facilities & cow comfort - unamcongreso.fmvz.unam.mx/pdf/memorias/bovinos/chuck...
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Facilities & Cow Comfort
Evaluating Systems Chuck Guard
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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This is cow comfort!
But not ideal for udder health control
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Philosophy
• Anticipate and include the spatial, social and climatic needs of the cow in design and layout of dairy facilities
• Build things to suit the cow not the man
• Comfort pays in milk production, health & longevity
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Ideals – ABC’s
• Air – Fresh, dry, clean
• Bunk – Feed always available without obstacles or
competition
• Comfort – A desirable place to lie down and rise
without risk of injury + protection from thermal stress
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Air
• Ventilation systems unless dry lot
• Passive if conditions permit
• Barns with open side walls – 4.25 m high
• Open ridge if 2 slopes to roof – 5 cm opening for each 3 m width
• Roof pitch 4 in 12
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Preferred Roof Slope
4
12
18.5 degrees
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Temperate Climates
• Needed are:
– Ability to control heat stress in summer
– Moderate the effects of cold in winter
– Insure adequate air exchange to control
humidity and ammonia
• Both active and passive systems can work
• Barn location can greatly favor passive
systems
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In hot climates - no sides
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Fans to increase airspeed Goal is 9 – 12 km/hr at cow level
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Very large fans with deflectors
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Outside free access if dry
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Cross ventilation with cooling
pads
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Supplemental Cooling
• Heat loss directly from cow via evaporation of water
• Questions are:
– When and where to wet the cows?
– How much water to use?
– How to facilitate the evaporation?
• Efficiency related to relative humidity
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• Before or after milking parlor
• At feed manger
• Separate facility
• When temperature/humidity index is very
high cooling will only be by conduction to
the water
Supplemental Cooling
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Temperature - Humidity Interaction
and Cow Comfort
Relative Ambient Temperature
Humidity 21 24 27 29 32 35 38 41
20 19 22 25 28 30 33 37 41
30 19 23 26 29 33 36 40 45
40 20 23 26 30 34 38 43 56
50 20 24 27 31 36 42 49 57
60 21 24 28 33 38 46 56 65
70 21 25 29 34 41 51 62
80 22 26 30 36 45 58
90 22 26 31 39 50
100 22 27 33 42
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• A fine mist will be trapped on the ends of
the hairs
– An entrapped air layer will actually insulate
the cow
• The goal is to soak the cow to the skin
– Big water droplets and 2 to 3 liters per cow
– Water draining from the cow may make
environmental humidity higher
Supplemental Cooling
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• Fans can greatly aid in evaporation
• In parlor holding pen:
– Water on for 30 sec
– Fans on for 5 min
– Repeat cycle
• In barn - must have fans where cows
stand or rest
Supplemental Cooling
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Cooling cows
waiting to be milked
- Efficient use of
water
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Manual cooling
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Water sprinklers cool cows while
eating
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Spray nozzle – low opening
pressure – no drips or draining
of supply line between cycles
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Soaking cows with water after
milking
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Shade over parlor holding pen
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Shade without stalls – comfort &
hygiene???
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Feed Bunk Considerations
• Enough space for >80 % of cows to eat at the same time
• Level of feed surface 8 to 15 cm above level of cow alley
• Feed bunk surface resistant to acids and easy to clean
• Barrier between cow and feed placed to be cow friendly
• Adequate space behind eating cows for 2-way cow traffic
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Adequate bunk space
3-row freestall pens limit feed access compared to 2-row pens
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Front feet are spread to reach the
ground – Raise the feed bunk level
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Elevated bunks:
less saliva & more waste
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Feed bunk surfaces:
glazed tile or polyethylene
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Barrier – right height & position
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Protect feed and cows from sun
and rain – less important for heifers
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Measuring Stall Comfort
• Time available to use stalls
• Cow numbers v. stall numbers
• Grouping strategy
• Feeding schedule
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Time management for cows
Lying in stalls 14 hours * Away from stalls to milk 3
Eating & drinking 4
Exercise & socializing 2
Management activities 1
total 24
* Lying → ↑ mammary blood flow → ↑ milk synthesis
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• Most common violations of ideals are in milking time & management activities
• Parlor capacity must be adequate to milk each group in 60 min if 3X or 90 min if 2X
• Management activities ( breeding, medication, vaccination, veterinary tasks) need to be completed in 1 hour per group
– Organize the work by day of the week to distribute the impact over more days
Time management for cows
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Time management for cows
Maximum 3 h / day Maximum 1 h / day
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• Even in tie stall barns with feed
continuously available – cows are meal
eaters - 6 to 9 meals per day
• Largest meal between 0600 and 0900
• Smaller meals about every 2 hours until
late evening
• Usually resting from 2200 until 0400
Time management for cows
Feeding management
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Time management for cows
Feeding management
• When is fresh feed available?
• Any access limitations?
0900 h
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Barn Capacity
• Ideal is 1 cow per stall
– Fresh and close-up pens 0.8 cow per stall
• Many dairies in USA operate at higher
densities – 1.1 to 1.3 cow per stall
– Different economic system without quotas
– Higher marginal profit from more cows even if
individual cow performance decreased?
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Barn Capacity
1.3 cows / stall 1.0 cows / stall
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Barn Capacity
• Problems with overcrowding – Herd behavior
characteristics of cattle
• Grouping strategies – Separating 1st
lactation from older cows
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Look at the cows and the stalls
Goal: >90% of cows using stalls are lying in them properly
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Measuring Stall Comfort
You might be mislead by one examination of the stalls but the manure on the cows tells more about average conditions
Cows and stalls are both clean = good stall maintenance
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Cleanliness scoring scheme
• 1 manure only up to dewclaws
• 2 manure only up to hocks
• 3 manure on flanks & udder
• 4 whole body dirty
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Cleanliness Scoring
1 2
3 4
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Cleanliness Scoring
Things other than the stall conditions
may result in dirty cows
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Why care about dirty feet?
Direct contact between
feet - legs and teats – udder
when lying in a stall
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Ideal = 14 hours lying per day
How can we measure this?
–Frequent visits to the barn
–Hire someone to watch all the time
–Time lapse video recording
Measuring Stall Comfort
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Observing individual cows has value
• Do they fit the stalls ?
• Do they align properly ?
• Do they have injuries from the stalls ?
How are stalls maintained ?
Measuring Stall Comfort
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Do they fit?
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Alignment within the stall
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Stall caused lesions
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Hocks tell
about stalls
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Measuring Stall Comfort
Watch the
cows for
information
about the
feed bunk
management
also.
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Measuring Stall Comfort - Maintenance
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Measuring Stall Comfort - Maintenance
![Page 57: Facilities & Cow Comfort - UNAMcongreso.fmvz.unam.mx/pdf/memorias/Bovinos/CHUCK GUARD.pdfPhilosophy •Anticipate and include the spatial, social and climatic needs of the cow in design](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042113/5e8fa03cedd0ed1862196c56/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Measuring Stall Comfort - Maintenance
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Measuring Stall Comfort - Maintenance
Sand on concrete platforms
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Measuring Stall Comfort - Maintenance
Deep bedded stalls should be filled to the top of the curb
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Stall Construction & Barriers
• Examine critically the parts that define the
stall
• Do they permit comfortable entry, lying,
rising and exiting?
• Is the bed soft and clean?
• Do the knee drop test
• Can the cow breathe clean air when lying?
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Stall Divider Configuration
Neck rail too low Obstruction in front
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Stall Divider Configuration
New but wrong Very old & unfriendly
to cows
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Air quality when lying down
Which stall do you think the cows prefer?
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Stall Divider Configuration
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Stall Divider Configuration
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