Eric LarsonDecember 2007

Image Coding and Analysis Laboratory, Oklahoma State University

What is model-based coding? Facial Analysis Dealing with Dynamic Bandwidths

Solving a MOP quickly An application specific NSGA-II, with a

deterministic searchResultsConclusion

Alternative to sending raw video footage

Creation of “essential” parameters needed to reconstruct a scene

A real-time analysis nightmare

Copyright by Microsoft

Very Low Bit Rate Teleconferencing GamingMan-Machine InteractionVideo Telephony

Telephony for the deaf

Image Courtesy of Dr. Peter Eisert [3]

Analysis (by Synthesis)

Image Courtesy of Dr. Peter Eisert [3]

Images Courtesy of Dr. Peter Eisert [4]

Generously, Instituto Superior Technico

ISTface [22]

Gradient based approximation is not robust

Complication of direct optimization Handled by reducing FAPs

Do not address problem of dynamic bandwidth

Image Courtesy of J. Ahlberg [17]

Quality Objective Function:

FAP Number Objective Function:

D

2

10

255log 10 = PSNR

21

0

1

0

1),(

M

m

N

n

nmEMN

D

used is set fap if ,

used not is set fap if ,)( where

),(

1

0

18

1

iFAP

iFAPNi

FAP

Use NSGA-II for the multiple objective optimization

Assign a premature stopping criteriaChoose bandwidth Select FAP sets Use deterministic algorithm

Tournament selection used for crossover

Parents and children combined, sorted according to Domination Nearest Neighbor

RepeatFrom [7], NSGA-II

while {a search direction of improvement can be found} for {each dimension, step 20 units}

▪ -if the step is favorable, another step is made ▪ -Else, choose next dimension

find direction of steepest descent from original

point and improved point   while {step size scaling constant < 0.0001}

take step in the steepest descent direction▪ -if the new point is favorable, increase step size by two, ▪ -else, decrease step size by a factor of ten.

Update starting individual with new individual

Pareto fronts

Max Bandwidth (Uncompressed)

FRAME NO.

Selected FAP Setsa Best PSNRMean PSNR (Over 3 runs)

Mean Function Evaluations

Medium 0 0(3), 1(2), 2, 4, 5(2), 6, 9, 10, 11(2), 12, 13, 15(3), 16(3) 30.57 dB 30.36 dB 779

(~4.8 Kbits/s 1 0 (3), 1(2), 2, 4, 5 (3), 6 (2), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14(2), 15(3), 16(3), 17(3) 35.14 dB 32.54 dB 690

At 25 fps)b 2 0(2), 1, 2, 4, 5(2), 6(2), 7, 8, 10, 11(2), 12(2), 13(2), 14(3) , 15(3), 16(3), 17(2) 32.09 dB 29.50 dB 392

3 0(2), 1, 2(2), 5, 6(2), 7(2), 8, 9(2), 11(2), 12, 13(2), 14(2), 15(3), 16(3), 17 33.20 dB 29.99 dB 5614 0(2), 1, 2(2), 3, 5(2), 6(2), 7, 8, 10(2), 11(2), 13(2), 14(2), 15(3), 16(2), 17(2) 32.98 dB 28.14 dB 415

5 0(2), 1(2), 2(2), 3, 6(2), 7(2), 8, 9(2), 10(2), 11, 12(3), 13, 14(3), 15(3), 16(2), 17(2) 32.90 dB 28.73 dB 299

6 0(2), 1(3), 2, 5, 7(2), 8(3), 9, 10(2), 11, 12, 14, 15(3), 16(3), 17 32.13 dB 30.89 dB 7487 0(3), 1(2), 4, 5, 6, 7(3), 8(3), 11(2), 12(2), 13, 14, 15(3), 16(3), 17(2) 31.91 dB 29.51 dB 4458 0(3), 2, 4, 5(2), 6(2), 8, 9, 11(2), 12(2), 13(2), 14(2), 15(3), 16(3), 17(2) 30.97 dB 29.53 dB 7269 0(3), 1(2), 3, 5(2), 6(2), 7, 8, 9(2), 10(2), 11(2), 12(2), 14, 15(3), 16(3), 17 30.96 dB 28.99 dB 451

10 0(3), 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10(2), 11(2), 12(2), 13(2), 14(2), 15(3), 16(3), 17(2) 30.21 dB 28.80 dB 527

Low 0 0, 7, 8(2), 11(2), 14(2), 15(3), 16(2) 29.95 dB 27.13 dB 573(~2.4 Kbits/s 1 0, 5, 8, 11(2), 12, 14, 15(3), 16(2), 17(3) 33.23 dB 29.46 dB 595At 25 fps)b 2 8, 10, 11, 12(2), 13(2), 14, 15(3), 16(2), 17(3) 32.02 dB 27.21 dB 773

3 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12(2), 14, 15(3), 16, 17 28.77 dB 24.34 dB 8084 1, 9(2), 10, 11, 12(2), 14(2), 15(3), 17(3) 22.99 dB 22.80 dB 7455 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15(3), 16(2), 17 29.25 dB 26.93 dB 4466 2, 5, 6, 9(2), 10, 11(2), 12, 14(2), 15(2), 16(3), 17 29.67 dB 25.75 dB 376

7 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15(3), 16(3), 17 29.01 dB 28.41 dB 3868 1, 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16(3) 28.97 dB 23.98 dB 5299 0, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15(2), 16(3), 17 28.79 dB 25.93 dB 694

10 3, 5(2), 6(2), 9, 10(2), 12, 15, 16(3) 27.56 dB 24.25 dB 226

Histogram of all resultant individuals

Video Sequence

Frame 90

Low

Medium

Frame 93

Low

Medium

Frame 96

Low

Medium

Frame 99

Low

Medium

Frame 102

Low

Medium

Frame 105

Low

Medium

Frame 108

Low

Medium

Frame 111

Low

Medium

Frame 114

Low

Medium

Frame 117

Low

Medium

Frame 120

Low

Medium

Deficiencies can be traced back to selection of PSNR

Future work should include error functions like SSIM or Eigen-faces

Algorithm works Accentuates the details of PSNR

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Delivery of Face Animation,” Proceedings of the 2nd international conferenice on mobile and ubiquitous media, 20033. P. Eisert, “MPEG-4 facial animation in video analysis and synthesis,” International Journal of Imaging Systems and

Technology, June 2003.4. P. Eisert, “Very Low Bit Rate Coding,” Doctoral Thesis, November 2000.5. J. D. Schaffer, “Multiple objective optimization with vector evaluated genetic algorithms,” 1st international conference on

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680, 1983.20. T. Edgar, D. Himmelblau, and Lasdon, L., Optimization of Chemical Processes, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2001.21. G. Reklaitis, A. Ravindran, and Ragsdell, K., Engineering Optimization, Methods and Applications, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and

Sons, New York, NY, 2006.22. ISTface, Program from Instituto Superior Technico, standard FAP animation sequence, “wow25.fap”.23. J. Jiang, A. Alwan, P. A. Keating, and T. A. Edward Jr., “On the relationship between face movements, tongue movements,

and speech acoustics,” EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 2002.24. Z. Wang, A. Bovik, H. Sheikh, and E. Simoncelli, “Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity,”

IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 600–612 (2004).