facial feminization surgery procedures

8/14/2019 Facial Feminization Surgery Procedures

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Facial Feminization Surgery Procedures

Facial Feminization Surgery Procedures

By Trinity Rose

www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net

Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS) refers to surgical procedures, which will alter amasculine face to a feminine shape through the use of plastic surgery, reconstructive

surgery, and maxillofacial surgery.

Procedures range from the use of soft tissue procedures, facial fillers, implants, to more

invasive procedures involving the buring (grinding) of facial bones, and the cutting

(osteotomy) of facial bones.

Due to the fact people differ in facial characteristics; a combination of serval procedures

may need to be used to alter the face to the desired result to feminize the face. Most

people refer to Facial Feminization Surgery as FFS when describing it.

There are a number of surgical procedures that can be used to feminize the face when it

comes to FFS. Depending on your facial structure and degree of masculine features, one

or many of the following procedures can be used to feminize the transsexual face:

Forehead contouring: Complated by a high speed bur

Forehead reconstruction: Complated by cutting out a section or sections of the frontalskull

Forehead compression/controlled facture: Research in progress

Jaw tapering: Completed by a high speed bur or a bone saw

Chin contouring/Mentoplasty: Completed by a high speed bur and or chin inplant

Sliding genioplasty: Completed by cutting and removing the chinCheekbone augmentation Through the use of implants

Cheekbone reduction Complated by a high speed burLip contouring/Lip lift

trachea shave

blepharoplasty(Eyelid surgery to correct sagging or drooping of the eyelids)Rhinoplasty

Facial Implants

Facial Fillers

Facelift

FFS surgeon listings
http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/feminizing_rhinoplasty.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/feminizing_rhinoplasty.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/feminizing_rhinoplasty.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.htmlhttp://www.facialplasticsurgery.net/injectable_fillers_micro_implants.htmhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facelift.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/intro.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/feminizing_rhinoplasty.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/feminizing_rhinoplasty.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.htmlhttp://www.facialplasticsurgery.net/injectable_fillers_micro_implants.htmhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facelift.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/intro.html


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Further links about surgery can also be found at the bottom of this page.

This surgery is not limited to female to male transsexuals; since there are also options

that can be applied to help female to male transsexuals using this type of surgery to

obtain masculine features. I will be adding Facial Masculinization Surgery information at

a future date.

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Jaw tapering/Jaw contouring

Facial Feminization Surgery FFS has a great many options of procedures, which can

feminize the face of transsexuals. Jaw tapering can have a great impact towards

feminizing of the male bone structure in the transsexual face if done correctly during your

FFS. All facial feminization surgery procedures carry a certain amount of risk.

It is important that transsexual women educate themselves about the procedures involved

in the FFS process and research the available facial feminization surgery surgeons

throughout the world.

View the affects of jaw tapering on the jaw in the above photo of the skulls (CLICK TO

ENLARGE).

The Mandible (jaw): In males the jaw tends to be wider/fuller in the back angles formore of a square appearance (lateral and posterior flaring of the bony angles) compared

with a female jaw. Females have a greater taper from the back of the jaw to the chin.

Females tend to have more of a rounded shape in the back of the jaw.

Some females tend to have strong jaw angels and so having this procedure is subjectiveto the personal preference of the patients having this procedure done.

Jaw tapering, Angle of mandible reduction, and or Ramus reduction: Thisprocedure involves removing a section of bone from the jaw to give it more of a rounded

affect from the ear down to the new forward curve. This is done through a incision in the

gumline of the mouth (there are a few other areas the surgeon may gain access to the area

also) and the bone will be taken down with a bone contouring bur/saw. Depending on the
http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/jawtappered.gif


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size of your master muscle, a Masseter Muscle Reduction might also be done for further

tapering, this procedure involves reduction with forceps and scissors. In most cases the

masseter muscle is reduced at the same time. If you place your finger on the back your

jaw and perform a biting action, you will feel the master muscle at work. You can also

bite down and clench your teeth and feel the masseter muscle. The following link will

provide more info and some more photos of jaw tappering.

For more info about mandible reduction take a look at the ""bottom"" of

this artical by Dr. Charles S. Lee

The jaw tapering if done correctly can make the cheeks look fuller and give a smoother

taper from the ears to the chin.

Jaw Tapering and Masseter Muscle Reduction are considered bloody procedures. So

there will be weakness and fatigue after these procedures. So expect to take at least a

week off resting. The amount of weakness and fatigue will vary based on the number of

procedures you are having done, health and age.

Is there pain after these two procedures? From personal experience after these two

procedures yes, the areas do hurt for sometime. Pain is a factor after surgery, which you

will have to face head on and take some painkillers for a while before it gets better.

Surgeons use drain tubes coming from within the gum line incision at the back of the jaw.

These tubes can be very irritating during the time you have them in. You won't be able to

fully open your mouth all the way so you will have to eat soft foods for a while because

of the limited range of movement you will have after this procedure and also becasue you

will have a limited amount of bite strength.

There tends to be a high degree of swelling after this procedure that can take a few

months to go down and there can be bruising in the eyes, cheeks, and neck. From my

experience with this surgery I drooled some for the first ten days after and it was kind of

irritating and was most prevalent when I tried to eat much of anything during the first ten

days.

After jaw or chin surgery the doctor will advise you not to sleep on either side of your

face for like three months and to sleep on an elevated position on your back. This can be

uncomfortable for people who are not used to sleeping on their back.

Here are some actual photos of the mandible from different views

Mandible, top view.

Mandible, frontal view.

Mandible, lateral view.

Mandible, posterior view.
http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/13.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/14.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/12.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/15.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/13.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/14.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/12.htmhttp://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/slide-Pages/15.htm


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Here are some photos of two burs (referred to as pineapple burs) which are used for

grinding bone. The shorter bur is a standard bur used by most surgeons and the second

bur was especially designed per specs of Dr. Mark Zukowski to operate at 15,000 RPM

and for greater reach during endoscopic surgery. The photos were taken a few days after I

had chin and jaw reconstruction with Dr. Zukowski after he allowed me some time with

his Surgery Tech for questions about the burs and to take photos. Photos of the burrs

The risks and complications from jaw tapering and massester muscle

reduction:Over reduction, Under reduction, Step down problems, Hematoma, Blood loss, Infection,

Permanent change in sensation, Nerve damage, and Blood clots.

Long term affects from facial feminization surgery on the mandible and

chinThis is a serious health development people will have to deal from having aggressive

surgery on the chin and jaw as they age.

This will vary in ages due to dental health and a healthy lifestyle. Oral and dental

diseases may also lower the age for this possibility during the lifespan of people under

going these procedures.

In older age (65 to 70 long term good health will increase the ages for this possible

condition) the chin and jaw bone becomes greatly reduced (the bones lower in height) in

size through the loss of the teeth and alveolar process (the bone area where the roots of

the teeth reside) being absorbed may cause the possibility of chin or jaw facture fromaggressive surgery in those areas due to the lowered height in the chin and lower to mid

section of the jaw.

This should be considered before surgery since the chin and jaw reduce sizes to almost

half their original sizes in old age. Factures in old age are very difficult to correct and can

lead to a massive amount of other health related issues.

In the below article there are a number of photos of what happens to the jaw and chin in

different periods of life. The section on this issue can be found in the bottom of the

article.

Long term affects on the mandible and chin
http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/burrs.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible#The_Ramushttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/burrs.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible#The_Ramus


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Chin Contouring and Chin

Reconstruction

In females the chin tends to be either a sharp point or a gentle rounding as in an oval face

like an upside down egg. Males tend to have more of a square looking chin and it tends to

be wider and vertically high compared to a females chin. This depends on the age of the

male to female transsexual since a number of male to female transsexuals in their late

teens and early twenties will fall into a female range of size and shape when it comes to

the shape of their chin. There are two procedures to shape the chin to a female shape the

first is grinding and the next is a sliding genioplasty (cutting of bones and placing them in

a new position).

Chin Contouring/Mentoplasty: This procedure involves making an incision either

through the gumline or underneath the chin to gain access to the area and then grindingdown the bone to shape your chin into a female shape. Some times a chin implant or a

bone paste will also be used to further shape the chin. Chin contouring involves grinding

down the chin on each side with a bone-contouring bur and from the information I have

been given by surgeons is that 5MM of bone can be removed using this method. Of

course a surgeon would be limited to a shorter distance of removal then 5MM, if the

Mental foramen (Mental nerve openings) is lower than that 5MM removal estimate

because the surgeon must also maintain a safe distance from the mental nerve openings,

meaning that a certain amount of bone below the mental nerve opening can't be worked

on so the surgeon can maintain a safe distance from the mental nerve.

Chin contouring can address removing height, width and some length from your chin.

This procedure to shape the chin has a much lower potential of complications than the

sliding genioplasty. When the chin is set too far forward without significant dept of bone

to contour, a sliding genioplasty will be in order to reduce the dept of the chin.

A little note for those interested in the mental nerve. Mental nerve openings can be

described as a hole on each side of the chin and the nerve comes out from those two

openings. You can see the mental nerve openings in the skull graphics I have posted on

this page. The openings can also be observed in x-rays of the jaw and chin depending on

the density of the x-rays taken. There are also several known abnormities of the mental

nerve openings, which can include lack of mental nerve openings, multiple mental nerveopenings and openings in very low positions. (Absence and Variations on Mental

Nerve Openings)

The risks and complications from chin contouring/grinding:Poor cosmetic outcomes, necrosis, reaction or rejection of implants or bone filler,

hematoma, infection, permanent change in sensation, slight step down problems, blood

clots, and nerve damage (nerve damage is rare with this procedure, but possible).
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/128.htmlhttp://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/128.htmlhttp://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/128.htmlhttp://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/128.html


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Sliding Genioplasty/Chin Reconstruction

Sliding Genioplasty/Chin Reconstruction: This procedure involves making anincision in the gum line in your mouth or underneath the chin and cutting the chin with a

bone saw then removing the chin for shaping of the segment or segments and placing it

back in place with plates and screws. This procedure requires more time under general

anesthesia than Chin Contouring. Depending on the shape of your chin, there are a

number of options your surgeon will consider with a sliding genioplasty. This procedure

also requires that a certain distance from the mental nerve openings be maintained with

further care being taken to maintain a safe distance from the roots of the teeth. The

osteotomy (the cut made to remove the chin) should be at least 0.5 cm below the mental

foramina (mental nerve opening) and at least 0.5 cm below the roots of the teeth.

Reference information at: Yale University and Yale Medical Center Articleregarding genioplasty

History of the Procedure:

1942 Hofer - Extraoral horizontal sliding osteotomy of a receding chin

1957 Obwegeser and Trauner, Through intraoral approach to osseous genioplasty

Contraindications: If you have long teeth with a short mandibular height it is a relative

contraindication for an osseous genioplasty or an aggressive bony reduction. Reference

information at: Artical by Edward W. Chang, MD, DDS, about sliding

genioplasty

These genioplasty procedures require the soft tissues to be elevated from the bone and

nerve areas be identified and after the chin has fixation, with the plates and screws, the

soft tissues of the chin need to be resuspended to prevent chin ptosis. Biodegradable

plates and screws are also in use.

Addressing Length Of The Chin With A Sliding Genioplasty: If the surgeon feelsthat your chin is too far forward or too far back, the surgeon will cut the chin with a bone

saw and remove it for shaping by grinding down the edges then it will either be moved

forward or backward to get the desired position. Some grinding of the center of the jaw

will be required so the chin will fit flush with the jaw. Either the surgeon will placemarker points as to where the holes have to be drilled for the screw placement or the

surgeon will make maker points for self-tapping screws (self-tapping screws don't require

holes being drilled. Holes will be drilled in the placement areas for the plates and the chin

will be secured with eight screws and three plates.The chin will be secured in place with

a four to six hole plate (surgeons sometimes use slang and call this a butterfly Plate) in

the center of the chin and further secured by two two holed plates in the lower mid

section of the jaw. The plates may have to be bent so they will fit flush with the bone
http://yalesurgery.med.yale.edu/surgery/sections/plastics/Core%20Curriculum%20Pages/Mandible%20Page/MandAns8.htmlhttp://yalesurgery.med.yale.edu/surgery/sections/plastics/Core%20Curriculum%20Pages/Mandible%20Page/MandAns8.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htmhttp://yalesurgery.med.yale.edu/surgery/sections/plastics/Core%20Curriculum%20Pages/Mandible%20Page/MandAns8.htmlhttp://yalesurgery.med.yale.edu/surgery/sections/plastics/Core%20Curriculum%20Pages/Mandible%20Page/MandAns8.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htm


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segments. In most cases bone filler will be used to smooth down areas and to fill in gaps.

Addressing Width Of The Chin With A Genioplasty: If you have a wide chin thenthe chin will be cut with the bone saw and your chin will be removed and a section of

bone will be removed from the center of the chin which will cause the chin to be in two

pieces then the chin will be further shaped by grinding it to a new shape. Some bone willalso be ground down from the center section of the jaw to create a new step down for the

newly shaped chin segments so they will fit flush. Either the surgeon will place marker

points as to where the holes have to be drilled for the screw placement or the surgeon will

make maker points for self-tapping screws (self-tapping screws don't require holes being

drilled. The two sections of the chin will be secured in place with a four to six hole plate

(also called a butterfly Plate) positioned in the center of the two pieces of the chin and

bent to fit flush with each side of the two segments (right and left) and two screws will be

place on each side of the plate through each chin segment. A plate will be added to each

mid section of each of the chin segments and be secured in place with one screw above

and one screw below the cut made to remove the chin. In most cases the plates will be

bent a little to fit flush with the bone and the place and screw fixation will be completed.

A bone filler will be needed in most case to smooth down areas and to fill in gaps.

Addressing Height Of The Chin With A Genioplasty: If the vertical height of thechin is too high then a wedge of bone will be taken out from the chin to reduce the

vertical height and some of the above options can also be taken for further shaping or

position. After the chin is removed it will be ground down to give it a new shape so it will

match the shape of it's new location and the center of the jaw will also require some

grinding for a new step down. Either the surgeon will place marker points as to where the

holes have to be drilled for the screw placement or the surgeon will make maker points

for self-tapping screws (self-tapping screws don't require holes being drilled. Holes willbe drilled in the placement areas for the plates and the chin will be secured with eight

screws and three plates. The chin will be secured in place with a four to six hole plate

(also called a butterfly Plate) in the center of the chin and further secured by two two

holed plates in the mid section of the chin. The plates may have to be bent so they fit

flush with the bone segments. A bone filler will also be required in most cases to smooth

areas and fill any gaps.

More info about genioplasty and photos of the procedure being done

There is the possibility of combining all the above genioplasty procedure options duringthe genioplasty if required. But combining the genioplasty procedure options will also

increase the risks of complications and the time in the OR.

The risks and complications from a Sliding Genioplasty/Chin

Reconstruction:
http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic106.htm


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Over reduction, under reduction, nerve damage, necrosis, poor cosmetic outcomes,

reaction or rejection of implants or bone filler, hematoma, infection, permanent change in

sensation as with pain or tenderness, step down problems, gum recession, tooth root

exposer, tooth loss, chin ptosis, blood clots, non union between the bone segments or

screw and or plate misplacement.

Concerns about titanium plates and screws:There are several studies and articles, which suggest corrosion of titanium causes

titanium particles to be found in scar tissue, and in locoregional lymph nodes. Some

studies also have talked about titanium found in the lungs. I will be adding section on this

in the future and more related links.

Here is a artical relating to titanium particles being found in the body.

Long term affects from facial feminization surgery on the mandible and

chinThis is a serious health development people will have to deal from having aggressive

surgery on the chin and jaw as they age.

This will vary in ages due to dental health and a healthy lifestyle. Oral and dental

diseases may also lower the age for this possibility during the lifespan of people under

going these procedures.

In older age (65 to 70 long term good health will increase the ages for this possible

condition) the chin and jaw bone becomes greatly reduced (the bones lower in height) in

size through the loss of the teeth and alveolar process (the bone area where the roots of

the teeth reside) being absorbed may cause the possibility of chin or jaw facture from

aggressive surgery in those areas due to the lowered height in the chin and lower to mid

section of the jaw.

This should be considered before surgery since the chin and jaw reduce sizes to almost

half their original sizes in old age. Factures in old age are very difficult to correct and can

lead to a massive amount of other health related issues.

In the below article there are a number of photos of what happens to the jaw and chin in

different periods of life. The section on this issue can be found in the bottom of the

article. In the below article there are a number of photos of what happens to the jaw and

chin in different periods of life. The section on this issue can be found in the bottom of

the article.

Long term affects on the mandible and chin

Lip contouring/Lip lift
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9617671&dopt=Abstracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible#The_Ramushttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9617671&dopt=Abstracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible#The_Ramus


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The length from the upper lip to the nose is shorter in females then in males. There are a

number of options that can be taken for the upper lip reduction.

The upper lip can be raised using sutures (lip suspension) to hold it in place. Details

about lip suspension

The better option is to have the upper lip reduced by way of a 'v' incision below the nose,

where a little skin is removed to reduce the distance between the underside of nose to the

upper lip. The effect of this is lifting the upper lip upward and outward, giving it a nice

contour with a little more fullness.

Some try to accomplish the female lip contour through the use of fillers and this can some

work well for them, but it is a good idea to try to keep a balanced look and try not to ask

for the max amount of filler to be injected. This link provides further information about

lip augmentation lip lifts.Covers lip augmentation and lip lifts

If you are having a scalp advancement done at the same time as a lip contouring, the

surgeon can use part of the skin, which is removed from the scalp advancement to

augment the lips by slicing it and shaping it then pulling it through your lips from a small

incision inside your mouth on each site of the lips. The thought behind this is that using

your own tissue will limit rejection since it is your own tissue. There is however still a

change of rejection.

These procedures are mostly done under local anesthesia unless more major procedures

are being done also in which case you could have it done under general anesthesia.

The risks and complications from lip liftInfection, little scaring, very low risk procedure.

The risks and complications from lip augmentationInfection, little scaring, over correction, rejection from filler or implant used and would

have to be removed leading to scaring.

Cheekbone augmentation (Malarplasty)

The cheekbone augmentation section will be getting a more detailed update soon.

Females tend to have much fuller cheeks compared to most males. Fullness of thecheekbones presents a more youthful appearance. As we age most people loose fat from

there cheeks over time giving us less prominent cheeks.

Cheekbone augmentation entails an intra-oral incision or a inner lower eyelid incision to

augment the bone with implant material, silicone implants, polyethylene (MEDPOR)

implants, and polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) implants (More information available
http://www.cosmeticsurgery-news.com/article2012.htmlhttp://www.cosmeticsurgery-news.com/article2012.htmlhttp://www.cosmeticsurgery-news.com/article2012.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic43.htmhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.htmlhttp://www.cosmeticsurgery-news.com/article2012.htmlhttp://www.cosmeticsurgery-news.com/article2012.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic43.htmhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.html


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in the facial implant section). The implants can be held in place either by the

compression created by the tissue above and or sutures, which are removed at a later date,

or they can be further secured with a single screw through each implant.

There are some fillers surgeons may use for cheek augmentation depending on the

amount of cheek augmentation needed. The fillers that need to be avoided for cheekboneaugmentation are silicone injections and hydroxyapatite paste.

Note: The problems presented by silicone injections is the particle size of silicone oil

martial used and that this causes migration throughout the body. Traces of injectable

silicone have been reported to be found in organs and lymph nodes. There are reports and

studies leading to long-term health issues relating to silicone injections.

Note: Hydroxyapatite paste (HA paste) has a problem with loss of augmentation due to

being resorbed into the body.

The risks and complications from cheek augmentationInfection, Nerve Damage, Extrusion, Seroma, Hematoma, migration of implant,

Induration

Cheekbone reduction/Reduction

Malarplasty

The cheeks can be reduced if there is too much cheek fullness. There are two options for

reducing the cheeks. Fat can be removed from the cheeks, which can have some good

results or through an intra-oral incision in the gum line to gain access to the cheekbones

so they can be reduced through the use of a bur to grind them down and may requir the

use of a bone chisel. There is extreme swelling and bruising after the bony cheek

reduction. I have heard of a few cases where the cheek bones have been removed through

the use of a bone saw and reattached, but this can present a massive amount of problems.

Further information about cheekbone reduction can be obtained at:Cheekbone

reduction artical by Charles S. Lee, MD

The cheek reduction through removal of fat will have less risk then the bony procedure.

The bony procedure has the chance of over reduction or asymmetry problems that are

much more difficult to correct then a under reduction from removing fat.

The risks and complications from reductionInfection, Nerve Damage, Over Correction, Under Correction, Hematoma.
http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/facial_implants.htmlhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic427.htm


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Forehead Feminization Still working on

this sectionSkull before and after forehead feminization

Forehead contouring and ForeheadReconstruction

There are a number of differences between the male and female forehead. The most

distinguishing difference comes in the form of the brow bossing, and the orbital rims

males tend to have. This bony ridge can have a impact on gender recognition. Males also

tend to have more of a bony slope from the top of the forehead to the brow bossing and

females tend to have a more round shape to the forehead both vertically and horizontally.

Brow bossing and orbital rims are age dependent since the male hormone testrone causesthese male charistics to develop after the onset of puberty. The bones in the face grow

until the age of 21 to 22 years of age.

Some ethnic backgrounds have less masculine defined foreheads, so for transsexuals

from certain ethnic backgrounds won't require the more invasive forehead procedures

offered.

Scalp Advancement The male forehead tends to have a height difference in the hairlinecompared to most females. The hairline is age dependent since the hairline recedes for

males, as they get older. There is no golden rule of what the hairline should be, compare

the hairlines of woman that you see on a daily basis and you will notice that the hairline

varies from woman to woman. A scalp advancement can be used to lower the hairline to

a lower position and the scalp advancement can also raise the height of the eyebrows in

this single procedure.

The scalp advancement involves making an incision that begins right at the hairline. The

forehead soft tissues will be elevated almost as in a forehead lift, along with elevating

soft tissues in an area under the hairline to allow the hairline to be pulled forward creating

a lower hairline. If the hairline has receded on each side of your forehead then a few more

incisions might have to be made along each side to remove more skin. The most common

pattern of these incisions would be almost the shape of a triangle because the surgeonneeds to remove the distance between the receded areas. If the area of recession is large

then you will also be advised before the procedure that you will be required to have hair

grafts to fill that area further. A lower incision will be made removing an area of skin and

the incision will be closed using medical staples.

Another scalp advancement can also be completed six months after the first advancement

for further hairline improvement because the skin regains its elasticity after time.
http://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/forehead_feminization.htmlhttp://www.facialfeminizationsurgery.net/forehead_feminization.html


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Eyebrow Lift There is also a difference in the height of the eyebrows in malescompared to females. Males tend to have a lower eyebrow position then females. Further

information coming in the future.

Here is a listing of some helpful plastic surgery links.

Some facial feminization surgery studies by Alfred G. Becking,

DDS


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American Society of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons

Aesthetic Surgery Journal

British Association of Plastic Surgeons

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

British Journal of Plastic Surgery

European Journal of Plastic Surgery

Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

Annals of Plastic Surgery

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

I would like to thank all the doctors who took the time to talk with me about

these and other procedures. Their names link to their surgeon profiles in my

FFS and SRS surgeon listings for the USA and the world

Dr. Gary Alter

Dr. Lazaro Cardenas

Dr. Yvon Menard And Dr. Pierre Brassard

Dr. Steven Denenberg

Dr. Michael Brownstein
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