains in tension.

Although the physical characteristics remain unchanged, the additional stresses createdwithin the glass increases its thermal and mechanical strength.

Heat Strengthened glass is twice as strong as the annealed glass while Tempered glassis up to five times stronger than ordinary annealed glass of the same thickness.

Tempered glass is much harder to break than annealed float or laminated glass. Ifbroken it will not provide security, however the noise due to breakage is often adeterrent.

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Reflective glasses are the most widely used glass for structural glazing and curtain walling for reasons such as better light transmission, reduced heat transfer etc.

v Types of reflective glass

ü Hard coated glass or pyrolytic coated glassü Soft coated glass or vacuum sputtered coated glass

Ø Hard coated glass

o Better photometric properties than the tinted glass and are low-performance glass.o Imported in sheet sizes and various processes like tempering / DGU can be done

locally.o This is cheaper glass as the processes can be done locally saving customs dutyo This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.

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Ø Soft coated glass

o Medium performance glasso Superior glass than the hard coated glass in terms of photometric properties.o Heat strengthening will have to be done at the source of supply (abroad) and

DGU can be made locally.o This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial

investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.

Ø High Performance glass

o Most superior type of glass in terms of photometric properties.o Can never be used as single glass and the whole unit with DGU has to be

imported from abroad.o Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial

investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.

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Pre Tempered Coating Post Tempered Coatings

Tempered First and then Coated Coated first and then Tempered

Since the base glass is tempered first (whichcan be either Tinted or Clear), the Distortionon the final product is much less as comparedto the Post tempered Product Distortion is more as the Coated glass is tempered

All the preprocessing (Cutting, Grinding,Tempering) is done before Coating. HenceCoating is not exposed to these processes andchances of damage to the coating is less

All the preprocessing is done after the coating.Hence coating is exposed to these processes whichmight result in damage of coating if not handledproperly.

It is manufactured after the reciept of sizes,hence immediately after the coating the glassis processed for making DGU

These are make in stock sizes and are packed inCrates before making the DGU. These have to beproperly packed and has a shelf life.

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v CVD - CVD, or Chemical Vapor Deposition, is one of two main technologiesused to manufacture Low Emissivity glass. In the CVD process, vapor directedto the hot glass surface reacts to form a ceramic coating. The resulting Low Eproduct is often referred to as "hard coat". Also known as pyrolytic coating.

v Emissivity - Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or reflectheat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass is a poorabsorber of heat!

v Hard Coat - Also known as "pyrolytic", hard coat refers to Low E glassmanufactured via the CVD process. Because the coating is covalently bondedto the glass, hard coat Low E is extremely durable.Un

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MSVD - MSVD, or Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Deposition (also knownas "sputtering"), is one of two main technologies used to manufactureLow Emissivity glass.

In MSVD, a metal or ceramic target bombarded with ions releases atomsto form a thin coating on a sheet of glass. The resulting Low E product isoften called "soft coat" or "sputtered".

Soft Coat - Also know as "sputtered", soft coat refers to Low E glassmanufactured via the MSVD process.

Less durable than its hard coat counterpart, soft coat Low E requiresspecial storage and handling to prevent damage to the coating.Un

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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

v The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (or SHGC) refers to a window's ability totransmit solar radiation.

v The SHGC ranges from 0-1. A value of 0 indicates that the windowfunctions like a wall, essentially preventing any solar energy from enteringthe building.

v A value of 1 indicates that the window functions like an opening, allowingall solar energy in.

v In cold climates, a high SHGC can lower heating costs by using passive solarheating.

v In warm climates, a low SHGC is desired to keep unwanted heat out andreduce cooling costs. U

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Shading Coefficient

Shading coefficient is the ratio of solar heat gain through a specific type of glassthat is relative to the solar heat gain through a 1/8" (3 mm) ply of clear glassunder identical conditions (see Figure 8). As the shading coefficient numberdecreases, heat gain is reduced, which means a better performing product.

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Solar Selective Low E

Specifically designed to enhance comfort in warm climates, solar selective Low E is a Low E glass with a low solar heat gain coefficient.

U-Value

Also known as the K-value, the U-value is a measure of a window's ability to transfer heat (usually given in W/m2K or Btu/hr ft2 oF).

Windows with a low U-value, like Low Emissivity windows, are efficient insulators against heat loss.

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1. CONDUCTION2. RADIATION3. CONVECTION4. AIR LEAKAGE

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Visible Light TransmittanceThe percentage of visible light (380 - 780 nm) that is transmitted through theglass.

Solar TransmittanceThe percentage of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared energy (300 - 3000 nm)that is transmitted through the glass.

Visible Light ReflectanceThe percentage of light that is reflected from the glass surface(s).

Solar ReflectanceThe percentage of solar energy that is reflected from the glass surface(s).

NFRC U-ValueA measure of heat gain or heat loss through glass due to the differences betweenindoor and outdoor temperatures. These are center pane values based on NFRCstandard winter nighttime and summer daytime conditions.

U-values are given in BTU/(hr*ft2*°F) for the English system. Metric U-values aregiven in W/(m2*°K). To convert from English to metric, multiply the English U-value by 5.6783.

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Relative Heat Gain (RHG)The amount of heat gained through glass taking into consideration U-value and shading coefficient. Using the NFRC standard, relative heat gain is calculated as follows:

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)The portion of directly transmitted and absorbed solar energy that enters into the building's interior. The higher the SHGC, the higher the heat gain.

Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)The ratio is equal to the Visible Light Transmittance divided by the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. The Department of Energy's Federal Technology Alert publication of the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) views an LSG of 1.25 or greater to be Green Glazing/Spectrally Selective Glazing.

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Monolithic Glazing - 6mm clear Float Glass

Laminated Glass with normal PVB - 6.38 mm PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm/3mm

Laminated Glass with Acoustic PVB - 6.38 mm Acoustic PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm pvb/3mm

Normal Double Glazing - 4mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 4 – 12 – 4mm

Asymmetrical Double Glazing - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 6 – 12 – 4mm

Double glazing with one pane laminated - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm Float 6 – 12 –8.38mm

Double glazing with one pane acoustic PVB laminated -6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm Float 6 – 12 – 8.38mm

Double glazing with two pane acoustic PVB laminated - 8.38mmFloat – 2mm air gap–10.38mm Float 8.38 – 12 – 10.38mm

GLASS TYPE CONFIGURATION

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DESING & DRAWING

MATERIAL SELECTIO

N & APPROVAL

GLASS PERFORM

ANCE TEST

MATERIAL PROCURE

MENT

FABRICATION OF

ALUMINIUM FRAME

GLAZING & CURING

PACKING &

DISPATCH

OFF SITE /FACTORY WORKING

ON SITE WORKING

SITE SURVEY

FIXING OF CAST

IN CHANEL

BRACKET FIXING &

ALIGNMENT

FIXING OF SUBFRAME

INSTALLATION

OF PANEL

SMOKE SEAL FLASHINGS

CLEANING & HANDING OVER

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LIST OF MATERIAL

CAST IN CHANEL ALUMINIUM BRACKET ALUMINIUM EXTRUDED PROFILE

SILICON SPACER TAPEANCHOR FASTNERS

NUT BOLTS ROCKWOOLGI/ALUMINIUM

FLASHINGSEPDM GASKETUn

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VISUAL MOCKUP AT SITE

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What is glass Façade testing?Glass façade testing is a process wherein the façade is tested for its designed performance for Structural stability & leakage’s against air & water infiltration.

Why Testing?v To identify & rectify:

ü Improper designü Improper fabricationü Improper installation

Advantages of testing

ü Assurances of performance of the glass façade as per design requirementü Peace of mind on the functionality of the systemü Saving in time & money as few rectification on site after installationü Leak proof buildingü Increased life of the building

Importance of testingThese tests are a must & should be performed on every project as no two projects are similar & this helps the Project Manager to act proactively, thus save Valuable material in the form of modification, Valuable time & Valuable Money.

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Laboratory Testingv Air Infiltration Test - ASTM E 283v Water Penetration Test ( Static ) - ASTM E 331v Water Penetration Test (Dynamic) - AAMA 501.1v Structural Test ( Wind load serviceability) - ASTM E 330v Seismic Racking Test ( Floor Displacement ) – AAMA 501.4v Structural Proof Load Test ( 150% ) - ASTM E 330v Seismic Proof Test (150-200%) - ASTM 501.4

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Double glass unit

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STEP - 1

• First and foremost the right glass combination isselected according the clients requirement.

STEP -2

• All spacer bars are cut to size, and are then filledwith a desiccant for moisture absorption.

STEP-3• Then, P.I.B(poly isobutyl) is applied to the spacer

bar as the primary seal

STEP-4

• Glass is then put through the washer and arrives on to the quality control check point.

STEP-5

• Quality control must then inspect to ensure the glass is clean and flawless

STEP-6

• the pre-prepared spacer bar is then applied. The glass with the spacer bar attached is then sent to the holding point

INSULATING GLASS UNIT PROCESS

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STEP-7

• The second piece of glass is then also put throughthe washer and inspected all the same, and then letthrough to the holding point, in which case themachine automatically aligns the two sheets of glass.

STEP - 8

• The two sheets are then pressed in the large glasspress, and the automatically released out the otherend. Then the Insulated Glass Unit is transported usingthe glass lift and is then ready for the application ofthe secondary seal

STEP -9

• The secondary seal is applied all around the unit,in either butyl or silicon depending on the size andwhat the purpose of the unit is.

STEP-10• Once the secondary seal process is complete, the

unit is left to dry, which brings us to the end of themanufacturing process.

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What are the benefits of having Double Glazed Units?

v Heat loss through single glazing will be at least halved with double glazed units

v Rooms will be COLDER/WARMER with double glazed units

v Outside NOICE can be reduced with double glazed units

v Condensation can be reduced with double glazed unitsvv Increases the saleability of the property with double glazed unitsvv Savings on fuel bills with double glazed units.

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Design base reportWind pressureTotal areaCost per SftExtra ItemBudget ProjectionVisualsChallengesBMUOpenable PanelGirder BeamMaintenance

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Shattering Pattern of Toughened Glass

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GLASS FOR CW1 STACKED IN GLASS WALL FACTORYQTY – 3000.00 SQM

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THANK YOU

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