facilitating stpa /...
TRANSCRIPT
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Facilitating STPA / CAST
Dr. John Thomas
Experiences across industries
(Aviation, Automotive, Space Systems, Chemical, Oil & Gas, Nuclear Power, Defense, Healthcare, Medical Devices, Particle Accelerators, National Labs, Universities)
Any questions? Email me! [email protected]
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Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training
• Selecting a suitable system
• Assembling a team
• Planning a project
• Guiding the analysis
• Management
• Data!
![Page 3: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management• Data!
Need to train before you can facilitate
• Explain the basic process, terminology
• Common pitfalls, misunderstandings
• Examples of previous analyses, results
• Who trains the trainers?• Expert facilitators!
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Learning enough to apply STPA / CAST
CostEffort
needed Scalability Effectiveness
Observing an existing project Low Med Low Med
Attending training session Med Med Med High
Dedicated project-based workshop & education
High Med LowExtremely
High!
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Planning, preparation• Identify training goals,
group size, backgrounds• Create training plan
Training class• Typically 3-4 days (STPA)• Typically 1-2 days (CAST)
?
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management• Data!
![Page 6: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Training is flexible, tailorable• Previous durations: 1-5 days• Class size: 20-40 people typical
• Previous sizes: 4-150 people
• May be followed by project-based workshop• Requires additional preparation,
planning
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management• Data!
![Page 7: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
STPA / CAST Certificate?
Challenges• Can test rote memorization, but not
enough!
• STPA / CAST require thinking differently
• Knowledge vs. Skill
• Real, complex systems are different than small toy problems
• Discuss experiences with industry
• Discuss experiences with regulators
• Discuss experiences with consultants
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
![Page 8: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Producing facilitators• Training not enough• Need experience on real projects,
complex problems• After 1-2 real projects (months),
may be ready• Discuss successful apprenticeship
strategy
We certify that you’ve attended training, but more is needed to
produce facilitators
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
![Page 9: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Planning, preparation• Identify training goals,
group size, backgrounds• Create training plan
Project-based workshop
Training class
Preparation• Select suitable system• Identify appropriate team• Schedule• Initial analysis
Workshop• Typically 3-4 days
Support• Duration depends on
system being analyzed• Tapers off as team
builds experience
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
![Page 10: Facilitating STPA / CASTpsas.scripts.mit.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JThomas-Facilitating-STPACAST.pdf•Past examples of team resistance •UCAs •Scenarios •Misunderstandings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041910/5e66f2765393b46154190a56/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Project-based workshop
Scheduling workshops / meetings• No need to tie everyone up for days• Bring in expertise as needed, careful planning• Can move very quickly, action items• Can be spread out over longer period
Workshop
Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Maximize impact• Identify areas of concern, start
there• Start with high-consequence
problems like risky phases of operation (e.g. docking HTV)
• Choose systems where people aren’t sure if you already addressed everything
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Maximize impact
STPA is for functional analysis• Focus on people or machines
providing functions• Not just purely physical
phenomenon• Material flammability?
• Physical metal fatigue?
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
(For STPA)
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Selecting suitable system (STPA)
Not best choice to study purely physical phenomena!
Metal Fatigue Material flammability
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STPA is a great choice as soon as you consider the
bigger picture!
HOWEVER
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• STPA is a great choice as soon as you consider the bigger picture!
“Oakland Firefighters Say Their Department Is So Badly Managed, Ghost Ship Warehouse Wasn't Even In Its Inspection Database”
“FAA orders airlines to inspect 737s for cracks: three days earlier, undetected cracks widened into a five-foot hole in the roof of a Southwest 737, forcing an emergency landing”
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Interdisciplinary team• Depends on the problem and control
structure!
May include:
• Maintenance expert
• Regulations expert
• Operators (e.g. Pilots)
• Software experts
• Testers
• Etc.
Must include:
• STPA / CAST Facilitator (expert)
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Interdisciplinary team
STPA / CAST Facilitator• Support project planning,
methodology guidance and expertise, help avoid common traps, allocate analysis steps among team members, aggregate results, help review analysis, etc.
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Personalities Matter!• Need open-minded people
who want to try something new
• Need “systems thinkers” who recognize impact of indirect interactions
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
Who should be on the team?
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Personalities Matter!• Designers: Most knowledge,
but can get defensive• Outsiders: Not defensive, but
may have less knowledge• Tradeoff!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
Who should be on the team?
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Personalities Matter!• Need people not afraid to dig
deeper, suggest fundamental changes, question long-held assumptions, shed light on systemic problems
• Sometimes less experience helps!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
Who should be on the team?
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•Facilitators have experience--use it!
•Facilitators help develop the plan based on previous successes, lessons learned, etc.
• Look at past experiences: what worked, didn’t work
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Start with project goals• Pilot demonstration, analyze
whole system, just learn STPA / CAST, provide comparison data, produce facilitators, etc.?
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Start with project goals
Identify constraints• Available resources• Budget• Schedule• Current projects
Develop a plan to achieve goals
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Generic plan may include• Identify goals, constraints
• Select project
• Team preparation
• Preliminary work
• Perform STPA / CAST
• Follow-up activities
• Solutions development
• Consequences of solutions
• Summarize conclusions/key findings
Let’s discuss each of these…
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Ideal project selection• Still in early concept • Not yet finished or
implemented• STPA is most powerful when
used early!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
(For STPA)
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Start with goals, constraints
Select project
Team Preparation• Identify core team• Gather info about the system• Method overview, introduction,
or training (for new teams)
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Start with goals, constraints
Select project
Team Preparation
Preliminary work (quick)• High-level control structures• Initial UCAs, some scenarios• Anticipate major questions and
identify any roadblocks• Identify any additional experts
needed
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Perform STPA / CAST• Review prepared control structures
• Perform STPA / CAST, iterate and add details as appropriate
• Generate new questions, identify follow-up activities and outstanding areas
• Tends to produce lots of critical results very quickly!• For STPA, 70% of final results may be generated
in 2-5 days (but depends on many factors)
• For CAST, begin with physical equipment but keep going towards systemic factors
• Disseminate big issues immediately!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Facilitating STPA / CAST Start with goals, constraints
Select project
Team Preparation
Preliminary work (quick)
Perform STPA / CAST
Follow-up• Iterate on outstanding areas• Follow-up activities, check
assumptions made• Incorporate new changes, new
details as development continues (for STPA)
• Review results
• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Solutions / Recommendations• Identify solutions for unsolved
or stubborn issues• Phase 1: Generation
• Encourage creativity, cross-pollination of ideas
• Wild suggestions encouraged (they trigger other ideas)
• Phase 2: Building practical solutions• Select, adapt, and combine
solutions to ensure feasibility
• Consequences of solutions
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Summarize conclusions/key findings
• Ideally, detailed findings already given to engineering team
• Need high-level message for managers and decision-makers
• Find the powerful results, the “aha moments”
• Identify other teams, groups, departments that would benefit
• Spread the word!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Generic plan may include• Identify goals, constraints• Select project• Team preparation• Preliminary work• Perform STPA / CAST• Follow-up activities• Solutions / recommendations
development• Consequences of solutions• Summarize conclusions/key
findings
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Not ProvidedCauses Hazard
Providing Causes Hazard
Too early, Too late, Out of order
Stopped too soon, Appliedtoo long
Brake Cmd
Accelerate Cmd
Steering Cmd
<discuss experiences>• Past examples of team resistance
• UCAs• Scenarios
• Misunderstandings• Comments that facilitators must be
prepared to respond to
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
Watch my next tutorial to see this happen live! (later today)
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• STPA encourages high-impact long-term solutions that may involve fundamental changes, not just minor low-level patches
• Helps to know managers want these proposals, not just temporary or superficial recommendations!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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• Sometimes seen as a competitive advantage• Secrecy
• “We want to be recognized as a leader in our industry”• We want everyone to know
we were first!
Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management
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Facilitating STPA / CAST• Training• Selecting a suitable system• Assembling a team• Planning a project• Guiding the analysis• Management• Data!
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Data from 4 projects
45%
15%
20%
20%
Learning how thesystem works
Applying STPA
Finding answers toquestions raised
Identifying solutions
53%
14%
5%
19%
9% Learning how thesystem worksLearning STPA
Applying STPA
Finding answers toquestions raisedIdentifying solutions
73%
16%
11%Learning how thesystem works
Applying STPA
Finding answersto questionsraised
50%
10%
11%
29%
Learning how thesystem works
Learning STPA
Applying STPA
Finding answers toquestions raised
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Time spent developing Step 1 UCA table
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
Data: Learning curve
Minutes
Trial #
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Time spent developing Step 2 scenarios
Minutes
Trial #
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Data: Learning curve
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Facilitating STPA / CAST
• Training
• Selecting a suitable system
• Assembling a team
• Planning a project
• Guiding the analysis
• Management
• Data!
Any questions? Email me! [email protected]
Thank you!