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Facilitating Documentation of Living Heritage and

Information Exchange for

ICH Safeguarding in North-East Asia

Seminar on Cooperation towards Strengthening Networking and Information Sharing of ICH in North-East Asia

29 June - 3 July 2014, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

95 Seohak-Ro, Wansan-Gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea 560-120

TEL : +82-63-230-9722

FAX : +82-63-230-9799

International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage

In the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO

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ContentsSetting the Scene

Keynote Address

11 Lee Samuel, Director-General, ICHCAPDocumentation and Information Sharing in the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural HeritageSESSION 1 Country status reports on know-how for

documenting and information-sharing of ICH

Presentation 1 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

23 Ro Chol Su, Vice-Director General, National Authority for the Protection of Cultural HeritagePresentation 2 Japan

43 Yoshikazu Hasegawa, Part-time Lecturer, Faculty of Culture and Representation, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal ArtsPresentation 3 Mongolia

63 G. Enkhbat, Director, Cultural Heritage Centre of MongoliaPresentation 4 People’s Republic of China

81 Ding Yan, Director of the Digitalized Safeguarding Centre for Chinese Intangible Cultural HeritagePresentation 5 Republic of Korea

111 Hahm Hanhee, Professor in Archaeological & Cultural Anthropology, Chonbuk National University

Way Forward 177APPENDIX 181Final Report (Korean)Press Release (Mongolian and Korean)Photos

SESSION 2Sharing experience and activities of related organizations in the field of ICH in North-East Asia

Presentation 1 UNESCO

141 Beatrice Kaldun, Head of Culture Unit, UNESCO Beijing OfficePresentation 2 ICHCAP

151 Park Seong-Yong, Assistant Director-General, ICHCAPPresentation 3 NGO

163 Norov Urtnasan, President, Foundation for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage

Setting the Scene ▍3Outline of the Seminar

▶ Time & Venue: 1-2 July 2014, Ulaanbaatar Hotel, 6th Floor, Kharkhorin Hall (Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia)▶ Theme: Facilitating Documentation of Living Heritage and Information Exchange for ICH Safeguarding in North-East Asia▶ Organized by: Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Mongolia, Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO, UNESCO Beijing Office, ICHCAP▶ Hosted by: Cultural Heritage Centre, Mongolia▶ Participants: Representatives from five countries in the North-East Asian region (DPR Korea, Japan, Mongolia, PR China, RO Korea), UNESCO Beijing Office, ICHCAP

4 ▍2014 동북아시아 무형유산 네트워크와 정보교류 세미나

Day 1: Sunday, 29 June 2014AM/PM Arrival of participants in Ulaanbaatar19:30-21:00 Welcome Dinner Hosted by ICHCAPDay 2: Monday, 30 June 2014

08:45–18:40 Field visit (all day) - Location: Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar

Day 3: Tuesday, 1 July 2014

09:30-11:30

Opening of the meetingMr. M. Tumenjargal, Vice Minister for Culture, Sports, and Tourism of MongoliaMs. Beatrice Kaldun, Head of Culture Unit, UNESCO Beijing OfficeThe opening ceremony will be concluded by a performance of:Traditional music of the Morin Khuur (inscribed on the Representative List in 2008); and Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song (jointly inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List by Mongolia and the P.R. China).

Setting the scene: Documentation and information-sharing in the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritageMr. Samuel Lee, Director-General, International Information and Networking Centre for the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP)Group Photo

Chair: Mr. G. JargalsaikhanSecretary-General of Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO

Schedule

Schedule ▍5

11:30-12:15Session 1: Country status reports on know-how for documenting and information-sharing of ICHDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea (Mr. Ro Chol Su, Vice-Director General, National Authority for the Protection of Cultural Heritage)

Chair: Ms. Beatrice Kaldun, Head of Culture Unit, UNESCO Beijing12:30-14:00 Lunch14:00-15:45

Japan (Mr. Yoshikazu Hasegawa, Part-time Lecturer, Faculty of Culture and Representation, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts)Mongolia (Mr. G. Enkhbat, Director, Cultural Heritage Centre of Mongolia)15:45-16:00 Coffee Break

16:00-17:30People’s Republic of China (Ms. Ding Yan, Director of the Digitalized Safeguarding Centre for Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage)Republic of Korea (Ms. Hahm Hanhee, Professor in Archaeological & Cultural Anthropology, Chonbuk National University)

Chair: Mr. G. Enkhbat, Director, Center for Cultural Heritage of Mongolia18:00-20:30 DinnerDay 4: Wednesday, 2 July 2014

09:30-11:00

Session 2: Sharing experience and activities of related organizations in the field of ICH in North-East AsiaUNESCO: Ms. Beatrice Kaldun, Head of Culture Unit, UNESCO Beijing OfficeICHCAP: Mr. Park Seong-Yong, Assistant Director- General, ICHCAPNGO: Mr. Norov Urtnasan, President, Foundation for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage

Chair: Ms. Tsendsuren, Head of Cultural Heritage Department, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism


11:00-11:15 Coffee Break

11:15-13:00

Session 3: Group discussion on documentation and information sharing of ICH Each group is assigned to discuss the following two topics:

Topic A: Documentation to ensure the viability of ICH: Why and How? (Objectives, Methodology, Legal Framework , Participation of Local Communities)Topic B: Information Sharing at National and International Level

13:00-15:00 Lunch15:00-16:15

Session 4: Plenary Discussion

Summary of discussion points from group discussion and plenary discussion on ways to strengthen ICH networks and information sharing in NorthEast Asia16:15-16:30 Closing Ceremony17:30-19:00 Dinner

Day 5: Thursday, 3 July 2014AM/PM Departure

Background Information ▍7Background InformationBackground

Since the adoption of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, interest from governments and civil society about intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has been increasing at all levels: internationally, nationally, and regionally. While just ten years have passes since the adoption, more than 150 countries have ratifies the Convention including the five North-East Asian countries. In addition, various ICH safeguarding activities have been carried out at the global, regional, national and local levels.Throughout history, North-East Asia has developed cultural features and characteristics. The North-East Asian region has a long history in safeguarding ICH, and the region has in the past few decades taken the lead in establishing safeguarding policies in this field. Thus by inviting experts and representatives from institutions concerned about the sustainable safeguarding of ICH in North-East Asia, thereby providing an opportunity to share each country’s experience and know-how in ICH safeguarding, North-East Asia is collaboratively working towards safeguarding ICH be strengthening communication, networks, and cooperation.Since its inception, the International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP) has organized sub-regional information and networking meetings in Central Asia, South-East Asia, and the Pacific over the past four years to build networks related to ICH safeguarding. These meetings have been organized in cooperation with UNESCO field offices and specialized


institutes. In 2014, ICHCAP and UNESCO Beijing jointly initiated the organization of this ICH networking and information-sharing seminar in the North-East Asian region with participation from the five State Parties to the 2003 Convention.In close collaboration with the Government of Mongolia – the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Mongolia, the Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage Centre of Mongolia – the seminar will be held from 29 June to 3 July in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Experts and government officials from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Korea will be present to share information about each country’s experience and status in ICH safeguarding with particular focus on documentation of living heritage.Documentation – defined as the process of recording ICH in its current state and variety, through transcription and/or audio-visually, and collecting documents that relate to it – is a key example of safeguarding measure aiming to ensure the continued viability of an ICH element. Involving members of communities and groups concerned with government ministries, local authorities, NGOs or academia, documentation in the field of ICH contributes to encouraging enactment and transmission of the element as far as possible within the original context of the community concerned. With this is mind, the filed visit to Nalaikh District (Ulaanbaatar City) planned as the first activity of the seminar provides an opportunity for participants to practically experience and share information on ICH documentation practices, which will then feed into exchanges and discussions during the seminar. The seminar is also expected to seek ways for regional cooperation through networking and information sharing.

Background Information ▍9Objectives

- To identify the current situation and issues in ICH safeguarding focusing on documentation in North-East Asian countries;- Enhance ICH documentation practices for regional ICH safeguarding;- Discuss methods for a more effective cooperation network and information sharing.

Keynote Address

Keynote Address ▍13KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Documentation and Information Sharing in the

Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Dr. Samuel LeeDirector-GeneralICHCAP I would like to express my sincere gratitude and warm welcome to all of you for participatingin this Seminar on Cooperation towards the strengthened Networking and Information Sharing of ICH in North-East Asia. Especially I am delighted to have this wonderful opportunity of meeting representatives and experts from the five UNESCO Member States of North-East Asia regarding their countries' Intangible Cultural Heritage. I am really grateful to the UNESCO Beijing Office and Mongolian authorities for their earnest efforts and not simple preparatory works in co-hosting this Seminar. The significance of this Ulaanbaatar Seminar lies in the first attempt to discourse on the common problems and tasks in safeguarding and


promoting ICH in North-East Asia with the governmental delegates and experts from five countries, China, Japan, Mongolia, DPRK and ROK.Particularly this first encounter of ICH-related governmental officials and experts from DPRK and ROK through this UNESCO network meeting in Ulaanbaatar has extraordinary significance, as there has never been such an event since the political division of South and North Korea 70 years ago. Althoughthe north and South Koreanshave shared the same cultural heritage, language, art, philosophy and life culture for many thousand years together, the communication and exchange of cultural heritage, even any kinds of dialogue between them on ICH, have been blocked and suppressed since the division and war in Korean peninsula. I sincerely hope this precious encounter between the North and the South will be promoted and developed through continued regular meetings and mutual cooperation, so that it could be made possible for Korean people to understand and recover the holistic picture of ICH and also great national identity. As the theme of this first sub-regional meeting is the documentation and information sharing, we will try our best to share as much of our knowledge and information as possible, not only on the valuable ICH elements, but also on the safeguarding systems, as well as onthe ICH transmitting and revitalizing institutes. Intangible Cultural Heritage is the pivotal element of national identity

Keynote Address ▍15and integrity and plays crucial role for the sustainable development in every country. As our countries in North-East Asia have lived long time in close relationship and cross-fertilization through varioushistorical periods, we can easily identify many influences and commonalities in our cultural life and heritage, which we need to understand even for our own self-identity.So I am sure that this meeting of ICH information sharing and the future exchanges and collaboration among North-East Asia will greatly contribute not only to the creative development of culture and economy of our nations, but also to the peaceful community and prosperity of our North-East Asia in the long run. In this regard I would like to propose to continue and possibly regularize this kind of sub-regionalmeeting of many stakeholders and academic experts in ICH annually so that we could deepen our understanding of common elements and differentiated diversities in our cultural life and social practices for improved convivial life and cooperation in this globalized world. I hope that all of you have enjoyed our excursion to Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar, and deepened your understanding of the traditional nomadic culture in Mongolia and also similarities with your own culture. The more I come to Mongolia, the deeper I feel the commonalities and similarities with my Korean culture. Before I am going into the detailed contents of my keynote presentation, let me briefly introduce ICHCAP, the organization that I am representing.


ICHCAP, whose official name is the “International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO”, was officially launched as a UNESCO Category 2 Centrein Korea, 2011. The objectives of the ICHCAP’s establishment are to promotesafeguarding ICH in relation to implementing the 2003 ICH Convention through the Centre’s primary functions in the information and networking fields.The Centre’s major activities in the field of information are like as follows: field surveys of ICH safeguarding efforts in the Asia-Pacific region, management of ICH information system and online database, restoration and digitization of ICH documents and analogue materials, and publication and dissemination of ICH information and so on. In addition, as for its network building, ICHCAP has implemented networking programmes for ICH safeguarding among NGOs and experts in Asia-Pacific and has organized several sub-regional network meetings in Central Asia, South-East Asia, and the Pacific since 2010. Today’s meeting is ICHCAP’s first sub-regional meeting in North-East Asia involving the ICH field. As you are all aware, the theme of the seminar is Facilitating Documentation of Living Heritage and Information Exchange for ICH Safeguarding in North-East Asia.In my presentation on this theme, I would like to briefly address four main topics—namely,

Keynote Address ▍17• Current standards and issues related to documentation in terms of the 2003 Convention • Documentation experience at the national level• Challenges faced by stakeholders in ICH documentation• Future international cooperation for ICH safeguarding Current Standards And Issues Related To Documentation In Terms Of The 2003 Convention What is documentation defined in the 2003 Convention? The general understanding in a broader term of “documentation” is the “accumulation, classification, and registration of information”. In the context of the 2003 Convention, the object of documentation is elements of ICH or safeguarding practices. Such documentation may be in the form of descriptive text, photographs, or audio and visual recordings either in the form of hard copy or in digital form on databases or on the Internet. Also, the method of such documentation used by researchers is to interview community members and bearers of ICH and to take photographs and make audio and visual recordings. The names and contact information of community members may also be recorded for future reference and, in particular, for safeguarding activities. The documentation is then systematically kept in archives, in hard copy and/or digital form. If the bearers agree, such documentation may be made available for reference on ICH websites.


Documentation as outlined in the 2003 Convention Documentation is an important step among the nine process of safeguarding ICH described in Article 2, paragraph 3 of the 2003 Convention and is the basis of subsequent safeguarding activities. Without documenting ICH, ICH may fade away or even be lost without our knowing about it. The disappearance of ICH is a great loss not only to the bearers of that particular heritage, but also to allof humanity, for it means that part of our cultural diversity has been lost, perhaps forever. The importance of community involvement in documentation Community involvement in the documentation or inventory process of ICH is highlighted in Article 11, paragraph (b) of the 2003 Convention. What it means is that the documentation process should not simply involve a few academicians or experts in an office, but should involve ICH bearers and community members in the field, including groups and individuals. In this way, it should reflect that actual situation of ICH in the field on a continuous basis. After all, ICH is living and moving heritage, not something that is fossilized or stagnant. The existence and contact information of ICH community members is also something that needs to be inventoried, along with a description of the ICH itself. Article 13, paragraph (d), sub (ii) of the 2003 Convention also insists on respecting any traditions and restricting access to certain aspects of ICH. These ICH access restrictions, if they exist, can only be checked by community members of that ICH.

Keynote Address ▍19The importance of regular updating in documentation and compliant

documentation of ICH with the Convention ICH is a living and evolving entity. It is not a fossil frozen in time. The documentation we do today may no longer accurately reflect the situation of an ICH element five or ten years from now. Therefore, Article 12, paragraph 1 of the 2003 Convention requires that ICH documentation be updated regularly so that it may reflect the status of ICH in real time. At least the documentation should be updated every few years. Besides community involvement and regular updating, 2003 Convention compliant documentation of ICH may also require information regarding ICH bearers (communities, groups, and individuals), safeguarding status, safeguarding plans, and geographical scope as well as books, photos, videos, etc. Convention recommends not to include those elements incompatible with the principle of human rights, peace and sustainable development. Documentation Experience At The National Level Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region are at different stages in documenting their intangible cultural heritage. All countries in the Asia-Pacific region have been practising some kind of ICH documentation since the distant past. However, the qualitative nature and stage of documentation among countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including in the North-East Asian sub-region, are not uniform. We


find some countries that have been practising systematic ICH documentation for fifty or sixty years. On the other hand, we find other countries that have more recently begun documenting ICH or are just becoming aware of the need to systematically document their ICH. Nevertheless, I am sure that there are many valuable documentation lessons we can learn from each other as a basis for our safeguarding activities. This afternoon, we will have the opportunity to hear country reports from the North-East Asian sub-region. Challenges Faced By Stakeholders In Ich Documentation Interacting with ICH communities in the documentation processes Communities and bearers of ICH are at the very heart of ICH, and that is why Article 15 of the Convention so strongly insists on their involvement in all stages of safeguarding ICH, including documentation. Governments are often busy with many pressing and high-priority matters, not just with safeguarding ICH. Officials may also not be specialized in ICH or its documentation. At the same time, communities are as widely spread as they are diverse, and this may make it difficult for governments to interact directly with these community members on an ongoing basis.Bridging a gap between governments and communities in safeguarding

ICH Organizations related to ICH safeguarding, some of which may be classified as NGOs, can in such situations provide useful bridges for

Keynote Address ▍21interactive communication and ICH safeguarding. These organizations may possess better operational capacities in the field to interact with ICH communities. They may also be more specialized and motivated to carry out this work. In many cases, these organizations have been established around particular ICH elements. Thus, governments could use these organizations as bridges for communication and information sharing regarding documentation and ICH safeguarding activities in the field. The 2003 Convention encourages the involvement of ICH related organizations in advisory and safeguarding capacities in Articles 9 and 15, respectively. Future International Cooperation For Intangible Cultural Heritage Safeguarding In North-East Asia

Benefitting from information exchange and networking in ICH

safeguarding International cooperation is encouraged in Article 19 of the 2003 Convention. Information exchange and networking are practical manifestations of such cooperation for ICH safeguarding. By exchange of information and building of networking, nations in the Asia-Pacific region have been able to enhance their capacities for safeguarding ICH. Examples include design and development of methodologies and cooperative work in ICH documentation in the Asia-Pacific region. In this way, it would be a useful and feasible outcome of the meeting if we can agree to hold sub-regional network meetings on a regular basis.


Developing collaborative work for safeguarding shared ICH As our countries in the sub-region have had cultural interaction since ancient times, it is not surprising to find common cultural elements. In such cases, it is beneficial to collaborate in documenting these elements. Those possible ICH elements may be embedded in the Buddhist and Confucian cultural contexts that were historically developed in this sub-region. One specific example of this is “Arirang”, a beautiful song that is familiar to people both in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and in the Republic of Korea. It would be of great benefit if the North and the South collaborate to compile more comprehensive documentation of the texts and stories related to this common national song. Facilitating ICH safeguarding as a common goal towards peace and

sustainable development In closing, may I recall that cooperation in the field of social and cultural activities is the necessary condition of the peaceful community and sustainable development. Such cooperation is very valuable, particularly where we find shared culture across national boundaries. We all hope that countries and people of North-East Asia could be brought to the closer cooperation and deeper understanding that may lead to our dream goal of peaceful and prosperous North-East Asian community. Thank you.

On Documenting and InformationSharingof Intangible Cultural Heritage in the

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Ro Chol Su

On Documenting and Information Sharing ofIntangible Cultural Heritage in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ▍25On Documenting and Information Sharing

of Intangible Cultural Heritage

in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Ro Chol SuDeputy Director-GeneralNational Authority for the Protectionof Cultural Heritage(NAPCH) Before anything else, I would like to express my thanks to the UNESCO Beijing Office, in particular, Mr. AbhimaryuSingh and Ms. Beatrice Kaldunfor organizing the Seminar on Cooperation towards Strengthening Networking and Information Sharing of Intangible Cultural Heritage in North-East Asia and inviting our delegation to it. I would also like to extend my thanks to the related personages from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Mongolia, the Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO and the International Information and Networking Center for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, who have directed a great deal of energy to the successful holding of the current seminar. I am confident that this seminar will mark a very profitable occasion for sharing achievements and experiences made in the safeguardingof intangible cultural heritage between East Asian countries.


Now, I will talk about the activities for documenting and information sharing of intangible cultural heritage undertaken in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has made considerable efforts to safeguard the intangible heritage as well as cultural and natural heritage in line with the proper policy of the government for protection of national heritage. In particular, ICH safeguarding has been upgraded in pursuance with the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritagesince its ratification in 2008. As is known, proactive documentation and information sharing of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance in its safeguarding and, therefore, the 2003 Conventionplaces emphasis on this issue. In recognition of the importance of documentingin a systematic manner and makingthe present and future generations establish a correct understanding of intangible cultural heritage through documented information, the DPRK has long since channeled constant efforts into scientific identification and documentation as well as into utilization of ICHinformation for diverse purposes. To this end, primary attention is being paid to documenting ICH in a systematic manner.ICH documentation is not a simple description for form’s sake. It should

On Documenting and Information Sharing ofIntangible Cultural Heritage in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ▍27be backed up by a detailed and scientific analysis of ICH elements including the course of creation, demands, feelings and emotion as well as living environment of the people, who enact and transmit them. Only then, can people have an objective yet correct understanding of its value and will its future safeguarding be predictable. For this reason, documentation regarding intangible cultural heritage has been undertaken, in many cases, by a variety of institutions engaged in ICH research, education and dissemination in our country. These institutions include Korea National Heritage Preservation Agency, the Korean Central History Museum, the Korean Folklore Museum, provincial history museums, the Academy of Social Sciences, the Academy of Koryo Medical Science, Pyongyang Kim Won Gyun Conservatory, Pyongyang University of Fine Arts, Korea University of Physical Education and the Cooks Association of Korea. They are conducting documentation of ICH elements in their specific fields according to their missions. Korea National Heritage Preservation Agency(KNHPA), the Korean Central History Museum, the Academy of Social Sciences and the Korean Folklore Museum have systematized and documented all the data related to ICH elements present in our country in a chronological order including culinary, clothing and housing traditions, working customs, folk holidays and folk games, rituals and festivities, oral traditions, traditional performing arts and handicraft, since their foundation.


With the establishment of new institutions for ICH research, education and dissemination, the Academy of Koryo Medical Science is conductingdocumentation for information related to traditional medicine, Pyongyang Kim Won Gyun Conservatory traditional arts and Pyongyang University of Fine Arts traditional handicraft. Korea University of Physical Education is documenting traditional martial arts, while the Cooks Association of Koreaand Pyongyang Jang CholGu University of Commerce are dealing with traditional food. These institutions are mainly working for the national-level ICH elements, whereas the Korean Folklore Museum, provincial history museums and the Cooks Association of Korea are doing for the local ICH elements. TheKorean Folklore Museum, provincial history museums and the Cooks Association of Korea delegate their researchers to local areas every year to ensure systematic documentation of ICH elements in each region in close contact with the departments responsible for the protection of national heritage under provincial, city and county people’s committees. The number of ICH elements so far documented by these institutions amounts to several hundred. Safeguarding of ICH does not mean merely preserving the old one as it was, but recreating and transmitting by the people who enact it. So, if documenting ends with the recording of the information about it in a certain period, people can not establish a clear understanding of the whole process

On Documenting and Information Sharing ofIntangible Cultural Heritage in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ▍29of safeguarding of each element. That is why, documenting institutions in our country review thesafeguarding practices of each element and update the documentation every five years. In addition, particular attention is being paid to digitizing the documented resources and updating. The old materials were produced only in hard copies and photographs, and their contents were relatively poor. So theyare inconvenient for information sharing and utilizing for diverse purposes. In consideration of information sharing and multi-purpose use of ICH data, videos and other new materials have been included and all the resources have been digitized to lay the foundations for convenient and diverse usage.Meanwhile, information sharing of intangible cultural heritage is being enhanced. In the past ICH-related information was archived in the documentation institutions, giving access to the relevant people when there is demand for the information. As website information service is available, information such as research reports, digital images and videos are providedthrough websites by research and other relevant institutionsincluding universities.


In order to facilitate access to ICH information, all the books with research results related tointangible heritage are archived in the Grand People’s Study Houseby the state measure. As a result, contacts between research, education and dissemination institutions become closer and everyone can have free access to the documented data without any restriction. This contributes to promoting the public interest in the work for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. ICH information is being widely used for various purposes including research, education, exhibitions, festivities, competitions and art performances as well as media presentation, publication of books and many other works. No restriction exists on the utilization of the information, thus every one can have free access to it without charge. National events to which ICH information is applied are as follows: National Costumes Show Korean Paintings ShowGrand Bull Prize National SSirum Contest National Cooking Festival People’s Art Festival National Taekwon-do Games These events serve as important occasionsin the effort to enhancepublic awareness of the ICH safeguarding.

On Documenting and Information Sharing ofIntangible Cultural Heritage in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ▍31Asan official government agency responsible for the overall protection of cultural, natural and intangible heritage, the National Authority for the Protection of Cultural Heritage(NAPCH) will make every effort to facilitate the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage on a higher level in line with the Convention and thus to meet its obligations as a State party to the Convention. At present, a new project has been planned and is under way to turn the Korean National Cultural Heritage Preservation Agency into a major centre for ICH documentation, information exchange and research. In the future, we will strive to further expand and strengthen the exchange and cooperation in the field of ICH with other countries in the North-East Asian Region and across the world which respect our sovereignty and are friendly with us. Thank you.

On Documenting and Information Sharing ofIntangible Cultural Heritage in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ▍33

Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan

Yoshikazu Hasegawa

Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan ▍45Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan: On documentation of intangible folk cultural heritage

Yoshikazu Hasegawa

1. Ways of documentation1) Text documentation (Research report)Documentation of human memory, including folklores into the document, ascending to the pastAdvantages of text documentation: figures, tables, pictures (still pictures)2) Visual documentationDocumentation of current status, impossible to visualize the past2. Procedure of documentation1) Text documentationResearch team is composed of experts of folk culture, folk instruments, history or music.Experts do research on their expertise and write reports.2) Visual documentation according to the text documentation made in 1 as a scenarioUsually directors or camera operators are not skilled in the intangible folk culture heritages on which they make documentation. They need to read text documentation carefully to deepen their understandings so that they could plan visual documentation.


3. Notices at documentation1) Text documentationDetailed as possible, integratedSelecting contents according to the type of targets; for example:1. geographical, historical environments (backgrounds)2. current status (programs, part in the performance, instruments)3. artistic styles (in case of folk performing arts)4. music (in case of folk performing arts)5. transmitting organization, costs6. origin7. distribution8. historical materials2) Visual documentationRecording every aspect of the present state, which is always changing.Deciding the number of cameras considering the needs. One camera is fixed to record overall scene.At least one camera continues recording throughoutDo not make up the performance in principle. Record materials as they are. Do not enter taboo places.

4. Basic concept for visual documentation1) Defining purposes Preserving records (for preserving purpose, just adding subtitles)Teaching material for the education of transmitters (for transmission, model performances and songs included)Promotion and advertisement (for the general public, for PR, so called

Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan ▍47cultural movie, narration and subtitles added for explanation)2) Characteristics and limits of pictures and moviesLimit of text documentation; seeing is believing (impact of visual presentation)Physical movement of performers, timeline of such movements is difficult to be recorded by text documentationLimit of visual documentationHigh expressiveness, intervention by intention and arbitrariness of the document makerImpossibility of recording the materials ‘as it is’ (Uchida 2003)Visual documentation may become a criterion after its recording.

5. Preparation for visual documentation1) Preliminary research, which affects the resultPreliminary research for visual documentation; time schedule, cost, discussion with community, building a relationship of trust with community, careful preparation, sharing the target of recording between the participants, checking the location, researcherPreliminary (folklore) research on the field: review of the current status, check of the programme, schedule and venue2) Production committee (Supervising committee)Checking by the external experts, advice from various point of viewOrganized by experts with various expertise, including not only folklorist but visual creator and the representatives of community3) Choice of entrusted companyCompany which possesses know-how to understand and realize intention of the order


Company which has experiences in creating documentation movieDo not choose from the view of the costs, do not entrust a company with the whole process6. Editing moviePreserve every recorded materials except failed recordingsDo not cut duplicated scenesDo not insert back ground music except those played in performanceOn every DVD, describe the metadata of the materials in DVD as following:- Recording time- Date of making DVD- Date of recording- Synopsis of recording material- Copyright holder- Manufacturer (Assignor)- Address of Manufacturer Company (Entrusted Company)- Staff- Supervisor- Brochure (for brief documentation of recorded materials)Text documentation and visual documentation complement each other to become complete documentation.References (available in Japanese)Department of ICH, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo (NRICPT). 2008. Guidelines for Visual Documentation of Intangible Folk Cultural Properties.

Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan ▍49http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~geino/pdf/tebiki_report.pdfDepartment of Performing Arts, NRICPT. 2002. On Methods and Utilization of Documentation of Folk Performing Arts.http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~geino/pdf/kyogikai/04kyogikai_report.htmlDepartment of Performing Arts, NRICPT. 2003. On Visual Documentation of Folk Performing Arts.http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~geino/pdf/kyogikai_report/05kyogikai_report.pdfDepartment of Performing Arts, NRICPT. 2003. On Visual Documentation of Visual Documentation of Intangible Folk Cultural Properties.http://www.tobundin.go.jp/~geino/pdf/kyogikai_report/08kyogikai_report.pdfJunko Uchida. 2003. ‘Current Practices and Issues on “Audio-Visual Materials for Folklore Studies”.’ Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History: 108.Yasuhiro Omori. 1984. “A Study in Visual Anthropology – Filming from an Ethnological Perspective.” Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology: 9(2).http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/2860/1/KH_009_2_004.pdfSatoshi Koju. 2004. “Recording Festivals, Folk Arts and Traditional Crafts by Moving Images.” Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History:


117.Chizuko Tomono. 1995. “Problems on Visual Documentation and Materialization, Focusing on the Visual Documentation of Rau-ya in Tokyo.” Bulletin of the Folklore Society of Japan: 201.Yoshikazu Hasegawa. 2000. “On Visual Documentation of Furyu-style Dances.” Studies on Folkloric Performing Arts: 30.Yoshikazu Hasegawa. 2007. “On Recording and Protection of Furyu-style Dances.” From the Fields of Administration of Folk Cultural Property: Iwata Shoin.Yoshikazu Hasegawa. 2012. “History of the visual record creation of folk arts in Shiga prefecture.” Kyoto Folklore Society Journal: 29.Satoru Hyoki. 2007. “Proposal for the Preservation and Utilization of Visual Documents of Intangible Folk Cultural Properties.” Research and Reports on Intangible Cultural Heritage: 1.http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~geino/pdf/kenkyu_hokoku/kenkyu_hokoku01Hyoki.pdfSatoru Hyoki. 2007. “Proposal for Visual Documentation of Intangible Folk Cultural Properties.” From the Fields of Administration of Folk Cultural Property: Iwata Shoin.

Intangible Folk Cultural Heritage in Japan ▍51

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia

G.Enkhbat

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍65

Report on Experience and Know-how of Documentation and Information-Sharing of

ICH Safeguarding in China

Ding Yan

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍83中国非遗记录与信息分享的经验与技巧报告

Report on Experience and Know-how of Documentation

and Information-Sharing of ICH Safeguarding in China

Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,Good afternoon!First of all, I appreciate the organizers: the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Mongolia, Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO, UNESCO Beijing Office and the (ICHCAP).Because of your elaborated arrangement , we have the opportunity to exchange the information and ideas. I also want to say thanks to the host organization, Cultural Heritage Center, Mongolia. The field trip yesterday, let us know more the Mongolian traditional culture, such as Morin Khuur, Long Song, horse race and the Khorkhog. The field trip gave us deep impression.Now, let us come to my presentation. Here are some our main practices and experiences I wish to share with you:一．中国非物质文化遗产保护概况

中国政府高度重视非物质文化遗产保护，在13年中做了大量全面、细致的调查研究，采取了政策扶持，资金补贴、建立国家级文化生态保护实验区、国家级非物质文化遗产生产性保护示范基地等一系列保护措施，并设立文化遗产日，成立国家保护中心，公布三批国家级非物质文化遗产项目名录，公布四批国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人，设立了“中华非物质文化遗产传承人薪传奖”，和“中华非物质文化遗产保护贡献奖”，还颁布了《中华人民共和国非物


质文化遗产法》。政府的保护力度、民众的保护热情逐年走高。

Ⅰ. The profile of the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in ChinaChinese government has attached great importance to the safeguarding of ICH. Over the past 13 years, the government has conducted a large number of comprehensive, careful studies and researches, adopted a series of safeguarding measures including policy support, financial subsidies，establishment of national experimental areas for cultural ecological protection，establishment of national model bases for productive safeguarding of ICH. China also established a Cultural Heritage Day, and the China National Center for the safeguarding of ICH. China has promulgated three lists of state-level items for ICH, named four groups of representative bearers of state-level items for ICH, established “the Xin-chuan(Transmission) Award for Bearers of Chinese ICH” and “the Contribution Award to the Safeguarding of Chinese ICH, and enacted the ICH Law of The People’s Republic of China. In recent years, we’ve seen improving official safeguarding and increasing public enthusiasm for the ICH in China.

下面我们通过一些数字来了解一下中国在非遗保护方面做了哪些工作：

2001年5月18日中国的雅乐--昆曲Kunqu Opera 获联合国教科文组织第一批“人类口头和非物质文化遗产代表作”；

2005年11月25日联合国教科文组织宣布了第三批“人类口头和非物质遗产代表作”，中国申报的“中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术”和中国、蒙古国联合申报的“蒙古族长调民歌”榜上有名。

2011年中国政府颁布《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》，并于6月1日起正式实施。

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍85Next, I hope some important landmarks for China’s ICH safeguarding may give you a quick review of China’s achievements in this field.

On May 18th, 2001, Kun Qu opera was inscribed on the first list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.On November 25th, 2005, the third list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity were proclaimed by UNESCO. Uyghur (wigor) Muqam of Xinjiang nominated by China, and the Mongolian traditional folk Long Song jointly nominated by China and Mongolia were among the masterpieces proclaimed.On June 1st, 2011, the ICH Law of the People’s Republic of China was adopted and became effective.(PPT)

中国非遗保护严格贯彻执行联合国教科文组织《保护非物质文化遗产公约》

的精神，始终遵循“保护为主、抢救第一、合理利用、传承发展”的方针。在实施非遗保护中，对不同类别、不同存续状况的非物质文化遗产项目采取了抢救性保护、生产性保护、整体性保护、立法保护4种重要方式。实践证明，这几种方式各有侧重点，在非物质文化遗产保护实践中都发挥出了十分积极的作用。目前，中国有：

国家级非物质文化遗产名录项目1219项；

国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人1986人；

国家级文化生态保护实验区15个；

国家级非物质文化遗产生产性保护示范基地100个国家非物质文化遗产保护研究基地13个

“中华非物质文化遗产传承人薪传奖”获得者180人“中华非物质文化遗产保护贡献奖”2个机构获得

In safeguarding ICH, China has strictly adhered to the spirit of the


Convention and has always followed the principle of “Priority to Safeguarding, Salvage First, Reasonable Utilization and Development in Transmission”. Four approaches, namely productive safeguarding, integrated safeguarding, rescue-prioritized safeguarding and legislative safeguarding, have been adopted in the safeguarding of ICH elements in different domains and different survival condition. Practices prove that the four approaches are focusing on different respects, and have played a positive role in the safeguarding of ICH.So far in China, we have achievements as below:……1219 items on the list of state-level ICH1986 representative bearers of state-level iterms of ICH 15 State-level experimental areas for cultural ecological safeguarding100 national model bases for productive safeguarding of ICH 13 national research centers for the safeguarding of ICH180 Prize winner nominations of “the Xin-chuan(Transmission) Award for Bearers of Chinese ICH”2 organizations won “the Contribution Award to the Safeguarding of Chinese ICH”PPT演示、非遗宣传片（前半部分）。Let us watch a video for the publicity of Chinese ICH.二．中国非物质文化遗产数字化保护情况简介

1. 非遗记录因为非遗记录和信息分享都包含在非遗数字化保护工作中，所以我想介绍一

下中国非遗数字化保护的情况。

利用信息技术手段/对文化遗产资源/进行真实、系统、全面的记录和保存，是实现非物质文化遗产/整体性、抢救性、保真性保护/的必要途径和主要手段，也

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍87是非物质文化遗产保护事业可持续发展的必然需求，/对于全面提升非物质文化遗产保护水平具有全局性、基础性意义。

Ⅱ. A Brief Introduction on the digitized safeguarding of ICH in China

(1) On the documentation of ICHI would like to introduce the digitized safeguarding of ICH in China in which documentation and information-sharing of ICH are included.To document and preserve cultural heritage elements authentically，systematically, and comprehensively by information technology measures is an essential and primary way for integrated, rescue-prioritized, and authentic safeguarding of ICH. It is also a must for the sustainable development of the cause of the safeguarding of ICH. And it is of all-round and fundamental significance to the overall promotion of the standard of the safeguarding of ICH.In 2010, the Chinese Ministry of Culture put forward the inclusion of the “Project on Digitized Safeguarding of ICH” in the Twelfth Five-year Plan (2011-2015), and entrusted the Digitized Safeguarding Center for Chinese ICH, Chinese National Academy of Arts, to take the construction and implementation of the Project.2011年非物质文化遗产数字化保护工程正式启动。此项工程受到文化部、中

国艺术研究院领导的高度重视和支持，在3年的时间里，非遗数字化保护中心按照非物质文化遗产数字化保护工程建设的总体规划要求，对数字化保护进行反复研究不断探索，主要做了5项探索性的工作：非遗数字化保护标准规范的制定；国家非遗数据库建设；非遗数字化管理系统软件的研发；中国篆刻艺术应用


软件的研发；非遗数字化保护的试点工作。这5项工作中，除中国篆刻艺术应用软件的研发是属于资源利用方面的，其余4项均属于非遗记录方面的工作。

Since its official initiation in 2011, the Project has gained great attention and support from the Ministry of Culture and Chinese National Academy of Arts. Over the past 3 years, in line with the general plan of the Project, the Digitized Safeguarding Center has conducted researches and explorations constantly. Its work in digitized safeguarding of ICH mainly focuses on the following 5 respects: ……The work mentioned above are all about documentation except the development of application software for the art of Chinese seal engraving which is an example of resource utilization.给大家看一段视频，这是我们2011年拍摄的关于中国非物质文化遗产的宣传片。Let’s watch a video. It is an introduction on digitized safeguarding of ICH, produced in 2011.

1. 数字化保护标准规范制定数字化保护标准规范/是构建非物质文化遗产数字化保护标准体系/的基础，标

准规范的制定/对全国非遗数字化保护工作//具有重要的指导作用和现实意义。

对未来在全国范围内/实现非遗资源互通共享起到奠基的作用。PPT演示截止2013年底，我们已经制定完成非物质文化遗产数字化保护的技术标准3个

，分别为《术语和图符》、《数字资源信息分类与编码》和《数字资源核心元数据》；完成涵盖我国非物质文化遗产十大门类专业特性的《非物质文化遗产数字化保护专业标准（草案）3大系列，包括《采集方案编写规范》、《数字资源采集实施规范》及《数字资源著录规则》。目前《标准》已在24个省市和地区试点使用。

中国非物质文化遗产分为十大类，《非物质文化遗产数字化保护专业标准》按

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍89照十个类别进行编制。总体结构为：

第1部分：总体要求第7部分：传统体育、

第2部分：民间文学游艺与杂技第3部分：传统音乐第8部分：传统美术第4部分：传统舞蹈第9部分：传统技艺第5部分：传统戏剧第10部分：传统医药第6部分：曲艺第11部分：民Now I would like to share with you the implementation of the work mentioned above.

1. The establishment of the standards for the digitized safeguarding of ICHIt is the foundation for the establishment of a standard safeguarding system for digitized safeguarding of ICH. The formulation of the standard specification plays a guiding role in digitized safeguarding of ICH in China, and lays a sound foundation for information-sharing of ICH throughout China.By the end of 2013, we’ve already completed 3 sets of technical standards for digitized safeguarding of ICH, they are: ……and a series of 3 books which cover all the characteristics of ten categories of ICH in China, …….The Standards now have been applied in 24 provinces, cities and regions in China.2. 数据库群建设PPT/图片和视频展示国家非物质文化遗产数据库群的构成包括：普查资源数据库、名录项目数据

库、专题资源数据库、科研数据库、工作数据库、公众数据库和传承人数据库。


目前已建成的数据库有：普查资源数据库、名录项目数据库、专题资源数据库（含非遗10大门类）。我们目前数字化保护试点的项目资源均收入名录项目数据库。

2. Construction of National Database Group of ICH (PPT )Chinese national database group consists 7 databases. At present, General Survey Resources Database, Listed ICH Elements Database and ICH Subject Resources Database (covers 10 categories of ICH) have been completed. Resources of regional projects have been included in the Listed ICH Elements Database.数据库内容视频和图片 Let us watch several pieces of video and pictures.

3. 非遗数据库管理系统研发（PPT展示）

为建设符合工作需要、兼顾各地实际的业务应用系统，提供有力技术支撑，数字化保护中心结合技术团队力量，经过多次深入调研，广泛听取地方意见，设计研发了/以非物质文化遗产名录项目/相关数字资源著录、上传、审核、统计及保存管理//为主要功能的//“非物质文化遗产数字化管理系统”软件，//并于2013

年6月在首批试点地区投入使用。//为地方数据库与国家数据库对接，及实现非物质文化遗产资源/的科学化管理/和共建共享/奠定了重要基础。

3. Development of Database Management System Software (Demonstration of the Work Manual) The Digitized Safeguarding Center has designed and developed the Database Management System Software. The Software has laid a sound foundation for scientific management, co-construction and information-sharing of ICH resources, and integrating of databases at the

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍91national level and local level.

4. 中国篆刻应用软件的研发（PPT展示）

篆刻软件的研发为非物质文化遗产保护，尤其是传承提供了新的思路，是非物质文化遗产资源//多元化应用的大胆探索，//无论专业人士或普通爱好者均可对相应内容进行浏览、编辑和创作。在培养公众，尤其是青少年、外国友人对篆刻艺术的兴趣，提高篆刻知识普及度和弘扬我国优秀传统文化方面具有重要意义。

4. Developement of the Application Software for the Art of Chinese Seal

EngravingIt provided a new way for the safeguarding and transmission of ICH, especially for the transmission. It’s a courageous exploration in the diversified application of ICH resources. 刚才我介绍的是我们为非遗记录所做的工作。非物质文化遗产是“活遗产”，“

活遗产”是在发展的，我们现在记录的也只能说明它在目前的状态，不能代表它的未来，记录应该随着时代而改变。I have just now introduced our work for the documentation of ICH. ICH is living heritage, and is still in development. What we record now is just the present state of the cultural heritage, not representing its future, and the documentation needs to progress with the times.

2. 信息分享随着时代的发展，互联网技术及多媒体运用技术突飞猛进，利用互联网宣传

展示中国非物质文化遗产，或者叫信息分享是最佳途径。2006年9月我们完成了《中国非物质文化遗产网·中国非物质文化遗产数字博物馆》的建设与发布。


《中国非物质文化遗产网》是一个公益性、专业性网站。非遗网站致力于介绍和宣传中国和世界的非物质文化遗产，充分展现中国非物质文化遗产的丰富性、多样性，服务于中国非物质文化遗产保护工作、科学研究、学术交流与普及推广。大家可以到我们的网站上看，了解一下，在这就不一一介绍了。

2. On Information-Sharing of ICHIn September 2006, China’s official ICH Website—Digital Museum of China’s ICH was completed and published .The Website is a public welfare, professional one. It’s used for introducing and popularizing the ICH elements in China and other parts of the world, demonstrating the richness and variety of China’s ICH, and contributing to the safeguarding, scientific researches, academic exchanges and popularization of China’s ICH. China’s ICH Website is a convenient platform for demonstrating and spreading information of ICH, and it has played an important role in sharing information of ICH. As for the Website, I will not go for more details. If you are interested in it, you may view online (www.ihchina.cn).Let watch some pieces of video and picture.

三．关于非遗记录和信息分享的几点认识在中国我们使用“非遗数字化保护”这个短语。我认为非遗数字化保护这个提法

很好。随着时代的发展科技的进步，非遗记录离不开数字化技术，用先进的科学技术记录、弘扬和传承优秀的传统文化，是我们这个时代的人刻不容缓的职责。但是只把非遗记录下来，存入数据库中，这还远远不够，这样的数据库就变成了档案库，档案库是有用的，但是如果不能利用它，就失去了他本应有的价值，也就会变成一个“死库”。而非物质文化遗产是活态的，是优秀的文化遗产，是应该传承下去的，所以我们应该让数据库里的资源活起来。因此，非遗记

Current State of the Safeguarding of ICH in Mongolia ▍93录只是非遗数字化保护的一部分，是基础。

另外，所谓非遗记录，记录的是非遗的现有状况，可是非物质文化遗产至少有100年以上的历史，它们会有很多图片、文字记载和文献资料，我们要把这些珍贵的资料很好地保存下去，就必须用现在的技术手段进行转换，这种转换也要使用数字化技术，因为它是目前最先进的技术。所以我认为数字化保护可以包含非遗记录、历史流传下来的图、文、音、视等资料文献的数字化转换和非遗资源的多元化应用等。只有这样才能做到全面的整体的保护非物质文化遗产。

因此，我认为“非物质文化遗产数字化保护”要比非遗记录更加全面。

关于非物质文化遗产资源多元化应用，我们也是在不断地探索中。刚才我谈到的“中国篆刻应用软件”的研发就是我们在这方面的大胆探索。今年我们还将开发“中国珠算应用软件”，这些将对非物质文化遗产的传承起到不可小视的作用。

保护非遗的不仅是为了记录、存档，而是为宣传、弘扬和更久远的传承。

关于非遗记录和信息分享，我的其他认识会在小组讨论时在谈。

3. Opinions on Documentation and Information-Sharing of ICHIn China, we call documentation and information-sharing of ICH as“Digitized Safeguarding of ICH”，which is a proper name in my point of view. To document and save the data is only to preserve the data in archives. That’s far from enough. Though archives are useful, if not being used, they will lose their value and become a collection of dead data. However, the ICH is living cultural heritage which shall be inherited. So the resources in the database should be activated. In this sense, documentation of ICH is just a part of digital safeguarding of ICH, is a foundation. Documentation of ICH means documentation of current remaining status of the ICH. While the ICH element often enjoys a history of at least 100


years, and there are too many pictures, written records and documentations related to the element. So the proper preservation of these precious materials needs us to transform these materials by modern technical means. The transformation itself also needs digital technology, as digital technology is the most advanced technology for safeguarding ICH. Considering this, I think digitized safeguarding of ICH falls into the following categories: documentation of ICH, digital transformation of the pictures, words, audio and video materials related to the ICH element, and multiple application of ICH resources, etc. Only in this way can we reach the goal of integrated safeguarding of ICH. In this sense, I consider that digitized safeguarding is of a broader sense comparing to the documentation of ICH.As for the diversified application of ICH resources, constant explorations are still necessary in China. The development of the Application Software for the Art of Chinese Seal Engraving mentioned above is a good example of our courageous exploration in this field. In this year, we’ll develop the Application Software for Chinese Zhusuan (calculation with an abacus). These softwares will play an important role in the transmission of ICH.In the safeguarding of ICH, it is not only to record, to keep in the archives, but also to publicize, to promote and to transmit further the cultural heritage.That’s all about my presentation. More ideas on documentation and information-sharing of ICH will be shared during group discussions.

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing

on Documentation Policy

Han hee Hahm

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍113Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding

Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing

on Documentation Policy

Han hee HahmProfessorChonbuk National University1. Introduction

With the growing recognition of the value of intangible cultural heritages (ICH hereafter) within a specific society, there are various movements which have emerged to bring about awareness of the ICH as common cultural heritages of humanity. These movements, which are related to UNESCO's activities, are spreading across the world as cultural movements to newly evaluate and safeguard disappearing traditional culture. In connection with these movements, UNESCO stresses, by announcing the Convention for the safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003, that the protection and management of ICH is the best strategy for the preservation and safeguarding of traditional culture of each country and the cultural resources of humanity. Of safeguarding methods, inventories are very important ways in which the intangible cultural heritage community members can raise awareness about their ICH (Article 13. 8(4)).1) According to UNESCO, the process of 1) Harriet Deacon, “Roles of Stakeholders in Implementing the Intangible Heritage


inventorying ICH enhances the self-respect of the heritage bearers and communities and enriches human creativity. The Convention encourages the involvement of state parties in creating inventories of ICH existing in their jurisdiction and providing regular updates of such inventories already created (Article 12). Updating the inventories is an ongoing process that can never be fully completed. The Convention allows some flexibility on the part of the state parties in utilizing their own methods in inventory-making. 2. Korea’s Safeguarding Policy and Documentations of ICH

Since the 1960’s the Korean government has made efforts to protect and preserve cultural heritages at the national level.2) Both legal and administrative measures have been undertaken affecting the national treasures containing both tangible and intangible cultural heritages. The government’s imperative to safeguard the national treasures is acknowledged as being exemplary and draws international attention. Given this, the UNESCO’s initiatives in the area of ICH were welcomed by us Koreans. Yet, as the Korean government had an existing protection policy and legal enactment for protection, it was taken aback by UNECO’s initiatives. Korea had developed its own system of protection and preservation of cultural heritages but is now facing a shift of the existing system.In 1962 the Cultural Properties Protection Law (CPPL) was legislated in Korea in order to selectively protect cultural heritage that faced the greatest risks of disappearance and change due to modernization and convention,” 2010. 2) The Cultural Properties Protection Law was legislated in 1962.

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍115industrialization. Based on the law, the central government began designating certain cultural heritage as Important Intangible Cultural Properties (IICP, jungyo muhyeong munhwajae). The law in Korea defines IICP as those that have high historical, artistic or scientific value among intangible cultural assets such as drama, music, dance and crafts skills.3)02 While IICP refers to arts and skills, actual targets of protection and management are the masters who possess such arts and skills. In Korea, they are typically called important intangible cultural property holders (IICP-holders). As they are inherited through people, IICP can be seen and heard when these people perform them. Therefore, the preservation and inheritance of intangible cultural heritages means the preservation and inheritance of the arts and skills possessed by artisans.4)03 Currently, ICH in Korea are designated in two categories of artistic talents and skills. Artistic talents include music, dance, drama, game/ritual, and martial arts, and skills include crafts and culinary skills.5)04 By law the designated IICP have continued to be documented by the government initiatives. In fact, there are many other institutions which are involved in the documentation of ICH but in this presentation, I will focus on the government’s policy and its practices of documentation of ICH.

02) Excerpts from Article NO.2 'Definition' of provisions on intangible cultural heritages of the Cultural Properties Protection Law (As of April 2007)03) 'A Beautiful Meeting', 2004 published by Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation04) As of 2010, the Cultural Heritage Administration has designated and is managing a total of 116 cultural heritages, including 17 music items (23 sub-divided items), 9 dance items, 14 drama items, 24 game and ritual items (27 sub-divided items), 49 crafts skills, 2 food items (4 sub-divided items), and one martial art.


The Period of Inception (1965 – 1995)

Soon after the proclamation of the CPPL, in 1965, the Cultural Property Management Office (the predecessor to the Cultural Heritage Administration) began the process of documenting IICP. Five years later the documentation of IICP was mandate by the law in order to preserve and protect their original form and contents. During this period, film recordings of IICP was widespread, recording IICP holders of performing arts artisans manufactured their crafts and artistic work. As a result, such recordings were carefully stored in the archives of IICP. In addition, accompanying text reports were also published along with the recordings. The Period of Progression (1995-2011)

Since 1995, the documentation process for IICP has become more systematic. A special administrative office, the Intangible Heritage Section (IHS) in the Cultural Property Research Center, was established and took over the documentation of IICP as one of its major tasks. The IHS reorganized the methods of documentation and established a specific set of recordings to be used in the documentation process. The set consists of three different apparatus of recording: film, text, and photo. The IHS completed the documentation of all designated IICP which consists of about 130 individual films.6) It was a pivotal accomplishment in the area 6) The total number of IICP’s element is 120 as of May 31, 2014. Yet, some IICP elements have plural designated items: for example, there are six different holders in different regions under one ‘nongak’ (farmer’s music) such as Pyeongtaek nongak, Gangneung nongak, Imsil-Pilbong nongak, Iri nongak, Jinju-Samcheonpo nongak, Gurye-Jansu nongak. In this case, each nongak was documented.

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍117of ICH documentation and safeguarding. The divergent features of each IICP were well recorded in the visual, audio and text media. This long-term project, however, has been both positively and negatively evaluated. The positive assessment pointed out the detailed and professional work that went into the film recordings by the collaborative work of professional researchers and film-makers. These recordings were distributed within various public domains including schools, libraries, broadcasting centers, research institutes, and individual researchers. Sometimes the recordings were repurposed as documentaries and aired as television programs. On the other hand, the negative assessments pointed to several different issues. For example, the film recordings were mostly staged in the sense that IICP holders performed specifically for the film recording. They performed like actors and actresses. Thus focusing on the artistic features of IICP regardless of what domains the IICP were actually from, the film recordings could not show the significant assets of ICH such as the socio-cultural background of ICH, religious or ideological state of ICH, values and worldviews of holders, etc. Such criticism has lead to new and improved strategies for ICH’s documentation. The new policy on the documentation of ICH is based on a different approach to ICH safeguarding.

The IICP long-term documentation project prompted the local governments to perform their own systematic documentation in their attempts to inventory ICH. Not only that, but many research organizations also followed this model of documentation.


IICP

Other ICHAncestorworship Shamanism & BuddhismNo. of Film 125 28 25

Hours of Film(distribution edition)

21,200’1”(7160’17") 1955'8"(828'22") 2980'64"(987'53")Text reports 125 volumes 28 books 25 books

Photos a. 32,000 7,000 6,250Table 1 Statistics of Documentation of IICP during the Period of ProgressionThe Period of Advancement (2012- present)

In recent times, the Korean government has made a great effort to upgrade the existing inventory systems of ICH by making innovative changes in the documentation methodology and epistemology for IICP and other non-designated ICH. I will present two exemplary projects: one is the oral history project of IICP-holders and the other is the online survey of ICH. Once the IICP documentation project was completed, the IHS started a new project collecting oral history from IICP holders. Since many of them are too old to perform their activities for transmission of ICH, their techniques, education, life-time experiences, social networks, philosophy and much other important traditional knowledge are on the verge of disappearance. In light of such an urgent situation regarding the necessity of safeguarding, the IHS has been interviewing 5-6 IICP holders each year. For each interview, a team consisting of three to four researchers,

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍119including professional researchers, film-makers and photographers, spend more than 20 hours conducting in-depth interview sessions. These interviews have been recorded as audio and visual media and furthermore a full report text on the basis of interview has also been made available. The in-depth and detailed life history of each IICP holder as documented by these interviews includes much valuable information about ICH which would not have been included in the previous method of film documentation. This is an advanced method of documentation of ICH but there are also some constraints with respect to the methodology. One of the limitations may be the interviewer’s qualification. It may be difficult to find skilled interviewers who have sufficient knowledge in the area of ICH and are also capable of extensively using the life history method. Another problem may be related to the memory of IICH holders who are of advanced age. There are other critical issues around this intensive oral history collection but, in my opinion, it is a definite advancement in field of documentation of ICH. The other development in the inventory of ICH that I will discuss here effectively utilizes advancements in information technology. Drawing upon UNESCO’s ICH safeguarding policy, Korea’s Cultural Heritage Administration initiated a digital inventory project in 2010. Prior to the Convention, the Korean criteria for ICH focused on originality, excellence and superiority of the element of culture. Under the Convention criteria, however, ICH would not be considered valid if it was not being practiced within a certain community, group or subset of individuals. In case of tangible cultural heritage, the original form should be kept. The most distinctive element of ICH, according to the Convention, is a ‘living culture,’ not its originality. Secondly, the Convention ensures ‘the long-term viability of intangible


heritage within communities and groups’ (article 2.3) and ‘ICH to be sustainably maintained by the communities, groups or individuals concerned.’ ‘Living’ culture within communities and groups through transmission from generation to generation is considered as the most significant criteria in the inscription of ICH. Due to this characterization of the ICH, the Convention’s focus is on practices and processes rather than on products and to raise awareness within communities and groups about their own ICH. In alignment with this focus of the Convention, a group of researchers developed a new experimental inventorying methodology for ICH utilizing a new concept of collective intelligence and advanced information technologies. The research team established Ichpedia, a web-based ICH encyclopedia and archive in Korea. The new way eventually aims at collecting information for ICH and makes documentations using advanced information networks. So far, a total of approximately 30,000 ICH elements have been collected from all over Korea during the period of 2010 to 2012.The digital technology is useful to record ICH data in several respects. First, non-material features of ICH are known to be difficult and/or impossible to keep static, and such characteristics of ICH are frequently cited as impediments to the process of recording. Through the use of various forms of digital technology such as audio devices and video tools, it is possible to record such dynamic characteristics of ICH. Secondly, ICH’s changeable and unfixed nature can be traced more easily by efficient recording processes. Since many examples of ICH are closely related to everyday lifestyles, practices, and ideas, subtle changes and disappearances may not be readily apparent. Thus, computerized devices can record the current condition of particular examples of ICH and make it easier to

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍121keep track of any future changes. Thirdly, the use of digital technology is an efficient way to increase people’s awareness of ICH and to share information. 3. Some Suggestions for a Future Direction

The Korean government is now adopting a diverse policy in safeguarding ICH. The film documentation of IICP, oral history collection of IICP holders, online and offline inventories of ICH continue. Publications, researches, education, advertisement, tourism and other various activities are also used as means for safeguarding and promotion of ICH on the national level. However, the most imminent challenge that exists in this area is the continuing disappearance ICH at the village level. In remote areas, community members are less attentive to their own ICH and far more exposed to the rapid disposal of cultural traditions. It is imperative that not only the community members are aware of such urgency but also government entities. Inventories are integral to the safeguarding of ICH because inventories raise the awareness of the importance and values of traditions at the local, national and international levels. Inventories can also generate greater self-awareness and self-respect of the ICH bearers which are positive by-products in the mission for safeguarding and transmitting of ICH. Through the inventory-making process, individual and collective identities can be reformulated. The community-based inventorying is one of the many approaches to inventorying but, in my belief, it is the most desirable one. It best fits the spirit of the 2003 Convention both in principle and methodology. The members of the community do not function solely as informants who


provide relevant information, but also as researchers. This approach may take longer and may be less efficient than other approaches like the top-down approach where experts and officials have major roles in safeguarding measures of ICH, while community members are relegating to being just the providers of information. With the community-based inventorying, the community members are expected to cooperate with one another in carrying out their missions for safeguarding ICH with the assistance of experts, research institutes, local government officials and NGOs. As the Convention already emphasized, a ‘living’ culture within a community that is transmitted from generation to generation is considered the most significant object to be documented as ICH. Yet, such a ‘living’ culture, by definition, is also constantly changing. As most practitioners of ICH acknowledge, ICH generates complicated issues due to its complex nature. For us and various governments and government entities, it is the most challenging point to truly understand the nature of ICH and create better safeguarding measures.

Challenges and Innovations in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Korea: focusing on Documentation Policy ▍123

Regional Collaboration for Safeguarding ICH in the North-East Asia Context:UNESCO

Overview and Action

Beatrice Kaldun

Regional Collaboration for Safeguarding ICH in the North-East Asia Context:UNESCO Overview and Action ▍143

ICHCAP: Regional Cooperation and Documentation Projects

Seong-Yong Park

ICHCAP: Regional Cooperation and Documentation Projects ▍153

Roles Of Ngos For Safeguarding Of The Intangible Cultural Heritage In Mongolia

N. Urtnasan

Roles Of Ngos For Safeguarding Of The Intangible Cultural Heritage In Mongolia ▍165

Way Forward

Way Forward ▍179Way Forward

In the 2014 Seminar on Cooperation towards Strengthening Networking and Information Sharing of ICH in North-East Asia, which was held from 29 June to 3 July 2014 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Confirming that the 2014 seminar was successfully organized with the participants’ involvement, Emphasizing that information sharing and network building needs to be further strengthened for better ICH safeguarding in North-East Asia, We, the participants, agree to work together, with the coordination of the UNESCO Office in Beijing and in collaboration with ICHCAP, towards the following joint work for the Member States of the sub-region:1. Organizing an annual sub-regional meeting2. Facilitating exchange of information and experts3. Jointly promoting and organizing festivals and performances.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX ▍183회의 개요

개 요

가. 사업부제 : 2014 동북아시아 무형유산 네트워크와 정보교류 세미나

나. 회의기간 : 2014.7.1.(화)~7.2.(수), 2일 간

다. 장 소 : 몽골 울란바토르, 울란바토르 호텔

라. 공동주최 : 유네스코아태무형유산센터, 유네스코북경사무소,

몽골 교육문화부, 유네스코몽골위원회

마. 주 관 : 몽골문화유산센터

바. 참 가 자 : 동북아시아 5개국 정부관계자 및 전문가, 유네스코 관계자 등

50명

사. 주요내용

- 동북아시아지역 무형유산 현황 및 기록 관련 정보 공유

- 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력 논의


일자 시간 내용

1일차(6.29.일)

참가자 입국

19:00-21:00 환영만찬 (유네스코아태무형유산센터 주최)

2일차(6.30.월)

09:00-17:00 현장답사 (Nalaikh District)

3일차(7.1.화)

09:30-11:30

개회식 ∙ 개회사 (유네스코북경사무소 문화담당관) ∙ 환영사 (몽골 문화부 차관) ∙ 몽골 무형문화유산(모린후르, 우르틴두) 특별공연 ∙ 기조발제 (유네스코아태무형유산센터 사무총장) ∙ 기념촬영

11:30-12:15세션1 [국가발표: 동북아시아 무형유산 기록화 이슈와 현황] ∙ 북한 (로철수, 북한문화유산보호지도국 차장)

12:30-14:00 오찬

14:00-15:45∙ 일본 (하세가와 요시카주, 도시샤대학 문화와 대표 강사) ∙ 몽골 (엔크바트, 몽골문화유산센터)

15:45-16:00 휴식

16:00-17:30 ∙ 중국 (딩얀, 중국무형유산디지털보호센터장) ∙ 한국 (함한희, 전북대학 고고문화인류학과 교수)

18:00-20:30 석식

4일차(7.2.수)

09:30-11:00

세션2 [동북아시아 무형유산 지역협력 기관 활동 공유] ∙ 유네스코북경사무소 ∙ 유네스코아태무형유산센터 ∙ 몽골 자연문화유산센터

11:00-11:15 휴식

11:15-13:00

세션 3 [동북아시아 무형유산 기록화 및 정보 공유 협력]그룹별 토의주제 A : 무형유산 생존능력과 기록화. 왜 그리고 어떻게?주제 B : 국가적 및 국제적 차원에서 정보 공유

13:00-15:00 오찬

15:00-16:15 종합토론 [동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력방안]

16:15-16:30 폐회

17:30-19:00 만찬5일차

(7.3.목)06:00- 참가자 출국

회의일정표

APPENDIX ▍185동북아시아 무형유산 소지역 협력회의 Concept Paper

배경 및 목적

2003년 유네스코 무형문화유산보호 협약 채택 이후, 무형유산에 대한 국제 사

회의 관심이 지속적으로 높아지고 있다. 특히, 무형유산보호협약은 채택된 지 불

과 10년 만에 이미 전 세계 150여개 국가가 가입 했으며, 이를 근거로 인류의 다

양한 무형유산을 보호하기 위한 다양한 활동들이 각지에서 전개되고 있다.

특별히 동아시아 지역은 이른 시기부터 무형유산 보호를 위한 제도적 기틀을

마련하고, 동 분야의 선도 그룹으로 활동하고 있다. 따라서 동아시아 지역의

무형유산 관계자들이 한자리에 모여 그동안 각국이 축적해온 경험과 지혜를

공유하는 기회를 마련함으로써 향후 무형유산을 통한 동 지역의 소통과 상호

유대를 강화하고, 무형유산 보호에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

유네스코아태무형유산센터 (이하, ICHCAP)는 지난 4년간 아태지역 회원국

들의 무형유산 네트워크 구축을 위해 태평양, 중앙아시아. 동남아시아 소지역

정보네트워킹회의를 개최하고 있다. 본 정보네트워킹회의는 각 지역 유네스코

지역사무소들과 협력하여 진행해 왔다. 특히 올해는 무형유산 분야 동북아시아

5개국이 참여하는 동북아시아 지역 무형유산 정보네트워크회의를 개최한다.

유네스코 북경사무소와 함께 개최하는 이번 회의는 2014년 6월30일 부터 7

월 2일까지 일정으로 몽골 울란바토르에서 열린다. 동북아시아 5개국 한국, 중

국, 일본, 북한, 몽골 무형유산 관계자와 전문가들이 참석해 국가별 현황 및 지

역적 현안에 대해 정보를 공유하고, 무형유산 보호를 통한 지역 협력 발판을

마련하는 의미 있는 시간이 될 것이다.

이번 회의에서는 무형유산 보호 활동에 있어서 중요한 구성요소인 기록과

정보공유를 핵심 주제로 동북아시아 지역 회원국의 향후 효과적인 무형유산


보호 협력 방안을 모색한다.

기조발제

2003년 협약과 제반 무형유산보호 활동에 있어서 기록화(Documentation)의 이슈

는 물론 동북아지역 무형유산 보호활동의 일환으로 국가차원에서의 기록화 사

례, 공동체와의 협력 등 기록 작업에서의 제반 문제, 향후 국제 협력 방향 등

을 중심으로 발표가 있을 것이다.

세션 1

동북아시아 지역 각기 다른 무형유산 보호 환경에서 기록화 관련 어떠한 경

험을 가지는가? 각국의 전문가들이 자국의 무형유산 ‘기록화’ 현황, 관련 정책

과 향후 계획 등에 대해 발표할 것이다.

세션2

2003년 협약 이행과 관련하여 동북아지역의 회원국을 지원하는 유네스코북

경사무소 그리고 아태지역 C2센터인 ICHCAP 등이 그동안 수행한 무형유산

정보화, 기록화 분야의 활동을 소개하고 이러한 활동에 대한 회원국의 참여와

협력을 증진하는 방안에 대한 발표와 논의가 있을 예정이다.

세션3

유네스코 회원국 5개국이 첫 무형유산 관련 협력회의를 맞이하여 각국의 실

정과 유관기관 활동 발표 및 토론에 기초하여 이 지역의 무형유산 기록화 분

야에서의 공동으로 협력 가능한 구체적인 방안에 대해 논의하는 장이 될 것이다.

APPENDIX ▍187종합토론

각 소그룹세션의 토론내용을 요약 보고하고, 동북아시아 무형유산 네트워크

구축 및 정보 공유 강화 방안 대한 전체 토론을 진행한다.

목 적

- 동북아시아 무형유산보호 관련 국가별 무형유산보호 관계자간 네트워크

구축 및 협력 메커니즘 기반 조성

- 동북아시아 지역 무형유산보호 현안 파악 및 지역요구 수렴을 통한 공동

협력사업 모색. 특히, 남북한 무형유산 교류 활성화 개척


2014 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의 결과보고

회의 내용

가. 회의주제 : 기록화를 통한 동북아시아 무형유산 보호 협력 구축

나. 개회

- 개회사(유네스코북경사무소 문화담당관)

- 환영사(몽골 문화부 차관)

- 기조발제 ‘무형유산 보호를 위한 기록화와 정보공유’ (유네스코아태무형유

산센터 사무총장)

• 동북아시아 지역에서 무형유산 보호를 위한 첫 모임으로 큰 희망을 가

짐. 특히, 분단된 남북한이 본 회의를 통해 상호 협력 증진할 수 있는

기회가 되기를 기대

• 유네스코 2003년 무형유산보호협약 관련 현황과 이슈 소개

• 기록화에서는 공동체의 참여가 중요하다는 것과 정기적으로 그 기록이

업데이트 되어야함을 강조. 뿐만 아니라 국가차원에서 정부관계자들은

기록화 작업 중에 공동체와 소통 필요

• 아시아태평양 지역의 나라들은 국가별로 다른 기록화 단계에 있어 다

양한 경험과 정보를 공유하기에 좋은 기회. 공유무형유산이 풍부한 동북

아시아 지역에서 무형유산보호 공동 협력 추진 제안. 이는 더 나아가 평

화와 지속가능한 발전에도 기여 가능

다. 1세션: 동북아시아 국가발표: 무형유산 기록화 이슈와 현황

- 북한(로철수, 민족유산보호지도국 부국장)

• 민족유산 보호 관련 정부의 정책에 따라 문화와 자연유산과 함께 무형

유산보호를 보호하는 노력도 상당히 증가함. 특히 2008년 협약 가입을

APPENDIX ▍189한 후, 무형유산 관련 기록화와 정보공유가 활발해짐

• 기록 문서를 통해 무형유산에 대한 정확한 정보를 미래 세대에 전달하

고자 체계적인 방식으로 그 중요성을 인식하고 있음을 설명. 무형유산

기록은 자세하고 과학적인 분석을 포함하며 그 유산의 창조, 감정, 그리

고 그 유산에 임하는 사람들의 환경까지도 고려되어야 그 가치를 이해

할 수 있고 효율적으로 보호할 수 있음을 강조

• 북한의 무형유산 기록 담당 자료기록기관 소개: 조선민족박물관, 지방

력사박물관, 사회과학원, 김원균명칭평양음악대학, 고려의학과학원, 평양

미술대학, 조선체육대학, 조선료리협회 등

• 매년 정기적으로 자료를 기록하고, 이는 5년을 주기로 업데이트 됨. 오

래된 문서나 사진으로 된 기록들은 파손될 위험이 있어 디지털화 작업

이 진행 중.

• 대중 인식 강화를 위한 다양한 축제도 국가 차원에서 개최: 민족의상

전시회, 민족료리축전, 전국대황소상민족씨름경기, 인민예술축전 등

• 향후 세계 여러 나라들과, 특히 동북아시아 지역에서 무형유산 부문에

서 교류와 협조를 보다 확대 강화해 나갈 것을 강조

- 일본(요시카주 하세가와, 도시샤대학 문화와 대표부 강사)

• 일본에서는 1954년 예술적 기술과 무늬의 보호에서 시작하여 무형유산

보호와 관련된 법이 점차 확대. 1975년에 축제와 민속공연을 포함시킴.

• 하루하루 변화하는 무형유산을 하루빨리 연구하고 기록으로 남겨야함.

문서 위주의 기록과 영상 기록이 있는데, 현재의 시점에서 과거를 영상

으로 남기기엔 힘듦. 때문에 더 늦기 전에 영상으로 보존하는 것도 중요

• 기록화의 방법을 소개: 전문가로 구성된 팀이 연구를 하고 최대한 자

세하게 기록해야함을 설명. 영상기록의 경우, 시나리오를 대상에 따라

상세하게 준비해야함. 특히, 녹화 중 멈추는 일은 삼가고 배경음악을 삽

입하지 않을 것을 주의

• 현재 일본에서 행해지는 많은 축제와 행사들은 오래 전 그림 또는 문


서로 전해져 내려오는 것을 바탕으로 재연하는 경우가 다수. 이러한 무

형유산 관련 전통들을 더욱 더 잘 보존하기 위해 기록으로 남기는 것이

중요

- 몽골(엔크밧, 몽골문화유산센터장)

• 몽골문화유산센터는 1996년 정부 산하 기관으로 등록되었고 2009년에

무형유산보호부가 신설. 주요 업무는 몽골의 무형유산 보호와 관련된 전

승, 가시성 제고, 보유자 선정 등이 있으며 무형유산 보유자들이 생활해

나갈 수 있도록 수당을 지급하는 형식으로 관리

• 2009년 무형유산 지정과 보유자 선정을 위한 국가위원회 설립.

1) 문화적 이론, 역사, 마케팅, 2) 구전전통, 언어, 3) 공연 예술, 4) 의

례, 축제행사, 5) 자연과 우주에 대한 지식과 관습, 6) 전통공예, 총 6개

의 전문가 집단으로 나뉘어져 있음.

• 무형유산 관련 기록 자료는 몽골문화유산센터 아카이브에 보관 중.

316시간 오디오 기록, 1050시간 비디오 기록 보유

• 2003년 협약을 이행을 위한 노력: 기본교육 프로그램에 무형유산 관련

자료 포함, 홍보를 위한 출판물 발간, 분기별 뉴스레터 발행 등 국가적

으로 또는 국제적으로 협력하여 진행 중

- 중국(딩얀, 중국무형유산 디지털보호센터장)

• 중국은 2004년, 2003년 협약 가입이후 2005년에 중앙정부가 매해 6월

둘째 주 토요일을 “중국 문화유산의 날”로 지정. 국가차원의 무형유산

보호와 관리에 대한 규정을 만듦

• 기본적으로 무형유산의 생산적인 보호에 우선순위를 두고, 위기에 처한

종목을 보호하며, 합리적인 활용에 초점을 맞춰, 무형유산 전승의 발전

에 노력하는 원칙을 따름.

• 무형유산 기록화와 관련: 문화부에서 ‘무형유산 디지털화 보호 5개년

프로젝트’ 도입, 중국예술아카데미에서 프로젝트 기획, 중국 무형유산 디

APPENDIX ▍191지털보호센터에서 기술적이고 전문적인 기준에 맞춰 프로젝트를 이행하

는 형식으로 진행

• 중국 무형유산 정보 공유를 위해 제작한 웹사이트에서 중국의 다양한

무형유산 관련 정보를 쉽게 접할 수 있음 (http://www.inchina.cn/main.jsp)

- 한국(함한희, 전북대 고고문화인류학과 교수)

• 1962년 문화재보호법 제정, 유형과 무형유산의 구분 없이 전체를 포괄

하는 명칭으로 사용했으나 중앙정부는 법에 근거하여 역사적 예술적 그

리고 과학적 가치가 높은 종목들을 중요무형문화재로 지정함

• 국가차원에서 지정된 중요무형문화재의 기록은 국가차원에서 진행.

1995년 이후 무형유산 기록화는 체계적으로 발전. 문화재연구소 내 무

형문화재실 설립, 기록화를 주요 업무로 담당

• 영상기록에 있어서 장점: 전문연구원들과 영화제작사의 협력 증진, 학

교 및 도서관의 공공기관에 배포, 연구 자료로 활용 등

단점: 오로지 기록을 위한 공연이나 행사가 대다수였기 때문에 배우들처

럼 연기하듯 무형유산을 재연하는 상황도 발생, 영상기록은 무형유산 종

목의 사회문화적 배경, 종교적인 특성, 보유자들의 가치를 반영하지 못

함

• 디지털 기술 ichpedia.org를 통한 무형유산 보호. 일반 대중들의 접근가

능성 높아지고, 무형유산 관계자들의 직접적인 참여가 가능. 하지만 IT

분야의 전문가들이 요구되고 웹사이트 지속적인 유지를 위한 예산지원

관련 문제 발생

라. 2세션: 동북아지역 무형유산 지역협력 기관 활동 공유

- 유네스코북경사무소(베아트리스 칼둔, 문화담당관)

• 동북아시아 지역은 70여개의 다른 민족, 250여개의 다른 언어, 오랜 역

사가 공존하고 더불어 문화적인 교류가 활발한 곳으로, 대부분 이른 시

기에 2003년 무형유산보호협약에 가입하여 활동하고 있음


• 동북아시아 지역의 카테고리 2급 기관 소개

중국: 역량강화, 훈련 담당 CRIHAP

한국: 정보화 네트워킹 담당 ICHCAP

일본: 연구방법론, 기술적 연구 담당 IRCI

• 무형유산 보호를 위한 종목 확인 및 지정, 목록작성 그리고 기록이 있

다면 그 무형유산이 지속되기 위한 전승, 역량강화, 정보공유도 중요. 이

를 위해 기본적으로 지역 공동체가 참여하여 활동해야 그 효과도 확대

되며 더 나아가 국제기구와 협력하여 진행할 것을 강조

• 유네스코북경사무소에서 무형유산관련 분야는 창조국에서 담당함. 프로

그램 이행하는 팀과 역량강화와 문화유산정책팀으로 분배되어 업무 담당.

- 유네스코아태무형유산센터(박성용, 정책사업본부장)

• 센터개요: 아태지역 48개 유네스코 회원국의 무형유사보호 활동 지원

및 역량강화의 목적과 기능으로 정보와 네트워킹을 중점으로 둠.

• 센터 사업방식은 양자 및 다자간 협력의 국제협력 방식으로 지역적으

로는 5개의 소지역(중앙아시아, 동북아시아, 동남아시아, 태평양, 남아시

아)으로 나뉘고, 협력 대상은 유네스코 및 지역사무소, 타 C2센터, 지역

기구, 아태지역 회원국 정부, 그리고 무형유산 관계자들을 포함

• 기록화사업으로는 노후된 무형유산 자료복원 및 디지털화, 무형유산 영

상기록, 그리고 목록작성 지원이 현재 진행 중. 이는 특히 인적교류, 전

문가회의, 소지역 협력회의 및 국제회의 등, 정보교류와 네트워킹 구축

과 함께 구성 됨

• 동북아시아 협력을 위한 제언: 동북아시아 5개국 무형유산 정보 교류

및 협력 정기 협의체 구성하여 공유유산의 긍정적 활용 방안 논의 강조.

관련 정부기관, 전문기관, 학교 등 센터와 공동으로 세미나 또는 인적

교류를 통해 무형유산 교류 활성화 필요

APPENDIX ▍193 - 문화자연유산보호재단(노로브 울트나산, 이사장)

• 2014년 6월 기준, 유네스코 인증 NGO는 총 162개. 2014년 6월 말,

한국 전주에서 “아태지역 무형유산 보호를 위한 효율적인 NGO의 역

할”이란 주제로 국제회의 개최되어 참석

• 현재, 몽골에는 무형유산 관련 비정부기구들이 활발하게 활동 중. 문화

자연유산보호재단은 2000년 3월에 설립되어 몽골에서 처음으로 유네스

코 인증 NGO가 됨

• 재단은 무형유산을 보호, 소개, 연구하며 역사적이고 문화적인 지역들

을 대중화, 자연이나 역사 문화유산에 대한 가시성 제고, 뿐만 아니라

어린이와 젊은 층의 지식을 진흥하여 보다 다양한 이해관계자들과 네트

워크를 구축하는 목적을 가짐

• 특히 지난 10여 년간 대한민국정부와 유네스코아태무형유산센터의 지

원으로 무형유산 보호와 관련된 기반을 마련하여 유네스코의 인간문화

재를 접하게 되어 무형유산보호를 점차 체계화시킴

마. 3세션 소그룹 토의: 동북아시아 무형유산 기록화 및 정보 공유 협력

<주요 논의 내용>

• 주제 1: 무형유산 보존을 위한 기록화: 왜 그리고 어떻게?

- 위기에 처한 무형유산을 보호하기 위해, 다음 세대로의 전승을 위해,

그리고 국내외 협력을 위해 기록화는 필요

- 효율적인 기록화를 위해 다양한 언어의 무형유산 관련 용어를 올바르

게 정리하고 통일해야하고, 기록화를 정기적으로 업데이트해야 함을

강조

- 무형유산 보유자들과 직접 교류하며 유기적인 관계 유지가 필요하며

뿐만 아니라 무형유산과 관련된 자연, 역사 등에 대한 조사를 통해

보다 풍부한 기록 작성이 가능

• 주제 2: 국가와 국제적 차원에서의 정보공유


- 기록화 관계자들을 위한 워크숍을 개최하여 기록화 사례 공유 및 정

보 교류 활성화. 국내 및 국제 무형유산 관계자들과 지역 공동체들과

도 무형유산 관련 정보를 공유하여 네트워크 강화

- 한국과 중국의 무형유산 기록화 관련 소프트웨어 프로그램을 다른 나

라에도 공유하여 이를 다른 나라 관계자들이 연구하고 활용하여 역량

강화하는데 기여.

- 동북아시아 국가들의 협력을 통해 디지털 기록화를 발전하여 전 세계

사람들이 접근할 수 있는 데이터베이스, 아카이브를 구축할 것을 제

안. 원활한 정보공유를 위한 인트라넷(intranet)의 중요성도 강조

바. 종합토론: 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력 방안

• 여러 나라의 다양 사람들이 보유하고 있는 지식이나 민속은 모두가 공통

적으로 가지고 있는 것이 아니므로 기록화가 매우 중요. 이에 그 보유자들

을 등록하고 공식화하기 위한 현실적이고 합리적인 방안이 필요. 동북아시

아 나라들은 문화적으로 공유하고 있는 많은 부분이 있기 때문에 서로의

사례를 공유하여 배우는 것은 긍정적인 효과가 있을 수 있음

• 동북아시아 지역의 무형유산 보호를 위해 전문가 위주의 학술적인 세미나

도 필요하지만, 대중들의 인식을 위해서는 공연이나 축제도 공동으로 개최

하면 더욱 더 효율적이라고 생각.

• 무형유산 관련 유네스코 C2센터들이 한국, 중국, 그리고 일본: 동북아시

아 지역에 존재. 다음 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의는 기타 C2센터

들과 함께한다면 그 효과가 극대화 될 것으로 기대.

• 회의 결과문서인 ‘Way Forward’에 합의. 구체적이거나 명확한 내용은 아

님에도 불구하고 확실히 미래의 방향성에 대한 상징적인 제안으로 받아들

여짐. 추후 기록화뿐만 아니라 무형유산 보호를 위한 다양한 활동에 있어

동북아시아 지역의 협력을 구축할 것을 희망 (※붙임 3. 회의결과문서 참

조)

APPENDIX ▍195 • 본 회의를 통해 무형유산의 중요성을 다시 한 번 깨닫게 되었고, 동북아

시아 국가들과 많은 정보를 공유하며 협력의 필요성과 공동유산 발견과 보

호의 중요성을 알게 됨. 특히 북한을 포함한 동북아시아 5개국의 무형유산

관계자들이 한자리에 참가할 수 있어 역사적으로도 의미가 큼. 관련 정보

공유와 네트워킹으로 모두가 함께 발전할 수 있는 기회가 됨. 이번 회의를

계기로 동북아시아 무형유산 보호 협력회의가 조직화되고 지속될 수 있기

를 제언

부대행사

○ 몽골 울란바토르 나라잌(Nalaikh) 지역 현장답사

- 몽골의 전통음악, 모린후르, 우르틴두 감상 및 전통음식, 마유와 양고기

체험, 말 축성식 및 망아지 젖먹이기 의식 관람

- 나담축제 준비 행사인 어린 말 경주 관람


구분 이름 소속 성별

북한

로철수 민족유산보호지도국 부국장 남

박무송 민족유산보호지도국 무형유산과장 남

문상국 민족유산보호지도국 무형유산과 직원 남

리련의 민족유산보호지도국 무형유산과 직원 여

리주혁 문화성 무대예술국 지원 남

리손희 통역 여

리용필 주몽골북한대사관 1등서기관 남

일본타케노리 시미주 주몽골일본대사 남

하세가와 요시카주 도시샤대학 문화와 대표부 강사 남

몽골

뚜멘자갈 문화체육관광부 차관 남

바얀줄 문화체육관광부 문화예술발전정책과장 남

얼데네치맥 문화체육관광부 문화예술발전정책과 직원 여

쩬서렌 문화체육관광부 문화유산과장 여

아이덜바얄 문화체육관광부 문화유산과 직원 남

엔크밧 몽골문화유산센터장 남

윤덴밧 몽골문화유산센터 무형유산 자문위원 남

자갈사이칸 몽골문화유산센터 무형유산과장 남

사룰 몽골문화유산센터 무형유산과 전문가 여

나산자갈 몽골문화유산센터 무형유산과 전문가 남

솔몬 몽골문화유산센터 직원 여

쿠렐자브 일반 기록물 보관소 전문경영부장 여

울트나산 문화자연유산보호재단 이사장 남

돌골서렌 몽골문화유산대학 연극영화대학장 여

다바서렌 예술문화아카데미 총장 남

바야털 예술문화아카데미 부총장 남

자갈사이칸 예술문화아카데미 전문가 남

철룬 역사연구소장 남

나살마 국립도서관장 여

밧센겔 울란바토르시청 문화예술과장 남

바야스갈란 과학아카데미 언어문학연구소 언어부장 남

참가자 명단

APPENDIX ▍197구분 이름 소속 성별

바탈쿠 역사연구소 민족음악과장 남

한드자브 OVCHL경영사무소 무형유산 전문가 남

간치메그 OVCHL 경영사무소 무형유산 전문가 여

자갈사이칸 유네스코몽골위원회 사무총장 남

나친 유네스코몽골위원회 문화담당관 남

중국딩 얀 중국무형유산 디지털보호센터장 여

리우 구어쩡 수행원 남

한국

류시영 문화재청 국제협력과 사무관 남

함한희 전북대학교 고고문화인류학과 교수 여

임현묵 유네스코한국위원회 정책사업본부장 남

박상미 한국외국어대학교 문화인류학과 교수 여

유네스코아태센터

이삼열 사무총장 남

박성용 정책사업본부장 남

김덕순 교류협력팀장 남

이슬기 교류협력팀 직원 여

유네스코 북경

사무소

칼둔 베아트리스 문화담당관 여

글라넷 줄리안 문화담당자 남

레리치 페데리카 문화사업보조 여


언론보도/Press Release

동북아 무형유산 보호 협력회의 개최…북한 참여

연합뉴스 2014.06.29.

(서울=연합뉴스) 김태식 기자 = 유네스코아태무형유산센터(사무총장 이삼열)

는 문화재청 후원으로 30일부터 7월2일까지 몽골 수도 울란바토르에서 유네스

코북경사무소와 함께 '무형유산 보호를 위한 기록화와 정보 교류'를 주제로 하

는 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의를 개최한다.

이 회의에서는 한국과 북한, 중국, 일본, 몽골의 동북아 5개국 정부 대표와

무형유산 전문가 50여 명이 참가해 각국 무형유산 보호제도 현황을 설명하고,

지역 공동 과제와 협력방안을 모색할 예정이라고 센터는 29일 전했다.

동북아시아 5개국 무형유산 지역회의로는 처음으로 기록될 이번 회의에는

특히 북한이 참여한다는 점에서 주목된다. 센터에 따르면 북한에서는 로철수

무형유산보호청 국장을 비롯한 6명이 참석할 예정이다. 한국에서는 문화재청

관계자와 함한희 전북대 교수를 비롯한 4명이 참가한다.

이삼열 사무총장은 "오랜 역사를 통해 밀접하게 교류하고 많은 문화적 공통

점을 지닌 동북아시아 5개국 문화유산과 정체성을 바르게 이해하며 발전시키

기 위해서도 정보 교류와 기록 공유화는 필수적"이라며 "정치적 관계와 별도로

무형유산 전문가들의 교류와 정례적 회합이 이루어져야 한다"고 강조했다.

APPENDIX ▍199이 총장은 "이번 회의는 북한의 무형유산에 대한 현황을 듣는 자리로서 이

분야 남북한 관계자들이 첫 공식 만남과 대화를 하게 될 것으로 기대한다."고

덧붙였다.

종래 무형유산이라는 개념 자체가 생소했던 북한은 유네스코가 2003년 채택

한 무형유산보호협약에 가입하면서 본격적으로 무형유산 제도 정비에 나섰다.

북한은 이 협약에 따라 2012년 무렵 '비물질문화유산위원회'를 조직한 데 이

어 아리랑의 인류무형유산 등재 신청도 해 놓은 상태다.


남북한 등 5개국 무형유산회의 내달초 최초로 열려

아시아경제 2014.06.28.

- 몽골 울란바토르서 동북아 무형유산 전문가들 정보교류, 기록 공유화 제

안, 무형유산보호 협의체 설립 기대

- 남북한, 무형유산 관련 교류 위한 첫 공식 만남…北과 어떤 대화 나눌까.

[아시아경제 오진희 기자] 다음달 1~2일 몽골 울란바토르에서 한국과 북한,

중국, 일본, 몽골 등 동북아시아 5개국이 무형유산보호와 관련한 협력회의를

최초로 개최한다. 특히 이번 회의는 무형유산과 관련한 남북한 첫 공식만남이

기도 해 어떤 대화들을 나누게 될 지 기대가 모아지고 있다.

유네스코아태무형유산센터는 유네스코북경사무소와 함께 ‘무형유산 보호를

위한 기록화와 정보 교류’란 주제로 ‘동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의’를 이

같이 개최한다고 28일 밝혔다. 이번 회의에는 각국의 정부 대표와 무형유산

전문가 50여명이 참가한다. 각국의 무형유산 보호 제도와 현황을 발표하고 지

역 공동 과제와 협력방안을 모색하는 자리가 될 예정이다.

특히 북한 측에서는 무형유산보호청의 로철수 국장을 중심으로 6명의 대표

가 참석해 북한의 무형유산에 대한 현황을 설명하는 등 남북한 관계자들의 첫

공식 만남과 대화를 가질 예정이다. 북한에선 최근까지 '비물질민족유산 국내

목록'이란 이름으로 아리랑, 김치 담그기, 막걸리 담그기, 장 담그기, 치마저고

리 차림풍습, 평양냉면, 연백 농악무, 씨름 등을 자국의 무형유산으로 등재한

바 있다. 아리랑과 김치 담그기의 경우 유네스코 무형문화유산에 등재하기 위

한 신청서를 각각 지난해 3월과 올해 3월에 제출했다.

APPENDIX ▍201주제발표를 맡은 이삼열 유네스코아태무형유산센터 사무총장은 “동북아시아

5개국의 문화유산과 정체성을 바르게 이해하며 발전시키기 위해서도, 정보 교

류와 기록의 공유화는 필수적이며, 정치적 관계와 별도로 무형유산 전문가들의

교류와 정례적 회합이 이루어져야 한다”고 강조했다.

센터는 지난해 유네스코 무형유산보호협약에 따라 무형유산 보호 활동을 조

직적으로 전개해 오고 있는 몽골 및 북한에게 그동안 센터가 발간한 무형유산

도서 20여종을 참고자료로 제공하고, 향후 남북한을 비롯한 동북아시아 공유

무형유산에 대한 자료를 교환하자고 제안할 계획이다.

유네스코아태무형유산센터는 지난 2003년 유네스코에서 무형문화유산협약이

채택된 아태지역 무형유산 보호와 진흥을 위해 2011년 한중일 3개국에서 각각

▲정보·네트워킹 ▲교육 ▲리서치 등으로 역할을 나눠 설립된 바 있다. 한국에

선 전라북도 전주에 센터가 위치해 있다. 현재 무형문화유산보호협약에 가입한

국가는 161개국으로, 이 중 아태지역 국가는 48개국이다.

오진희 기자 [email protected]


北 "씨름, 유네스코 공동등재 가능"…문화교류 제안

아시아경제 2014.07.10.

[아시아경제 오진희 기자] 북한이 최근 열린 동북아 5개국 회의에서 남한에 공

동전시, 합동순회공연 등 문화교류를 제안했다. 같은 민족으로서 공유하는 무형

유산의 유네스코 등재 신청에 대해서도 한국과의 공동추진이 가능하다는 입장을

밝혔다.

유네스코아태무형유산센터는 지난 1~2일 몽골 울란바토르에서 열린 동북아 무

형유산보호 협력회의에서 북한 측과 이 같은 성과를 거뒀다고 10일 밝혔다. 이번

회의는 한국과 북한, 중국, 일본, 몽골 등 동북아시아 5개국이 최초로 개최한 무

형유산보호와 관련 회의이자 남북한의 첫 공식만남이었다. 북한에서는 로철수 민

APPENDIX ▍203족유산보호지도국 부국장을 중심으로 7명이, 남한은 8명이, 중국과 일본에선 각

각 2명이 참가해 사실상 남북한이 주인공이 된 셈이다. 북한의 민족유산보호지도

국은 우리나라 문화재청에 해당한다.

센터에 따르면 이번 공식 회의에서 로 부국장은 북한의 유네스코 대표목록 등

재 계획을 묻는 질문에 "현재와 같은 분단 상황에서 북한은 남한과 마찬가지로

아리랑이나 김장김치 등을 단독으로 신청할 수밖에 없었다. 민족의 공동유산을

간직한 남북한이 따로 단독 등재를 하게 된 것은 유감스러운 일"이라며 "앞으로

남북대화와 협상이 이루어져 합의가 된다면 남북한이 공동등재를 못할 이유가 없

다. 북한에서는 다음 등재 대상으로 씨름을 계획하고 있다"고 답변했다. 그는 또

"문화유산 보호에서 고정된 물질유산보다는 살아있고 발전하는 비물질유산이 훨

씬 더 중요하다"며 "민족 공동의 무형유산을 같은 민족으로서 공유하도록 나서야

한다"고 여러 차례 강조했다.

북한에선 최근까지 '비물질민족유산 국내목록'이란 이름으로 아리랑, 김치 담그

기, 막걸리 담그기, 장 담그기, 치마저고리 차림풍습, 평양냉면, 연백 농악무, 씨

름 등을 자국의 무형유산으로 등재한 바 있다. 아리랑과 김치 담그기의 경우 유

네스코 무형문화유산에 등재하기 위한 신청서를 각각 지난해 3월과 올해 3월 제

출했다. 북한 아리랑 등재에 대해선 오는 11월께 확정될 예정이다.

이번 공식 회의와는 별도로 남북한 대표단이 만난 자리에서는 "씨름을 남북이

공동등재 할 수 있겠냐"는 우리 대표단의 질문에 로 부국장은 "남북한 양측 대표

들이 만나 합의가 된다면 못할 이유가 없다"며 "무형유산분야에서의 협력이 박근

혜 대통령의 신뢰프로세스를 만들어 내는데도 도움이 되지 않겠냐"고 언급하기도

했다.

이와함께 북한 대표들은 강한 어조로 "민족의 동일성을 지키고 통일을 지향하


기 위해서는, 공동의 정서와 가치관을 담은 무형유산(북측 표현으로는 '비물질문

화유산')을 우선적으로 보호하고 계승·발전시키기 위해 공동 전시회나 합동 순회

공연 같은 것을 해야 한다"고 제안하기도 했다.

이처럼 이번 만남은 남북이 무형문화유산에 대한 유네스코 공동등재를 추진할

수 있는 가능성을 확인한 자리였다. 유사한 무형문화유산에 대한 공동등재 방향

은 최근 프랑스 파리에서 열린 제5차 유네스코 무형문화유산보호협약 당사국 총

회에서 합의된 내용이기도 하다. 더불어 이번 회의에 참석한 5개국 대표들은 공

유하고 있는 무형유산을 함께 보호하기 위해 정보와 자료를 수시로 교환하고, 매

년 1회씩 유네스코북경사무소를 통해 정례적인 모임을 갖기로 결의했다.

이삼열 유네스코 아태무형유산센터 사무총장은 "이번 만남을 센터에서 2년간

준비해 왔고, 북한에서도 예상외로 긍정적인 반응을 보여줬다"며 "우선 남북 양국

은 무형유산과 관련해 정보교환을 해야한다. '아리랑'의 경우도 세계화 이전에 민

족화가 필요하다. 남북한 공동유산 연구와 전시 등을 통해 민족동질성을 회복하

도록 힘쓸 예정"이라고 말했다.

아태무형유산센터는 지난 2003년 유네스코에서 무형문화유산협약이 채택된 이

후 2005년 협약에 가입한 회원국들이 모인 총회에서 아태지역 무형유산 보호와

진흥을 위해 설립이 추진됐었다. 이후 2011년 한중일 3개국에 각각 ▲정보·네트

워킹 ▲교육 ▲리서치 등으로 역할을 나눠 센터들이 건립된 바 있다. 현재 무형

문화유산보호협약에 가입한 국가는 161개국으로, 이 중 아태지역 국가는 48개국

이다.

오진희 기자 [email protected]

APPENDIX ▍205“北도 무형유산 통한 남북 동질성 회복 기대감 커”

세계일보 2014.07.10.

문화재는 남·북한이 60여년 전 분단되기 전까지 5000년 가까운 시간을 하나의

민족으로 살아왔음을 보여주는 강력한 증거다. 남들 눈치 볼 것 없이, 정치적인

셈을 떠나 협력하고 소통할 수 있는 분야인 것은 그래서다. 굳이 따지자면 문화

재 중에서도 음악, 음식, 기술, 구전 등 무형유산이 생활 속에 자리 잡고 있기 때

문에 동질성 회복 차원에서 유형유산에 비해 중요성이 더할 수 있다.

지난 1, 2일 몽골 울란바토르에서 남·북한, 중국, 일본, 몽골 5개국이 모여 ‘무

형유산 보호를 위한 기록화와 정보 교류’란 주제로 ‘동북아시아 무형유산보호 협

력회의’를 개최했다. 외국에서 열린 국제회의이긴 했지만 사실상 남북한이 주인

공이었다. 무형유산을 매개로 한 양쪽의 첫 만남이기도 했다. 회의를 주도한 유

네스코 아태무형유산센터 이삼열(73) 사무총장은 “무형유산을 통한 남북교류에

북한이 상당한 기대를 하고 있다는 점을 확인했다. 소통의 채널을 만든 것도 큰

성과였다”고 평가했다. 그를 지난 8일 전주 유네스코 아태무형유산센터 사무실에

서 만났다.


지난 7일 전주에서 인터뷰 한 유네스코 아태무형유산센터 이삼열 사무총장이

몽골 울란바토르에서 최근 개최된 ‘동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의’에 대해

설명하고 있다.

― 무엇을 논의하기 위한 회의였나.

“무형유산 보전을 위해서는 대표 목록을 작성하고 기록하는 것이 우선이다. 이

런 게 없으면 유네스코 세계유산에도 등재할 수 없다. 활성화나 전승 등은 그다

음 문제다. ‘목록 작성’의 의미가 나라마다 조금씩 다르긴 하지만 시연자, 시작

시점, 지역, 형식 등을 파악한다. 동북아 5개국에서 이런 작업을 어떻게 하는지

정보를 교류하기 위한 자리였다.

― 북한의 참여를 이끌어내기가 쉽지 않았을 텐데.

“북한의 무형유산 형태, 보호정책, 전략 등의 정보를 얻는 게 1차적인 목적이

었다. 2년 전 사무총장으로 취임하면서 무형유산 보호를 위한 남북한 교류의 필

요성을 강조했고, 유네스코 총회를 할 때마다 북한 사람들에게 부탁을 했다. 유

네스코 베이징사무소 등을 통해 우리 의사를 전했다. 지난 2월에 긍정적인 답변

을 들었다. 유네스코 베이징사무소가 있었기 때문에 가능했다. 순수하게 남한이

주최한다고 하면 북한이 오겠나. 우리가 실질적으로 주최한다는 것을 북한이 알

고는 있었다.”

북한 참가자는 7명이었다. 남한의 참가자가 8명이고 중국, 일본이 각각 2명인

것에 비하면 ‘대규모’다. 게다가 남한의 문화재청에 해당하는 ‘민족유산보호지도

국’의 실세인 로철수 부국장이 참석했다. 이 사무총장은 이를 두고 ‘북한의 전략

적인 의도’로 분석했다.

“일단 로 부국장을 빼고는 해외 경험이 없고, 무형유산에 관심을 가진 게 얼마

안돼 국제적인 추세를 알고 싶어 했던 것 같다. 직접 오지 않아도 되는 로 부국

장이 나온 건 전략적인 의도가 있었던 것 같다. 그는 우리 쪽에서도 문화재청 차

APPENDIX ▍207장 정도가 나올 것으로 예상하고, 민족공동유산을 같이 보존하자는 대타협안을

이야기하려고 나온 거였다. 무형유산을 통해 남북한 문화재 당국 간에 공동의 장

을 만들려는 전략이 있었다고 본다.”

― 로 부국장은 어떤 사람인가.

“고고학을 공부한 학자고, 민족유산보호지도국의 실세다. 고구려 무덤 보호 문

제로 전에도 문화재청과 여러 번 만난 경험이 있다. (문화재청장을 지낸) 최광식

전 문화체육관광부 장관을 잘 알더라.”

― 우리 문화재 당국과의 교류를 염두에 두고 있었다는 이야기인가.

“적극적인 태도였다. (씨름을 세계무형유산으로 공동 등재하자는 북한의 제안

에 대해 비공식 만남에서 이야기를 나누면서) 유네스코 아태무형유산센터와 접촉

하면 되지 않겠냐고 하길래 내가 ‘우리는 정부를 대표하는 게 아니니 직접 문화

재청하고 이야기를 하라. 만나자고 제안을 하면 우리 쪽에서 응낙을 하지 않겠

냐’고 했다. 민간기구를 통하지 말고 당국 간에 만나서 이야기를 하자, 그런 정도

까지는 의견을 나눴다. 적당한 때가 되면 가능할 것으로 본다.”

이 사무총장은 북한의 무형유산 관련 정책이 초보적인 단계고 많이 알려져 있

지도 않은 상태지만 큰 의미를 두고 있는 것 같다고 평가했다. 특히 민족 동질성

회복의 관점에서 무형유산의 가치를 중시하고 있다고 전했다.

“(북한의 무형유산 보호체계는) 우리에 비해 많이 뒤떨어져 있는 게 사실이다.

보존하고, 장려할 만한 여건도 안 되는 것 같다. 하지만 정치적 이해관계를 떠나

민족 동질성이라는 관점에서 굉장한 의미를 부여하고 있었다. 무형유산이 유형유

산보다 훨씬 중요하고, 필요하다는 점을 여러 번 강조했다. 무형유산을 통한 대

화, 협력에 상당한 기대를 갖고 있는 것으로 보였다.”


― 이번 회의의 성과를 소개한다면.

“오랫동안 단절되고, 소통되지 않았던 북한 무형유산당국과 공식적인 첫 만남

을 가졌다는 자체로 큰 의미가 있다. 또 1년에 한 번은 정기적으로 만나는 자리

를 만들려고 했는데 북한도 적극적이었다. 동북아 국가는 유네스코 베이징사무소

를 통해 만나면 될 것이고, 남북한은 서울, 평양, 개성 등 어디서든 만날 수 있지

않겠나.”

전주=글·사진 강구열 기자 [email protected]

APPENDIX ▍209

APPENDIX ▍211


※ 이외 관련 언론보도

- 아주경제 2014.06.29. 몽골서 동북아시아 무형유산보호 협력회의..북한도 참여

- 매일경제 2014.06.29. 동북아 무형유산 협력회의 30일부터 열려 ... 북한 참여

- 헤럴드경제 2014.06.29. 무형유산 보호 위해 남북 만난다

- The Morning News Mongolia 2014.07.01. Азийн таван орн

ы төлөөлөгчид оролцсон уулзалт семинар

эхэллээ

- 유네스코몽골위원회 페이스북 페이지 2014.07.02.

APPENDIX ▍213사진자료/ Photos

Field Trip / 현장방문

Field Trip Group Photo / 단체사진


Opening Ceremony Performance / 개회식 축하공연

Seminar View / 회의전경

APPENDIX ▍215

Seminar Group Photo / 단체사진

Closing Ceremony / 폐회식

Published December 2014Publisher International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP)Director Samuel LeeEditor-in-Chief Seong-Yong ParkEditorial Staff Deoksoon Kim, Sul ki LeeTel

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[email protected] Seohak-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju, Korea 560-120Republic of Koreaⓒ 2014 ICHCAPThis publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process without written permission.