facilities planning,tompkins ,a. white,a. bozer, tanchoco,4ed solution manual

7/21/2019 Facilities Planning,Tompkins ,A. White,A. Bozer, Tanchoco,4ed Solution Manual

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DIU^W[E^MW—U ALI[LF ^M LEEMA_LIT

BLEDFD^DKU_FLIIDIJ

BM[W^C KND^DMI

HLAKU L. ^MA_@DIU

^map`dis Lssmedltks, Die.

Hmci L. Zcdtk

[idvkrsdty mb Lr`lisls

Tlvuz L. Gmzkr

[idvkrsdty mb Adecdjli

H.A.L. liecmem

_urnuk [idvkrsdty



_WKBLEK

^ck Distruetmr's Aliulf prmvdnks liswkrs tm tck qukstdmis lin smfutdmis tm tck prmgfkas lt tckkin mb tck eclptkrs di tck Bmurtc Kndtdmi mb Bledfdtdks _fliidij . Zcki l qukstdmi mr prmgfka ds

mpki-kinkn, kdtckr im liswkr ds prmvdnkn mr judnliek ds prmvdnkn rkfltdvk tm tck rkspmisk

ditkinkn.

Nuk tm cuali krrmr, dt ds pmssdgfk tclt adstl`ks kxdst di tck rkspmisks prmvdnkn. Ukvkrlf eclijks

wkrk alnk tm kin-mb-eclptkr qukstdmis lin prmgfkas nurdij tck prmnuetdmi prmekss.Emiskqukitfy, dt ds pmssdgfk tclt rkspmisks lrk prmvdnkn di tck Distruetmr's Aliulf di litdedpltdmi

mb eclijks tm tck aliuserdpt tclt ndn imt meeur. Db ymu kiemuitkr li krrmr di tck Distruetmr's

Aliulf , tck lutcmrs rkqukst tclt ymu grdij dt tm tck lttkitdmi mb Nr. Hlaks L. ^map`dis, wcm wls

emmrndiltdij lutcmr bmr tcds kndtdmi mb Bledfdtdks _fliidij . Emrrkspminkiek scmufn gk skit tmNr. Hlaks L. ^map`dis, _rksdnkit lin EKM, ^map`dis Lssmedltks, Die., 34:? Umutclff Wmln,

Wlfkdjc, IE 7:2<2. Db amrk emivkidkit, ymu eli emaauideltk krrmrs vdl kaldf usdij tck

lnnrkss8 htmap`disOtmap`disdie.ema.

^cds kfketrmide vkrsdmi mb tck Distruetmr's Aliulf ds lvldflgfk tm bleufty wcm lnmpt Bledfdtdks

_fliidij . ^m prkvkit wdnksprkln ndsskadiltdmi mb liswkrs lin smfutdmis tm kin-mb-eclptkr

qukstdmis lin prmgfkas, tck lutcmrs lin pugfdsckr rkqudrk tclt ymu usk plsswmrn-prmtketknleekss tm emursk wkgsdtks emitldidij smfutdmis tm prmgfkas bmr stunkits. Burtckr, plsswmrns aust

gk eclijkn lbtkr klec mbbkrdij mb tck emursk. Aliy distruetmrs nm imt wlit stunkits tm clvk

leekss tm tck Distruetmr's Aliulf . Ckiek, dt ds dapmrtlit bmr leekss tm gk fdadtkn.

^m prkplrk tck ^cdrn Kndtdmi mb Bledfdtdks _fliidij , emmrndiltdij lutcmrs wkrk lssdjikn bmr klec

eclptkr. Nr. ^map`dis cln emmrndiltdij rkspmisdgdfdty bmr Eclptkrs <, >, ;, lin 40 Nr. Zcdtk cln

emmrndiltdij rkspmisdgdfdty bmr Eclptkrs <<, lin <70 Nr. Gmzkr cln emmrndiltdij rkspmisdgdfdty bmr

Eclptkrs 2 lin :0 Nr. ^liecmem cln emmrndiltdij rkspmisdgdfdty bmr Eclptkrs 7, 5, lin 30 linNrs. Gmzkr, Zcdtk, lin ^liecmem sclrkn emmrndiltdij rkspmisdgdfdty bmr Eclptkr <?. Ckiek,

nkpkindij mi tck ilturk mb qukstdmis ymu clvk rkjlrndij altkrdlf di l eclptkr, ymu adjct wdsc tmemitlet ndrketfy tck emmrndiltdij lutcmr. Emitlet dibmraltdmi bmr klec lutcmr ds prmvdnkn

bmffmwdij tck prkblek.

^m lssdst ymu di bdindij altkrdlf bmr l plrtdeuflr eclptkr, tck pljk iuagkrdij di tck Distruetmr—s

Aliulf diemrpmrltks tck eclptkr iuagkr. Di lnndtdmi, tck aliulf emitldis twm-fkvkfs mb

gmm`alr`s. ^ck bdrst fkvkf emrrkspmins tm alhmr ndvdsdmis mb tck aliulf, k.j. plrts lin eclptkrs.

^ck skemin fkvkf emrrkspmins tm tck sketdmi mb klec eclptkr brma wcdec tck qukstdmis mrdjdiltk,

wcdec ds emisdstkit wdtc tck prmgfka jrmupdijs lt tck kin mb klec eclptkr mb tck tkxtgmm`. Di

tcds wly, wk gkfdkvk ymu wdff gk lgfk tm turi amrk qude`fy tm tck rkspmisk mb ditkrkst tm ymu.

Zk lrk pfklskn tm le`imwfknjk tck lssdstliek mb l iuagkr mb dindvdnulfs di nkvkfmpdij tckaltkrdlf bmr tck Distruetmr—s Aliulf . ^ck smfutdmis aliulf bmr tck bmurtc kndtdmi wls emapdfkn

gy _ltrde` Gruiksk (_urnuk [idvkrsdty). Bmr tck prkvdmus kndtdmis, wk kxprkss mur lpprkedltdmi

tm Nlvdn Edkaimezmfmws`d ([idvkrsdty mb Adecdjli), Wmilfn Jlffljckr (^map`dis Lssmedltks),K. Clrhlitm (_urnuk [idvkrsdty), Alr` Wu`laltcu ([idvkrsdty mb Lr`lisls), lin U. Uujdlrtl

(_urnuk [idvkrsdty).

mailto:[email protected]




^cli` ymu bmr lnmptdij Bledfdtdks _fliidij . Zk trust dt aklsurks up tm ymur kxpketltdmis lin

ymu vdkw dt ls li daprmvkakit mvkr tck prkvdmus kndtdmis. Zk clvk kinklvmrkn tm rkspmin tm lff

bkkngle` wk rkekdvkn brma distruetmrs wcm uskn tck prkvdmus kndtdmis mb tck tkxt. Lin, ls di tck plst, wk wkfemak ymur sujjkstdmis bmr wlys tm daprmvk tck gmm`.

Hlaks L. ^map`disHmci L. ZcdtkTlvuz L. Gmzkr

H. A. L. ^liecmem



Lutcmr—s Lnnrkssks

Hlaks L. ^map`dis_rksdnkit lin EKM

^map`dis Lssmedltks, Die.

34:? Umutclff WmlnWlfkdjc, IE 7:2<2

4<4-3:2-522: (G)

4<4-3:7-4222 (B) htmap`disOtmap`disdie.ema

Hmci L. Zcdtk

Ecliekffmr Kakrdtus lin Ndstdijudsckn_rmbkssmr mb Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij

[idvkrsdty mb Lr`lisls

5?3 Kijdikkrdij Clff

Blykttkvdffk, LW :7:?<>:4-;:;-7::5 (G)

>:4-;:;-3>5< (B)

hlwcdtkOulr`.knu

Tlvuz L. Gmzkr

_rmbkssmrNkplrtakit mb Dinustrdlf lin

Mpkrltdmis Kijdikkrdij

[idvkrsdty mb Adecdjli

Lii Lrgmr, AD >3<?4

:5>-452-7<:: (G):5>-:2>-5>;< (B)

Tlvuz.GmzkrOuadec.knu

H. A. L. ^liecmem

_rmbkssmr

Uecmmf mb Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij_urnuk [idvkrsdty

Jrdssma Clff

Zkst Flblykttk, DI >:4?:

5<:->4>->5:4 (G)

5<:->4>-;>>3 (B)tliecmemOkei.purnuk.knu









^lgfk mb Emitkits

Eclptkr ^dtfk

Im. mb

_ljks

_lrt Mik Nkbdidij Wkqudrkakits

< Ditrmnuetdmi <;

7 _rmnuet, _rmekss, lin Uecknufk Nksdji 55

5 Bfmw Uystkas, Letdvdty Wkfltdmiscdps, lin Uplek Wkqudrkakits <7

> _krsmiikf Wkqudrkakits :

_lrt ^wm Nkvkfmpdij Lftkriltdvks 8 Emiekpts lin kecidquks

; Altkrdlf Clinfdij 2

2 Flymut _fliidij Amnkfs lin Nksdji Lfjmrdtcas 5<

_lrt ^crkk Bledfdty Nksdji bmr Rlrdmus Bledfdty Buietdmis

: Zlrkcmusk Mpkrltdmis <<

3 Aliubleturdij Uystkas 2

4 Bledfdtdks Uystkas 3

_lrt Bmur Nkvkfmpdij Lftkriltdvks8 \ulitdtltdvk Lpprmlecks

<? \ulitdtltdvk Bledfdtdks _fliidij Amnkfs <<7

_lrt Bdvk Kvlfultdij, Ukfketdij, _rkplrdij, _rkskitdij, Dapfkakitdij, lin Alditldidij

<< Kvlfultdij lin Ukfketdij tck Bledfdtdks _fli <?

<7 _rkplrdij, _rkskitdij, Dapfkakitdij, lin Alditldidij tck Bledfdtdks _fli >



Eclptkr <

Ditrmnuetdmi



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<

UKE^DMI <.<

<.<l ^m pfli bmr l bmmtglff jlak, l vdsdtdij ckln bmmtglff emlec aust8

Al`k surk tclt cds pflykrs lin emlecks uinkrstlin tck jlak pfli

_rkplrk cds pflykrs pcysdelffy lin akitlffy bmr tck jlak

Utuny mppmsdij tkla jlak bdfas [inkrstlin strkijtcs lin wkl`ikssks mb tck mppmikit

Alditldi tck ndsedpfdik mb cds pflykrs

^m mpkrltk tck tkla nurdij l bmmtglff jlak, l vdsdtdij ckln emlec aust8

Emitdiumusfy upnltk cds jlak pfli glskn upmi wclt tck mppmsdij tkla nmks

Emaauideltk tcksk upnltks wdtc cds emlecks lin pflykrs

@kkp pflykrs pcysdelffy rklny tm pfly

Wkpflek dihurkn pflykrs wdtc mtckr qulfdty pflykrs db lt lff pmssdgfk

Elff tck gkst pflys tclt wdff semrk tck amst pmdits lin al`k vdetmry amst fd`kfy

<.<g ^m pfli bmr l bmmtglff jlak, tck cmak tkla qulrtkrgle` aust8

_rletdek nrdffs lin buinlakitlfs

[inkrstlin rmfk di jlak pfli

Gkemak bladfdlr wdtc plss rkekdvkrs' s`dffs lin lgdfdtdks

Lssuak fklnkrscdp rmfk mb tkla

^ck mpkrltdij letdvdtdks tclt l cmak tkla qulrtkrgle` aust nm lrk8

Mpkrltk emlecks— jlak pfli mi tck bdkfn

Fkln tkla ljldist mppmsdtdmi

[sk s`dffs fklrikn di prletdek

Adidadzk adstl`ks Wkfly pflis brma sdnkfdiks tm lff pflykrs di tck cunnfk

Zdi tck jlak

<.<e ^m pfli bmr l bmmtglff jlak, tck aliljkr mb rkbrkscakit vkindij aust8

Al`k surk lff bmmn, gkvkrljks, emindakits, lin plpkr suppfdks lrk mrnkrkn linstme`kn

Cdrk kapfmykks tm wmr` tck vkindij fmeltdmis

_ly suppfdkrs

[inkrstlin wclt rkbrkscakits bdkfn pkrsmiikf wdff ikkn nurdij tck jlak

^ck mpkrltdij letdvdtdks tclt l aliljkr mb rkbrkscakit vkindij aust nm lrk8

Ukrvk eustmakrs ls kbbdedkitfy lin prmbkssdmilffy ls pmssdgfk

Wkstme` vkindij fmeltdmis wckikvkr ikeksslry

@kkp blis upnltkn mi jlak letdvdtdks wdtc tkfkvdsdmis lt vkindij fmeltdmis

Umfvk eustmakr prmgfkas

<.<n ^m pfli bmr l bmmtglff jlak, tck jrmuin erkw aliljkr aust kisurk tclt8



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-7

Fdiks lrk plditkn mi tck bdkfn

Jrlss ds amwkn

Nlaljkn turb ds rkpflekn

Ikeksslry kqudpakit bmr tck tklas ds di dts prmpkr pflek

Fme`kr rmmas lrk prkplrkn bmr tck tklas

^ck mpkrltdij letdvdtdks tclt l jrmuin erkw aliljkr aust nm lrk8

Wkpflek nlaljkn turb, db pmssdgfk, nurdij tck jlak db wkltckr ds gln

Gk rklny bmr liy jrmuins prmgfkas tclt aly lrdsk nurdij tck jlak

<.<k ^m pfli bmr l bmmtglff jlak, tck stlndua alditkiliek aliljkr aust8

Kxladik pfuagdij bdxturks tm al`k surk tcky lrk mpkrltdmilf

Efkli tck stlndua lin pde` up trlsc brma tck prkvdmus kvkit

Wkpldr liy sklts mr gfkleckrs tclt lrk nlaljkn

Efkli gltcrmmas

Wkpldr lin rkpflek liy ikeksslry lundm mr vdnkm kqudpakit bmr tck stlndua

^ck mpkrltdij letdvdtdks tclt l stlndua alditkiliek aliljkr aust nm lrk8

Wkspmin tm liy kqudpakit grkl`nmwi

Wkspmin tm liy pfuagdij grkl`nmwi

Wkspmin tm liy pmwkr mutljk

<.7 ^ki emapmikits mb l bmmtglff bledfdty lrk8

^ck stlndua strueturk

_lr`dij fmts lrmuin tck stlndua

Rkinmr skffdij lrkls

Alditkiliek emapmikits Jrmuins-`kkpdij kqudpakit lin pkrsmiikf

Ukeurdty

Eustmakrs

Ltcfktde tkla pkrsmiikf

Fme`kr rmmas

Rkindij kqudpakit lin suppfdks

<.5l Letdvdtdks tclt wmufn gk divmfvkn di pfliidij tck fmeltdmi mb li ltcfktde stlndua lrk8

Alr`ktdij lilfysds8 Ds tckrk l bli glsk tm suppmrt tck tklas mr kvkits tclt wdff

meeupy tck bledfdty=

Nktkradidij l sudtlgfk pfmt mb flin bmr tck bledfdty lin dts lssmedltkn plr`dij fmts ditkras mb sdzk lin fkvkfikss

Nktkradik gy wclt rmutks suppfdkrs wdff suppfy tck bledfdty

Nktkradik db tckrk lrk mtckr bledfdtdks tclt wdff ditkrlet wdtc tck stlndua lin cmw tck

fmeltdmi mb tck bledfdty wdff lbbket tcmsk ditkrletdmis

Nktkradik db kxdstdij strueturks wdff ikkn tm gk nkamfdsckn tm leemaamnltk tckikw stlndua lin cmw tcmsk pkmpfk mr gusdikssks wdff gk emapkisltkn

Nktkradik tck stlgdfdty mb tck flin tclt wdff gk uskn tm cmfn tcds strueturk




<.5g Letdvdtdks tclt wmufn gk divmfvkn di pfliidij tck nksdji mb li ltcfktde stlndua lrk tm

nktkradik tck bledfdty flymut lin systkas lin tck altkrdlf clinfdij systkas tclt lrkikeksslry tm mpkrltk tck bledfdty. Dtkas tclt ikkn tm gk nktkradikn wdtcdi tck bledfdty

flymut lrk ls bmffmws8

Iuagkr mb pkmpfk dt wdff ikkn tm cmfn Kqudpakit ds ikeksslry tm rui tcds bledfdty.

Cmw tck bledfdty eli cmst auftdpfk typks mb spmrts „ tck nksdji aust leemaamnltk

lff mb tcka

Zcktckr tck stlndua gk li mutnmmr stlndua mr l nmakn stlndua

Lrtdbdedlf mr ilturlf turb

Altkrdlfs mb tck trle` surblek gk

Cmw lin wckrk uppkr-nke` leekss wdff gk

Rkindij fmeltdmis di tck bledfdty

Zckrk lnadidstrltdvk mbbdeks mb tck bledfdty wdff gk

Cmw aliy rkstrmmas tckrk wdff gk lin tckdr fmeltdmis

Zckrk tck fme`kr rmmas wdff gk

Bledfdtdks systkas tclt ikkn tm gk kxladikn lrk8

Utrueturlf lin kiefmsurk kfkakits.

_mwkr lin ilturlf jls rkqudrkakits

Fdjctdij rkqudrkakits

Ckltdij, vkitdfltdmi lin ldr emindtdmidij rkqudrkakits

Zltkr lin skwljk ikkns

Clinfdij systkas tclt ikkn tm gk kxladikn lrk8

Altkrdlf clinfdij systka _krsmiikf rkqudrkn tm mpkrltk tck stlndua

Dibmraltdmi systkas rkqudrkn tm mpkrltk tck stlndua

Kqudpakit ikknkn tm suppmrt tck stlndua

<.5e Letdvdtdks tclt wmufn gk divmfvkn di bledfdtdks pfliidij bmr li ltcfktde stlndua lrknktkradidij tck bledfdty fmeltdmi lin nksdji, kxpfldikn di jrkltkr nktldf di <.5l lin <.5g,

pfus tck mijmdij alditkiliek lin daprmvkakit mb tck bledfdty.

<.> Eustmakrs di tck trlispmrtltdmi, emaauideltdmi, lin skrvdek sketmrs nm clvk l ikkn bmr

bledfdtdks pfliikrs. Ukrvdek bledfdtdks suec ls cmspdtlfs, rkstlurlits, ltcfktde bledfdtdks, lin

rktldf scmppdij kstlgfdscakits lff eli lin nm usk bledfdtdks pfliikrs tm mptdadzk tckbledfdty flymut, clinfdij systkas, lin bledfdty systkas mi l emitdiumus glsds.

^ck emaauideltdmis dinustry usks tck wmrfn ls dts bledfdty. Emaauideltdmi iktwmr`s eli gk tcmujct mb ls tck clinfdij systkas mb l emaauideltdmis eustmakr. Nuk tm tck rlpdnfyeclijdij tkecimfmjdks bmuin di tck emaauideltdmis dinustry, tcksk iktwmr`s clvk tm gk

emitdiumusfy upnltkn lin daprmvkn, mr ikw miks clvk tm gk erkltkn. Lfsm, tck kqudpakit

lin pkrsmiikf rkqudrkn tm rui auftdpfk emaauideltdmi iktwmr`s clvk tm gk emisdnkrkn ls



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <->

wkff ls wckrk tck emaauideltdmi pmdits wdtcdi tck iktwmr` wdff gk fmeltkn. Bdilffy, tck

bledfdtdks rkqudrkn tm cmusk l emaauideltdmi cug mr cugs aust gk fmeltkn lin nksdjikn,

lin l bledfdtdks pfliikr ds tck mptdalf pkrsmi tm nm tcds hmg.

Hust fd`k tck emaauideltdmis dinustry, tck trlispmrtltdmi dinustry usks tck wmrfn ls dts

bledfdty. Bledfdtdks pfliikrs eli pfly li ditkjrlf rmfk di nktkradidij wckrk ldrpmrts, trlditkradilfs, gus nkpmts, true` nkpmts, lin scdppdij nme`s lrk fmeltkn lin di nksdjidij tckatm leemaamnltk tck trlbbde tclt trlvkfs tcrmujc tcka. Lfsm, bledfdtdks pfliikrs eli lssdst

di nktkradidij tck kqudpakit lin flymut mb tcmsk bledfdtdks ls wkff.

Ukrvdek dinustrdks suec ls rktldf scmppdij kstlgfdscakits, rkstlurlits, cmspdtlfs, lin

ltcfktde bledfdtdks lff usk bledfdtdks pfliikrs tm fly mut tckdr gudfndijs. Lfsm, rktldf

kstlgfdscakits lin rkstlurlits jkikrlffy clvk wlrkcmusks di wcdec prmnuet ds stmrkn

gkbmrk dt emaks tm dts pmdit mb usk. Bledfdtdks pfliikrs pfly l flrjk rmfk di tck fmeltdmi linnksdji mb wlrkcmusks mb lff typks.

UKE^DMI <.5

<.; [sk tck bmffmwdij erdtkrdl bmr nktkradidij tck mptdalf bledfdtdks pfli8

Nmks tck bledfdty prmvdnk bmr tck emapliy—s buturk stmrljk rkqudrkakits=

Ds tckrk emst hustdbdeltdmi bmr tck bledfdty=

Ds tck bledfdty ekitrlffy fmeltkn bmr suppfdkrs mr eustmakrs db dt ds l aliubleturdij

bledfdty0 bmr aliubleturdij ekitkrs db dt ds l scdppdij wlrkcmusk0 bmr blis db dt ds li

ltcfktde bledfdty, kte.=

Nmks dt adidadzk rkekdvdij lin putlwly tdaks wcdfk prmvdndij kimujc spleks bmrtcmsk buietdmis=

Nmks tck prmnuet brma tck aliubleturdij mpkrltdmis bfmw sammtcfy tcrmujc tck

bledfdty= Lrk tckrk kimujc nme` nmmrs bmr scdppdij lin rkekdvdij buietdmis=

Ds tck altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit prmpkr bmr tck prmnuet tclt ds gkdij amvkn= Dstckrk kimujc splek bmr tck kqudpakit tm alikuvkr lrmuin tck bledfdty=

Ds tck fklsk emst, prmpkrty emst, mr gudfndij emst ecklpkr tcli mtckr lftkriltdvks=

Eli tck aliubleturdij mr wlrkcmusk bledfdty leemaamnltk slfks bmrkelsts=

Nmks tck pfli adidadzk tck emst mb mpkrltdmi di tkras mb flgmr lin kqudpakit=

Zdff serlp gk adidadzkn wdtc tcds pfli=

Eli tck bledfdty gk kxplinkn klsdfy tm leemaamnltk jrmwtc=

Ds splek gkdij utdfdzkn tm tck cdjckst kxtkit=

<.2 ^cds liswkr wdff vlry brma elapus tm elapus, gut smak tcdijs mb wcdec tck stunkitscmufn gk lwlrk lrk8

^rlbbde plttkris mi elapus

Zcktckr lnadidstrltdmi mbbdeks lrk klsdfy leekssdgfk

Clindelppkn leekssdgdfdty tm lff gudfndijs

Zcktckr lrkls adx cdjc vkcdefk lin pknkstrdli trlbbde

Zclt dt wmufn tl`k tm rkamvk ndflpdnltkn gudfndijs



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-;

^ck fmeltdmis mb ekrtldi gudfndijs mr buietdmis db tcky lrk rkfltkn tm mik limtckr, k.j.bdiliedlf ldn scmufn gk efmsk tm tck elscdkr—s mbbdek

Alditkiliek bledfdtdks scmufn gk cdnnki brma tck aldi trlbbde lrkls

Zcktckr tckrk lrk lnkqultk plr`dij bledfdtdks bmr stunkits, bleufty, lin stlbb

Zcktckr tckrk lrk lnkqultk kltdij kstlgfdscakits, rkstrmmas, kte.

Zcktckr lnkqultk emaputkr bledfdtdks lrk leekssdgfk tm lff stunkits Zcktckr tckrk lrk lnkqultk rkerkltdmilf bledfdtdks

Db tckrk ds rmma tm kxplin di tck buturk

Db tckrk ds rmma mi mr iklr elapus bmr lff stunkits tm fdvk

Zcktckr tckrk lnkqultk skeurdty mi elapus

UKE^DMI <.>

<.:l Bledfdtdks _fliidij _rmekss bmr l Gli`




<.:g Bledfdtdks _fliidij _rmekss bmr l [idvkrsdty

<.:e Bledfdtdks _fliidij _rmekss bmr l Zlrkcmusk



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-:

<.:n Bledfdtdks _fliidij _rmekss bmr l Emisuftdij Mbbdek

<.3 ^ck bdrst tls` tclt ikkns tm gk leemapfdsckn ds tm nktkradik tck sdtk mb tck fdgrlry mi tck

elapus. \ukstdmis suec ls nm kxdstdij strueturks ikkn tm gk nkamfdsckn, nm rmlns ikkn tm gk rkrmutkn, nm pmssdgfk sdtks akkt bknkrlf, stltk, lin fmelf emnks ikkn tm gk ls`kn. Ikxt,

l nktkradiltdmi mb mbbdek splek, gmm` stmrljk splek, stmrljk rle` flymut, lin stunkit

stuny lrkls aust gk alnk sm tclt tck strueturlf nksdji mb tck bledfdty eli gk erkltkn. Lfsm,tck pmwkr, jls, cklt, vkitdfltdmi, skeurdty, pfuagdij bdxturks, lin alditkiliek dssuks

aust gk skttfkn. Bdilffy, altkrdlf clinfdij dssuks suec ls cmw tm trlispmrt suppfdks lin

gmm`s, cmw tm rksckfvk gmm`s, cmw tm jkt brma bfmmr tm bfmmr, tck dibmraltdmi systkas

rkqudrkn tm `kkp trle` mb tck fmeltdmis mb lff mb tck gmm`s, lin tck pkrsmiikf wcm wdff gkrkqudrkn tm alditldi tck fdgrlry aust gk rksmfvkn.

UKE^DMI <.2

<.4 Bledfdtdks pfliidij ds ikvkr emapfktkn bmr li kitkrprdsk. Db bledfdtdks pfliikrs gkfdkvkn

tcds, tcki iuakrmus kitkrprdsks wmufn gk nmmakn tm bldfurk. Ikw tkecimfmjdks, ndbbkrkit

kitkrprdsks wmufn gk nmmakn tm bldfurk. Ikw tkecimfmjdks, ndbbkrkit ple`ljdij aktcmns, gkttkr stmrljk aktcmns, lin amrk lnvliekn altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit al`k tck

prmekss mb upnltdij lin emitdiumusfy daprmvdij bledfdtdks l aust, mr kfsk tck emapliy

wdff gk fkbt gkcdin wdtc litdqultkn strueturks, dibmraltdmi systkas, lin stmrljk linaltkrdlf clinfdij akeclidsas.

<.<? Ekrtldi dtkas tm fmm` bmr brma tcds plpkr lrk tclt li lrecdtket ds amrk divmfvkn wdtc tck

nksdji mb tck strueturk mb tck bledfdty, tck altkrdlfs tclt wdff jm ditm tck strueturk, lin tck




fmeltdmi mb dtkas suec ls pfuagdij, fdjctdij, CRLE systkas, lin kfketrdelf systkas. ^ck

bledfdtdks pfliikr wdff gk emisuftkn mi tck lgmvk dssuks, gut ds amrk fd`kfy tm pfli tck

altkrdlf bfmw wdtcdi tck bledfdty, cmw altkrdlfs wdff gk clinfkn wdtcdi tck bledfdty, cmwaltkrdlfs wdff gk stmrks, cmw altkrdlfs wdff gk aliubleturkn, tck fmeltdmi mb stmrljk

lrkls, tck fmeltdmi mb scdppdij lin rkekdvdij nme`s, tck fmeltdmi lin typks mb

aliubleturdij kqudpakit, tck typks mb altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit rkqudrkn di tckbledfdty.

<.<< ^ck DDK nkserdptdmi mb Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij ds8

Dinustrdlf kijdikkrdij (DK) ds lgmut ecmdeks. Mtckr kijdikkrdij ndsedpfdiks lppfy s`dffs tmvkry spkedbde lrkls. DK jdvks li mppmrtuidty tm wmr` di l vlrdkty mb gusdikssks. ^ck amst

ndstdietdvk lspket mb dinustrdlf kijdikkrdij ds tck bfkxdgdfdty tclt dt mbbkrs. Dinustrdlf

kijdikkrs bdjurk mut cmw tm nm tcdijs gkttkr. ^cky kijdikkr prmekssks lin systkas tclt

daprmvk qulfdty lin prmnuetdvdty. ^cky wmr` tm kfdadiltk wlstk mb tdak, amiky,altkrdlfs, kikrjy, lin mtckr emaamndtdks. Amst dapmrtlit mb lff, DKs slvk emaplidks

amiky. Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij nrlws upmi spkedlfdzkn `imwfknjk lin s`dffs di tck

altckaltdelf, pcysdelf lin smedlf sedkieks tmjktckr wdtc tck prdiedpfks lin aktcmns mbkijdikkrdij lilfysds lin nksdji tm spkedby, prkndet, lin kvlfultk tck rksufts tm gk mgtldikn

brma suec systkas. ‖Bledfdtdks pfliidij‑ emufn klsdfy gk sugstdtutkn bmr tck wmrfns

‖dinustrdlf kijdikkrdij.‑ Efklrfy, bledfdtdks pfliidij ds emiekrikn wdtc tck nksdji,

daprmvkakit, lin distlffltdmi mb tlijdgfk bdxkn lsskts tm lecdkvk li letdvdty—s mghketdvks.Zcdfk nksdjidij, daprmvdij, lin distlffdij tcksk lsskts, tck daplets mi pkmpfk, altkrdlf,

dibmraltdmi, kqudpakit, lin kikrjy lrk vkry dapmrtlit. Dt ds lfsm efklr tclt bledfdtdks

pfliidij nrlws upmi sedkieks, tmjktckr wdtc tck prdiedpfks lin aktcmns mb kijdikkrdijlilfysds lin nksdji tm spkedby, prkndet, lin kvlfultk tck rksufts mi li letdvdty—s tlijdgfk

bdxkn lsskts. ^ckrkbmrk, dt ds efklr tclt tck prmbkssdmi amst lgfk tm pkrbmra bledfdtdks

pfliidij ds tck prmbkssdmi mb dinustrdlf kijdikkrdij.

<.<7 ^ck lrtdefks rkln scmufn rkfltk tm tck strltkjde pfliidij prmekss lin scmufn nrlw plrlffkfs

tm tck bledfdtdks pfliidij prmekss. Li lwlrkikss mb tck truk aklidij mb strltkjy scmufn gk

nkamistrltkn.

<.<5l Utrltkjde usks bmr li ldrpmrt tclt aust gk lnnrksskn di bledfdtdks pfliidij diefunk8

Fmeltdmi

^ypks mb pfliks tclt wdff gk bfydij ditm tck ldrpmrt

^ypk mb ldr trlbbde emitrmf systka

Fmeltdmi mb ldr trlbbde emitrmf tmwkr

Fmeltdmi mb gljjljk elrmuskfs

Fmeltdmi mb tde`kt emuitkrs Iuagkr mb clijlrs rkqudrkn bmr skrvdedij ldrpfliks lin bmr slbkty dispketdmis

Kapfmykk s`dff fkvkfs bmr skrvdedij ldrpfliks gktwkki lrrdvlfs lin nkplrturks linbmr alditldidij ldrpfliks

Iuagkr mb kapfmykks rkqudrkn tm rui vkindij skrvdeks, tde`ktdij, gljjljk eflda,

kte.

Fmeltdmi mb plr`dij fmts

Aliy mtckr dtkas, diefundij skeurdty emitrmf




<.<5g Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l emaauidty emffkjk tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

Fmeltdmi mb eflssrmma bledfdtdks

Fmeltdmi mb lnadidstrltdvk bledfdtdks

U`dff fkvkf mb bleufty di klec alhmr

Alhmrs tclt wdff gk mbbkrkn

Fmeltdmi mb rmlns lin sdnkwlf`s tcrmujc elapus U`dff fkvkf mb stunkits tclt wdff gk lnadttkn

Bdiliedlf ldn ndstrdgutdmi tm stunkits

Ukrvdeks tm gk prmvdnkn tm tck stunkits lin tck bkks eclrjkn tm tck stunkits

Fkvkf mb ltcfktde bmeus, db liy

Fkvkf mb alditkiliek lin tck fmeltdmi mb bledfdtdks

<.<5e Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l gli` tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

^ypks mb skrvdeks prmvdnkn

U`dff fkvkfs mb ndbbkrkit typks mb kapfmykks

Ukeurdty systka lin pkrsmiikf

Ditkrkst rltks bmr fmlis

^ypks mb fmlis jrlitkn

Adidaua gmrrmwkr qulfdbdeltdmis

Ditkrkst rltks bmr slvdijs lin amiky alr`kt leemuits

L^A alecdik mi prkadsks=

Cmw aliy nrdvk-tcru wdinmws=

Leemuitdij prmeknurks

Rluft sdzk

<.<5n Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l jrmekry stmrk ecldi tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

^ypks mb prmnuets tm skff Lrrlijkakit mb sckfvks wdtcdi tck stmrk

Fmeltdmis mb dtkas mi tcmsk sckfvks

_lr`dij lrkl rkqudrkn

Leemuitdij prmeknurks

U`dff fkvkf mb kapfmykks

Brkscikss qulfdbdeltdmis bmr mpki-ldr bmmn suec ls prmnuek

Lamuit mb wlrkcmusk splek wckrk eustmakrs nm imt scmp

Fmeltdmi mb jrmekry stmrks tcrmujcmut tck emuitry

Ucmufn stmrks clvk tck slak flymut mr scmufn tcky vlry=

Iuagkr mb scmppdij elrts rkqudrkn

Iuagkr mb nme`s rkqudrkn bmr rkekdvdij purpmsks

[iple`dij aktcmns

_rkndetkn slfks vmfuak

_rmnuet prdedij emisdnkrltdmis

<.<5k Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l smbt nrdi` gmttfkr lin ndstrdgutmr tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

Fmeltdmi mb gmttfdij bledfdtdks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<?

Ndstrdgutdmi rmutks

Iuagkr mb true`s rkqudrkn bmr ndstrdgutdmi

^ypks mb kqudpakit rkqudrkn bmr gmttfdij

Iuagkr mb gmttfks scdppkn pkr nly

Iuagkr mb U@[s tclt clvk tm gk gmttfkn

Aktcmns mb emivkyliek tcrmujc tck bledfdty Aktcmns mb fmlndij lin uifmlndij true`s

Altkrdlf emapmsdtdmi mb gmttfks

Fmeltdmi lin typk mb fdqudn emapmikits mb gkvkrljk tm gk gmttfkn


Lutmaltdmi fkvkf

Divkitmry emitrmf aktcmns

Utmrljk rkqudrkakits

<.<5b Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l fdgrlry tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

Fmeltdmi mb tck fdgrlry

Iuagkr mb gmm`s tclt tck fdgrlry eli emitldi

Iuagkr lin fmeltdmi mb sckfvks tm cmfn tck gmm`s


^ypks mb aljlzdik lin ikwsplpkr sugserdptdmis

Aliulf mr lutmaltkn systka bmr bdindij dtkas

^ypks mb rkbkrkiek altkrdlfs

Brma wckrk wdff buindij emak=

Lamuit mb stuny lrkl rkqudrkn

Iuagkr mb emaputkrs ikknkn bmr pugfde usk

Udzk mb ecdfnrki—s sketdmi wdtcdi tck fdgrlry

^ypks mb liiulf spkedlf kvkits

<.<5j Utrltkjde dssuks bmr li lutmamgdfk nklfkrscdp tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

_lr`dij lrkl rkqudrkn

Fkvkf mb `imwfknjk mb lutmamgdfks tclt kapfmykks aust clvk

Iuagkr mb slfkspkmpfk

Ulfks tletdes, prmbkssdmilfdsa mb slfkspkmpfk

^ypks mb lutmamgdfks tm skff

Ulfks trkins di tck lutmamgdfk dinustry

Wkfltdmiscdp wdtc lutmamgdfk aliubleturkr

Ukrvdek fkvkfs mbbkrkn lt tck nklfkrscdp

_lrts bmr elrs mbbkrkn lt tck nklfkrscdp

Iuagkr mb skrvdek glys

Utmrljk lrkl rkqudrkn bmr skrvdek plrts

Kfkjliek mb lutmamgdfk scmwrmma

Wkfltdmiscdps wdtc fkindij distdtutdmis



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<<

<.<5c Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l scmppdij ekitkr tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

^ypks mb scmps tm gk diefunkn di tck ekitkr

Iuagkr mb scmps lin tckdr sdzks

Fmeltdmi mb scmppdij ekitkr

Fklsk rltks bmr tkilits

_ugfde bledfdtdks bmr eustmakrs _lr`dij lrkl bmr eustmakrs, scmufn dt gk nke`kn plr`dij, kte.

Ukeurdty

Ucmppdij ekitkr nksdji, cmw kfkjlit scmufn dt gk=

Zdff dt gk l strdp alff mr li kiefmskn scmppdij ekitkr=

Bdindij pmssdgfk divkstmrs di tck scmppdij ekitkr

<.<5d Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l pugfde wlrkcmusdij bdra tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8

Udzk mb tck wlrkcmusk

Fmeltdmi mb tck wlrkcmusk

Fkvkf mb lutmaltdmi wdtcdi tck wlrkcmusk

Iuagkr mb wlrkcmusks

^ypks mb prmnuets tclt eli gk stmrkn di tck wlrkcmusk

Altkrdlf clinfdij akeclidsas wdtcdi tck wlrkcmusk

Wkitlf rltks

_mfdedks bmr uiefldakn prmnuet

Iuagkr mb rle`s rkqudrkn bmr tck stmrljk mb tck prmnuet

Iuagkr mb nme`s rkqudrkn bmr scdppdij lin rkekdvdij mb tck prmnuet

Zdff tckrk gk ermssnme`dij elplgdfdty=


<.<5h Utrltkjde dssuks bmr l prmbkssdmilf spmrts brliecdsk tclt aust gk lnnrksskn diefunk8 Cmw nmks tck mwikrscdp aliljk tck brliecdsk=

Fmeltdmi mb l bledfdty di wcdec tm pfly

Wkit l bledfdty mr mwi mik

^kla emfmrs, ilak, fmjm

Lnvkrtdsdij aktcmns

Nktkradidij tck al`kup mb tck bli glsk

^de`kt prdeks

Wkvkiuks brma fuxury sudtks

^rldidij bledfdtdks

Ukfketdmi erdtkrdl bmr ecmmsdij pflykrs lin emlecks

Ulflrdks bmr pflykrs lin emlecks

Wkvkiuks brma fdekiskn spmrtswklr slfks

_flykr lin emlec ndsedpfdik db tcky grkl` tck rufks

Aliljkakit—s rmfk di nktkradidij tck ndrketdmi mb tck tkla

<.<>l Zcki tckrk lrk aliy erdtdelf scmrt-tkra prmgfkas tclt l emapliy cls tm smfvk lt miek, dt

ds jkikrlffy nuk tm l fle` mb jmmn strltkjde pfliidij. Aliy tdaks, erdtdelf prmgfkas suec



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<7

ls imt kimujc stmrljk splek, tmm bkw altkrdlf clinfkrs, daprmpkr stmrljk tkecidquks, lin

tmm auec wmr`-di-prmekss divkitmry lff rksuft brma pmmr strltkjde bledfdtdks pfliidij.

Utrltkjde bledfdtdks pfliidij ds dapmrtlit wcki tckrk lrk aliy ‖erdtdelf‑ prmgfkas tm smfvk gkelusk pfliidij dtskfb wdff jkikrlffy smfvk aliy mb tck prmgfkas.

<.<>g Kvkrymik ikkns tm clvk l sly di tck strltkjde pfliidij prmekss. Cmwkvkr, db erdtdelfdindvdnulfs lrk tmm gusy tm nm smak smuin strltkjde bledfdtdks pfliidij, tcky wdff lfwlysrkaldi tmm gusy gkelusk tck prmgfkas tclt rksuft brma pmmr strltkjde pfliidij wdff `kkp

tcksk dindvdnulfs gusy lttle`dij scmrt-tkra prmgfkas. Burtckramrk, tckrk lrk emisuftdij

bdras tclt spkedlfdzk di tcds typk mb wmr`, sm imt ls auec tdak wmufn clvk tm gk tl`ki gytcksk dindvdnulfs wcm lrk tmm gusy, gut tckdr diput wmufn stdff gk rkqudrkn wcdfk tck

emisuftlits lrk wmr`dij mi tck prmgfka.

<.<>e L jmmn bledfdtdks pfli wdff gk bfkxdgfk kimujc tm eclijk wdtc buturk kvkits. Bmr kxlapfk,l emapliy tclt suppfdks tck lutmamgdfk dinustry gudfns l wlrkcmusk nurdij l nmwituri di

lutmamtdvk slfks. Db jmmn strltkjde pfliidij cls meeurrkn, tck emapliy wdff imt gudfn tck

wlrkcmusk glskn mi tck stmrljk rkqudrkakit mb tck slfks vmfuak nurdij tck nmwituri0distkln, tck emapliy wdff gudfn mi smak flrjk pkrekitljk mb tck alxdaua slfks vmfuak

tcky cln nurdij li upswdij di tck kemimay lin mi tck bmrkelst mb lutmamtdvk slfks mvkr

smak tdak brlak. Mtckrwdsk, tck suppfdkr emufn rui mut mb stmrljk splek di tck ikw

bledfdty lin clvk tm lnn mi mr gudfn limtckr wlrkcmusk gkbmrk dt cls tck bdiliedlf elpledtytm nm sm.

<.<>n ^cds ds l rkspmisk mb flzdikss. Dt tl`ks auec wmr` lin rksklrec tm nktkradik wcltlftkriltdvks lrk lvldflgfk gksdnks tck mik tck emapliy ds usdij. Nltl emffketdmi ds ikknkn

tm nktkradik prmnuet tcrmujcput, prmnuetdmi bfmw, stmrljk elpledtdks, lin divkitmry

emitrmf prmeknurks sm tclt tck prmpkr bledfdty sdzk lin lftkriltdvk emitrmf systkas eli gk

nktkradikn. Nkvkfmpakit mb flgmr stlinlrns lin kvlfultdmi mb altkrdlf clinfdij aktcmnsds ikknkn tm fmm` lt ndbbkrkit lftkriltdvks. Db tcds dibmraltdmi ds jltckrkn lin ekrtldi typks

mb vkinmrs lrk grmujct di tm fmm` lt tck prmgfka, iuakrmus lftkriltdvks bmr l bledfdty eli

gk jkikrltkn. ^cmsk tclt lppfy aust akkt sedkitdbde lin bdiliedlf erdtkrdl tclt lrknktkradikn lt tck gkjdiidij mb tck prmhket.

<.<>k Utrltkjde bledfdtdks pfliidij ds li mijmdij prmekss. ^kecimfmjdks emak lin jm, lin ljmmn bledfdtdks pfli wdff kilgfk l emapliy tm lnlpt tm rlpdnfy eclijdij tkecimfmjdks ls

wkff ls tm ndselrn tcmsk tclt wdff imt ckfp tck emapliy lecdkvk dts jmlfs. L strltkjde pfli

ds l pfli bmr tck buturk, imt tck prkskit. Nm imt diemrpmrltk tkecimfmjdks ditm l bledfdty bmr

tck prkskit prmnuet adx „ diemrpmrltk tcmsk tkecimfmjdks tclt eli gk uskn tm prmnuek tckbuturk prmnuet adx. Cmwkvkr, l bledfdtdks pfli eliimt tl`k ditm leemuit tkecimfmjdks tclt

clvk imt ykt gkki erkltkn0 db l emapliy erkltks l strltkjde bledfdty pfli tclt diemrpmrltks

tkecimfmjdks tclt clvk imt gkki erkltkn, tckrk ds im julrlitkk tclt tck tkecimfmjy wdff gk

lvldflgfk wcki tck emapliy ds rklny tm dapfkakit tck bledfdtdks pfli lin dt wdff gknmmakn tm bldfurk.

<.<>b Mik eliimt jkt li kxlet nmfflr bdjurk mi tck emst mb l strltkjde pfli dapfkakitltdmi lintck slvdijs dt wdff jkikrltk. Cmwkvkr, kxladiltdmi mb plst trkins lin tck prdeks mb



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<5

ndbbkrkit typks mb tkecimfmjdks eli jdvk tck strltkjde pfliikr l jmmn kstdaltk mb tck emsts

lin tck slvdijs. ^ck mify wly tm jkt kxlet emsts ds tm jkt qumtks brma vkinmrs, lin tck

mify wly tm nktkradik tck kxlet slvdijs ds tm dapfkakit tck bledfdty pfli. ^cds scmufn imtstmp l emapliy brma nmdij strltkjde pfliidij, cmwkvkr. Umaktdaks tck pfli aly gk

dibklsdgfk lin aly imt gk dapfkakitkn, gut l emapliy tclt nmks imt kijljk di strltkjde

pfliidij wdff imt jkt l rkturi mi li divkstakit gkelusk tck divkstakit wdff ikvkr gkalnk, mr tckrk wdff ikvkr clvk gkki l nktkradiltdmi mi cmw auec amiky tck divkstakitwmufn al`k mr fmsk.

<.<; Nmdij bledfdtdks pfliidij bmr l aliubleturdij bledfdty ds l pmsdtdvk kxkredsk bmr l emapliydi tkras mb dts emapktdtdvkikss. ^ck prmnuetdmi bfmw eli gk kxladikn gy sdaufltdmi, lin

pmtkitdlf gmttfkike`s eli gk sammtckn. Lfsm, l bledfdtdks pfli bmr l aliubleturdij bledfdty

mutfdiks tck s`dff fkvkfs mb kapfmykks rkqudrkn tm mpkrltk tck kqudpakit mi tck

aliubleturdij bfmmr, lin dt ndsemvkrs tck fltkst lin gkst kqudpakit tm al`k tck prmnuet.Emaplidks tclt nm imt kijljk di bledfdtdks pfliidij usulffy kin up clvdij uikvki

prmnuetdmi bfmws, daprmpkr flgmr s`dffs, tmm auec mr tmm fdttfk flgmr mi tck bfmmr, lin

mutnltkn kqudpakit tclt aust gk cklvdfy alditldikn. ^cksk prmgfkas ls wkff ls aliymtckrs tclt emufn gk kfdadiltkn gy bledfdtdks pfliidij elusk emaplidks tm fmsk tckdr

emapktdtdvk knjk.

<.<2 [sdij strltkjde pfliidij tm lssdst wdtc ymur elrkkr lffmws ymu tm kvlfultk wckrk ymu lrkemaplrkn wdtc tck jmlfs ymu skt bmr ymurskfb. Db ymu clvk blffki scmrt mb ymur jmlfs, dt

lffmws ymu tm klsdfy kvlfultk wcy lin nktkradik cmw ymu ditkin tm emrrket tck

scmrtemadij, db dt ds pmssdgfk. Burtckramrk, dt eli scmw ymu db ymur elrkkr ds lt l nkln kinlin wckrk ymu ikkn tm jm tm al`k l eclijk di ymur elrkkr. Utrltkjde pfliidij jdvks ymu l

pltc tm bmffmw miek tck pfli ds di pflek. Cmwkvkr, tcds pfli scmufn gk emitdiumusfy

upnltkn hust fd`k liy mtckr strltkjde pfli mr ymu wdff fmsk ymur emapktdtdvk knjk mvkr

mtckrs mi tck slak elrkkr pltc.

<.<: Lutmaltdmi, db pfliikn prmpkrfy, eli clvk l pmsdtdvk daplet upmi bledfdtdks pfliidij. Db

tckrk ds l flrjk prmnuet tcrmujcput, lutmaltdmi eli rknuek emsts gy rknuedij flgmrrkqudrkakits, daprmvdij qulfdty, lin pkrclps daprmvdij prmnuet tcrmujcput. Cmwkvkr,

aliy tcdijs emufn jm wrmij, lin l bledfdtdks pfliikr ikkns tm gk lwlrk mb tcka. Bdrst, tck

lutmaltdmi aly imt hustdby dtskfb. Db tck tcrmujcput rkqudrkn tm akkt slfks ds <,??? uidts pkr nly lin lutmaltdmi kqudpakit ds pureclskn tclt eli prmnuek 7?,??? uidts pkr nly,

emst hustdbdeltdmi prmglgfy wdff imt meeur. Lfsm, ds tck lutmaltkn kqudpakit bfkxdgfk

kimujc tm clinfk eclijks di prmnuet nksdji mr prmnuetdmi aktcmns= Zcdfk tck bdrst

kxlapfk scmwkn tck lutmaltdmi tclt emufn prmnuek 7?,??? uidts pkr nly cln tmm aueckxekss elpledty lin tckrkbmrk wls imt emst-hustdbdlgfk, wcki l prmekss ds lutmaltkn, tckrk

ikkns tm gk kxtrl elpledty gudft ditm dt sm tclt dt ds imt mgsmfktk wcki tck aliubleturdij

rkqudrkakit dierklsks tm akkt buturk slfks. Lfsm, tck lutmaltkn prmekss ikkns tm gk lgfk

tm al`k prmnuet mb cdjckr qulfdty tcli db dt wls alnk aliulffy mr wdtc l ecklpkrlutmaltkn prmekss. Dt nmks im jmmn tm clvk l alecdik tclt eli prmnuek ;,??? uidts pkr

cmur tm akkt prmnuetdmi rkqudrkakits mb >,??? uidts pkr cmur wcki mify clfb mb tck

pdkeks plss l qulfdty dispketdmi. Bdilffy, dt ds ikeksslry tm kxladik cmw tck lutmaltkn prmekss wdff bdt wdtcdi tck kxdstdij bledfdty lin cmw auec rklrrlijkakit wdff clvk tm



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<>

meeur sm tclt prmnuetdmi wdff emitdiuk tm bfmw sammtcfy. Lutmaltdmi ds l wminkrbuf wly

tm daprmvk tck qulfdty lin tcrmujcput mb l prmnuet, gut mify db dt ds nmik prmpkrfy.

Lutmaltdmi tclt nmks imt nm wclt dt ds suppmskn tm nm kins up jdvdij aliubleturdij pkrsmiikf amrk prmgfkas tcli tck prmekss dt rkpflekn.

<.<3 Dssuks tclt scmufn gk lnnrksskn nurdij strltkjde pfliidij bmr wlrkcmusdij/ndstrdgutdmidiefunk8

Iuagkr mb scdppdij lin rkekdvdij nme`s

Cmw tck prmnuet wdff gk scdppkn brma tck wlrkcmusk tm tck eustmakr

_rmnuet tclt wdff gk stmrkn

Iuagkr mb U@[s

Udzk mb tck prmnuet tclt wdff gk stmrkn

Utmrljk eugk rkqudrkakit

_lffkt rle`, bfmw rle`, guf` stmrljk, emivkymr rkqudrkakits

Divkitmry turis pkr l spkedbde tdak

Zlrkcmusk stlbbdij fkvkfs

Divkitmry divkstakit fkvkfs Altkrdlf clinfdij prmeknurks lin kqudpakit

Gudfndij sdzk

Zdff rkbrdjkrltdmi gk ikeksslry=

Divkitmry emitrmf aktcmns

Divkitmry emitrmf kqudpakit

Gudfndij lin rle` flymut

_mwkr rkqudrkakits

^ck prdalry eustmakr skrvdek emisdnkrltdmi bmr l wlrkcmusk/ndstrdgutdmi strltkjde pfli ds

tclt tck blstkr tck turimvkr brma rkekdpt mb li mrnkr tm scdpakit tm tck eustmakr, tck gkttkr. Lfsm, prmpkr prmnuet stmrljk lin prmnuet scdpakit wdff rknuek tck lamuit mb

nlaljkn prmnuet tclt l eustmakr rkekdvks. Bdilffy, tck gkttkr tck divkitmry emitrmf

systka, tck klsdkr dt ds tm nktkradik wcki tckrk lrk stme`muts lin wckrk lff mb tck

divkitmry ds, tckrkgy al`dij dt klsdkr tm bdff l eustmakr—s mrnkr di fkss tdak.

Emst dapfdeltdmis lrk tclt db kxekss divkitmry cls tm gk elrrdkn nuk tm dileeurltk

divkitmry emitrmf nltl, tcki l flrjkr bledfdty cls tm gk gudft, amrk rle` cls tm gk distlffkn,amrk flgmr cls tm gk uskn tm bdin tck divkitmry di l flrjkr gudfndij, elpdtlf ds tdkn up di

divkitmry rltckr tcli klridij amiky mr gkdij uskn di l amrk prmnuetdvk wly, lin amrk

divkitmry wdff clvk tm gk tcrmwi lwly gkelusk dt ds mutnltkn. Bledfdtdks pfliidij eli

rknuek mr kfdadiltk lff mb tcksk prmgfkas, tckrkgy rknuedij l emapliy—s wlrkcmusdijemsts, wcdec eli rksuft di prmnuet gkdij scdppkn lt l ecklpkr prdek tm eustmakrs, wcdec

wdff rksuft di amrk slfks lin rkvkiuks.

<.<4 Lff mb tck rkqudrkakits bmr sueekss di Uuppfy Ecldi Uyitcksds lrk ndrketfy fdi`kn tm tck

bledfdtdks pfliidij prmekss. L prmpkr bledfdtdks pfli wdff kilgfk l emapliy tm lecdkvk

syitcksds auec amrk qude`fy tcli l emapktdtmr wcm nmks imt usk bledfdtdks pfliidij.Utrltkjde bledfdtdks dssuks di aliubleturdij suec ls sammtcdij tck prmnuetdmi bfmw,



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr < <-<;

kfdadiltdij gmttfkike`s, usdij tck prmpkr lamuit mb flgmr tclt cls tck lpprmprdltk s`dff

fkvkf, usdij tck prmpkr kqudpakit tclt eli akkt mr kxekkn tcrmujcput lt l cdjc fkvkf mb

qulfdty wdff ckfp rknuek aliubleturdij emsts, kilgfk aliubleturdij lin alr`ktdij tmwmr` tmjktckr tm lecdkvk slfks jmlfs, rknuek fkln-tdaks, rknuek sktup tdaks lin

prmnuetdmi fmt sdzks, rknuek wmr`-di-prmekss divkitmrdks, sdapfdby prmekss, glfliek tck

prmnuetdmi bfmw, lnlpt tm eclijdij prmnuet lin tkecimfmjdks, rknuek uiekrtldity,dierklsk qulfdty, lin rknuek prmekss bldfurks. Lfsm, rknuedij prmgfkas di tckaliubleturdij prmekss wdff dierklsk tck iuagkr mb clppy kapfmykks lin kiemurljk tcka

tm gkemak tkla pflykrs. ^cds wdff lffmw kvkry plrt mb tck aliubleturdij prmekss tm

gkemak ditkjrltkn lin bledfdtltk imt mify l jrkltkr uinkrstlindij gy tck kapfmykks mb tckkitdrk aliubleturdij prmekss lin cmw tm lecdkvk syitcksds, gut lfsm li uinkrstlindij mb

tck emapliy—s jmlfs lin ndrketdmis.

<.7? ^ck aldi ndbbkrkiek gktwkki strltkjde pfliidij lin emitdijkiey pfliidij ds tclt strltkjde pfliidij ds l prmletdvk prmekss di wcdec prmgfkas lrk gkdij kfdadiltkn gkbmrk tcky meeur,

wcdfk emitdijkiey pfliidij ds l rkletdvk prmekss di wcdec pflis lrk alnk tm kfdadiltk

prmgfkas ls mr lbtkr tcky meeur.

<.7< Bledfdtdks pfliidij ds imt l tcdij tclt eli gk rusckn mr nmik clfbwly gkelusk tck

pkrsmiikf clvk ‖amrk dapmrtlit tcdijs tm nm.‑ Db bledfdtdks pfliidij ds nmik tclt wly, tck

emst mb dapfkakitltdmi wdff dierklsk gkelusk lff lftkriltdvks aly imt clvk gkkikxladikn, mr krrmrs wdff clvk gkki alnk di elfeufltdmis. Di mrnkr bmr bledfdtdks pfliidij tm

gk nmik prmpkrfy, subbdedkit fkln-tdak di tck dapfkakitltdmi prmhket aust gk jrlitkn. ^ck

lamuit mb fkln-tdak ds ikvkr tck slak bmr twm ndbbkrkit prmhkets gkelusk klec prmhket clsl ndbbkrkit fkvkf mb emapfkxdty.



Eclptkr 7

_rmnuet, _rmekss, lin Uecknufk

Nksdji



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<

UKE^DMI 7.<

7.< Dnkitdby tck cmspdtlf buietdmis lin nkplrtakits tm gk diemrpmrltkn di tck bledfdtdks pfli.

Dnkitdby tck `ky kitdtdks bmr wcdec bfmw rkqudrkakits wdff gk ikknkn, k.j., pkmpfk,

plpkrwmr`, mpkrltdij rmmas, kakrjkiey rmmas, vkcdeuflr amvkakit, kte. Dnkitdby tck

vlrdmus erdtkrdl tclt wdff gk uskn tm kvlfultk tck lftkriltdvk bledfdtdks pflis jkikrltkn, k.j.

pltdkit skrvdek, efklifdikss, fmjde mb trlvkf gktwkki nkplrtakits, klsk mb kxplisdmi/

upnltdij, emst. Nktkradik tck tdak pkrdmn mvkr wcdec tck bledfdtdks rkqudrkakits wdff gk

kstdaltkn. Kstdaltk splek lin bfmw rkqudrkakits lin nktkradik letdvdty rkfltdmiscdps.

Jkikrltk lftkriltdvk bledfdtdks pflis.

7.7 Dt ds dapmrtlit bmr tck vlrdmus nksdji nkedsdmis tm gk ditkjrltkn sm tclt lff erdtdelf dssuksclvk gkki emisdnkrkn gkbmrk prmnuet lin prmekss nksdjis lrk bdilfdzkn. [sdij l fdiklr mrskrdks lpprmlec eli rksuft di auftdpfk rk-stlrts mb tck nksdji prmekss gkelusk mb ‖nmwi-strkla‑ emiskqukieks mb ‖up-strkla‑ nksdji nkedsdmis tclt lrk alnk. Mvkrlff

mptdadzltdmi ds tck jmlf, rltckr tcli pdkekwdsk mptdadzltdmi.

@imwfknjklgfk rkprkskitltdvks brma klec mb tck letdvdtdks mr buietdmis ikkn tm gkdivmfvkn di tck nksdji prmekss.

Ukvkrlf emieurrkit kijdikkrdij tkecidquks eli gk uskn tm daprmvk tck nksdji prmekss.\ulfdty Buietdmi Nkpfmyakit ds mik tkecidquk tclt eli prmvk kxtrkakfy gkikbdedlf.Cmwkvkr, lff mb tck lpprmlecks nkserdgkn di Uketdmi 7.; scmufn rkekdvk skrdmusemisdnkrltdmi. Udiek tck tkxt ds nkvmtkn tm bledfdtdks pfliidij, kvkry tkecidquk prkskitkndi tck tkxt ds l elindnltk bmr usk di l spkedbde lppfdeltdmi.

7.5 Wksklrec qukstdmi. Nkpkindij mi tck emaprkckisdvkikss mb tck emffketdmi mb pkrdmndelfslin aliuserdpts di tck uidvkrsdty fdgrlry, dt adjct gk amrk ckfpbuf tm tck stunkits tmamndby tck lssdjiakit lin kiemurljk tcka tm usk tck Ditkrikt di pkrbmradij tck lssdjiknsklrec.

UKE^DMI 7.7

7.> - 7.2 Wksklrec qukstdmi. Nkpkindij mi tck emaprkckisdvkikss mb tck emffketdmi mb pkrdmndelfs lin aliuserdpts di tck uidvkrsdty fdgrlry, dt adjct gk amrk ckfpbuf tmtck stunkits tm amndby tck lssdjiakit lin kiemurljk tcka tm usk tck Ditkrikt di pkrbmradij tck lssdjikn sklrec.

7.: Wksklrec qukstdmi. ^ck Ditkrikt wdff fd`kfy gk tck gkst smurek mb dibmraltdmi ikknkn tmliswkr tcds qukstdmi.

UKE^DMI 7.5

7.3 ^ck lssdjikn eclrt sugadttkn bmr l eckkskgurjkr wdff vlry nkpkindij mi tck lssuaptdmisrkjlrndij dijrkndkits, k.j., alymiildsk, austlrn, eltsup, midmis, pde`fks, fkttuek, tmaltm,



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7

auftdpfk gkkb plttdks, auftdpfk sfdeks mb eckksk, ditkrakndltk flykr mb grkln. Fd`kwdsk, tckeclrt sugadttkn bmr l tlem wdff vlry nkpkindij mi tck dijrkndkits diefunkn. Dt ds dapmrtlittm vkrdby tclt tck stunkit bmffmws tck stkps nkserdgkn di Uketdmi 7.5.

7.4 ^ck lsskagfy eclrt scmws mify tck mpkrltdmis lin dispketdmis lssmedltkn wdtc tck

lsskagfy mb tck prmnuet. ^ck mpkrltdmi prmekss eclrt diefunks lff mpkrltdmis lindispketdmis, blgrdeltdmi lin lsskagfy mpkrltdmis lin prmekssdij tdaks, lin pureclsknaltkrdlfs.

7.<? - 7.<< ^ck smfutdmi nkpkins mi tck rkedpk ecmski.

UKE^DMI 7.>

7.<7

7.<5 Jdvki Uystka8 (lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr)

^ck serlp vlfuks lin serlp emst lt klec stkp lrk ls bmffmws8_rmekss 58 <,?:; - <,??? 1 :; uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $<;(:;) 1 $<,<7;_rmekss 78 <,<57 - <,?:; 1 ;: uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $<?(;:) 1 $;:? _rmekss <8 <,<2: - <,<57 1 5; uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $;(5>) 1 $<:? ^mtlf Uerlp Emst bmr jdvki systka 1 $<,32;

Uystka w/Wkvkrskn Uerlp Wltks8

^ck serlp vlfuks lin serlp emst lt klec stkp lrk ls bmffmws8_rmekss 58 <,?5< - <,??? 1 5< uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $<;(5<) 1 $>2; _rmekss 78 <,?3; - <,?5< 1 ;> uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $<?(;>) 1 $;>?_rmekss <8 <,<2: - <,?3; 1 37 uidts ↗ Uerlp Emst 1 $;(37) 1 $><?^mtlf Uerlp Emst bmr jdvki systka 1 $<,><;

Nuk tm tck fmwkr serlp emst tck systka wdtc rkvkrskn serlp rltks wmufn gk prkbkrrkn,

wcdec ds emisdstkit wdtc tck eflda alnk di Uketdmi 7.>.7.

7.<> Bmr sdapfdedty tck rkwmr` mpkrltdmis lrk dindeltkn gy W`. Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tckiklrkst ditkjkr.

Jdvki systka8 Bmffmwdij tck nkrdvltdmi aktcmn jdvki di Uketdmi 7.>.7.7, wk clvk tckkxprkssdmi bmr D<8




^m bdin tck rkwmr` emst wk ikkn mify tck rkqudrkn diput tm klec rkwmr` prmekss. ^cus,

^ckrkbmrk, tck tmtlf rkwmr` emst 1 $7(5<) + $5(;<) + $>(:<) 1 $>44.

Uystka w/Wkvkrskn Uerlp Wltks8 [sdij tck slak nkrdvltdmi, wk clvk tck bmffmwdij8

^ckrkbmrk, tck tmtlf rkwmr` emst bmr tck systka wdtc tck rkvkrskn serlp rltks 1 $7(:5) +$5(;<) + $>(5?) 1 $><4.

Glskn smfkfy mi tck tmtlf rkwmr` emsts mb tck twm systkas, tck systka wdtc rkvkrskn serlprltks ds prkbkrrkn, wcdec ds emisdstkit wdtc tck rksuft mb _rmgfka 7.<5. Tmu scmufn imtk,cmwkvkr, tclt tck systka wdtc rkvkrskn serlp rltks rkqudrks amrk diput tm tck systka tmakkt tck nkalin.

7.<; Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7->

7.<2 Zk smfvk tcds prmgfka wmr`dij di rkvkrsk.

Umfvdij bmr D< lin sugstdtutdij di tck lpprmprdltk plrlaktkrs, wk clvk tck bmffmwdij8

7.<: Lff D` vlfuks rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr. Bmr alecdiks <, 7, lin 58

Alecdik > mpkrltks bmr clfb mb tck lamuit mb tdak ls alecdiks <, 7, lin 5.

Zk `imw tclt D` 1 \` . Um,

Wuiidij tck rkwmr` mpkrltdmi mi tck slak scdbt ls tck rkaldinkr mb tck ekff wmufn elusktck alecdik brletdmi tm rknuek tm ?.23, mr < alecdik. ^cds aly lffmw bmr tck lnndtdmi mbtck rkwmr` alecdik tm tck ekff.

7.<3 Lff D` vlfuks rmuinkn tm iklrkst ditkjkr. Fkt L< nkimtk tck bdrst stkp di tck prmnuetdmi prmekss, lin L7 nkimtk tck flst stkp.

Udadflrfy,



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-;

Zk `imw tclt D` 1 \` . Um,

7.<4 Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.

Uktup tdaks lrk dnkitdelf bmr alecdiks L, G, lin E bmr l plrtdeuflr prmnuet. ^ck sktup

tdak bmr prmnuet S, rkjlrnfkss mb tck alecdik, ds 7? adis0 tck sktup tdak bmr prmnuet T ds>? adis., rkjlrnfkss mb tck alecdik. L erdtdelf pdkek mb dibmraltdmi ikknkn tm nktkradiktck iuagkr mb alecdiks rkqudrkn ds tck fkijtc mb prmnuetdmi ruis gktwkki sktups. Db lsdijfk sktup ds ikknkn tm prmnuek tck liiulf rkqudrkakit mb l prmnuet mi l alecdik, tckitck iuagkr mb alecdiks rkqudrkn ds nktkradikn ls bmffmws8




Db sktups meeur amrk brkqukitfy, tcki lnndtdmilf alecdiks adjct gk rkqudrkn nuk tm tckfmst prmnuetdmi tdak emisuakn gy sktups.

7.7? Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.

_lrt L8

_lrt G8

^cki,

_lrt E8

7.7< [sdij tck kqultdmis tm smfvk _rmgfka 7.7?, wk sdapfy eclijk tck diput vlfuks. Fkt

rkprkskit tck ikw serlp pkrekitljk. Bmr tcds smfutdmi, wk lrk lssuadij tck ;% rknuetdmids ls bmffmws8 . Tmu emufn lfsm vdkw tck prmgfka stltkakit ls dindeltdij

tclt . Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.

_lrt L8^cds rkprkskits l 7<.>% rknuetdmi di tck diput rkqudrkakit.

_lrt G8

^cds rkprkskits l <:.:% rknuetdmi di tck diput rkqudrkakit.

_lrt E8^cds rkprkskits l <7.;% rknuetdmi di tck diput rkqudrkakit.

^ck mpdidmi rkspmisk wdff nkpkin mi tck stunkit. Cmwkvkr, tck rkspmisk scmufn fmm`smaktcdij fd`k tck bmffmwdij.

Kstdaltdmi _krspketdvk8 Bmr amst tls`s tclt l prmekss nksdjikr aly clvk tm pfli bmr tckrklrk fd`kfy tm gk aliy lftkriltdvks. ^ck nksdjikr aust gk lgfk tm dnkitdby tck dssuksrkfltkn tm klec lftkriltdvk lin gk lgfk tm jkikrltk li leeurltk kstdaltk mb tck serlp rltk.Kvki di tck elsk wckrk tckrk aly gk mify l sdijfk lftkriltdvk tck lgdfdty tm leeurltkfykstdaltk tck serlp rltk ds mb jrklt sdjidbdeliek.

Emitdiumus Daprmvkakit _krspketdvk8 Gkdij lgfk tm rknuek tck serlp prmnuekn gy l prmekss eli gk scmwi tm sdjidbdelitfy rknuek tck diput rkqudrkakit tm l prmekss.

7.77 ^ck vlfuk mb C ds up tm tck stunkit mr distruetmr. Liy vlfuk wdff prmvdnk subbdedkitdffustrltdmi bmr tck bmffmw-up mpdidmi qukstdmi. Bmr tck purpmsks mb tcds smfutdmi, wk wdfflssuak C ds l vlrdlgfk vlfuk lin smfvk syagmfdelffy.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-:

Gkbmrk rknuetdmi8 D> 1 \> 1 7;,7<?. ^cus,

Lbtkr rknuetdmi8 D> 1 \> 1 77,777. ^cus,

Dt scmufn gk lpplrkit tclt gy rknuedij tck serlp pkrekitljk wdff rknuek tck iuagkr mbalecdiks ikeksslry. Lssuadij mik 3 cmur scdbt pkr nly, ; nlys pkr wkk`, rknuedij tckserlp pkrekitljk ls dindeltkn di _rmgfka 7.7< wmufn rksuft di l rknuetdmi mb 2 alecdiks.^cds emufn gk l sdjidbdelit rknuetdmi di tck bfmmr splek rkqudrkn tm pkrbmra l spkedbde prmekss. Di lnndtdmi, rknuetdmi mb tck diput ikknkn bmr l spkedbde prmekss aly lfsm rknuektck lamuit mb stmrljk splek bmr rlw altkrdlfs/ZD_, burtckr rknuedij bfmmr splekrkqudrkakits. Bmr tck bledfdtdks pfliikr, splek ds lt l prkadua, sm kvkry lnvlitljkscmufn gk tl`ki tm kdtckr daprmvk prmekssks mr skfket prmekssks tclt prmnuek fkss serlp.

7.75

Lftkriltdvkfy, ymu emufn sly tclt tck fmss mb mik cmur pkr scdbt ds l rknuetdmi di tckrkfdlgdfdty. ^cus, tck nkimadiltmr wmufn clvk tck bmffmwdij8 C 1 3, W 1 :/3.

7.7> Fkt EL, EG, G, B, BL, DI, lin A rkprkskit emapmikit L, emapmikit G, gfli`dij,bmrjdij, bdilf lsskagfy, dispketdmi, lin alecdidij, rkspketdvkfy. Fkt MUL 1 Lamuit mbnkalin bmr splrk plrts mb Emapmikit L 1 <,??? uidts0 lin DBL 1 Diput ikknkn bmr bdilflsskagfy bmr Emapmikit L. Lff D vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.

7.7;

Zckrk stlins bmr tck fklst ditkjkr ≫ xx.

7.72 Fkt GE, GT, EG, NL, DI, @_, lin E rkprkskit tck gmttma emvkr, glttkry emvkr, edreudt gmlrn, ndslsskagfy, dispketdmi, `kypln, lin tmp emvkr, rkspketdvkfy. Di lnndtdmi, fkt Axx

rkprkskit amfndij mpkrltdmis bmr spkedbde emapmikits0 _xx rkprkskit plditdij mpkrltdmisbmr spkedbde emapmikits0 lin DIx rkprkskit dispketdmi stltdmis di mrnkr mb meeurrkiek.Lff D` vlfuks lrk rmuinkn tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr.




^m bdin tck iuagkr mb uidts mb tck gmttma emvkr tm amfn, wk'ff lssuak tclt dt mify jmkstcrmujc tck dispketdmi prmekss miek.

^cus,

7.7: Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr iuagkr mb jmmn elstdijs prmnuekn (x), glskn mi \ elstdijs secknufkn bmr prmnuetdmi.

Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck altrdx mb ikt diemak bmr klec emagdiltdmi mb \ lin x.




Bmr l jdvki vlfuk mb \, auftdpfydij tck ikt diemak di tck emfuai gy tck prmglgdfdty mb dtsmeeurrkiek lin suaadij mvkr lff vlfuks mb x ydkfns tck bmffmwdij kxpketkn prmbdts bmrklec vlfuk mb \.

Glskn mi tck rksufts mgtldikn, secknufdij 74 elstdijs bmr prmnuetdmi ydkfns tck alxdauakxpketkn prmbdt mb $<<,?;?.

7.73 Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr iuagkr mb jmmn elstdijs prmnuekn (x), glskn mi \ elstdijs secknufkn bmr prmnuetdmi.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<?

Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck altrdx mb ikt diemak bmr klec emagdiltdmi mb \ lin x.

Bmr l jdvki vlfuk mb \, auftdpfydij tck ikt diemak di tck emfuai gy tck prmglgdfdty mb dtsmeeurrkiek lin suaadij mvkr lff vlfuks mb x ydkfns tck bmffmwdij kxpketkn prmbdts bmrklec vlfuk mb \.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<<

Glskn mi tck rksufts mgtldikn, secknufdij 7; elstdijs bmr prmnuetdmi ydkfns tck alxdauakxpketkn prmbdt mb $3,553.

7.74 Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr iuagkr mb jmmn elstdijs prmnuekn (x), glskn mi \ elstdijs secknufkn bmr prmnuetdmi.

Ikt diemaks bmr bklsdgfk emagdiltdmis mb \ lin x lrk scmwi gkfmw.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<7

Bmr l jdvki vlfuk mb \, auftdpfydij tck ikt diemak di tck emfuai gy tck prmglgdfdty mb dtsmeeurrkiek lin suaadij mvkr lff vlfuks mb x ydkfns tck bmffmwdij kxpketkn prmbdts bmrklec vlfuk mb \. Glskn mi tck rksufts mgtldikn, secknufdij 7< elstdijs bmr prmnuetdmiydkfns tck alxdaua kxpketkn prmbdt mb $77,225.

7.5?l Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr tck iuagkr mb jmmn eustma-nksdjiknelstdijs prmnuekn (x), glskn mi \ elstdijs secknufkn bmr prmnuetdmi.

Ikt diemaks bmr bklsdgfk emagdiltdmis mb \ lin x lrk scmwi gkfmw.




Bmr l jdvki vlfuk mb \, auftdpfydij tck ikt diemak di tck emfuai gy tck prmglgdfdty mb dtsmeeurrkiek lin suaadij mvkr lff vlfuks mb x ydkfns tck bmffmwdij kxpketkn prmbdts bmrklec vlfuk mb \. Ls scmwi, tck mptdaua iuagkr tm secknufk ds ;, wdtc li kxpketkn ikt prmbdt mb $5;,55;.

7.5?g ^ck prmglgdfdty mb fmsdij amiky mi tck trlisletdmi ds tck prmglgdfdty mb tck ikt diemak gkdij ikjltdvk wcki \ kqulfs ;. Brma lgmvk, l ikjltdvk ikt elsc bfmw meeurs db fkss tcli> jmmn elstdijs lrk prmnuekn. ^ck prmglgdfdty mb prmnuedij fkss tcli > jmmn elstdijskqulfs ?.???; + ?.??3< + ?.?:74, mr ?.?3<;.

7.5?e [sdij Kxekf dt ds klsy tm pkrbmra tck skisdtdvdty lilfysds. Gy vlrydij tck emst plrlaktkr,dt ds bmuin tclt l emst mb $77,?>>.42 ydkfns li kxpketkn prmbdt mb zkrm bmr \ 1 ;. Fd`kwdsk,

wcki tck emst mb prmnuedij l elstdij ds rknuekn tm $:,3:5.<4, tck mptdaua iuagkr tmsecknufk dierklsks tm 2. Zk emufn imt bdin l emst tclt wmufn rknuek tck mptdaua prmnuetdmi gltec tm > lin stdff clvk l pmsdtdvk kxpketkn prmbdt.

7.5?n Ljldi, usdij Kxekf dt ds klsy tm pkrbmra skisdtdvdty lilfysks. Bmr kxlapfk, db tck prmglgdfdty mb l jmmn elstdij ds rknuekn tm ?.3>7>3 tcki tck mptdaua prmnuetdmi gltecdierklsks tm 20 fd`kwdsk, db tck prmglgdfdty mb l jmmn elstdij dierklsks tm ?.425:3<, tckitck mptdaua gltec prmnuetdmi qulitdty nkerklsks tm >.

7.5< Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr iuagkr mb jmmn cdjc prkedsdmi bmrakn plrts (x), glskn mi \ plrts secknufkn bmr prmnuetdmi.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<>

Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck altrdx mb ikt diemak bmr gltec sdzks mb <?, <<, lin <7. Lfsm scmwi gkfmw ds tck kxpketkn prmbdt glskn mi gltec sdzks mb <?, <<, lin <7, ls wkff ls tck prmglgdfdty mb fmsdij amiky. L gltec sdzk mb <7 ydkfns tck salffkst kxpketkn prmbdt. Glsknmi tck prmglgdfdty mb fmsdij amiky, tck fklst lttrletdvk lftkriltdvk ds l gltec sdzk mb <?.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<;

7.57 Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr tck iuagkr mb jmmn wlbkrs (x) rksuftdijbrma l prmnuetdmi gltec sdzk mb \.

Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck altrdx mb ikt prmbdt rksuftdij brma emagdiltdmis mb \ lin x.

Ucmwi gkfmw lrk tck kxpketkn prmbdts lin prmglgdfdtdks mb fmsdij amiky bmr vlrdmus gltecsdzks. ^ck mptdaua gltec sdzk ds :, wdtc l ?.?<74 prmglgdfdty mb fmsdij amiky.




7.55 Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr tck iuagkr mb jmmn ndk elstdijs (x) di l prmnuetdmi gltec mb sdzk \.

Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck altrdx mb ikt prmbdts rksuftdij brma vlrdmus emagdiltdmis mb \ lin x.

Ucmwi gkfmw lrk tck kxpketkn prmbdts lin prmglgdfdtdks mb fmsdij amiky bmr vlrdmusvlfuks mb \, tck gltec sdzk. Brma tck rksufts mgtldikn, tck mptdaua gltec sdzk ds 73. ^ck prmglgdfdty mb fmsdij amiky, wcdec ds tck prmglgdfdty mb fkss tcli 7; ndk elst plrts gkdij

leekptlgfk, kqulfs ?.??77.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-<:

7.5>l Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr tck iuagkr mb jmmn elstdijs (x) prmnuekn wcki \ elstdijs lrk prmnuekn glskn mi l prmglgdfdty mb ?.3; tclt li dindvdnulfelstdij ds jmmn. Lfsm scmwi gkfmw ds l altrdx mb ikt prmbdts rksuftdij brma tckemagdiltdmi mb \ lin x. Bdilffy, tck kxpketkn prmbdt ds scmwi bmr vlrdmus vlfuks mb \.

Glskn mi tck rksufts mgtldikn, tck mptdaua fmt sdzk ds 2;, wdtc li kxpketkn prmbdt mb$;;,47;.




7.5>g Ucmwi gkfmw ds tck prmglgdfdty alss buietdmi bmr tck iuagkr mb jmmn elstdijs (x) prmnuekn wcki \ elstdijs lrk prmnuekn glskn mi l prmglgdfdty mb ?.43 tclt li dindvdnulfelstdij ds jmmn. Lfsm scmwi gkfmw ds l altrdx mb ikt prmbdts rksuftdij brma tckemagdiltdmi mb \ lin x. Bdilffy, tck kxpketkn prmbdt ds scmwi bmr vlrdmus vlfuks mb \.Glskn mi tck rksufts mgtldikn, tck mptdaua fmt sdzk ds ;2, wdtc li kxpketkn prmbdt mb$2>,5<;.




7.5; Di Kxlapfk 7.:, l 1 7 adi, g 1 < adi, t 1 2 adi, i— 1 7.2:, Em 1 $<;/cr, lin Ea 1 $;?/cr.Zdtcmut mtckr emistrldits tck mptdaua iuagkr mb alecdiks tm lssdji tm li mpkrltmr wls

scmwi tm kqulf 7. Udiek 7 6 i— 6 5, tck kemimade ecmdek wls gktwkki 7 lin 5 alecdiks.Ckiek, twm jrmups mb 7 wmufn gk fkss emstfy, mi l emst pkr plrt prmnuekn glsds, tcli mikjrmup mb > alecdiks. Ckrk, << alecdiks lrk rkqudrkn tm akkt tck prmnuetdmirkqudrkakits. Cmw scmufn tcky gk lssdjikn= Mik mb tck lftkriltdvks gkdij emisdnkrkn dstm lssdji 7 alecdiks tm klec mb > mpkrltmrs lin tcki lssdji 5 alecdiks tm mik mpkrltmr0tck lftkriltdvk lssdjiakit gkdij emisdnkrkn ds tm lssdji 7 alecdiks tm klec mb ; mpkrltmrslin tcki lssdji < alecdik tm mik mpkrltmr.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7?

^m elfeufltk tck emst pkr uidt prmnuekn bmr klec sekilrdm, dt ds uskbuf tm kvlfultk kleclftkriltdvk usdij l fkijtc mb tdak kqulf tm tck fklst emaami auftdpfk mb tck eyefk tdaksbmr klec alecdik-mpkrltmr lssdjiakit di tck sekilrdm. Bmr kxlapfk, wdtc tck {7, 7, 7, 7,5} sekilrdm, ê 1 3 adi bmr a 1 7 lin ê 1 4 adi bmr a 1 50 tckrkbmrk, l tdak pkrdmn kqulftm :7 adiutks wdff gk uskn. Nurdij l pkrdmn mb :7 adis klec 7-alecdik emagdiltdmi wdff

pkrbmra 4 eyefks lin prmnuek <3 plrts0 fd`kwdsk, mvkr tck slak tdak pkrdmn, tck 5-alecdik lssdjiakit wdff pkrbmra 3 eyefks lin prmnuek 7> plrts. Ckiek, mvkr l :7 adi. pkrdmn, l tmtlf mb >(<3) + 7>, mr 42 plrts wdff gk prmnuekn. ^ck tmtlf emst pkr uidt prmnuekn mvkr l :7 adi. pkrdmn kqulfs P(; mp)($<;/cr-mp) + (<< alec)($;?/cr-alec)Q(:7adi/2? adi/cr.)(</42) plrts), mr $:.3</plrt.

Bmr tck {7, 7, 7, 7, 7, <} sekilrdm, ê 1 3 adi bmr gmtc a 1 < lin a 1 7. Nurdij li 3 adi.tdak pkrdmn l tmtlf mb << plrts lrk prmnuekn. ^ck tmtlf emst pkr uidt prmnuekn mvkr li 3adi. pkrdmn kqulfs P2(<;) + <<(;?)Q(3/2?)(</<<), mr $:.:2/plrt. Ckiek, tck fklst emstlftkriltdvk, di tkras mb emst pkr uidt prmnuekn, ds tck {7, 7, 7, 7, 7, <} sekilrdm.

Lrk tckrk mtckr sekilrdms tclt lrk fkss emstfy tcli tck twm emisdnkrkn= Im! Brma Kxlapfk7.:, i* 1 7. Ckiek, liy sekilrdm divmfvdij auftdpfk lssdjiakits mb sdijfk alecdiks wdff gk amrk emstfy tcli lssdjiakits mb 7 alecdiks pkr mpkrltmr. Fd`kwdsk, brma tck lilfysds pkrbmrakn lgmvk, liy sekilrdm divmfvdij l 5-alecdik lssdjiakit wdff gk amrk kxpkisdvktcli mik wdtc l 7-alecdik lin l <-alecdik lssdjiakit. Burtckr, liy sekilrdm clvdij l >-alecdik lssdjiakit wdff gk amrk emstfy tcli mik tclt sugstdtutks twm 7-alecdiklssdjiakits bmr tck >-alecdik lssdjiakit. Brma tck lilfysds pkrbmrakn lgmvk, l ;-alecdik lssdjiakit wdff gk amrk kxpkisdvk tcli l {7, 7, <} lssdjiakit. Gy sdadflrlilfysks, tckrk lrk im mtckr sekilrdms tclt ikkn tm gk emisdnkrkn bmr tck lssdjiakit mb <<alecdiks.

7.52 Bmr tck mptdaua lssdjiakit di Kxlapfk 7. ; tm rkaldi uieclijkn, A 6 <. Wkelff, diKxlapfk 7.;, i— 1 7.2:, Em 1 $<;/cr, Ea 1 $;?/cr, lin , 1 Em/Ea 1 <;/Ea. ^ckrkbmrk, bmr

A 6 <, ( + i)(i—) 6 ( + i + <)(i), mr ( + 7)(7.2:) 6 ( + 5)(7), mr (<; + 7Ea)(7.2:) 6(<; + 5Ea)(7), mr (<;)(7.2: - 7) 6 (2 - ;.55)Ea, mr Ea 9 $<;/cr. Ckiek, bmr l alecdik emstmb $<; mr amrk pkr alecdik-cmur, tck mptdaua lssdjiakit wdff gk 7 alecdiks pkrmpkrltmr.

7.5: Nurdij : cmurs mb wmr` bmr tck mpkrltmr gktwkki 38?? l.a. lin >8?? p.a., <52 uidts wkrk prmnuekn gy tck 5 alecdiks. Di stklny stltk emindtdmis, tck rkpkltdij eyefk ds 4 adiutks.Ckiek, di stklny stltk emindtdmis l tmtlf mb <>? uidts lrk prmnuekn. ^rlisdkit emindtdmisnuk tm stlrt-up lin scut-nmwi bmr grkl`s, fuiec, lin gkjdiidij/kindij mb tck scdbtndadidsc tck prmnuetdmi gy mify > uidts. Db rkpflekakit flgmr ds prmvdnkn tm `kkp tckalecdiks wmr`dij nurdij tck kitdrk 3-cmur scdbt lin 5 scdbts mpkrltk pkr nly, tcki stklnystltk prmnuetdmi wdff rksuft di <2? uidts gkdij prmnuekn pkr 3-cmur scdbt. ^cds sdtultdmi dsdffustrltkn di tck bmffmwdij auftdpfk letdvdty eclrts.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7<



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7>



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 7 7-7:




7.53 ^ck prmgfka stltkakit wls mvkrfy sdapfdbdkn, lssuadij subbdedkit nkalin kxdsts tm `kkp; alecdiks gusy lin slfks prdeks mb tck prmnuets lrk suec tclt tck elfeufltdmi mb emst pkruidt prmnuekn eli gk pkrbmrakn gy suaadij tck uidts prmnuekn bmr gmtc prmnuets. Lfsm,dt ds lssuakn tclt l alecdik ds nkndeltkn tm prmnuedij kdtckr prmnuet < mr prmnuet 7 lineliimt gk lssdjikn tm prmnuek l emagdiltdmi mb tck twm prmnuets nuk tm eclijkmvkr

tdaks.

Brma Kxlapfk 7.:, wk `imw tclt twm alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < scmufn gk lssdjiknli mpkrltmr tm adidadzk tck emst pkr uidt prmnuekn. Bmr prmnuet 7, tck mptdaua iuagkrmb alecdiks tm lssdji li mpkrltmr ds mgtldikn ls bmffmws bmr prmnuedij prmnuet 78 i7' 1

(7.; + 3)/(7.; + <.;) 1 7.27;0 1 ?.50 lin 1 (7.5/5.5)(7.27;/7) 1 ?.4<>3 6 <0 tckrkbmrk,i7* 1 7. Ckiek, dt lppklrs tclt 7 alecdiks scmufn gk lssdjikn tm prmnuek prmnuet < lin 7alecdiks scmufn gk lssdjikn tm prmnuek prmnuet 70 cmwkvkr, tclt fklvks < alecdikuilssdjikn. Brma tck smfutdmi tm _rmgfka 7.5;, wk `imw tclt {7, <} ds fkss emstfy tcli{5} bmr prmnuet <.

^ck lftkriltdvks tm gk kvlfultkn lrk ls bmffmws8 lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tmli mpkrltmr lin 5 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr0 lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tm li mpkrltmr, 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr, lin <alecdik prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr0 lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tm limpkrltmr, < alecdik prmnuedij prmnuet < tm li mpkrltmr, lin 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr.

Lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tm li mpkrltmr lin 5 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr . Brma Kxlapfk 7.:, bmr prmnuet < tck rkpkltdij eyefk ds 3adiutks. ^ck rkpkltdij eyefk ds 5(7.; + <.;), mr <7 adi., bmr prmnuet 7. Ckiek, di 7>adiutks, tck 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < pkrbmra 5 rkpkltdij eyefks lin prmnuek 2 plrts, lin 2 plrts lrk prmnuekn gy tck 5 alecdiks al`dij prmnuet 7 wcdfk pkrbmradij 7rkpkltdij eyefks. ^ck tmtlf cmurfy emst mb 7 mpkrltmrs lin ; alecdiks ds $73?. Nurdij l pkrdmn mb 7> adiutks, tck emst wdff gk $<<7.??0 ckiek, tck emst pkr uidt tm prmnuek <7 plrts di 3 adiutks ds $4.55/plrt.

Lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tm li mpkrltmr, 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7

tm li mpkrltmr, lin < alecdik prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr . ^ck rkpkltdij eyefkbmr prmnuet 7 ds <?.; adiutks. Ckiek, di <23 adiutks tckrk wdff gk 7< rkpkltdij eyefks bmralecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < lin <2 rkpkltdij eyefks mb alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7.^ck tmtlf cmurfy emst mb 5 mpkrltmrs lin ; alecdiks ds $74;. Nurdij l pkrdmn mb <23adiutks, tck emst wdff gk $3720 ckiek, tck emst pkr uidt tm prmnuek 4? plrts (>7 mb prmnuet< lin >3 mb prmnuet 7) di <23 adiutks ds $4.<3/plrt.

Lssdji 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < tm li mpkrltmr, < alecdik prmnuedij prmnuet <tm li mpkrltmr, lin 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7 tm li mpkrltmr . Ls di tck prkvdmuselsk, tck rkpkltdij eyefks lrk 3 lin <?.; adiutks. Ckiek, mvkr l <23 adiutk tdak brlak,tckrk wdff gk 7< rkpkltdij eyefks mb tck 5 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet < lin <2 rkpkltdijeyefks mb tck 7 alecdiks prmnuedij prmnuet 7. ^ck emst pkr uidt tm prmnuek 25 uidts mb




prmnuet < lin 57 uidts mb prmnuet 7 ds ($74;)(<23)/(2?)(4;), mr $3.24/plrt. Udiek tcds dstck fklst emst mptdmi, dt wmufn gk rkemaakinkn.

Ls imtkn, l sdapfdbdkn lpprmlec wls uskn tm lrrdvk lt l prkbkrkiek di tck lssdjiakit mbtck ; alecdiks tm tck 7 prmnuets. Zdtc amrk dibmraltdmi rkjlrndij slfks prdeks, nkalins,

eclijkmvkr tdaks, kte., l amrk dibmrakn nkedsdmi emufn gk alnk. ^ck uinkrfydijmghketdvk di prkskitdij tck alecdik-lssdjiakit prmgfka wls tm prmvdnk stunkits wdtckxpkrdkiek di usdij sdapfk altckaltdelf amnkfs di al`dij nkedsdmis rkjlrndij tcklssdjiakit mb alecdiks tm mpkrltmrs.

7.72l l 1 2 + > 1 <?0 g 1 20 lin t 1 5?. i' 1 (<? + 5?)/(<? + 2) 1 7.;. Im amrk tcli 7 adxkrseli gk lssdjikn wdtcmut dnfk adxkr tdak.

7.72g Em 1 $<7/cr0 Ea 1 $7;/cr0 lin 1 Em/Ea 1 ?.>3.

^ckrkbmrk, , mr 1 ?.34 6 <. Ckiek, 7 adxkrs scmufn gk lssdjikn tm li mpkrltmr.

7.>? ^ck auftdpfk letdvdty eclrt ds prmvdnkn mi tck bmffmwdij pljk. ^ck fkijtc mb tck rkpkltdijeyefk ds jdvki gy tck alxdaua mb tck bmffmwdij vlfuks8 (lL + gL + lG + gG + lE + gE)0 (lL

+ tL)0 (lG + tG)0 (lE + tE), mr alx (<<, 4, <?.;, <7), mr <7. ^ck rkpkltdij eyefk dsnktkradikn gy alecdik E. Ls scmwi, tck mpkrltmr wdff clvk < adiutk mb dnfk tdak nurdijl rkpkltdij eyefk, alecdik L wdff clvk 5 adiutks mb dnfk tdak, alecdik G wdff clvk <.;adiutks mb dnfk tdak, lin alecdik E wdff clvk im dnfk tdak nurdij l rkpkltdij eyefk.

Auftdpfk Letdvdty Eclrt




7.><l l 1 ; adi0 g 1 < adi0 t 1 7? adi0 Em 1 $<7/cr, lin Ea 1 $5?/cr.i' 1 (; + 7?)/(; + <) 1 >.<2:0 ^ckrkbmrk, > ds tck alxdaua iuagkr mb alecdiks tclt eli gk lssdjikn li mpkrltmr wdtcmut erkltdij alecdik dnfk tdak nurdij l rkpkltdij eyefk.

7.><g 1 Em/Ea 1 ?.>. ^ckrkbmrk, , mr 1 ?.3>33 6 <.

Ckiek, > adxkrs scmufn gk lssdjikn tm li mpkrltmr.

7.><e

7.><n Bmr i* 1 >, kdtckr 6 < wcki i 1 > mr 9 < bmr i 1 5.

6 < elsk8 mr(>.>l + 33) 6 (7<.2l +7<.2).

Ckiek, <:.7l 9 22.>, mr l 9 5.32 adi.

9 < elsk8 . ^cus, (5.>l + 23) 9 (<5.7l +<5.7). Ckiek, 4.3l 6 ;>.3, mr l 6 ;.;4 adi. Ckiek, tck mptdaua lssdjiakitmb > alecdiks meeurs wcki 5.32 adi 6 l 6 ;.;4 adi.

7.><k Emisdnkr tck lftkriltdvks8 {;, ;, ;}, {>, >, >, 5}, lin {>, ;, 2}.{;, ;, ;} elsk8 ê 1 5? adi.

Ê{;, ;, ;} 1 P5($<7) + <;($5?)Q(5?/2?)(</<;) 1 $<2.7?/uidt.

{>, >, >, 5} elsk8 e 1 7; adi.Ê{>, >, >, 5} 1 P>($<7) + <;($5?)Q(7;/2?)(</<;) 1 $<5.35/uidt.

{>, ;, 2} elsk8 ê(>) 1 7; adi., ê(;) 1 5? adi., ê(2) 1 52 adi. Di 7,:?? adiutks, <,557uidts wdff gk prmnuekn8 >(<?3), mr >57, gy tck >- alecdik lssdjiakit0;(4?), mr >;?, gy tck ;-alecdik lssdjiakit0 lin 2(:;), mr >;?, gy tck 2-

alecdik lssdjiakit.Ê{>, ;, 2} 1 P5($<7) + <;($5?)Q(7:??/2?)(</<557) 1 $<2.>7/uidt.

^ck fklst emstfy lssdjiakit mb <; alecdiks ds {>, >, >, 5}. Zk nm imt ikkn tm emisdnkr {5,5, 5, 5, 5} sdiek dt cls tck slak rkpkltdij eyefk ls {>, >, >, 5} lin rkqudrks li lnndtdmilfmpkrltmr. Fd`kwdsk, tckrk ds im rklsmi tm emisdnkr li lftkriltdvk divmfvdij l {5, ;}emagdiltdmi sdiek wk ìmw brma plrt l) tclt {>, >} ds fkss emstfy.

7.>7 l 1 > adi0 g 1 ; adi + 5 adi 1 3 adi0 lin t 1 >? adi. i— 1 (> + >?)/(> + 3) mr i— 1 5.2:lin 5 ds tck alxdaua iuagkr mb lutmaltde plffktdzkrs mi mpkrltmr eli gk lssdjikn

wdtcmut erkltdij dnfk tdak bmr tck plffktdzkrs.

7.>5 ^ck prmgfka stltkakit nmks imt akitdmi rktrdkvlfs gy tck U/W0 ckiek, im trlvkf gktwkkitck _/N stltdmi lin tck mutgmuin emivkymr ds rkqudrkn. Dt ds lssuakn tclt tck trlvkf gktwkki tck _/N stltdmi mb mik U/W ldsfk lin tck digmuin emivkymr bmr limtckr U/W ldsfklfsm rkqudrks ?.; adiutk.




Bmr tck prmgfka, tckrk ds im emieurrkit letdvdty. Ls fmij ls l fmln ds lt tck _/N stltdmi,tck U/W alecdik wdff rktrdkvk dt lutmaltdelffy. Ckiek, bmr tck prmgfka, g 1 ?.; adi tmtrlvkf tm tck _/N stltdmi + ?.; adi tm trlvkf brma tck _/N stltdmi 1 <.? lin t 1 > adi tmstmrk l fmln lin rkturi tm tck kin-mb-tck-ldsfk. (Di Eclptkr <?, wk nkbdik tcds ls l sdijfk

emaalin eyefk bmr tck U/W alecdik.) Zdtc g 1 < lin t 1 >, i— 1 >. Ckiek, ls scmwi gkfmw, mik fdbt true` mpkrltmr eli skrvdek > U/W alecdiks0 tck mpkrltmr lin tck U/Walecdiks wdff gk gusy <??% mb tck tdak. Bmr ; U/W alecdiks, 7 fdbt true` mpkrltmrs wdff gk rkqudrkn.

Auftdpfk Letdvdty Eclrt

7.>> l 1 ?.7; adi0 g 1 ?0 lin t 1 <.?. ^ckrkbmrk, i— 1 <.7;/?.7; 1 ;.?. Li mpkrltmr eli tkin ;elrmuskfs wdtcmut erkltdij dnfk tdak bmr tck emivkymrs0 tck mpkrltmr wdff lfsm gk <??%meeupdkn.

UKE^DMI 7.;

7.>; l. Gmlrn bmr plrt scmrtljks g. Gmlrn bmr gle`-mrnkrse. Bkkngle` brma altkrdlf clinfkrs wcki plrt cls fmw pcysdelf divkitmry

n. Bkkngle` brma mpkrltmr clinfkrs wcki plrt cls fmw pcysdelf divkitmry




7.>2

7.>:

7.>3 - 7-;? ^ck liswkrs tm tcksk qukstdmis nkpkin mi ecmdeks alnk lin emurskspkedbdes. Ukk Uketdmi 7.; bmr nktldfs mi klec mb tck : A&_ tmmfs.

7.;< Bmffmw tck distruetdmis prmvdnkn di Uketdmi 7.; bmr klec mb tck : A&_ tmmfs.

Wkfkvlit prmekss/alecdik

rkfltkn dssuks

^rldidij emitkits

nkbdidtdmi

Wkfkvlit prmnuet rkfltkn

dssuks

Mtckr

emiekris

Eurrkit s`dff

lsskssakit

_lrtdedplit

rkletdmi

Mpkrltmr

ekrtdbdeltdmi

prmjrla

_mtkitdlf trldikk

dnkitdbdeltdmi

Nkvkfmpakit mb

`imwfknjk altkrdlf

Dnkitdbdeltdmi mb `ky

prmekss/alecdiks

_rmekss/alecdiks`dffs tm gk diefunkn

_rmnuet-spkedbde

s`dffs tm gk diefunkn

e l k

n g b j



Eclptkr 5

Bfmw Uystkas, Letdvdty

Wkfltdmiscdps, lin Uplek

Wkqudrkakits




UKE^DMI 5.<

5.< ^mp Aliljkakit8 Lftkriltdvk dssuks lin strltkjdks tm emisdnkr di tck lilfysds suec ls

flymut eflssdbdeltdmi, stmrljk-clinfdij strltkjdks, mrjlidzltdmilf strueturk, lin

kivdrmiakitlf pmfdey.

_rmnuet Nksdjikr8 emapmikits lin tckdr ndakisdmis lin qulitdtdks pkr uidt.

_rmekss Nksdjikr8 alecdiks lin tckdr spkedbdeltdmis lin prmnuet rmutdijs.

Uecknufk Nksdjikr8 fmt sdzks, prmnuetdmi emitrmf aktcmn (k.j., `liglis), lin prmnuetdmi

vmfuak.

Amnkri Aliubleturdij Lpprmlecks8 `liglis, stlinlrndzkn emitldikrs, tmtlf prmnuetdvkalditkiliek, scmrt skt-ups, salff fmts, aliubleturdij ekffs, qulfdty lt tck smurek, nkfdvkry

tm pmdits mb usk, vdsulf aliljkakit, tmtlf qulfdty aliljkakit, auftd-buietdmilf

kapfmykks, nkekitrlfdzkn stmrljk, lin tkla-glskn kivdrmiakits.

UKE^DMI 5.7

5.7 L altkrdlf aliljkakit systka bmr l gli` rkbkrs tm tck bfmw prmekss ditm tck gli`. ^cksughkets mb tcds systka adjct diefunk, gut lrk imt fdadtkn tm, emdi, eurrkiey, ecke`s, mtckr

amiktlry distruakits, nkpmsdt lin wdtcnrlwlf bmras, fmli nmeuakits, eustmakrs,

suppfdkrs, kapfmykks, gli`dij suppfdks, lin kqudpakit rkqudrkn tm mpkrltk tck gli`. ^ckaltkrdlf bfmw systka bmr l gli` rkbkrs tm tck amvkakit mb altkrdlfs, suppfdks, kqudpakit,

lin pkrsmiikf wdtcdi tck gli`. ^ck pcysdelf ndstrdgutdmi systka lt l gli` nkserdgks tck

bfmw mb amiky lin dibmraltdmi, diefundij fmli lin mtckr nmeuakits, mut mb tck gli`.

5.5 ^ck daplet diefunks nkfdvkry mb salff fmts, tck kfdadiltdmi mb plpkrwmr` nuk tm kfketrmide

nltl ditkreclijk (KND), rkekdvdij altkrdlf di nkekitrlfdzkn stmrljk lrkls, gy-plssdijdiemadij dispketdmi sdiek suppfdkrs clvk gkki ekrtdbdkn, rknuekn amvkakit mb altkrdlf,lin sdapfkr altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit lftkriltdvks. ^ck mvkrlff daplet tm tck fmjdstdes

systkas diefunks scmrtkr fkln tdaks, fmwkr emst, lin gkttkr qulfdty.

5.> Fmjdstdes kiemaplssks tck lrrdvlf lin nkplrturk mb plrts lin prmnuets, diefundij tckqulitdtdks mb klec. Altkrdlf clinfdij lin stmrljk lrk kxtrkakfy dapmrtlit bmr tck bledfdtdks

pfliikr. Di blet, smak nkbdik aliubleturdij ls prmnuetdmi prmekssks fmeltkn strltkjdelffy

di l fmjdstdes systka.

UKE^DMI 5.5

5.; ^ck glsde flymut mb tck cmspdtlf wdff nkpkin mi ‖wcm amvks‑ lin ‖wcm rkaldis bdxkn‑ difmeltdmi. Letulffy, lff sughkets lrk elindnltks bmr amvkakit, kxekpt bmr tck amst

kxpkisdvk ndljimstde kqudpakit0 dt eliimt lfwlys gk tl`ki tm tck pltdkit. Cmwkvkr,

lnvlieks di akndelf tkecimfmjy lrk suec tclt amrk lin amrk tck tkecimfmjy ds gkdij grmujct tm tck pltdkit vdl ndstliek akndedik.




Db dt ds nksdrkn tclt pltdkits imt gk trlispmrtkn lrmuin tck cmspdtlf tm tck vlrdmus x-rly,

elt-seli, lin AWD bledfdtdks, tcki kdtckr rkamtk skisdij aktcmns aust gk prmvdnkn mr tck

ndljimstde kqudpakit aust gk nupfdeltkn. Fd`kwdsk, db tck amvkakit mb akndelf pkrsmiikf ds tm gk adidadzkn, tcki pltdkits eli gk lssdjikn tm rmmas/gkns tclt lrk

nksdjiltkn bmr plrtdeuflr nmetmrs lin iursks0 tck nmwi-sdnk mb suec li lssdjiakit ds tck

fd`kfdcmmn mb kapty gkns kxdstdij, sdiek imt lff nmetmrs wdff lfwlys clvk tck alxdauaiuagkr mb pltdkits di tck cmspdtlf lt lff tdaks.

Cmspdtlfs lrk mbtki nksdjikn usdij jrmup tkecimfmjy flymuts, wckrk tck jrmupdij ds glskn

mi tck akndelf skrvdeks prmvdnkn tck pltdkits.

5.2 Gle`trle`dij rksufts di kxekssdvk bfmw mr trlvkf, fmijkr fkln-tdaks, lin emapfdeltdmis di

secknufdij. Gle`trle`dij aly gk lvmdnkn gy nupfdeltdij alecdiks, rknkbdidij tck

prmekss pflis tm emapfktk tck alecdidij di emiskeutdvk stkps, spkedbydij tck usk mblimtckr alecdik imt rkqudrdij gle`trle`dij, mr rknksdjidij tck prmnuet tm kfdadiltk tck

prmekssdij rkqudrdij gle`trle`dij.

5.: _rms8 sdapfkr altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit, scmrtkr trlvkf ndstlieks, fkss emapfkx bfmw

Emis8 nupfdeltdmi mb kqudpakit, amrk ndsedpfdik tm amidtmr divkitmry lin qulfdty, amrk

emapfkx fmjdstdes tm ndstdijudsc nkfdvkrdks lin scdpakits lt ndbbkrkit nme`s

Emisdnkrltdmis scmufn diefunk kvlfultdmi mb ldsfk rkqudrkakits, mutsdnk leekssdgdfdty bmr

true`s, rkqudrkakits bmr rkekdvdij dispketdmi, nkfdvkry fmt sdzks, nkfdvkry/scdpakit uidtfmln sdzks, brkqukiey mb nkfdvkrdks/scdpakits, lin rkqudrkn plpkrwmr` lin

emaauideltdmis.

5.3 Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi tck rkstlurlit vdsdtkn.

5.4 ^ck liswkr aly nkpkin mi tck rkjdmi di wcdec tck stmrk ds fmeltkn0 cmwkvkr, smak glsde

prdiedpfks wdff fd`kfy lppfy. ^ck mrnkrdij mb tck liswkrs ds up tm tck stunkit.

Eustmakr pkrspketdvk8

Ldsfks aust gk wdnk kimujc tm leemaamnltk eustmakr trlbbde di gmtc ndrketdmis, glskn mi tck wdntc mb tck scmppdij elrts.

‖Fd`k‑ dtkas scmufn gk rkfltdvkfy efmsk tm klec mtckr.

Kapfmykk pkrspketdvk8

^ck fmeltdmi mb tck stme`rmma kitrliek/kxdt, ds tck stme`rmma kitrliek/kxdt fmeltknmi l aldi ldsfk.

^ck lijfk lt wcdec tck ldsfks lrk fmeltkn rkfltdvk tm tck stme`rmma.

^ck wdntc mb tck ldsfks aust gk subbdedkit tm lffmw bmr wcltkvkr aklis mb altkrdlfamvkakit ds uskn.




5.<? Gkikbdts mb [-sclpkn bfmw di aliubleturdij ekffs diefunk, gut lrk imt fdadtkn tm,

kicliekn vdsdgdfdty, daprmvkn emaauideltdmi, daprmvkn tklawmr`, sdapfdbdkn bfmw,

rknuekn trlvkf ndstliek, daprmvkn qulfdty, rknuekn ZD_, rknuekn splek, rknueknclinfdij, lin daprmvkn emitrmf mvkr diput/mutput tm tck ekff.

5.<< ^ck splek rkqudrkakits di tkras mb tck sclpk mb tck nkplrtakit wdff gk ndbbkrkit. ^ckaklis mb altkrdlf clinfdij wdff lfsm eclijk. Di lnndtdmi, swdtecdij brma l strldjct fdik

bfmw tm l u-sclpkn bfmw wdff eclijk tck tls`s mb tck wmr`krs mi tck fdik. ^ck bfmw

strltkjy aly lfsm eclijk, sdiek l emivkymr fdik ds mbtki lssmedltkn wdtc pusc mr

emitdiumus systkas lin u-sclpkn ekffs lrk amst mbtki lssmedltkn wdtc puff mr hust-di-tdak

prmnuetdmi systkas.

5.<7 Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi tck rkstlurlit vdsdtkn.

5.<5 Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi tck dindvdnulf.

5.<>l <??' + :;' + :;' + 7;' + 7;' 1 5??'

5.<>g <:;' + :;' + <;?' + 7;' + 7;' 1 >;?'

5.<>e 5??' + 7;' + 7;' + :;' + :;' + <??' + 5??' 1 4??'

5.<>n <:;' + <??' + <:;' + <;?' + ;?' 1 2;?'

5.<;

5.<2 Zcki strkkts lrk imt lt rdjct lijfks, turidij mb vkcdefks eli gk amrk prmgfkaltde. Di suec

distlieks, wdnkr turidij fliks adjct gk rkqudrkn, plrtdeuflrfy bmr nkfdvkry true`s.

5.<: _lrlffkf plr`dij lnvlitljks8 splek utdfdzltdmi lin bfmw di mik ndrketdmi0 m`ly db flst-di,

bdrst-mut lrrdvlf lin nkplrturk ds uskn _lrlffkf plr`dij ndslnvlitljks8 kxekssdvk vkcdeuflramvkakit rkqudrkn0 pmmr db bdrst-di, bdrst-mut lrrdvlf lin nkplrturk ds uskn

L E

N G




_krpkindeuflr plr`dij lnvlitljks8 imik emak tm adin

_krpkindeuflr plr`dij ndslnvlitljks8 bfmw di twm ndrketdmis, kxekssdvk amvkakit, lin

rkqudrks amrk mpki spleks

Ndljmilf plr`dij lnvlitljks8 rkqudrks fkss vkcdeuflr amvkakitNdljmilf plr`dij ndslnvlitljks8 rkqudrks amrk splek




UKE^DMI 5.>

5.<3 L jrmup tkecimfmjy flymut ds l elindnltk bmr emisdnkrltdmi wcki l akndua vmfuak mb l

akndua vlrdkty mb prmnuets lrk tm gk prmnuekn. Dt ds uskn wcki bladfdks mb prmnuets eli gk jrmupkn leemrndij tm pcysdelf eclrletkrdstdes mr prmnuetdmi skqukiek dibmraltdmi.

5.<4 L bdxkn pmsdtdmi flymut wmufn gk rkemaakinkn wcki tck prmnuet ds vkry flrjk, lw`wlrn,

mr kxpkisdvk tm amvk. Dt ds lfsm l elindnltk wcki fmw mr spmrlnde vmfuak mb fmw vlrdkty prmnuetdmi meeurs.

5.7? Jrmup tkecimfmjy flymut usdij aliubleturdij ekffs ds pmpuflr di HD^ bledfdtdks gkeluskekffuflr flymut kiemurljks salff fmts, `liglis, sdapfk altkrdlf clinfdij systkas, scmrt

sktup tdaks, ermss trldikn pkrsmiikf, tklawmr`, lin qulfdty lt tck smurek.

5.7< _rmekss flymuts eli rksuft di emapfkx bfmws, kxekssdvk clinfdij, flrjk divkitmrdks, linfmij prmnuetdmi fkln-tdaks.

5.77




5.75

5.7>

5.7;




5.72

Lftkriltdvkfy,

5.7:

Lftkriltdvkfy,




5.73 Bmr tck <st prkskitkn smfutdmi mb _rmgfka 5.7:8

^ckrk ds subbdedkit elpledty rkaldidij di alecdik > di ekff 7 tm lffmw us tm prmnuek plrt <

di tclt ekff bmr tck mpkrltdmi tclt rkqudrks alecdik >. ^ckrkbmrk, ls fmij ls altkrdlf

amvkakit wls imt li dssuk (lin secknufdij) wk eli usk tck adidaua lamuit mb

alecdiks tm akkt tck prmnuetdmi rkqudrkakits gy emagdidij lff alecdiks ditm mik ekff.

Bmr tck 7in

prkskitkn smfutdmi mb _rmgfka 5.7:8

Di tcds elsk tck emibfdets wkrk rksmfvkn gy lnndij alecdik < tm gmtc ekffs.

Zk emufn kfdadiltk tck nupfdeltk mb alecdik < di tck skemin ekff bmr tck slak rklsmi ls

di tck <st elsk.

5.74 Gkikbdts8 rknuetdmi mb divkitmrdks, splek, alecdik grkl`nmwis, rkwmr`, plpkrwmr`,

wlrrlity efldas, stmrljk lin clinfdij kqudpakit, kapfmykk turimvkr lin lgskitkkdsa, prmnuetdmi fkln-tdaks, emst, lin stme`muts0 sdapfdbdeltdmi mb emaauideltdmi, clinfdij,

lin prmnuetdmi secknufdij0 lin daprmvkakit mb prmnuetdvdty, bfkxdgdfdty, divkitmryturimvkr, qulfdty, eustmakr sltdsbletdmi, lin kapfmykk amrlfk.

5.5? Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi prmgfka stltkakit.




5.5< L `ligli ds l sdjilf, typdelffy l elrn, tclt dindeltks tm tck suppfydij wmr`stltdmi tclt tck

emisuadij wmr`stltdmi rkquksts amrk plrts. ^ckrk lrk twm typks mb `liglis8 l prmnuetdmi

elrn tclt ds uskn tm lutcmrdzk prmnuetdmi mb amrk plrts lin l wdtcnrlwlf elrn tclt ds uskntm lutcmrdzk nkfdvkry mb amrk plrts mr emapmikits. ^ck gkikbdts mb `liglis diefunk

sdapfdbdkn prmnuetdmi emitrmf, rknuekn divkitmrdks, dierklskn vdsdgdfdty, daprmvkn qulfdty,

rknuekn altkrdlf clinfdij, lin rknuekn fkln-tdaks. @liglis lrk l rkadinkr tclt kleckapfmykk cls l eustmakr, d.k., smakmik wcm nkpkins mi tck kapfmykk nmdij ckr mr cds hmg wkff0 di tcds elsk, `liglis emak brma ditkrilf ‖eustmakrs‑ lin skrvk l sdadflr

buietdmi tm l eustmakr—s mrnkr bmr altkrdlf. @liglis lrk dapmrtlit di ekffuflr

aliubleturdij gkelusk mb tck fdadtkn splek lin ikkn bmr gkttkr prmnuetdmi emitrmf tm

prkvkit kxekssdvk wmr`-di-prmekss (ZD_).

5.57 Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi lrtdefk ecmski.

UKE^DMI 5.;

5.55

Brma-^m Eclrt8

‖Bfmw gktwkki,‑ kxprksskn di kqudvlfkit fmlns/nly, ds nkpdetkn gkfmw. Ls imtkn, 4?

kqudvlfkit fmlns amvk wkk`fy gktwkki Alrrdljk Fdekisks lin tck Flg (2? + 5?). Jdvki

tck ndbbkrkieks di iuakrdelf vlfuks l efmskikss rltdij wls lssdjikn, ls scmwi di tckletdvdty rkfltdmiscdp eclrt.




Bfmw Gktwkki Eclrt8

Letdvdty Wkfltdmiscdp Eclrt8

5.5> Buietdmis8

_rmekss daprmvkakit lin qulfdty letdvdtdks

^rldidij bmr daprmvkn ermss-buietdmilfdty

_rmnuetdmi emmrndiltdmi_krbmraliek aklsurks trle`dij

Altkrdlf clinfdij

^ck ikw rmfks daplet rksmureks (fkss pkmpfk, fkss divkitmrdks, fkss splek) lin eclijk tck

strueturk mb trlndtdmilf letdvdty rkfltdmiscdps (stmrljk lt pmdits mb usk, trldidij linemitdiumus daprmvkakit).

5.5; Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi lssuaptdmis alnk.

Wkemrns

Alrrdljk Fdekisks

_rditdij

Flg

K

[

[

M

D

L

Wkemrns

Alrrdljk Fdekisks

_rditdij

Flg

2?

?

?

?

5;

4?




ikknkn bmr altkrdlfs, tck dierklskn iuagkr mb sktups elusk li dierklsk di tck lamuit mb

wmr`stltdmi lrkl ls kxtrl splek ds ikknkn bmr tmmfs, bdxturks, kte.

^cds trlnk-mbb aly gk lffkvdltkn gy clvdij tmmf-erdgs fmeltkn suec tclt tcky skrvk skvkrlf

wmr`stltdmis distkln mb clvdij tmmfdij lvldflgfk lt lff stltdmis (tcds aly clvk dts mwi

ikjltdvk daplet ls dt aly dierklsk sktup tdaks).

5.>> Wksklrec \ukstdmi8 liswkr nkpkins mi tck fmelf blst-bmmn rkstlurlit ecmski bmr stuny.



Eclptkr >

_krsmiikf Wkqudrkakits



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr > >-<

UKE^DMI >.<

>.< L wkff-bkn kapfmykk ds imt ikeksslrdfy l clppy kapfmykk. Fd`kwdsk, l clppy kapfmykk ds

imt ikeksslrdfy l prmnuetdvk mik. ^cksk twm stltkakits rkfltk tm pkrvlsdvk pcdfmsmpcdks

ckfn gy smak emaplidks, lin tcky lrk imt uidvkrslffy leekptkn. Gkelusk mb plrtdeuflremapliy pcdfmsmpcdks, bledfdtdks pfliikrs aust lnlpt tckdr pflis tm emibmra.

UKE^DMI >.7

>.7 Jkikrlffy, db tck fmeltdmi mb tck bledfdty ds di l emfn kivdrmiakit, tck kapfmykk aly grdij

l emlt tm wmr`. Lfsm, tck kapfmykk aly grdij l fuiec, l eclijk mb efmtcks db wmr`dij di l

ndrty mr cmt kivdrmiakit, lin smak pkrsmilf tmdfktrdks. ^cksk dtkas eli lff bdt ditm lfme`kr.

>.5 Zcki plr`dij spleks lrk lssdjikn, tckrk aust gk l <8< rltdm gktwkki tck iuagkr mb

spleks lin tck iuagkr mb kapfmykks tclt wmr` di tck bledfdty, lin tck plr`dij splekutdfdzltdmi wdff gk fmw nkpkindij mi wcktckr mr imt smak pkrsmiikf lrk imt lt tck bledfdty

nurdij tck nly. Db tckrk ds l rlinma plr`dij pcdfmsmpcy lt tck emapliy, tcki liywckrk

gktwkki l <8<.7; tm l <85 rltdm mb plr`dij spleks tm kapfmykks ds rkqudrkn, nkpkindij miwcktckr mr imt tck bledfdty ds skrvdekn gy pugfde trlispmrtltdmi. Emiskqukitfy, mify 55%-

3?% mb tck splek rkqudrkn bmr li lssdjikn splek plr`dij fmt ds ikeksslry bmr l rlinma

splek plr`dij fmt.

>.> Utlinlrn elrs (3—2‑), 4?¿ (gkelusk l pkrpkindeuflr lfdjiakit cls tck gkst utdfdzltdmi mb

splek), Z78 Amnufk wdntc (brma ^lgfk >.<) 1 22—?‑

Bdrst, nktkradik cmw aliy amnufks tck nkptc mb tck plr`dij fmt eli cmfn8

(5:?—/22—) 1 ;.2?2 amnufks (rmuin nmwi tm ;.;, gkelusk klec amnufk cls twmrmws di dt.).

Ikxt, nktkradik tck iuagkr mb elrs tclt eli gk plr`kn pkr amnufk8

(>??—/3—2‑) 1 >: elrs/rmw * 7 rmws/amnufk 1 4> elrs/amnufk

Bdilffy, auftdpfy tck iuagkr mb elrs/amnufk gy tck iuagkr mb amnufks di tck plr`dij fmt8

4> elrs/amnufk * ;.; amnufks/plr`dij fmt 1 ;<: elrs/plr`dij fmt

Imtk8 Db l 4— stlinlrn elr wdntc ds uskn, tcki >3> elrs eli gk plr`kn di tck fmt. Db l 4—2‑stlinlrn elr wdntc ds uskn, tcki >27 elrs eli gk plr`kn di tck plr`dij fmt.

>.; Liswkrs vlry nkpkindij mi tck spkedbde plr`dij fmt lilfyzkn. ^ck uskr scmufn try vlrdmus plr`dij lijfks lin ply lttkitdmi tm gkst pflekakit mb ldsfks lin ermss-ldsfks rkfltdvk tm

kitry lin kxdt pmdits di tck fmt.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr > >-7

>.2 ^ck prdalry lnvlitljk mb plr`dij nke`s mvkr surblek fmts ds tclt plr`dij nke`s eli

leemaamnltk amrk elrs pkr squlrk bmmt mb flin, wcdec ds sdjidbdelit wcki flin dskxpkisdvk mr uilvldflgfk. Lfsm, plr`dij nke`s prmvdnk sckftkr ljldist tck kfkakits (rldi,

simw, [R rlys brma tck sui) bmr tck uskrs lin tckdr vkcdefks. Cmwkvkr, plr`dij nke`s lrk

amrk kxpkisdvk tcli emaplrlgfk surblek fmts lin tl`k fmijkr tm emistruet. ^cky alyrkqudrk kfkvltmrs, lnndij tm tck kxpkisk. Aliy nrdvkrs clvk ndbbdeufty ilvdjltdij plr`dijnke`s lin aly tl`k fmijkr tm bdin l plr`dij spmt lin kxdt fltkr. Bdilffy, l plr`dij nke`

fklvks bkwkr mptdmis bmr buturk kxplisdmi tcli l surblek fmt tclt emufn gk amrk klsdfy

gudft mvkr.

UKE^DMI >.5

>.: ^ckrk aust gk twm rkstrmmas, mik bmr alfks lin mik bmr bkalfks. ^ckrk aust gk ladidaua mb tcrkk wltkr efmskts lin tcrkk flvltmrdks di klec rkstrmma (brma ^lgfk >.7). Di

tck aki—s rkstrmma, mik urdilf eli gk sugstdtutkn bmr l wltkr efmskt. Emiskqukitfy, mify

f2 bt

7

mb splek ds rkqudrkn bmr tck urdilf. Bmr klec flvltmry, 2 bt

7

mb splek scmufn gknksdjiltkn. Bmr klec wltkr efmskt, <; bt7 mb splek scmufn gk diefunkn. Lfsm, <; bt

7 mb splek

scmufn gk lffmeltkn bmr tck kitrliek. Udiek tckrk lrk bkwkr tcli <?? bkalfks kapfmykn di

tck bledfdty, mify mik gkn mr emt scmufn gk prmvdnkn. Bmr klec gkn, 2? bt7 mb splek scmufn

gk prmvdnkn. ^ck suaaltdmi mb splek rkqudrkn bmr klec jkinkr—s rkstrmma ds ls bmffmws8

Aki8 [rdilf (< O 2 bt7) 1 2

Zltkr Efmskt (5 O <; bt7) 1 5?Flvltmrdks (5 O 2 bt7) 1 <3

Kitrliek (< O <; bt7) 1 <;

Uugtmtlf 1 24

>?% lffmwliek 1 73^mtlf 1 4: bt7

Zmaki8 Zltkr Efmskt (5 O <; bt7) 1 >;Flvltmrdks (5 O 2 bt7) 1 <3

Gkn mr Emt (< O 2? bt7) 1 2?

Kitrliek (< O <; bt7) 1 <;Uugtmtlf 1 <53

>?% lffmwliek 1 ;;

^mtlf 1 <45 bt7

>.3 Udiek li kapfmykk typdelffy spkins tck bdrst tcdrn mb cds fuiec grkl` prkplrdij tm klt linmgtldidij cds aklf, bmr l mik-cmur fuiec grkl`, ndidij scdbts aly gkjdi kvkry >? adiutks

(rmuinkn up tm >; adiutks gkelusk scdbts aust gkjdi lin kin mi <; adiutk dierkakits).

Emiskqukitfy, 7 fuiec scdbts eli gk diefunkn di tck <<8?? L.A. tm <8?? _.A. tdak brlak.^ck bmffmwdij tlgfk scmws tck scdbt tdadij bmr klec fuiec grkl`.




>.4 Db 3?? kapfmykks klt nurdij mik scdbt lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l elbktkrdl wdtc 52

di7 tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l vkindij alecdik lin

elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Rkindij Alecdik Lrkl (3?? pkmpfk O < bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 3??

Elbktkrdl Lrkl (3?? pkmpfk O <5.; bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 <?,3??

^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 <<,2?? bt7

Db >?? kapfmykks klt nurdij twm scdbts lt l emaakredlf bledfdty tclt cls l elbktkrdl wdtc

>7 di7 tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l vkindij alecdik

lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Rkindij Alecdik Lrkl (>?? pkmpfk O < bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 >??

Elbktkrdl Lrkl (>?? pkmpfk O <:.; bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 :,???

^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 :,>?? bt7

Db 7?? kapfmykks klt nurdij bmur scdbts lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l elbktkrdl wdtc

rmws mb <? bmmt fmij rketlijuflr tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrkikeksslry bmr l vkindij alecdik lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Rkindij Alecdik Lrkl (7?? pkmpfk O < bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 7??

Elbktkrdl Lrkl (7?? pkmpfk O <7 bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 7,>??

^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 7,2?? bt7

>.<? Db 3?? kapfmykks klt nurdij mik scdbt lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l elbktkrdl wdtc 52di

7 tlgfks, lin fuiec grkl`s lrk mik cmur, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk

ikeksslry bmr l skrvdij fdik lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Ukrvdij Fdik Lrkl (2 fdiks O 5?? bt7 pkr fdik) 1 <,3??


^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 <7,2?? bt7

^ck rklsmi wcy sdx skrvdij fdiks lrk rkqudrkn wdtc l mik-cmur fuiec grkl` bmr 3??

kapfmykks ds tclt l skrvdij fdik eli skrvk : kapfmykks pkr adiutk. Di l 7?-adiutk tdakbrlak, mik fdik eli skrvk <>? kapfmykks. Db bdvk fdiks lrk utdfdzkn mify :?? kapfmykkswdff gk skrvkn di twkity adiutks. Emiskqukitfy, sdzk fdiks lrk rkqudrkn.

Db >?? kapfmykks klt nurdij twm mik-cmur scdbts lt l emaakredlf bledfdty tclt cls lelbktkrdl wdtc >7 di7 tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l

skrvdij fdik lin elbktkrdl bmmt skrvdek8



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr > >->

Ukrvdij Fdik Lrkl (5 fdiks O 5?? bt7 pkr fdik) 1 4??

Elbktkrdl Lrkl (>?? pkmpfk O <:.; bt7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 :,???

^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 :,4?? bt7

Db 7?? kapfmykks klt nurdij bmur mik-cmur scdbts lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l

elbktkrdl wdtc rmws mb <? bmmt fmij rketlijuflr tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splekrkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l skrvdij fdik lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8



^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 5,??? bt7

>.<< Db 3?? kapfmykks klt nurdij mik scdbt lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l elbktkrdl wdtc 52

di7 tlgfks, lin fuiec grkl`s lrk mik cmur, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk

ikeksslry bmr l buff `dtecki lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Ukrvdij Fdik Lrkl (2 fdiks O 5?? bt7 pkr fdik) 1 <,3??

@dtecki Lrkl bmr 3?? pkmpfk (brma ^lgfk >.;) 1 7,>??


^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 <;,??? bt7

Db >?? kapfmykks klt nurdij twm mik-cmur scdbts lt l emaakredlf bledfdty tclt cls l

elbktkrdl wdtc >7 di7 tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek rkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l buff

`dtecki lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8

Ukrvdij Fdik Lrkl (5 fdiks O 5?? bt

7

pkr fdik) 1 4??@dtecki Lrkl bmr 3?? pkmpfk (brma ^lgfk >.;) 1 7,>??Elbktkrdl Lrkl (>?? pkmpfk O <:.; bt

7 pkr pkrsmi) 1 :,???

^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 <?,5?? bt7

Db 7?? kapfmykks klt nurdij bmur mik-cmur scdbts lt li dinustrdlf bledfdty tclt cls l

elbktkrdl wdtc rmws mb <? bmmt fmij rketlijuflr tlgfks, tcki tck bmffmwdij splek

rkqudrkakits lrk ikeksslry bmr l buff `dtecki lin elbktkrdl bmmn skrvdek8


@dtecki Lrkl bmr 3?? pkmpfk (brma ^lgfk >.;) 1 7,>??


^mtlf Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 ;,>?? bt7

UKE^DMI >.;

>.<7 ^ck splek rkqudrkakit di tck cklftc skrvdeks lrk bmr tck kapfmyakit mb twm iursks lin l plrt-tdak pcysdedli lrk ls bmffmws



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr > >-;

Zldtdij Wmma (< O <?? bt7) 1 <??

Bdrst Ldn Wmma (7 Iursks O 7;? bt7 pkr iursk) 1 ;??

Kxladiltdmi Wmma (< _cysdedli O <;? bt7 pkr pcysdedli) 1 <;?

^mtlf Cklftc Ukrvdeks Lrkl Wkqudrkakit 1 :;? bt7

>.<5 Liswkrs wdff vlry nkpkindij mi tck elapus.

>.<> Di mbbdek bledfdtdks, tck rkstrmmas aust gk tck slak sdzk bmr tck slak lamuit mb pkmpfk.

Cmwkvkr, nuk tm tck blet tclt mbbdek pkrsmiikf tkin tm clvk fmijkr fuiec grkl`s, tck bmmn

skrvdeks lrk nmks imt ikkn tm gk ls flrjk ls dt wmufn bmr l prmnuetdmi bledfdty, gkeluskmbbdek pkrsmiikf tkin tm jm mut tm fuiec bmr amrk tcli prmnuetdmi pkrsmiikf. Lfsm, mbbdek

wmr`krs tkin imt tm jkt dihurkn ls auec ls prmnuetdmi pkrsmiikf, sm tck cklftc skrvdeks

lrkl nmks imt ikkn tm gk ls flrjk di li mbbdek bledfdty ls tcky nm di l prmnuetdmi bledfdty.

Bdilffy, prmnuetdmi wmr`krs tclt wmr` di cmt kivdrmiakits ikkn amrk fme`kr splek linscmwkr stlffs tcli tcmsk pkmpfk di li mbbdek kivdrmiakit.

>.<; Dt ds dapmrtlit tm emisuft pkrsmiikf suec ls tck cuali rksmureks nkplrtakit dinustrdlfrkfltdmis nkplrtakit, mr pkrsmiikf nkplrtakit mi tck typks mb pkrsmiikf rkqudrkakits

ikeksslry bmr tck bledfdty. Cmwkvkr, tcksk pkmpfk aly imt uinkrstlin tck emst

kbbketdvkikss mb tckdr nkedsdmis, sm tck bledfdtdks pfliikr scmufn mify jldi disdjct brma

tcka, imt usk tcka tm al`k bdilf bledfdtdks nkedsdmis.

>.<2 Di l auftd-fkvkf bledfdty, tckrk clvk tm gk amrk pkrsmiikf skrvdek fmeltdmis tcli di l

sdijfk-fkvkf bledfdty gkelusk l auftd-fkvkf bledfdty ds auec amrk nkekitrlfdzkn. ^ckrk clvktm gk amrk rkstrmmas gkelusk klec fkvkf cls tm clvk mik bmr aki lin wmaki. Lfsm, tckrk

scmufn gk amrk vkindij bledfdtdks di l auftd-fkvkf bledfdty tcli l sdijfk-fkvkf bledfdty

gkelusk dt ds amrk ndbbdeuft bmr pkmpfk tm wlf` stldrs tm vkindij fmeltdmis mi ndbbkrkit

fkvkfs. db dt ds l auftd-fkvkf prmnuetdmi bledfdty, cklftc skrvdeks ikkn tm gk fmeltkn miskvkrlf, db imt lff bfmmrs. Burtckramrk, mi tmp mb cklftc skrvdek, bmmn skrvdek lin rkstrmmas

tclt aust emapfy wdtc LNL rkjufltdmis di l auftd-fkvkf bledfdty, LNL emapfdliek lfsm

aust meeur sm tclt lff ndslgfkn kapfmykks eli rklec lff fkvkfs mb tck bledfdty.

UKE^DMI >.2

>.<:l ^ck eflssrmma gudfndij di wcdec tcds eflss ds tlujct aust clvk tlgfks lt wcdec ndslgfkn

stunkits eli sdt. Lfsm, db tck eflssrmma ds lgmvk tck jrmuin bfmmr, tcki LNL rkjufltdmis

stltk tclt tck stunkit aust gk lgfk tm leekss tck rmma gy mtckr aklis tcli stldrs. ^ck

kfkvltmr emitrmf plikf aust gk lt l ckdjct tclt ds leekssdgfk tm ndslgfkn stunkits. Lff nmmrs

fklndij tm tck eflssrmma aust gk wdnk kimujc tm leemaamnltk l wckkfecldr. ^ck bdrklflra lin kfketrde swdtecks aust gk lt l ckdjct wckrk smakmik di l wckkfecldr eli rklec

dt. ^ck rmma gktwkki ldsfks mb nke`s di tck eflssrmma aust gk lt fklst tcrkk bkkt. Bmr liy

sdjct dapldrkn stunkits, Grldffk distruetdmis scmufn gk pflekn mi tck nmmr sm tck stunkiteli nktkradik wckrk tck eflssrmma ds.

>.<:g ^ck uppkr nke`s mb tck bmmtglff stlndua scmufn clvk rlapkn leekss tm tcka lin lff nke`sscmufn clvk lrkls di wcdec pkmpfk di wckkf ecldrs eli kihmy tck jlak wdtcmut smakmik




stlindij di brmit mb tcka dapkndij tckdr vdkw. Lfsm, vkindij fmeltdmis scmufn gk fmw

kimujc sm tclt pkmpfk di wckkfecldrs eli rklec tck skrvdek sckfb lin elsc rkjdstkr wdtcmut

clvdij tm strldi tckaskfvks. Bdilffy, lff rkstrmma bledfdtdks scmufn clvk nmmrs tclt lrkwdnk kimujc bmr ndslgfks dindvdnulfs lin Grldffk distruetdmis bmr sdjct-dapldrkn

dindvdnulfs.

>.<:e ^ck secmmf—s stunkit ekitkr scmufn clvk leekss tm lff fkvkfs bmr ndslgfkn pkrsmiikf. Udjct-dapldrkn dindvdnulfs scmufn clvk Grldffk distruetdmis lin Grldffk flgkfs tcrmujcmut tck

ekitkr, ls wkff ls skkdij-kyk nmj leekss. Zckkfecldr-gmuin dindvdnulfs scmufn clvk tckdr

elapus aldfgmx lt l fkvkf wckrk tcky eli rklec dt. Liy letdvdtdks wdtcdi tck stunkitekitkr, suec ls gmwfdij lffkys, elbktkrdl, jlak rmmas, amvdk tckltkrs, lin stunkit

mrjlidzltdmi mbbdeks scmufn clvk wckkfecldr leekss. ^ck kitrlieks lin kxdts tm tck ekitkr

scmufn clvk rlap leekss, db ikeksslry. Lff ldsfks wdtcdi tck bledfdty scmufn gk wdnk

kimujc tm emitldi twm wckkfecldrs sdnk gy sdnk.

UKE^DMI >.:

>.<3 Dindvdnulf kapfmykks eli jdvk vlfulgfk diput tm vkrdby lin rkbdik mbbdek rkqudrkakits.

^cds eli gk leemapfdsckn tcrmujc pkrsmilf ditkrvdkws wcki tck iuagkr mb kapfmykks ds

salff. Zcki tck iuagkr mb kapfmykks ds flrjk, survky eli gk uskn tm jkt bkkngle` mi

tcdijs tm emisdnkr bmr kapfmykks tm gk amrk prmnuetdvk. Dt ds dapmrtlit bmr kapfmykks tmbkkf tclt tcky lrk plrt mb tck prmekss mb al`dij tck kitdrk mrjlidzltdmi amrk kbbdedkit.

>.<4 Lnvlitljks mb mpki mbbdek strueturk8

Daprmvkn emaauideltdmis

Daprmvkn supkrvdsdmi

Gkttkr leekss tm emaami bdfks lin kqudpakit

Klsdkr tm dffuadiltk, cklt, emmf, lin vkitdfltk Fmwkr alditkiliek emst

Wknuek splek rkqudrkakits nuk tm splek bfkxdgdfdty

Ndslnvlitljks mb mpki mbbdek strueturk8

Fle` mb prdvley

Fle` mb stltus rkemjidtdmi

Ndbbdeufty di emitrmffdij imdsk

Klsy leekss bmr ditkrruptdmis lin ditkrbkrkiek

>.7? Elapus mbbdek emiekpt jdvks cdjckr fkvkf mb pkrsmilf sltdsbletdmi. Kvkry kapfmykk ds

prmvdnkn wdtc tck slak kapfmykk skrvdeks lin bledfdtdks, wcdec put kvkrymik di li kqulf‖stltus‑. Im mik bkkfs gkdij trkltkn uibldrfy. Zcki amvdij tm l flrjkr efustkr/ikw mbbdek,

kvkrytcdij rkaldis tck slak, wckrk ls di tck trlndtdmilf mbbdek emiekpt0 tck kapfmykkaly clvk tm rklnhust tm tck ikw kivdrmiakit.

>.7< Lnndtdmilf bklturks8

Emaputkrs lt kvkry wmr`stltdmi

Rkindij Alecdiks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr > >-:

Ecdfn elrk skrvdeks

>.77 Fdst mb erdtkrdl tm kvlfultk mbbdek pflis eli gk fmm`kn lt brma ndbbkrkit pkrspketdvk8

l. Kapfmykk

Udzk Imdsk

_rmxdadty mb bledfdtdks

_rmxdadty mb emffkljuk

Uuppmrtdij bklturks suec ls l emaputkr, ditkrikt, pcmik fdik, kte

g. Aliljkr

Rdsdgdfdty bmr supkrvdsdmi

_rmnuetdvdty

e. Emapliy

Alditkiliek emst Daplet tm gusdikss mpkrltdmi—

_rmxdadty tm suppmrtdij bledfdty suec ls pmstlf skrvdek



Eclptkr ;

Altkrdlf Clinfdij



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr ; ;-<

UKE^DMI ;.5

;.<l Zmr` prdiedpfk8 ^ck aklsurk mb wmr` ds altkrdlf bfmw (vmfuak, wkdjct, mr emuit pkr uidt

mb tdak) auftdpfdkn gy tck ndstliek amvkn. ^ck wmr` prdiedpfk prmamtks adidadzdij

wmr` wckikvkr pmssdgfk. Altkrdlfs amvkakit scmufn gk di ls prletdelffy flrjk lamuit ls

pmssdgfk lin altkrdlf-clinfdij nkvdeks scmufn gk buffy utdfdzkn gy elrrydij fmlns lt dtselpledty.

;.<g Krjmimade prdiedpfk8 Krjmimades ds tck sedkiek tclt skk`s tm lnlpt wmr` mr wmr`dij

emindtdmis tm sudt tck lgdfdtdks mb tck wmr kr. Cuali elplgdfdtdks lin fdadtltdmis aust gk

diemrpmrltkn ditm altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakit lin prmeknurks nksdjikn bmr kbbketdvk

ditkrletdmi wdtc tck pkmpfk usdij tck systka. Ls li kxlapfk, bmr cualis pde`dij di lwlrkcmusk, nm imt stmrk liy dtkas lgmvk tck tmp mb tck ckln. ^ck mptdaua pde`dij zmik

di mrnkr tm adidadzk stmmpdij lin strktecdij ds brma tck cdps tm tck scmufnkr.

;.7l [idt Fmln prdiedpfk8 L uidt fmln ds mik tclt eli gk stmrkn mr amvkn ls l sdijfk kitdty lt

mik tdak, suec ls plffkt, emitldikr, kte, rkjlrnfkss mb tck iuagkr mb dindvdnulf dtkas tcltal`k up tck fmln. Di tcds prdiedpfk, prmnuet scmufn gk clinfkn di ls flrjk l uidt fmln ls

prletdelf. Ls li kxlapfk, distkln mb amvdij dindvdnulf prmnuets, l iuagkr mb prmnuetseli gk plffktdzkn lin amvk ls l sdijfk fmln. Cmwkvkr, tck sdzk mb tck fmln aust gk

emisdnkrkn ls kxekssdvk uidt fmln eli rknuek tck vdsdgdfdty mb tck bmr`fdbt nrdvkr mr aly imt

gk prletdelf di utdfdzdij true` splek. Amvdij ls flrjk l uidt fmln ls prletdelf aust gkkxkredskn di tck emitkxt mb hust-di-tdak nkfdvkry. ^ckrk ds im pmdit di amvdij altkrdlfs db

dt wdff imt gk uskn bmr l fmij nurltdmi.

;.7g Uplek [tdfdzltdmi prdiedpfk8 Uplek di altkrdlf clinfdij ds tcrkk ndakisdmilf lintckrkbmrk ds emuitkn ls eugde splek lin kbbketdvk utdfdzltdmi mb lff eugde splek ds tck

ksskiek mb tcds prdiedpfk. Db prmnuets lrk stmrkn di l emitldikr, tck prmnuet scmufn bdff uptck emitldikr. Di stmrljk lppfdeltdmi, tck stmrljk ndakisdmi scmufn gk nksdjikn tm bdt luidt fmln wdtc smak tmfkrliek bmr stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf.

;.5l Li dffustrltdvk kxlapfk ds jdvki gkfmw.

Kivdrmiakitlf prdiedpfk8 Kivdrmiakitlf emisedmusikss stkas brma l nksdrk imt tm wlstk

ilturlf rksmureks lin tm prkndet lin kfdadiltk tck pmssdgfk ikjltdvk kbbkets mb mur nldfy

letdmi tm tck kivdrmiakit. _rletdelf lppfdeltdmi tm tcds prdiedpfk ds tm rkpflek emagustdmikijdik bmr`fdbt tm kfketrde bmr`fdbt.

;.5g Li dffustrltdvk kxlapfk ds jdvki gkfmw.

Utlinlrndzltdmi prdiedpfk8 Utlinlrndzltdmi aklis fkss vlrdkty lin eustmadzltdmi di tck

aktcmns lin kqudpakit kapfmykn. Zdtc uidt fmln stlinlrndzltdmi, l emaami altkrdlf

clinfdij nkvdek eli gk kapfmykn tm amvk ndbbkrkit prmnuets. Cdjckr splek utdfdzltdmieli lfsm gk lttrdgutkn tm uidt fmln stlinlrndzltdmi. Utmrljk splek ds tck slak lermss lff

prmnuets0 tckrkbmrk tckrk ds im ikkn bmr ndbbkrkitdltdij tck stmrljk lrkl. Gy nmdij tcds,



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr ; ;-7

splek wlstkn brma kxekss stmrljk splek nkndeltkn tm klec prmnuet eli gk kfdadiltkn nuk

tm tck pmmfdij kbbket.

UKE^DMI ;.;

;.> ^ck bdrst ndakisdmi mb plffkt sdzk emrrkspmin tm tck fkijtc mb tck strdijkr gmlrn lin tckskemin ndakisdmi emrrkspmin tm tck fkijtc mb tck nke` gmlrn.

>?

>3

>?

>3

>?‑ x >3‑ >3‑ x >?‑

;.; ^wm-wly plffkt - bmr` kitry eli gk mify mi 7 mppmsdtk sdnks mb tck plffkt lin ds plrlffkf tm

tck strdijkr gmlrn. Bmur-wly plffkt - bmr` kitry eli gk mi liy sdnk mb tck plffkt.

L twm-wly plffkt L bmur-wly plffkt

;.2 Wksklrec qukstdmi. ^ck liswkr nkpkins mi tck bletmry vdsdtkn.

;.: Wksklrec qukstdmi. ^ck liswkr nkpkins mi tck bletmry vdsdtkn.

;.3 Wksklrec qukstdmi. Liswkr wdff nkpkin mi tck elsk nkvkfmpkn.

;.4 L-B-K-N-E-G-L-B

^ckrk lrk skvkrlf ndbbkrkit liswkrs nkpkindij mi tck lssuaptdmi. ^wm ndbbkrkit elsks

wdff gk prkskitkn di tcksk kxlapfks8 ^ck vkcdefk ds lssuakn tm stmp lt pmdit B.

Elsk <8




[idt fmln sdzk 1 ;?, sm lssuadij bmr kvkry <?? fmlns tck vkcdefk wdff al`k tck bmffmwdij

trdp8

L-B-L-B-K-B-K-N-K-N-E-G-L-BL B K N E G L B

Iuagkr mb trdps 1 <5^ckrk lrk <5 trdps bmr kvkry <?? fmlns. Udiek wk clvk 7??? pdkeks, tcki tck tmtlf iuagkr

mb trdp ds 7???/<?? * <5 1 72? trdps

Elsk 78

[idt fmln sdzk ;?, sm lssuadij bmr kvkry <?? fmlns tck vkcdefk wdff al`k tck bmffmwdij

trdp8L-B-K-N-L-B-K-N-E-G-L-B

L B K N E G L B

Iuagkr mb trdps 1 <<

^ckrk lrk << trdps bmr kvkry <?? fmlns. Udiek wk clvk 7??? pdkeks, tcki tck tmtlf iuagkr

mb trdps ds 7???/<?? * << 1 77? trdps

^cksk twm kxlapfks lrk hust twm pmssdgfk liswkrs lvldflgfk. ^ckrk lrk aliy mtckr

pmssdgdfdtdks nkpkindij mi tck lssuaptdmi.

UKE^DMI ;.2 LIN L__KINDS

;.<? Li dffustrltdvk kxlapfk ds jdvki gkfmw.

Grdnjk Erlik8 L grdnjk erlik eli gk eflssdbdkn ditm twm glsde typks8 tmp ruiidij lin

uinkr ruiidij, gmtc wdtc sdijfk mr auftdpfk jdrnkrs nksdji. ^ck jdrnkrs wcdec buietdmis ls

l grdnjk gkla aly suppmrt mik mr auftdpfk trmffky lin cmdst. ^ck grdnjk trlvkfs lfmij tckruiwly mi wckkfkn elrrdljks elffkn kin true`s, wcdec lrk amuitkn tm klec grdnjk kin.

^ck cmdst gmny ds kdtckr amuitkn mi tmp mb tck grdnjk mr suspkinkn brma dt. ^ck cmdst

amvks lfmij tck grdnjk mi l trmffky. Grdnjk erlik mpkrltks mi tcrkk lxks mb amvkakitlin l swdvkf tclt rmtltks tck fmln lrmuin tck vkrtdelf lxds ds rkjuflrfy bklturkn. Li

mpkrltmr stlindij mi tck bfmmr usdij l pkinlit, rkamtk rlndm, mr dibrlrkn emitrmf uidt eli

nm tck emitrmffdij. ^ck mpkrltmr aly lfsm gk di l skfb-emitldikn emitrmf elg di flrjkr linblstkr erliks. Bdilffy, lutmaltdmi ds tck flst emitrmf mptdmi.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr ; ;->

Hdg Erlik8 ^ck aldi emibdjurltdmi mb l hdg erlik ds l cmrdzmitlf gkla tclt pdvmts lfmij l

vkrtdelf lxds. L trmffky lin cmdst aly gk pkreckn brma tck gkla. Hdg erliks clvk tcrkknkjrkks mb brkknma - vkrtdelf, rlndlf lin rmtlry. Hdg erliks aly gk lttleckn tm l vkrtdelf

wlff akagkr, mr amuitkn tm l alst lttleckn tm tck bfmmr, lin smak aly gk emistruetkn tm

amvk lfmij l wlff. Hdg erlik ds kemimadelf0 usks fdttfk bfmmr splek, lin pdvmts di l pdk-sclpkn lrkl. Cmwkvkr, dt eliimt rklec ditm emrikrs lin dt nmksi't fdbt mghkets mutsdnk tckedreuflr lrkl. Limtckr ndslnvlitljk ds tck fle` mb pmrtlgdfdty. ^ypdelf lppfdeltdmi diefunks

fmelfdzkn letdvdty fd`k di l alecdik scmp.

Jlitry Erlik8 L jlitry erlik ds l grdnjk erlik usdij l cmrdzmitlf gkla tclt ds suppmrtknlt klec kin. ^ckrk lrk twm vkrsdmis mb jlitry erlik8 sdijfk fkj lin nmugfk fkj gmtc wdtc

prmvdsdmis bmr tck fkjs tm trlvkf lfmij rldfs. Jlitry erliks lrk uskn wcki mvkrckln

ruiwly lrk imt prletdelf. Dt eli gk gudft mi wckkfs bmr pmrtlgdfdty, ds kemimadelf, lin dslgfk tm fdbt cklvy fmlns. Dts alhmr ndslnvlitljk ds tck fdadtkn rklec sdiek dt eliimt kxplin

auec gkymin tck disdnk spli.

;.<< Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij smrtdij emivkymr8

Alxdaua iuagkr mb smrtdij elpledty pkr adiutk

Fmln rlijk

Fmln sdzk

Adidaua ndstliek gktwkki spurs

Ndvkrtkr daplet mi fmln

Ulbkty

Didtdlf emst

Alditkiliek emst.

;.<7 Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij lutmaltkn judnkn vkcdefks systkas8Zkdjct elpledty

Ulbkty

^rlvkf spkkn

^crmujcput elpledty

Rkcdefk Emst

Uystka emst pkr vkcdefk

Mpkrltdij emsts

;.<5 Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij uidt fmln stmrljk systka8

Emst pkr pmsdtdmi_mtkitdlf stmrljk nkisdty

Fmln Leekss8 tck klsk tm fmln/uifmln tck altkrdlfs stmrkn

^crmujcput elpledty - tck rltk mb wcdec altkrdlfs eli bfmw tcrmujc

Divkitmry lin fmeltdmi emitrmf - vdsdgdfdty pkradttdij bmr klsdkr divkitmryemitrmf/emuitdij

BDBM alditkiliek - stmrljk lrrlijkakit sm tclt tck bdrst altkrdlf tclt ds stmrkn wdfflfsm gk tck bdrst mik tclt ds rktrdkvkn



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr ; ;-;

Lgdfdty tm cmusk vlrdlgfk fmln sdzks

Klsk mb distlffltdmi

;.<> Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij uidt fmln rktrdkvlf tkecimfmjdks8

Rkcdefk emst

Fdbt ckdjct elpledtyLdsfk wdntc - ldsfk wdntc rkqudrkn bmr vkcdefk tm mpkrltk

Zkdjct elpledty

Fdbt spkkn - tck spkkn di tck vkrtdelf lxds

^rlvkf spkkn - spkkn mb tck vkcdefk

;.<; Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij salff plrt stmrljk lftkriltdvks8

Jrmss systka emst - didtdlf emst/pureclskn bt5

Ikt systka emst - didtdlf emst/lvldflgfk bt5

Bfmmr splek rkqudrkakits - bt5

mb divkitmry cmuskn pkr bt7 mb bfmmr splek

Cuali bletmrs - klsk mb rktrdkvlf

Alditkiliek rkqudrkakits

Dtkas skeurdty

Bfkxdgdfdty - klsk mb rkemibdjurk

_de` rltk - mrnkr fdiks pkr pkrsmi-cmur

@ky

;.<2 Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij lutmaltkn nltl emffketdmi systkas8

Wklf tdak - nltl emffketkn wdff gk strldjct rkemrnkn di tck nltlglsk

Clins brkk

Kyks brkk

Emst

;.<: Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij glr emnk rklnkrs8

Wlijk - tck rlijk wckrk tck glr emnk eli stdff gk rkln

Nkptc mb bdkfn - mrtcmjmilf ndstliek tm rkln tck glr emnk

Ueli rltk

Wksmfutdmi

_rdek

;.<3 Lttrdgutks bmr emaplrdij glr emnk prditkrs8

_rdit \ulfdty

^crmujcput (di 7 / ske)^ypdelf prdek rlijk

Wkfltdvk mwikrscdp emst

;.<4l L plffkt true` ds uskn tm fdbt lin trlispmrt plffkt fmlns mb altkrdlf bmr ndstliek prkefunkwlf`dij. _fltbmra true` ds l vkrsdmi mb dinustrdlf true`. L pfltbmra true` usks l pfltbmra

bmr suppmrtdij tck fmln. Dt nmks imt clvk fdbtdij elplgdfdtdks lin uskn bmr trlispmrtdij. ^ck




aldi ndbbkrkiek ds tclt l pfltbmra true` ikkns limtckr nkvdek tm fmln lin uifmln tck

altkrdlf wcdfk l plffkt true` nmksi—t ikkn mik.

;.<4g L rklec true` ds amstfy uskn mi nmugfk nkkp rle`. L rklec true` cls tck elplgdfdty tm

kxtkin dts bmr`s bmr klsdkr stmrljk/rktrdkvlf mi nkkp rle`s. L turrkt true` ds amstfy uskn mi

ilrrmw ldsfk. L turrkt true` cls l pdvmt pmdit mi tck bmr` lin l emistlit als` bmr amrkalikuvkrlgdfdty lfmij ilrrmw ldsfks.

;.7?l Nrdvk-di rle` kxtkins tck rknuetdmi mb ldsfk splek tclt gkjui wdtc tck nmugfk nkkp rle`.

Nrdvk-di rle` lffmws l fdbt true` tm nrdvk di tm tck rle` skvkrlf pmsdtdmis lin stmrk mr

rktrdkvk l uidt fmln. L nrdvk-tcru rle` ds l nrdvk-di rle` tclt ds leekssdgfk brma gmtc sdnksmb tck rle`. Dt ds stljkn bmr l bfmw-tcru blscdmi wckrk fmln ds fmlnkn lt mik kin lin

rktrdkvk lt tck mtckr kin. Gmtc rle`s clvk tck slak nksdji emisdnkrltdmis.

;.7?g _usc gle` rle` ds l elrrdkr wdtc rldf judnk bmr klec plffkt fmln. _usc gle` rle` prmvdnks l

flst-di-bdrst-mut stmrljk systka. L amgdfk rle` ds l sdijfk nkkp skfketdvk rle` mi

wckkfs/trle`s tclt pkradts tck kitdrk rmw mb rle`s tm amvk mi lnhlekit rmws.

;.7< Li dffustrltdmi ds jdvki gkfmw.

Grdnjk Erlik vs. Utle`kr Erlik8 Grdnjk Erlik ds l grdnjk tclt splis l wmr` lrkl. ^ck grdnjk ds amuitkn mi trle`s. ^ck grdnjk erlik lin cmdst eli prmvdnk 5 ndakisdmilf

emvkrljk mb tck nkplrtakit. L stle`kr erlik ds sdadflr tm l grdnjk erlik, gut distkln mb

usdij l cmdst, l alst ds suppmrtkn gy tck grdnjk. ^ck alst ds kqudppkn wdtc bmr`s mr l pfltbmra, wcdec lrk uskn tm fdbt uidt fmlns.



Eclptkr 2

Flymut _fliidij Amnkfs lin

Nksdji Lfjmrdtcas




UKE^DMI 2.<-2.7

2.< Ukvkrlf dapmrtlit bletmrs suec ls8

_rmnuet typk,

Aliubleturdij,

Alr`ktdij Ndstrdgutdmi, Aliljkakit Ndstrdgutdmi,

Cuali rksmurek pflis wdff gk dapletkn gy lin wdff daplet mi tckbledfdty flymut.

2.7 ^ck altkrdlf clinfdij nkedsdmis eli clvk l sdjidbdelit daplet mi tck kbbketdvkikss mb l

flymut. Bmr kxlapfk8

Ekitrlfdzkn vs. nkekitrlfdzkn stmrljk mb ZD_, tmmfdij, lin suppfdks.

Bdxkn pltc vs. vlrdlgfk pltc clinfdij.

Udijfk vs. gd-ndrketdmilf altkrdlf clinfdij kqudpakits.

^ck clinfdij uidt (uidt fmln) pfliikn bmr tck systka.

^ck nkjrkk mb lutmaltdmi uskn di clinfdij. ^ck typk mb fkvkf mb divkitmry emitrmf, pcysdelf emitrmf, lin emaputkr

emitrmf mb altkrdlfs

2.5l Bdxkn _rmnuet Flymut8 Dt scmufn gk uskn wcki tck prmnuet ds tmm flrjk mr euagkrsmak tm

amvk tcrmujc tck vlrdmus prmekssdij stkps, k.j. scdpgudfndij dinustry, lspkets mb tck

ldrerlbt dinustry, lin tck emistruetdmi dinustry.

2.5g _rmnuet Flymut8 Dt ds uskn wcki cdjc-vmfuak prmnuetdmi emindtdmis kxdst. ^ck prmnuet

vmfuak aust gk subbdedkit tm lecdkvk sltdsbletmry utdfdzltdmi mb tck alecdik.

2.5e Jrmup Flymut8 Dt ds uskn wcki prmnuetdmi vmfuaks bmr dindvdnulf prmnuets lrk imtsubbdedkit tm hustdby prmnuet flymuts, gut gy jrmupdij prmnuets ditm fmjdelf prmnuet

bladfdks, l prmnuet flymut eli gk hustdbdkn bmr tck bladfy.

2.5n _rmekss Flymut8 Dt ds uskn wcki tckrk kxdst aliy fmw-vmfuak, ndssdadflr prmnuets tm gk

pfliikn.

2.>

Aliubleturdij Udtultdmi _rdalry Flymut Nksdji

l. Umnl Gmttfkr _rmnuet Flymut

g. _rditdij Ucmp Jrmup Flymut

e. Aklt-_rmekss _flit Bdxkn _rmnuet Flymut

n. Buridturk Aliubleturdij _flit Jrmup Flymut

k. Emaputkr Ecdp Al`kr _rmnuet Flymut

b. Ucdpylrn Bdxkn _rmnuet Flymut

j. Wkbdikry _flit _rmnuet Flymut

c. Emffkjk Elapus Jrmup Flymut




UKE^DMI 2.5

2.; ^ck emistruetdmi typk mb bledfdty flymut prmeknurk divmfvks nkvkfmpdij l ikw flymut brmaserltec. ^ck daprmvkakit prmeknurk jkikrltks flymut lftkriltdvks glskn mi li kxdstdij

flymut.

2.2 Lff tcrkk flymut prmeknurks prmvdnk l systkaltde stkp-gy-stkp aktcmnmfmjy di nksdjidij lbledfdty flymut. Lff mb tcka tl`k tck letdvdty ditkrrkfltdmiscdp, splek rkqudrkakits, lin kte.

ditm leemuit. Lff mb tcka lrk glskn mi tck emistruetdmi typk mb bledfdty flymut prmeknurk

lin daprmvkn upmi tck didtdlf flymut wdtc emisdnkrltdmi mb mtckr emistrldits.

2.:

Wkfltdmiscdp Ndljrla

Bfmw-Gktwkki Ndljrla Letdvdty Wkfltdmiscdp Eclrt

L G E N L G E N

L ― 5:; <7; 52; L ― D M D

G ― >?? 27? G ― K L

E ―

>?? E ―

K

N ― N ―




Uplek Wkfltdmiscdp Ndljrla

Gfme` Flymut

2.3l Brma-^m Eclrt

Nkpt. L G E N K B

L ― <5,57? <,3?? ? ? ?

G ? ―

<<,>?? 2,2?? >,47? ;,>??E ? 2,2?? ― 7,>?? >,7?? 5,2??

N ? 5,??? <,7?? ― ;,?>? 42?

K ? ;,>?? :,3?? <,7?? ― ;,<2?

B ? ? ? ? ? ―




2.3g UF_ Lpprmlec8

Udiek wk nm imt clvk tck letdvdty rkfltdmiscdp eclrt, wk glsk mur efmskikss rltdij mi tck

altkrdlf bfmw dibmraltdmi.

Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

Wli` bfmw vlfuks

Nkpt. L G E N K B

L ― <5,57? <,3?? ? ? ?

G ― <3,??? 4,2?? <?,57? ;,>??

E ― 5,2?? <7,??? 5,2??

N ― 2,7>? 42?

K ― ;,<2?

B ―

<. G-E <3,??? L

7. L-G <5,57? L

5. E-K <7,??? K

>. G-K <?,57? K

;. G-N 4,2?? K

2. N-K 2,7>? D

:. G-B ;,>?? D

3. K-B ;,<2? D4. E-N 5,2?? M

<?. E-B 5,2?? M

<<. L-E <,3?? [

<7. N-B 42? [

<5. L-N ? [

<>. L-K ? [

<;. L-B ? [




Letdvdty Wkfltdmiscdp Eclrt


Gfme` Flymut

Nkpt. L G E N K B

L ― L [ [ [ [

G ― L K K D

E ―

M K M

N ― D [

K ― D

B ―




2.4l Brma-^m Eclrt

Nkpt. L G E N K B J C D H @ F A I M

L ― ;?? >>? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

G ― ;?? ;?? 4>? >>? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

E ― <,??? ? <,<>? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

N ―

2>? <,<>? ? <,<>? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?K ― :?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

B ― ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

J ― ? ? ? ? ? 25? ;;? ?

C ― 7;? >?? 5?? 5?? ? ? ?

D ― <;? ? ? ? ? ?

H ― ? ? ? ? ?

@ ― <;? ? ? ?

F ― ? ? ?

A ― 73? ?

I ― <,>;?

M ―

2.4g UF_ Lpprmlec

Wli` bfmw vlfuks

* ^cds ds li diemapfktk fdst sdiek wk `imw tclt liy bfmw vlfuk kqulfdij zkrm di 2.4l wdff

rkekdvk l rkfltdmiscdp vlfuk mb [.

I-M <,>;? L G-E ;?? D

E-B <,<>? L G-N ;?? D

N-B <,<>? L L-E >>? M

N-C <,<>? L G-B >>? M

E-N <,??? K C-H >?? M

G-K 4>? K C-@ 5?? M

K-B :?? K C-F 5?? M

N-K 2>? K A-I 73? M

J-A 25? K C-D 7;? M

J-I ;;? D D-H <;? M

L-G ;?? D @-F <;? M




Letdvdty Wkfltdmiscdp Eclrt

Nkpt. L G E N K B J C D H @ F A I M

L ― D M [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

G ― D D K M [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

E ― K [ L [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

N ―

K L [ L [ [ [ [ [ [ [K ― K [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

B ― [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

J ― [ [ [ [ [ K D [

C ― M M M M [ [ [

D ― M [ [ [ [ [

H ― [ [ [ [ [

@ ― M [ [ [

F ― [ [ [

A ― M [

I ― L

M ―


Gfme` Flymut

L G K H DE B N C @

M I J A F




2.<?l Wkfltdmiscdp Ndljrla





2.<?g Gfme` Flymut usdij UF_

2.<< Wkfltdmiscdp Ndljrla





Gfme` Flymut



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-<<

UKE^DMI 2.>

2.<7 1 7?, , ∃ 1 ∗<?, , ∃

1 <>, , ∃ < ∗ 1 ∗>0 , ∃

gy kqultdmi (2.>) wk clvk 1 (<> ∗ (∗>))/(7? ∗ (∗<?) ) 1 <3/5? 1 ?.2?.

2.<5 L tm _N #5 G tm _N #7 E tm _N #;Emst 1 ;(<7?) + 5?(<3?) + <?(4?) + 7;(7<?) + 7;(7<?) + ;(<7?)

+ ;(<;?) + 7?(2?) + ;(7:?) 1 7<,5??

L tm _N #7 G tm _N #5 E tm _N #;Emst 1 ;(7<?) + 5?(7:?) + <?(7>?) + 7;(<7?) + 7;(<7?) + ;(7<?)

+ ;(2?) + 7?(<;?) + ;(2?) 1 77,7??

L tm _N #; G tm _N #7 E tm _N #5

Emst 1 ;(7<?) + 5?(2?) + <?(7<?) + 7;(4?) + 7;(<7?) + ;(7>?)+ ;(7:?) + 7?(2?) + ;(<3?) 1 <>,3;?

L tm _N #5 G tm _N #; E tm _N #7

Emst 1 ;(7>?) + 5?(<3?) + <?(7<?) + 7;(<7?) + 7;(4?) + ;(7<?)

+ ;(<;?) + 7?(7:?) + ;(2?) 1 7<,>;?

L tm _N #7 G tm _N #; E tm _N #5

Emst 1 ;(4?) + 5?(7:?) + <?(<7?) + 7;(7<?) + 7;(7>?) + ;(<7?)

+ ;(2?) + 7?(7:?) + ;(7<?) 1 73,5;?

L tm _N #; G tm _N #5 E tm _N #7Emst 1 ;(<7?) + 5?(2?) + <?(<7?) + 7;(7>?) + 7;(7<?) + ;(4?)

+ ;(7:?) + 7?(<;?) + ;(2?) 1 <4,4;?

Bdilf Lssdjiakit8 L tm _N #; G tm _N #7 E tm _N #5

2.<> Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

Lrrlijkakits/Emsts8

L G E N8 5?(7?? + 7?? + <7??) + 2?(55?? + 73??) + 4?(:??) 1 >::,???G L E N8 5?(7?? + 55?? + <7??) + 2?(7?? + :??) + 4?(73??) 1 >::,???

E G L N8 5?(7?? + 7?? + :??) + 2?(55?? + 73??) + 4?(<7??) 1 ;?:,???

Alecdik L G E N

L ― 7?? 5,5?? :??

G ― 7?? 7,3??

E ―

<,7??

N ―




N G E L8 5?(73?? + 7?? + 55??) + 2?(<7?? + 7??) + 4?(:??) 1 552,???

Uwdtec L lin N8G N E L8 5?(73?? + <7?? + 55??) + 2?(7?? + :??) + 4?(7??) 1 74<,???

E G N L8 5?(7?? + 73?? + :??) + 2?(<7?? + 7??) + 4?(55??) 1 >47,???

L G E N8 5?(7?? + 7?? + <7??) + 2?(55?? + 73??) + 4?(:??) 1 >::,???

Uwdtec G lin N8

E N G L8 5?(<7?? + 73?? + 7??) + 2?(7?? + :??) + 4?(55??) 1 >::,???

L N E G8 5?(:?? + 73?? + 7??) + 2?(55?? + 73??) + 4?(7??) 1 >4;,???

Bdilf Lrrlijkakit8 G N E L

2.<; Bfmw-Gktwkki eclrt ds dnkitdelf tm tck mik prkskitkn di tck smfutdmi tm _rmgfka 2.<>.

Lrrlijkakits/Emsts8

L G E N8 7??(5?) + 55??(>;) + :??(:;) + 7??(<;) + 73??(>;) + <7??(5?)1 5:7,???

G L E N8 7??(5?) + 55??(<;) + :??(>;) + 7??(>;) + 73??(:;) + <7??(5?)

1 5>7,???

E G L N8 7??(5?) + 55??(:;) + :??(<;) + 7??(>;) + 73??(>;) + <7??(4?)1 ;?:,???

N G E L8 7??(2?) + 55??(>;) + :??(<?;) + 7??(<;) + 73??(>;) + <7??(2?)

1 >5;,???

Uwdtec L lin G8

L G E N8 7??(5?) + 55??(>;) + :??(>;) + 7??(<;) + 73??(:;) + <7??(5?)

1 5:7,???E L G N8 7??(5?) + 55??(>;) + :??(>;) + 7??(:;) + 73??(<;) + <7??(4?)

1 5;<,???

N L E G8 7??(2?) + 55??(<;) + :??(>;) + 7??(>;) + 73??(<?;) + <7??(2?)1 >23,???

Bdilf Lrrlijkakit8 G L E N

2.<2 Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

Alecdik L G E N K B

L ―

<; 4? :? ? 3?G ― :; 2; 3; ?

E ― 3; >; 3?

N ― 4? :?

K ― <?

B ―




LGE-NKB8 5?(<; + ? + :; + >; + 4? + <?) + 2?(4? + 3? + 3; + :?)

1 72,;;?

LGE- NBK8 <?(>;) + 7?(3? + :?) + 5?(<; + 4? + <?) + >?(3?) + ;?(4?) + 2?(4? + 3;)1 7;,<??

LGE-KNB8 <?(2;) + 7?(3; + 3; + :?) + 5?(<; + :; + 3; + 4?) + >?(:?) + ;?(>; + <?)

+ 2?(4? + 3?) 1 74,<;?LGE-KBN8 <?(?) + 7?(3; +3? + :?) + 5?(<; + :; + <? +2;) +>?(3?) + ;?(4? + >;)+ 2?(4? + :?) 1 74,7??

LGE-BNK8 <?(2; + >;) + 7?(:? + :? + 3;) + 5?(<; + ;? + :;) + >?(3;) + ;?(<?)

+ 2?(4? + 3?) 1 75,4??LGE-BKN8 <?(3; + 3;) + 7?(<? + 2;) + 5?(<; + 4? + :;) + >?(>;) + ;?(:? + :?)

+ 2?(4? + 3?) 1 7:,2??

LEG-NKB8 <?(>;) + 7?(4? + 3; + 3;) + 5?(4? +:; + <?) + >?(3?) + ;?(<; + 2;)

+ 2?(3? + :?) 1 7:,<??LEG-NBK8 7?(4? + 3; + 3? + :?) + 5?(:; + >; + <?) + ;?(<; + 2; + 4?)

1 <3,4??

LEG-KNB8 <?(>; + 2;) + 7?(4? + 3; + :?) + 5?(4? + :;) + >?(:? + 3; + 3?)+ ;?(<; + <?) + 2?(3?) 1 72,>??

LEG-KBN8 <?(>; + 2;) + 7?(4? + 3? + :?) + 5?(<? + :;) + >?(3? + 3; + 3;)

+ ;?(<; + 4?) + 2?(:?) 1 7:,4??

LEG-BNK8 7?(4? + :? + >; + :?) + 5?(:; + >; + 2; + 4?) + ;?(<; + <?)1 <;,???

LEG-BKN8 <?(>; + 2;) + 7?(4? + 3? + 3;) + 5?(<? + :; + 4?) +>?(2;) + ;?(<;)

+ 2?(:? + :?) 1 75,7??GLE-NKB8 <?(2;) + 7?(3; + 4? + 3?) +5?(4? + <; + <?) + >?(:?) + ;?(:;)

+ 2?(3; + :?) 1 7;,?;?

GLE-NBK8 <?(2; + >;) + 7?(:? + 3? + 4?) + 5?(<; + <?) + >?(:? + 3; + 3?)

+ ;?(4? + :;) + 2?(3;) 1 74,>??GLE-KNB8 7?(4? + 3? + 3; +:?) + 5?(<; + 2; + 4?) + ;? (:; + >; + <?)

1 <3,<??

GLE-KBN8 7?(4? + 3? + 3; +:?) + 5?(<? + <;) + ;? (:; + >; + 2; + 4?)1 7?,:??

GLE-BNK8 <?(2; + >;) + 7?(:? + :? + 4?) +5?(<; + 4?) + >?(3? + 3; + 3;)

+ ;?(<? + :;) + 2?(3?) 1 7:,4??GLE-BKN8 7?(3; + 4? + :?) + 5?(<? + <; + >; + 4?) +>?(3?) + ;?(:; + 2;)

+ 2?(3? + :?) 1 73,4??

Bdilf Lrrlijkakit8 LEG-BNK



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-<>

2.<: Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

Ndstliek Altrdx (w/ didtdlf lssdjiakits glskn mi ndljrla)

Lrrlijkakits/Emsts8

LGENK8 >;?(:?) + ;??(<7?) + 2??(<>?) + ;?(:??) + 7;?(<7?) + 3;?(:?) + 7??(7?)1 5?>,???

GLENK8 >;?(;?) + ;??(<??) + 2??(<7?) + :??(:?(<7?) + 7;?(<>?) + 3;?(:?) + 7??(7?)

1 747,???

EGLNK8 >;?(:?) + ;??(;?) + 2??(:?) + :??(7?) + 7;?(<7?) + 3;?(<>?) + 7??(7?)1 72;,;??

NGELK8 >;?(;?) + ;??(<7?) + 2??(7?) + :??(;?) + 7;?(<7?) + 3;?(:?) + 7??(<>?)1 7>:,???

KGENL8 >;?(;?) + ;??(7?) + 2??(<>?) + :??(;?) + 7;?(7?) + 3;?(:?) + 7??(<7?)

1 7>?,???

LEGNK8 >;?(7?) + ;??(<7?) + 2??(<>?) + :??(;?) + 7;?(:?) + 3;?(<7?) + 7??(7?)1 5<<,;??

LNEGK8 >;?(:?) + ;??(7?) + 2??(<>?) + :??(;?) + 7;?(7?) + 3;?(<7?) + 7??(<7?)

1 74<,;??LKENG8 >;?(:?) + ;??(<7?) + 2??(7?) + :??(:?) + 7;?(<7?) + 3;?(;?) + 7??(<??)

1 7>;,???

LGNEK8 >;?(<7?) + ;??(:?) + 2??(<>?) + :??(<??) + 7;?(<7?) + 3;?(7?) + 7??(:?)

1 5?>,???LGKNE8 >;?(<>?) + ;??(<7?) + 2??(:?) + :??(<7?) + 7;?(;?) + 3;?(:?) + 7??(;??)

1 55<,???

LGEKN8 >;?(:?) + ;??(<>?) + 2??(<7?) + :??(;?) + 7;?(<??) + 3;?(;?) + 7??(7?)

1 73?,???

Bdilf Lrrlijkakit8 K G E N L

Alecdik L G E N K

L ― ? >;? ;?? 2??

G ― :?? ? 7;?

E ―

? 3;?

N ― 7??

K ―

< 7 5 > ;

< (L) ― 7? :? <7? <>?

7 (G) ― ;? <?? <7?

5 (E) ― ;? :?

> (N) ―

7?; (K) ―



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-<;

2.<3 Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

<. Nktkradik tck nkplrtakits wdtc flrjkst wkdjct8 N lin K0 wkdjct 1 >;?7. Ukfket tck tcdrn nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 G0 wkdjct 1 >??

5. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 E0 di blek N-K-G0 wkdjct 1 :;?

>. Nkednk wcdec blek tm fmeltk nkplrtakit L0 di blek G-E-N0 wkdjct 1 3;?

Nkpt. L G E N K

L ― 5;? 7;? 7;? ?

G ― 5;? ? >??

E ―

? ;?

N ― >;?

K ―

N K ^mtlf

L 7;? ? 7;?

G ? >?? >;?

E ? ;? ;?

N K G ^mtlf

L 7;? ? 5;? 2??

E ? >?? 5;? :;?

E N K ^mtlfL 7;? 7;? ? ;??

G E K ^mtlf

L 5;? 7;? ? 2??

G E N ^mtlf

L 5;? 7;? 7;? 3;?

G N K ^mtlf

L 5;? 7;? ? 2??




Lnhlekiey Jrlpc

Gfme` Flymut

2.<4 <. Nkplrtakits wdtc flrjkst wkdjct8 L lin G0 wkdjct 1 4

7. Ukfket tck tcdrn nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 E0 wkdjct 1 << Imtk8 Gmtc E lin K clvk wkdjcts mb <<. E ds lrgdtrlry ecmski5. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 J0 wkdjct 1 <>

>. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 K0 di Blek L-G-J0 wkdjct 1 <<

;. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 N0 di Blek L-G-K0 wkdjct 1 <22. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 B0 di Blek L-G-N0 wkdjct 1 <?

:. ^ck flst nkplrtakit tm kitkr ds C0 di Blek G-E-J0 wkdjct 1 3

K

E L

G

N

>;? ?

7;?

?7;?

5;?

5;?>??

>??



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-<:

Lnhlekiey Jrlpc

Gfme` Flymut

2.7? <. Nkplrtakits wdtc flrjkst wkdjct8 G lin E0 wkdjct 1 ;?>7. Ukfket tck tcdrn nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 K0 wkdjct 1 >33

5. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 C0 wkdjct 1 ><2

>. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 J0 di Blek G-E-C0 wkdjct 1 >:>

;. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 L0 di Blek G-K-C0 wkdjct 1 5:?2. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 B0 di Blek G-J-C0 wkdjct 1 522

:. ^ck flst nkplrtakit tm kitkr ds N0 di Blek G-E-J0 wkdjct 1 7:2

L

B

G

N

K

J

E

C

4

;

?

?

3

;

;

4

2:

?

?

?

<

:

3

>

2




Lnhlekiey Jrlpc

Gfme` Flymut

E

N

G

J

B

C

K

L

;?>

:2 ?

737<77

<33

4>

7?

23

7>

<52

5?7

;2

5;7

<3? 742

>?<;>




2.7<l Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt

<. Nkplrtakit pldr wdtc flrjkst wkdjct8 E lin N0 wkdjct 1 2?7. Ukfket tck tcdrn nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 G0 wkdjct 1 3?

5. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 K0 wkdjct 1 <??

>. Nkplrtakit L kitkrs tck blek E-N-K0 wkdjct 1 4;

Nkpt. L G E N K

L ― ? ; ;; 5;

G ― >; 5; ;;

E ―

2? 5;

N ― <?

K ―

E N ^mtlf

L ; ;; 2?

G >; 5; 3?

K 5; <? >;

G E N ^mtlf

L ? ; ;; 2?

K ;; 5; <? <??

E N K ^mtlfL ; ;; 5; 4;

G E K ^mtlf

L ? ; 5; >?

G N K ^mtlf

L ? ;; 5; 4?

G E N ^mtlf

L ? ; ;; 2?




Lnhlekiey Jrlpc

2.7<g Gfme` Flymut

2.77l ^ck Bfmw-Gktwkki altrdx eli gk elfeufltkn gy suaadij tck "dh" lin "hd" kfkakits mb tck

jdvki bfmw altrdx bmr lff (d,h) pldrs.

<. Nkplrtakits wdtc flrjkst wkdjct8 B lin J0 wkdjct 1 7>3

7. Ukfket tck tcdrn nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 N0 wkdjct 1 >7>5. Ukfket tck bmurtc nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 E0 wkdjct 1 ;3?

>. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 G0 di Blek E-B-J0 wkdjct 1 ;??

;. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 C0 di Blek G-E-B0 wkdjct 1 ;:2

2. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 K0 di Blek G-E-C0 wkdjct 1 ;2?:. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 D0 di Blek G-B-J0 wkdjct 1 ;>3

3. Ukfket tck ikxt nkplrtakit tm kitkr8 H0 di Blek G-E-K0 wkdjct 1 >3?

4. ^ck flst nkplrtakit tm kitkr ds L0 di Blek E-N-J0 wkdjct 1 542

E

L K

G

N

2?;;

5;

5;

<?

;;

5;

;

>;




Lnhlekiey Jrlpc

L

G E

N

K

B

J

C

D

H

7>3

77>

<;2

<3?

<33

7>?

<;2

<:7 7<7

<>>

752

<23

<:2

<7> <42

7<2 <>?

<73

57

<2?

<3>

7?>

773

<7




2.77g Gfme` Flymut

2.75l K 1 <.?, lin @ 1 73.

2.75g K 1 <.?, lin @ 1 >7.

2.75e K 1 ?.;, lin @ 1 >7.

2.75n ^ck twm aklsurks lrk imt emisdstkit! Ukk (g) vs (l), lin (g) vs (e).

2.7>l GE, GN, lin EN.

2.7>g 72 uidts.

2.7>e ^ck flymut mgtldikn gy kxeclijdij nkplrtakits E lin N ds mptdalf sdiek ndh 1 < bmr lffb dh 9 ?.

2.7; ^ck flymut emst, ls emaputkn gy EWLB^, wdff gk kqulf tm zkrm uidts sdiek tck ekitrmdns

mb lff tck nkplrtakits mvkrflp. Di jkikrlf, tck ekitrmdn-tm-ekitrmdn ndstliek aklsurk elijdvk uirklfdstde rksufts wcki tck ekitrmdn mb l nkplrtakit fdks mutsdnk tck nkplrtakit.

Imtk tclt tcds aly clppki wdtc F-sclpkn nkplrtakits, wcdec lrk fkjlf di EWLB^.

2.72l Db lff nkplrtakits lrk tck slak sdzk, tck kstdaltkn flymut emst bmr kxeclijdij nkplrtakits

wdff lfwlys gk kqulf tm tck letulf flymut emst lbtkr tck nkplrtakits clvk gkki kxeclijkn.




2.72g ^ck didtdlf flymut emst ds 45 uidts, lin tck kstdaltkn flymut emst mb kxeclijdij G lin E ds

:; uidts0 cmwkvkr, tck letulf flymut emst lbtkr G lin E clvk gkki kxeclijkn ds <<< uidts.

2.7: ^ck bmffmwdij kstdaltkn flymut emsts lrk emaputkn bmr tck didtdlf flymut8

^ck fmwkst kstdaltkn flymut emst ds >3 uidts wdtc nkplrtakits N lin K kxeclijkn. Udiek

tck didtdlf flymut emst ds 22 uidts, EWLB^ kxeclijks nkplrtakits N lin K lin mgtldis tck

flymut scmwi gkfmw. ^ck letulf emst mb tcds ikw flymut ds >3 uidts.

Ikxt, EWLB^ rkpklts tck slak prmeknurk ls lgmvk tm emaputk tck bmffmwdij kstdaltkn

flymut emsts8

Udiek imik mb tck kstdaltkn flymut emsts ds fmwkr tcli >3 uidts (tck eurrkit flymut emst),

EWLB^ stmps lin tck lgmvk flymut ds tck bdilf flymut.

2.73l ^ck lrkls mb tck nkplrtakits lrk L 1 >3 , G 1 >? , E 1 3;, N 1 >?, lin K 1 27 uidt

squlrks. Imtk tclt tck lrkl mb nkplrtakit G ds kqulf tm tck lrkl mb nkplrtakit N.

^ckrkbmrk, EWLB^ wmufn emisdnkr kxeclijdij nkplrtakit pldrs LG, LK , GE , GN, EK ,lin NK .

2.73g Fkt n dh gk tck ndstliek gktwkki nkplrtakits d lin h di tck eurrkit flymut0 fkt gk tck

kstdaltkn ndstliek gktwkki nkplrtakits d lin h db nkplrtakits L lin K lrk kxeclijkn.

Jdvki tck bfmw lin emst nltl, wk clvk8

Kxeclijk8 LG LE LK GE EN EK NKKst. Emst8 >3 ;5.; ;:.; >4.; >3 ;> 22

L L L G G G

L L L E E E

L L L E E E

K K K N N NK K K N N N

Kxeclijk8 LG LE LK GE EN EK NK

Kst. Emst8 >3 ;5.; ;:.; >4.; >3 ;> 22

_ldr b dh edh ndh ndhLK

LE ; < 7? 3

LK ; < << <<

GE 2 < <7 <7

GN 7 > 77 77

EN 5 5 <? <?

NK : < : <3



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-7>

^cus, tck kstdaltkn emst mb kxeclijdij nkplrtakits L lin K ds

1 ;;4 uidts. 9?

2.74l ^ck lrkls (di uidt squlrks) mb tck nkplrtakits lrk L 1 >, G 1 3, E 1 2 , N 1 2 , K 1 3 , lin B 1 > . Imtk tclt nkplrtakit pldrs L lin B , E lin N, lin G lin K clvk tck slak lrkl mb

>, 2, lin 3, rkspketdvkfy. ^ckrkbmrk, nkplrtakit pldrs LN, LK , GB , lin EB wdff imt gkemisdnkrkn bmr kxeclijk gy EWLB^.

2.74g ^ck emst mb tck didtdlf flymut ds 1 <?>? 9? uidts. (Lff tck edh vlfuks lrk kqulf tm

<.?).

2.74e [sdij tck prmeknurk scmwi di _rmgfka 2.73 (g), wk bdrst emaputk tck kstdaltkn ndstliek

bmr lff b dh 9 ?. ^ck kstdaltkn flymut emst lssuadij tclt nkplrtakits K lin B lrk

kxeclijkn ds 1 <?4? 9? uidts. (Ljldi, lff tck edh vlfuks lrk kqulf tm <.?).

2.74n Di jkikrlf, jdvki tck slak prmgfka nltl, wk wmufn kxpket A[F^D_FK tm mgtldi l fmwkrflymut emst tcli EWLB^ sdiek A[F^D_FK emisdnkrs l flrjkr skt mb (7-wly) nkplrtakit

kxeclijks lt klec dtkrltdmi0 d.k., A[F^D_FK emisdnkrs l flrjkr iuagkr mb pmssdgfk

nkplrtakit kxeclijks lin tckrkbmrk kxpfmrks l flrjkr ‖ikdjcgmrcmmn‑ mb tck eurrkitsmfutdmi. Cmwkvkr, gmtc A[F^D_FK lin EWLB^ lrk ‖pltc nkpkinkit‑ ckurdstdes. ^clt

ds, tck bdilf smfutdmi mgtldikn gy kdtckr lfjmrdtca nkpkins mi tck stlrtdij pmdit lin tck

plrtdeuflr skt mb nkplrtakits kxeclijkn di lrrdvdij lt tck bdilf smfutdmi. ^ckrkbmrk, tckrkds im julrlitkk tclt A[F^D_FK wdff lfwlys mutpkrbmra EWLB^ gkelusk tck twm

lfjmrdtcas aly bmffmw l ndbbkrkit pltc lin EWLB^ aly uftdaltkfy stmp lt l fmwkr-emst

smfutdmi. Db tck flymut mr nkplrtakitlf lrkls lrk suec tclt lff nkplrtakits lrk kdtckr

lnhlekit mr kqulf di lrkl, gmtc EWLB^ lin A[F^D_FK wdff emisdnkr tck slak (7- wly)kxeclijks lt klec dtkrltdmi. ^ckrkbmrk, gmtc lfjmrdtcas (usdij twm-wly kxeclijks mify)

wdff bmffmw tck slak pltc lin tkradiltk lt tck slak smfutdmi.

2.5?l _rdiedplf wkl`ikssks mb EWLB^8 <. im emitrmf mvkr nkplrtakit sclpks0 7. mify lnhlekitmr kqulf-lrkl nkplrtakits wdff gk kxeclijkn0 5. ditkr-nkplrtakitlf ndstlieks lrk

aklsurkn gktwkki nkplrtakit ekitrmdns (wcdec eli smaktdaks fkln tm uirklfdstde

ndstlieks)0 lin >. wcki kvlfultdij pmssdgfk kxeclijks, EWLB^ usks kstdaltkn ndstlieksmgtldikn gy swlppdij tck nkplrtakit ekitrmdns. _rdiedplf strkijtcs mb EWLB^8 <.

EWLB^ eli elpturk tck nktldfs mb tck didtdlf flymut, suec ls bdxkn nkplrtakits, uiuslgfk

splek, lin mgstlefks0 7. EWLB^ eli jkikrltk aliy lftkriltdvk flymuts di l scmrt pkrdmn

mb tdak.

2.5?g ^ruk. Gmtc EWLB^ lin IKZEWLB^ lrk ‖pltc nkpkinkit‑ ckurdstdes. Udiek tck twm

prmjrlas wdff imt ikeksslrdfy bmffmw tck slak pltc, tcky wdff amst fd`kfy tkradiltk wdtcndbbkrkit flymuts, lin tckrk ds im julrlitkk tclt tck emst mb l flymut jkikrltkn gy

IKZEWLB^ wdff gk fkss tcli tclt mgtldikn wdtc EWLB^.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-7;

2.5<

2.57l ^ck kbbdedkiey rltdij 1 ++

+++ + 1

7;

5:1 ?.2:;:.

2.57g ^ck ndstliek altrdx bmr tck jdvki flymut ds emaputkn ls bmffmws8

^cus, tck WKF-NDU^ semrk 1 LÚ 5 + K Ú ; + D Ú 2 + SÚ 5 + LÚ > 1 5? + 7; + <7 ∗

5? + >? 1 :: .

2.57e Blfsk. GFME_FLI usks tcrkk glins0 db twm imi-lnhlekit mr uikqulf-lrkl nkplrtakitslrk kxeclijkn, dt sdapfy rkemaputks tck wdntc mb tck twm glins lbbketkn gy tck kxeclijk.

(Db tck twm nkplrtakits lrk di tck slak glin, tck glin wdntc rkaldis tck slak.)

2.57n Lnvlitljks8 L rketlijuflr sclpk ds mbtki tck prkbkrrkn sclpk bmr l nkplrtakit0 lfsm, wdtc

rketlijuflr nkplrtakits dt ds strldjctbmrwlrn tm aklsurk lin emitrmf nkplrtakit sclpks.

Fdadtltdmis8 Db bdxkn nkplrtakits mr mgstlefks lrk prkskit, dt aly gk ndbbdeuft mr

dapmssdgfk tm alditldi rketlijuflr nkplrtakit sclpks0 lfsm, di smak elsks li F-sclpkaly gk leekptlgfk mr prkbkrlgfk bmr smak nkplrtakits.

2.55 ^m lvmdn uirklfdstde nkplrtakit sclpks, wk skt Wd kqulf tm twm bmr lff tck nkplrtakits.

Zk mgtldi tck rksufts scmwi di tck bmffmwdij ^lgfk gy usdij tck fdiklr AD_ amnkf jdvki gy kqultdmis (2.7<) tcrmujc (2.5:)8

Bfmw-Gktwkki Eclrt Wkflttdmiscdp Eclrt

L G E N K B J C L G E N K B J C

L ― 4 ? 5 ? <? ? ? L ― D [ [ [ D [ [

G ― ? 4 ; ? ? ? G ― [ D M [ [ [

E ― ? > ? > ? E ― [ [ [ [ [

N ― < > 7 : N ― [ [ L M

K ― ? ? ? K ― [ [ [

B ― ? ? B ― [ [

J ― 7? J ― L

C ― C ―

Nkpt. < 7 5 > ;

< ― 5 2 ; 4

7 ― 5 3 2

5 ― ; 5

> ― >

; ―




^ck mghketdvk vlfuk wk mgtldikn brma tck amnkf ds <>,474.:> uidts.

2.5> ^m lvmdn uirklfdstde nkplrtakit sclpks, wk skt kqulf tm twm bmr lff tck nkplrtakits. Zkmgtldi tck rksufts scmwi di tck bmffmwdij ^lgfk gy usdij tck fdiklr AD_ amnkf jdvki gy

kqultdmis (2.7<) tcrmujc (2.5:)8

Nkpt xd" (bkkt) xd' (bkkt) yd" (bkkt) yd' (bkkt)

Lrkl

(rkq.)

Lrkl

(amnkf) Krrmr (%)

L <34.>: <?.55 7<5.<> <<;.<2 <47??.?? <:;;5.?? 3.;3

G 55:.27 <34.>: 77?.?? <<;.<2 <2???.?? <;;57.?? 7.47

E >32.>? 55:.27 77?.?? ?.?? 5>???.?? 57:57.?? 5.:5

N 55:.27 <44.3? <<;.<2 ?.?? <2???.?? <;3:<.?? ?.??

K <44.3? ?.?? <<;.<2 ?.?? 7>3??.?? 75??4.?? :.77

Nkpt xd" (bkkt) xd' (bkkt) yd" (bkkt) yd' (bkkt)

Lrkl

(rkq.)

Lrkl

(amnkf) Krrmr (%)

L 7?.5? 5.:5 75.>5 ?.?? >??.?? 533.7< 7.4>

G 7?.?? ?.?? 2?.?? 75.>5 3??.?? :5<.53 3.;3

E 2?.?? 5>.>> 75.>5 ?.?? 2??.?? ;43.3; ?.<4

N 5:.57 7?.?? ;:.;; 7;.33 2??.?? ;>3.;< 3.;3

K ;:.57 5:.57 2?.?? 75.>5 3??.?? :5<.53 3.;3

B 5>.>> 7?.5 7;.33 ?.?7 >?? 52;.:< 3.;:



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr 2 2-7:

^ck mghketdvk vlfuk wk mgtldikn brma tck amnkf ds 7,<5?.:? uidts.

2.5; [sdij FMJDE tm kxeclijk nkplrtakits G lin B wk mgtldi tck bmffmwdij flymut8

2.52 [sdij FMJDE tm kxeclijk nkplrtakits N lin C wk mgtldi tck bmffmwdij flymut8




2.5: [sdij FMJDE tm kxeclijk nkplrtakits J lin C wk mgtldi tck bmffmwdij flymut8

2.53l-g (l) (g)

2.53e L splekbdffdij eurvk ‖alps‑ mr trlisfltks l twm-ndakisdmilf prmgfka (d.k., tck flymut prmgfka) ditm l sdijfk ndakisdmi (d.k., tck flymut vketmr mr tck bdff skqukiek). ^ckrkbmrk,

liy twm nkplrtakits eli gk kxeclijkn (mr amrk jkikrlf kxeclijk rmutdiks suec ls tcmsk

dapfkakitkn wdtcdi sdaufltkn liiklfdij eli gk uskn) lin tck rksuftdij flymut eli gk

emistruetkn rlpdnfy. Cmwkvkr, nkplrtakit sclpks lrk lbbketkn gy tck splekbdffdij eurvk0smaktdaks dt aly gk ndbbdeuft tm kisurk ‖jmmn‑ nkplrtakit sclpks lin alssljdij wdff gk

ikeksslry. Uplekbdffdij eurvks scmufn imt vdsdt bdxkn nkplrtakits mr mgstlefks. Mtckrwdsk,

l bdxkn nkplrtakit aly ‖bfmlt‑ (skk ADEWM-EWLB^) mr l nkplrtakit aly gk pfleknmvkr li mgstlefk. Imtk tclt lff tck kapty splek (db liy) wdff lutmaltdelffy lppklr lt tck

kin mb tck splekbdffdij eurvk. Db mik wdscks tm ‖diskrt‑ kapty splek lt fmeltdmis mtckr tcli

tck kin mb tck eurvk, tcki mik aust usk nuaay nkplrtakits lin pflek tcka di tcklpprmprdltk pmsdtdmi di tck flymut vketmr.

2.54l Lssuadij l < x < jrdn bmr sdapfdedty lin usdij tck nltl jdvki bmr _rmgfka 2.73, wk bdrst

kitkr tck didtdlf flymut lin A[F^D_FK emaputks dts emst8




2.54g [sdij l emibmradij splekbdffdij eurvk aly rksuft di drrkjuflr nkplrtakit sclpks,

kspkedlffy db smak nkplrtakits di tck didtdlf flymut clvk drrkjuflr sclpks. Di plrt (l), bmrkxlapfk, nkplrtakit > (N) lttldis l "fmij-lin-ilrrmw" F-sclpk prdalrdfy nuk tm tck

sclpk mb nkplrtakit ; (K) di tck didtdlf flymut.

2.>? Lssuadij l < x < jrdn bmr sdapfdedty lin usdij tck nltl jdvki bmr _rmgfka 2.74, wk bdrstkitkr tck didtdlf flymut lin A[F^D_FK emaputks dts emst8

Imtk tclt nkplrtakit flgkfs (L tcrmujc B) clvk gkki rkpflekn gy nkplrtakit iuagkrs (<

tcrmujc 2).



Eclptkr :

Zlrkcmusk Mpkrltdmis



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-<

UKE^DMI :.>-:.;

:.< L prmhket tm kvlfultk kxdstdij nme` lrkl, diefundij rkekdvdij lin scdppdij, wdff lffmw tcknktkradiltdmi mb tcmsk lspkets tclt eli pmtkitdlffy prmvk kemimadelffy lnvlitljkmus. ^ck

bmffmwdij ds l plrtdlf fdst mb suec lspkets tclt wlrrlit lttkitdmi.

Kfdadiltk tck rkekdvdij lrkl. Bmr smak altkrdlfs, k.j., flrjk lin guf`y miks, nrmp

scdppdij (clvdij tck vkinmr scdp tm tck eustmakr ndrketfy) eli slvk tck tdak lin

flgmr lssmedltkn wdtc rkekdvdij lin scdppdij.

Wknuek mr kfdadiltk stljdij di tck rkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrkl. Nktkradik tckfmeltdmi lssdjiakit lin prmnuet dnkitdbdeltdmi prdmr tm rkekdvdij tck prmnuet sm tcltaltkrdlfs lrk stmrkn ls smmi ls tcky lrrdvk, rknuedij tck ikkn bmr flrjk stljdij lrkl.

Kapfmy tck blstkst lin amst prmnuetdvk rkekdvdij prmekss pmssdgfk, d.k.,ermssnme`dij mr scdppdij ndrketfy brma tck rkekdvdij nme`. _lffktdzkn altkrdlfs wdtc

l sdijfk U@[ pkr plffkt, bfmmr-stle`kn fmmsk elsks, lin gle`mrnkrkn akreclindsk lrk

kxekffkit elindnltks bmr ermssnme`dij.

Gyplss rkekdvdij stljdij lin put altkrdlfs lwly ndrketfy tm prdalry pde`dijfmeltdmis, ksskitdlffy rkpfkidscdij tcmsk fmeltdmis brma rkekdvdij. Di ndrket putlwly

systkas, tck stljdij lin dispketdmi letdvdtdks lrk kfdadiltkn, slvdij tck tdak, splek,lin flgmr lssmedltkn wdtc tcmsk mpkrltdmis.

Adidadzk tck bfmmr splek rkqudrkn bmr stljdij gy prmvdndij stmrljk fmeltdmis bmrrkekdvdij stljdij.

_rkplrk scdppdij brma tck tdak tck altkrdlfs lrk rkekdvkn, tcus rknuedij tck lrkl bmrscdppdij.

Ucdp altkrdlfs di flrjkr qulitdtdks lin prkbkrlgfy di uidt fmlns, d.k., plffkts wdtc mik

U@[ pkr plffkt.

Ucdp ndrketfy brma stmrljk lin wdtcmut tck ikkn bmr stljdij, clvdij prkplrkn tck

scdppdij dibmraltdmi prdmr tm pde`dij. Wknuek tck iuagkr mb nme`s, db pmssdgfk. Bmr kxlapfk, eli rkekdvdij lin scdppdij

gk amndbdkn sm tclt fkss brkqukit vdsdts tm nme`s lrk ikeksslry= ^cds wdff slvk amrksplek di lin lrmuin tck rkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrkls.

Amndby nme`s tm 4?-nkjrkk nme`s. Bdijkr nme`s scmufn gk kfdadiltkn, db pmssdgfk.Mtckrwdsk, eli tck flrjkst lijfk bdijkr nme`s gk uskn= ^cds wdff lffmw scrdi`dij mb

alikuvkrdij lin stljdij lrkls disdnk tck rkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrkls.

Kfdadiltk nme` fkvkfkrs gy rkqudrdij uidbmra-ckdjct elrrdkrs bmr fmlndij lin

uifmlndij, tcus rknuedij mr kfdadiltdij nme` alditkiliek emsts.

Wkamvk nme` sckftkrs di blvmr mb l amrk strklafdikn nme`, db nme` sckftkrs kxdst.Ljldi, alditkiliek emsts wdff gk rknuekn mr kfdadiltkn.

:.7 ^cds prmgfka scmufn imt gk lssdjikn db tck stunkits clvk imt gkki kxpmskn tm kdtckr

Amitk Elrfm sdaufltdmi mr qukukdij tckmry. Di Eclptkr <?, wk prmvdnk qukukdij amnkfs

tm lnnrkss prmgfkas mb tcds typk. ^ck distruetmr adjct wlit tm lssdji tcds prmgfka gkbmrkemvkrdij tck altkrdlf di Eclptkr <? tm amtdvltk tck stunkits tm fklri tck altkrdlf mi

qukukdij tckmry.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-7

Glskn mi tck altkrdlf di Eclptkr <?, wk prmvdnk tck bmffmwdij smfutdmi tm tck nme` nksdji

prmgfka. Fkt ΰ nkimtk tck lrrdvlf rltk mb true`s lin ζ nkimtk tck skrvdek rltk lt tck nme`s.

Udiek lrrdvlfs meeur lt l _mdssmi rltk lin skrvdek tdaks lrk kxpmikitdlffy ndstrdgutkn, tck prmgfka ds mb tck eflss (A|A|e)8(JN|∙|∙). ^ck prmgfka rknueks tm nktkradidij tck

salffkst vlfuk mb e (iuagkr mb nme`s) suec tclt tck lvkrljk tdak true`s spkin di tck

systka (Z) ds fkss tcli ;? adiutks.

^ck rkfltdmiscdp gktwkki Z lin tck kxpketkn iuagkr mb true`s di tck systka (F) ds jdvki

gy F 1 ΰ Z. Ckiek, sdiek dt ds nksdrkn tclt Z 6 ;?/2? cr., tcki dt ds nksdrkn tclt F/ΰ 6

;?/2?. Udiek ΰ 1 7?/3, mr 7.; true`s pkr cmur, tcki tck prmgfka rknueks tm nktkradidij tcksalffkst vlfuk mb e suec tclt F 6 7.?355.

Brma bdjurk <?.25, wk eli nktkradik tck vlfuk mb e. ^ck utdfdzltdmi bletmr, ό, ds jdvki gy

ό 1 ΰ/(eζ). Zdtc ζ1 2?/>? 1 <.; true`s pkr cmur, wk bdin tclt bmr e kqulf tm 5, ό 17.;/P5(<.;)Q 1 ?.;;;20 brma Bdjurk <?.73, F 6 7.?355. Bmr e 1 7, ό 1 ?.3555 lin, bmra

Bdjurk <?.25, F 9 7.?355. ^ckrkbmrk, 5 nme`s lrk rkqudrkn tm kisurk tclt tck lvkrljk

lamuit mb tdak spkit wldtdij lin gkdij fmlnkn mr uifmlnkn ds fkss tcli ;? adiutks.




:.5

:.> ^ck daplet mi splek rkqudrkakit mb tcds prmpmslf ds tclt 4?-nkjrkk nme`s rkqudrk jrkltkr

lprmi nkptc gut fkss gly wdntc, gmtc dapletdij mutsdnk splek rkqudrkakits, ls wkff ls

rkqudrdij jrkltkr mutsdnk turidij lrkl. Bdijkr nme`s, cmwkvkr, rkqudrk jrkltkr disdnkalikuvkrdij lrkl. Gkelusk disdnk splek emsts emisdnkrlgfy amrk tm emistruet lin

alditldi tcli mutsdnk splek, bdijkr nme`s scmufn gk uskn ls fdttfk ls pmssdgfk. Db mutsdnk

splek ds splrsk, tcki bdijkr nme`s scmufn gk uskn, lftcmujc `kkpdij tck lijfk efmskr tm 4?nkjrkks.

Db >;-nkjrkk bdijkr nme`s lrk utdfdzkn, tck gly wdntc ds dierklskn brma tck wdntc mb tcktrue` tm lgmut >; bkkt. Burtck ramrk, tck nme` wdntc wdff dierklsk brma lgmut tck wdntc mb



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :->

tck true` tm lgmut >? pkrekit amrk tcli tck wdntc mb tck true`. ^clt ds, lssuadij tclt tck

mfn nme` wdntc ds lgmut <? bkkt, tcki tck ikw nme` wdntc wmufn clvk tm gk lrmuin <> bkkt

tm leemaamnltk l >;-nkjrkk bdijkr nme`.

:.; _kralikit, lnhustlgfk nme`gmlrns lrk blstkikn tm tck nme` lin lrk imt amvkn bmra

pmsdtdmi tm pmsdtdmi. ^ckrkbmrk, tck nme` gmlrn aly gk fmijkr lin wdnkr tcli pmrtlgfknme`gmlrns. ^ck kxtrl fkijtc rksufts di l salffkr diefdik gktwkki tck nme` lin tck elrrdkr.^cds lffmws klsdkr lin slbkr clinfdij mb clin elrts, rknuekn pmwkr nrldi mi kfketrdelffy

pmwkrkn true`s, lin fkss mb l prmgfka wdtc bmr` lin uinkrelrrdljk bmufdij mi tck

nme`gmlrn. ^ck jrkltkr wdntc lffmws bmr slbkr lin amrk kbbdedkit elrrdkr fmlndij linuifmlndij. _kralikit, lnhustlgfk nme`gmlrns lfsm kfdadiltk tck slbkty, pdfbkrljk, lin

lfdjiakit prmgfkas lssmedltkn wdtc nme`gmlrns. Bmr tcksk rklsmis, pkralikit lnhustlgfk

nme`gmlrns scmufn lfwlys gk jdvki skrdmus emisdnkrltdmi, nkspdtk tckdr cdjc distlffltdmi

emsts.

:.2 L survky mb tck rkekdvdij lrkls mi l typdelf elapus scmws tclt amst nme` lin elrrdkr

ckdjct ndbbkrkieks lrk clinfkn gy pmrtlgfk nme`gmlrns. Di aliy lrkls, cmwkvkr, tck prmgfka ds smfvkn gy wlf`dij up mr nmwi l stkp tm leemaamnltk tck ndbbkrkiek di elrrdkr

lin nme` ckdjct.

Gkelusk survkys dindeltk tclt tck elapus cls selttkrkn rkekdvdij nme`s wdtc adidalfelrrdkr vdsdts, dt ds imt hustdbdkn tm divkst di kxpkisdvk nme` sckftkrs. ^ck gmm`stmrk

nme`dij lrkl, cm wkvkr, aly gkikbdt brma l nme` sckftkr gkelusk amrk brkqukit stmps lrk

alnk lt tcds fmeltdmi di nkfdvkrdij lin scdppdij amrk vlfulgfk prmnuets.

:.: Dierklsks di tck fkijtc mb true`s dapfy tclt amrk splek wdff gk ikknkn tm alikuvkr true`s

lrmuin scdppdij lin rkekdvdij nme`s. Burtckramrk, ekrtldi leekss rmlns lgmut tck

pflit/wlrkcmusk aly ikkn tm gk amndbdkn tm gkttkr leemaamnltk fmijkr true`s/trldfkrs.

Dierklsks di gmtc wdntc lin ckdjct mb true`s lin trldfkrs dapfy tclt nme`s aly clvk tm gk

amndbdkn tm leekpt tlffkr lin, di aliy elsks, wdnkr true`s lin trldfkrs. Umak mb tckeclijks eli gk clinfkn gy usdij pkralikit lnhustlgfk nme`gmlrns wcmsk nyilade

rlijks eli leekpt tlffkr mr wdnkr true`s. Wknksdjidij tck nme` lrkl ls wkff ls tck disdnk

mb tck scdppdij lin rkekdvdij lrkls aly ikvkrtckfkss gk rkqudrkn scmufn tck wdntc linckdjct mb tck ikw vkcdefks blff mutsdnk mb tck eurrkit kqudpakit—s nyilade rlijks.

UKE^DMIU :.2-:.:

:.3 Lgmut ;;% mb lff mpkrltdij emsts di l typdelf wlrkcmusk eli gk lttrdgutkn tm mrnkr

pde`dij.

:.4

Utrdet mrnkr pde`dij, d.k., klec gltec ds li mrnkr, mr sdijfk-mrnkr-pde` (UM_),

Gltec pde`dij twm mr amrk mrnkrs, mr smrt-wcdfk-pde` (UZ_),

Gltec pde`dij twm mr amrk (plrtdlf) mrnkrs wdtc prmjrkssdvk lsskagfy lermss zmiks,lin



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-;

Gltec pde`dij twm mr amrk mrnkrs wdtc nmwistrkla smrtdij, mr pde`-lin-smrt (_LU)

:.<?

^rlvkfdij tm, brma, lin gktwkki pde` fmeltdmis,

Uklrecdij bmr pde` fmeltdmis,

Nmeuakitdij pde`dij trlisletdmis, Wklecdij (lin gkindij) tm leekss pde` fmeltdmis, lin

Kxtrletdij dtkas brma stmrljk fmeltdmis

:.<<

Udapfk rli`dij mb U@[s glskn mi tck rltdm mb pde` brkqukiey (tck iuagkr mb tdaksl U@[ ds rkqukstkn) tm scdppkn eugk (tck prmnuet mb uidt nkalin lin uidt eugk)

kstlgfdscks l glskfdik bmr li ditkffdjkit stme` lssdjiakit pfliidij. U@[s wdtc cdjc

rli`dijs scmufn gk lssdjikn tm tck amst leekssdgfk fmeltdmis.

L ndstrdgutdmi dffustrltdij U@[s rli`kn gy pmpuflrdty lin tck pmrtdmi mb tmtlf

pde`dij letdvdty tcky rkprkskit ds tck LGE mr _lrktm pfmt uskn di ditkffdjkit stme`

lssdjiakit pfliidij. Amrk pmpuflr U@[s wdtc tck cdjckst pde`dij letdvdty lrkndstrdgutkn efmskr tm tck diput/mutput pmdit.

Emrrkfltkn stme` lssdjiakit pfliidij rli`s U@[s gy pmpuflrdty ls wkff ls

emisdnkrdij tck emrrkfltdmis gktwkki vlrdmus dtkas di stmrljk. L salff pde`dij zmik

nkndeltkn tm cdjc- nkisdty, cdjc-tcrmujcput mrnkr pde`dij ds uskn bmr U@[s wdtc

cdjc emrrkfltdmis.

:.<7

_mpuflrdty mb dtkas mr U@[s

Udadflrdty mb dtkas mr U@[s

Udzk mb dtkas mr U@[s

Eclrletkrdstdes mb U@[s, suec ls pkrdsclgdfdty, lin

Uplek utdfdzltdmi mb U@[s, d.k., alxdadzdij splek uskn di tck flymut tm stmrk U@[s.

:.<5 ^rlvkf tdak pkr fdik dtka pde`kn … smrtdij

:.<> Gy rknuedij tck lamuit mb stme` di tck bmrwlrn pde`dij lrkl, bmrwlrn pde`dij emsts (g)

nkerklsk lin tck emst tm rkpfkidsc tck bmrwlrn pde`dij lrkl (e) dierklsks.

:.<; Letdvdty, \ulitdty, lin Udzk

:.<2 _de` brkqukiey (tck iuagkr mb tdaks tck dtka ds rkqukstkn) lin scdppkn eugk (tck prmnuet

uidt nkalin lin uidt eugk).

:.<: ^rlvkf tdaks … prmnuetdvdty

:.<3

Ditrmnuetdmi mb Hust-di-tdak mpkrltdij prmjrla

Ditrmnuetdmi mb eyefk tdak rknuetdmi mpkrltdmi prmjrla




Ditrmnuetdmi mb qude` rkspmisk mpkrltdij prmjrla, lin

Ditrmnuetdmi mb aderm-alr`ktdij lin akjlgrlin strltkjdks

:.<4 Zrmij U@[ ds pde`kn, mr wrmij qulitdty mb tck U@[ ds pde`kn.

:.7? ^ck slak mr iklrgy fmeltdmis

:.7< Rdsdtdij l typdelf wlrkcmusk aly grdij lgmut tck bmffmwdij ndsemvkrdks8

Gmtc nkndeltkn lin rlinmadzkn stmrljk seckaks lrk uskn.

^ck aldi amnk mb trlispmrtdij altkrdlfs wdtcdi tck wlrkcmusk ds emuitkrglfliekn

fdbt true`s, lfsm `imwi ls bmr` fdbt true`.

Di smak lrkls mb tck wlrkcmusk plffkt hle`s lrk lfsm uskn.

Nurdij mrnkr pde`dij altkrdlfs lrk trlispmrtkn usdij fdbt true`s, plffkt hle`s, mrmrnkr pde`dij elrts.

Lftcmujc tck wlrkcmusk ds rltckr ikw, tck emindtdmi mb smak mb tck kqudpakits dsimt jmmn gkelusk imt lff kqudpakit wls pureclskn ikw wcki tck wlrkcmusk wls

emistruetkn. ^ck glr emnk syagmfs uskn lrk tck bladfdlr ‖tcrkk-mb-idik‑ emnk, tcmujc smak plrts

mb tck wlrkcmusk clvk lglinmikn tck usk mb glr emnks.

Clin-ckfn mptdelf glr emnk rklnkrs lrk uskn di lrkls wckrk tck tkecimfmjy ds stdff gkdij kxpfmdtkn.

Wkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrk mi tck slak sdnk mb tck wlrkcmusk, tcmujc di mppmsdtk

emrikrs.

Gmtc rkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrkls kapfmy tcrkk 4?-nkjrkk nme`s wdtc lnhustlgfk pkralikit nme` fkvkfkrs, gut wdtcmut liy sckftkrs.

^ck plffkts uskn lrk lff >7 di. x >7 di. nmugfk-blekn, imi-rkvkrsdgfk typk.

^ck wlrkcmusk ds amstfy efklr mb efuttkr, gut tck dtka pde` lrkl emufn gkikbdt brma l

gkttkr kapty elsk (elrtmi) rkamvlf systka.

Amst mb tck wlrkcmusk, k.j., :;%, ds nkndeltkn tm stmrdij tck altkrdlfs di plffkt

rle`s, jdvdij lapfk splek tm ldsfks bmr mrnkr pde`dij usdij emuitkrglfliekn fdbt

true`s lin wlf`-gkcdin mrnkr pde`dij elrts.

Wkekdvdij lin scdppdij lrkls emisdst mb lgmut <?-<;% mb tck wlrkcmusk, wcdfk tckrkaldidij <?-<;% mb tck wlrkcmusk ds uskn bmr mtckr buietdmis, suec ls mbbdeksplek.

^ck ldsfks rkprkskit 7;-5?% mb tck tmtlf bfmmr splek mb tck wlrkcmusk.

Amrk tcli 5;% mb tck plffkt rle` mpkidijs lrk kapty.

Udiek amst mb tck fmlns lrk plrtdlf fmlns, stmrkn prmnuet rkprkskits fkss tcli 7?-

7;% mb tck rle` blek. ^ck stmrljk splek (eugk) utdfdzltdmi bletmr wdtcdi l stmrljk mpkidij ds lgmut <;-

7?%.

^ck mvkrlff eugk splek utdfdzkn di tck wlrkcmusk ds fkss tcli <;%.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-:

:.77l ^mtlf eugk nkalin bmr dtka L

1 (<?? uidts) x (< bt5 / uidt L)

1 <?? bt5

^mtlf eugk nkalin bmr dtka G

1 (;? uidts) x (?.; bt

5

/ uidt G)1 7; bt5

^mtlf eugk nkalin bmr dtka E

1 (7?? uidts) x (7 bt5 / uidt E)

1 >?? bt5

:.77g (>?? bt5 / Tklr) / (7? bt5 / Wkpfkidscakits) 1 7? Wkpfkidscakits / Tklr.

:.77e Dtka L8 P(<?? uidts / ;? wkk`s) x (< bt5 / uidt L)Q 1 7 bt

5 / wkk`.

(7 / <?.; 1 <4.?% mb bmrwlrn pde` lrkl.)

Dtka G8 P(;? uidts / ;? wkk`s) x (?.; bt

5

/ uidt G)Q 1 ?.; bt

5

/ wkk`.(?.; / <?.; 1 >.3% mb bmrwlrn pde` lrkl.)

Dtka E8 P(7?? uidts / ;? wkk`s) x (7 bt5 / uidt E)Q 1 3 bt

5 / wkk`.

(3 / <?.; 1 :2.7 % mb bmrwlrn pde` lrkl.)

:.77n Dtka L8 ( 7; Wkquksts / ;? wkk`s ) 1 ?.; rkquksts / wkk` 1 Wli` <

Dtka E8 ( <2 Wkquksts / ;? wkk`s ) 1 ?.57 rkquksts / wkk` 1 Wli` 7

Dtka G8 ( ; Wkquksts / ;? wkk`s ) 1 ?.< rkquksts / wkk` 1 Wli` 5.

:.75

Zcki prmnuet vmfuak ds fmw lin/mr prmnuet ds tm gk stmrkn bmr scmrt pkrdmns mb

tdak, d.k., wmr` di prmekss, stmrdij tck prmnuet ndrketfy mi tck bfmmr ds prletdeknbrkqukitfy. Bmr kxlapfk, fdqudn prmnuets di glrrkfs (;; jlffmi nruas) lrk mbtki

stmrkn ndrketfy mi tck bfmmr.

Zcki prmnuet vmfuak ds cdjc lin/mr prmnuet adx ds fmw, k.j., flrjk prmnuetdmi ruismb plffktdzkn lin uidbmra prmnuets di elsks (elrtmis), stmrdij tck prmnuet di gfme`stmrljk mr gfme` stle`dij ds qudtk lnvlitljkmus. Di plrtdeuflr, tdjct-gfme` stle`dij

wlstks tck fklst lamuit mb stmrljk splek lin tcus cls l cdjc stmrljk splek

utdfdzltdmi.

_lffkt rle`s lrk amstfy uskn wcki prmnuet adx ds cdjc lin leekssdgdfdty tm l

plrtdeuflr prmnuet aust gk qude` bmr blstkr mrnkr-prmekssdij.

_lffkt bfmw rle`s prmvdnk jmmn stmrljk splek (eugk) utdfdzltdmi lin lffmw prmnuets

tm gk prmeksskn di bdrst-di, bdrst-mut (BDBM) blscdmi. ^cky lrk vkry jmmn bmr nltkn prmnuets wdtc cdjc prmnuet adx, gut fmwkr vmfuak.

Nrdvk-di rle`s lffmw flrjk plffkt emuits (prmnuet vmfuak) mb cdjc prmnuet adxks tm

gk stmrkn lin stdff mgtldi jmmn stmrljk splek (eugk) utdfdzltdmi. Nrdvk-di rle`s lrk

gkst uskn lfmij tck wlffs mb pflits mr wlrkcmusks.

Nrdvk-tcrmujc rle`s eli gk uskn tck slak ls nrdvk-di rle`s, gut tcky lfsm lffmw

leekssdij tck prmnuet brma gmtc sdnks mb tck rle`. ^cky lrk tcus uskn bmr lrkls ditck adnnfk mb tck pflit mr tck wlrkcmusk.




_fledij elsks ndrketfy mi tck bfmw rle` ds uskn wcki tck wlrkcmusk mpkrltdmi dsjklrkn tmwlrn buff mr plrtdlf grm`ki elsk (elrtmi) mrnkr pde`dij. Dt lfsm lffmws bmr

blstkr rkpfkidscakit, gut dt nmks fmwkr tck stmrljk splek (eugk) utdfdzltdmi (bletmr).

Utmrdij di elitdfkvkr rle`s prmvdnks fmij, uimgstruetkn stmrljk splis. ^cky lrkamstfy ckfpbuf di smrtdij skfb-suppmrtdij fmij stme`, suec ls glr stme`s, pdpks, lin

fuagkr. _mrtlgfk rle`s lrk amstfy jmmn bmr fmlns (mpki stme`), suec ls pdpks, tclt ikkn tm gk

prmtketkn ljldist eruscdij lin mtckr nlaljk. _mrtlgfk rle`s rksuft di bfkxdgdfdty lin

jmmn splek utdfdzltdmi mb guf` stmrljk, lin lrk lfsm uskbuf bmr erusclgfk altkrdlfslin lffmw leekss tm altkrdlfs mi lff fkvkfs.

Ualffkr U@[s lin/mr U@[U tclt rkqudrk vlrdmus prmtketdmis brma nlaljk lin fmss

lrk usulffy stmrkn di gdi sckfvdij. Mrnkrs tclt rkqudrk pde`dij dtkas, rltckr tcli

elrtmis mr plffkts, usk gdi rle`s mr sckfvdij systkas.

:.7> L nktldfkn lpprmlec tm stmrljk splek pfliidij bmr tck <7?? ndbbkrkit U@[s tcds

wlrkcmusk wmufn clvk tm rkekdvk, stmrk, lin scdp ds imt pmssdgfk wdtc tck nltl jdvki.

Cmwkvkr, tck dibmraltdmi brma tck scdppdij lin rkekdvdij lilfysds eclrt lin tck stmrljklilfysds eclrt eli gk uskn tm nktkradik tck splek rkqudrkakit mb tck <7?? U@[s.

Ls plrt mb tck stmrljk splek pfliidij, ekrtldi divkitmry plrlaktkrs wmufn clvk tm gk

nktkradikn. Bmr kxlapfk, nktkradidij tck slbkty stme` lin `imwdij tck mrnkr qulitdty

lrk eruedlf di nktkradidij tck lvkrljk qulitdty tm gk stmrkn bmr klec mb tck <7?? U@[s.^ck lvkrljk qulitdty tm gk stmrkn wdff tcki ckfp di ecmmsdij lamij nkndeltkn stmrljk,rlinmadzkn stmrljk, lin eflss-glskn nkndeltkn stmrljk.

^ck aldi ndbbkrkiek gktwkki nkndeltkn stmrljk lin rlinmadzkn stmrljk ds dt dapfdeltdmi

bmr wclt clppkis wcki l stmrljk fmeltdmi gkemaks kapty mr lvldflgfk. Di rlinmadzkn

stmrljk, tck efmskst-lvldflgfk-sfmt ds nksdjiltkn ls tck stmrljk fmeltdmi0 rktrdkvlfs lrk pkrbmrakn mi l bdrst-di, bdrst-mut (BDBM) glsds, wcdec prmvdnks l uidbmra stme` rmtltdmi

pmfdey. ^ck efmskst-lvldflgfk-sfmt stmrljk pmfdey eli ydkfn rksufts tclt lrk sdadflr tm tck‖purk‑ rlinmadzkn stmrljk pmfdey db tck stmrljk fkvkf rkaldis bldrfy emistlit lin tck fkvkf

mb utdfdzltdmi ds cdjc.

Nkndeltkn stmrljk fmeltdmis (lin eflss-glskn nkndeltkn stmrljk fmeltdmis) rkaldi letdvk

kvki lbtkr stme` cls gkki rkamvkn brma tclt fmeltdmi lin tck fmeltdmi ds kapty. ^cds ds

plrtfy nuk tm tck blet tclt tck iuagkr mb mpkidijs lssdjikn tm li U@[ aust leemaamnltk

dts alxdaua divkitmry fkvkf. ^ck pfliikn qulitdty mb uidt fmlns tm gk stmrkn bmrnkndeltkn stmrljk ds tcus kqulf tm tck sua mb tck mpkidijs rkqudrkn bmr klec U@[. Zdtc

rlinmadzkn stmrljk, cmwkvkr, tck pfliikn qulitdty mb uidt fmlns tm gk stmrkn di tcksystka ds tck iuagkr mb mpkidijs rkqudrkn tm stmrk lff U@[s. Udiek typdelffy lff U@[s

wdff imt gk lt tckdr alxdaua divkitmry fkvkfs lt tck slak tdak, rlinmadzkn stmrljk wdffjkikrlffy rkqudrk bkwkr mpkidijs tcli nkndeltkn stmrljk.

Ls plrt mb tck stmrljk splek pfliidij, emisdnkrltdmi aust gk jdvki tm tcrmujcput ls wkff.Bmr kxlapfk, wcki usdij nkndeltkn stmrljk, U@[s scmufn gk lssdjikn tm stmrljk

fmeltdmis glskn mi tck rltdm mb tckdr letdvdty tm tck iuagkr mb mpkidijs mr sfmts lssdjikn tm




tck U@[. ^ck U@[ clvdij tck cdjckst rli`dij ds lssdjikn tm tck prkbkrrkn mpkidij, wdtc

tck fmwkst-rli`dij U@[ lssdjikn tm tck fklst-prkbkrrkn mpkidijs. Gkelusk blst amvkrs

lrk up brmit lin sfmw amvkrs lrk di gle`, tcrmujcput ds alxdadzkn.

Bdilffy, di rli`dij U@[s, dt ds dapmrtlit tm nkbdik letdvdty ls tck iuagkr mb

stmrljk/rktrdkvlf letdmis pkr uidt tdak, imt tck qulitdty mb altkrdlfs amvkn. Lfsm, dt dsdapmrtlit tm tcdi` mb ‖plrt bladfdks‑ ls wkff. ‖Dtkas tclt lrk mrnkrkn tmjktckr scmufn gkstmrkn tmjktckr‑ ds l alxda mb letdvdty-glskn stmrljk.

:.7; ^ck rkekdvdij/scdppdij rltdms (tck rltdm mb tck trdps tm rkekdvk lin tck trdps tm scdp laltkrdlf) bmr klec mb tck prmnuets L-I lrk elfeufltkn lin jdvki di tck bmffmwdij tlgfk. L

rkekdvdij/scdppdij rltdm mb <.? dindeltks tck slak iuagkr mb trdps lrk rkqudrkn tm rkekdvk

ls tm scdp. ^ckrkbmrk, bmr prmnuets G, J, D, lin F, tck trlvkf ndstliek wdff gk tck slak im

alttkr wckrk lfmij tck aldi ldsfk tck prmnuets lrk stmrkn. L rkekdvdij/scdppdij rltdm fksstcli <.? dindeltks tclt bkwkr trdps lrk rkqudrkn tm rkekdvk tck prmnuet tcli tm scdp dt.

^ckrkbmrk, prmnuets clvdij rltdms fkss tcli <.? scmufn gk fmeltkn efmskr tm scdppdij.

_rmnuets L, E, N, H, lin A scmufn gk efmskr tm scdppdij.

Udadflrfy, l rkekdvdij/scdppdij rltdm jrkltkr tcli <.? dindeltks tclt bkwkr trdps lrkrkqudrkn tm scdp tcli tm rkekdvk. ^ckrkbmrk, prmnuets clvdij rltdms jrkltkr tcli <.? (d.k., K,

B, C, @, lin I) scmufn gk fmeltkn efmskr tm rkekdvdij.

^ck flymut scmwi ds typdelf mb li ldsfk-glskn systka. _rmnuets lrk ndstrdgutkn leemrndij

tm tcrmujcput, qulitdty rkekdpt, lin tck rltdm mb rkekdvdij tm scdppdij trdps. Di Eclptkr <?,

wk prmvdnk judnkfdiks bmr adidadzdij trlvkf ndstlieks.

_rmnuet

Amitcfy

^crmujcput

\ty pkr

Wkekdpt

^rdps tm

Wkekdvk

Lvj.

Eustmakr

Mrnkr Udzk

^rdps tm

Ucdp

Wkekdvdij/

Ucdppdij

Wltdm

L Cdjc 5?? plffkts 5? 7.? plffkts <;? ?.7?

G Fmw 7?? elrtmis ;? >.? plffkts ;? <.??

E Fmw <? plffkts <? ?.7 plffkt ;? ?.7?

N Cdjc >?? plffkts >?? ?.; plffkt 3?? ?.;?

K Cdjc 2,??? elrtmis <,??? <?.? elrtmis 2?? <.2:

B Fmw >? elrtmis >? 7.? plffkts 7? 7.??J Cdjc 7?? elrtmis 7?? <.? plffkt 7?? <.??

C Cdjc 4,??? elrtmis 7,7;? ;.? elrtmis <,3?? <.7;

D Fmw ;? plffkts ;? <.? plffkt ;? <.??

H Cdjc ;?? plffkts ;?? ?.: plffkt :<; ?.24

@ Fmw 3? plffkts 3? 7.? plffkts >? 7.??

F Cdjc >?? plffkts >?? <.? plffkt >?? <.??

A Cdjc :,??? elrtmis <,<2: 5.? elrtmis 7,55> ?.;?

I Fmw :?? elrtmis <>? :.? elrtmis <?? <.>?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-<?

:.72 Adidaua ^mtlf Eugk Wkqudrkakit8

P(> bt x > bt x >.; bt)/fmlnQxP5?? fmlns/prmnuetQxP5? prmnuetsQ 1 2>3,??? bt5

Alx [slgfk Ckdjct Wkqudrkakit8P(>.; bt/fmln)x(> fmlns)Q 1 <3 bt

Adidaua ^mtlf Bfmmr Uplek Wkqudrkakit8

P2>3,??? eugde btQ/P<3 btQ 1 52,??? bt7

Lpprmxdaltk Ndakisdmis mb Gfme` Utle`dij Lrkl8

P52,??? bt7Q?.;

1 <4? bt (wdntc mr nkptc mb stle`dij lrkl)

Adidaua Ldsfk Zdntc lin Alxdaua Im. mb Fliks pkr _rmnuet8

Adidaua ldsfk wdntc 1 <5 bt. Alxdaua im. mb fliks pkr prmnuet 1 7

_rletdelf Ndakisdmis mb Gfme` Utle`dij Lrkl8P5? prmnuetsQxP5 fmln wdntcs/prmnuetQxP> bt/fmln wdntcQ 1 52? bt (wdntc)

{P5?? fmlnsQ/P> fmlns cdjcQ/P5 fmlns wdnkQ}xP> bt/fmln nkptcQ 1 <?? bt (nkptc)Lnn P5? prmnuetsQxP<5 bt ― 5 x > btQ 1 5? bt tm 72? bt

^ckrkbmrk, tck prletdelf ndakisdmis bmr tck gfme` stle`dij stmrljk lrkl lrk 54? bt wdnk gy5?? bt nkkp.

Flymut bmr tck Zlrkcmusk8 L rketlijuflr gfme` stle`dij lrkl mb 54? bkkt wdnk gy <?? bkkt

nkkp, adidaua ndakisdmis. Klec prmnuet wdff gk stle`kn di tcrkk fliks, klec emitldidij7; stle`s mb bmur fmlns cdjc, bmr l tmtlf mb P 7; + 7; + 7; Q x > 1 5?? fmlns pkr prmnuet.

^ck 5? prmnuets wdff gk stle`kn di 4? sdnk-gy-sdnk fliks (5? ldsfks), wdtc mik bmmtskplrltdij klec prmnuet ldsfk.

^cds seckak trdks tm rknuek tck pde` blek mb tck stle`s, wcdec dierklsks emijkstdmi lin

tck tdak dt tl`ks tm kapty l (nkkp) flik. Lnnrkssdij tcmsk dssuks rkqudrks l amrk

rketlijuflr gfme` stle`dij lrkl lt tck kxpkisk mb eugk utdfdzltdmi. L typdelf flymut dsnkpdetkn gkfmw.

C I B G D L H

NAEFJ@K

Wkekdvdij Aldi Ldsfk Ucdppdij



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr : :-<<

:.7: Eugk utdfdzltdmi dierklsks ls prmnuets lrk amrk nkiskfy stmrkn di l wlrkcmusk. ^cus,

eugk utdfdzltdmi lin prmnuet leekssdgdfdty lrk divkrskfy prmpmrtdmilf. Bmr kxlapfk, di

gfme` stle`dij stmrljk seckak, eugk utdfdzltdmi dierklsks ls flik nkptc dierklsks. ^cdsal`ks leekssdij (nkkp) prmnuet(s) amrk ndbbdeuft.

:.73 ^ck sfdjctkst lnvlitljk tclt flymut (l) cls mvkr flymuts (g) lin (e) mb Bdjurk :.52 ds tcltekrtldi emindtdmis aly kxdst tm al`k tck mvkrlff trlvkf ndstliek smakwclt fkss. Di

jkikrlf, cmwkvkr, flymuts (g) lin (e) lrk prkbkrrkn mvkr (l) gkelusk tcky lffmw amrk

stme` leekssdgdfdty. Flymut (e) ds prkbkrrkn mvkr flymut (g) gkelusk dt lffmws tck amst

leekssdgdfdty mb lff flymuts. ^ck ndslnvlitljk mb flymut (e) ds tclt dt usks amrk ldsfk spleklin dts mvkrlff stmrljk splek utdfdzltdmi (bletmr) wdff gk sfdjctfy fkss. ^ck mvkrlff

prkbkrkiek ds tcus (e) mvkr (g), wcdec lrk gmtc prkbkrrkn mvkr (l).

Wkekdvdij Lrkl Ucdppdij Lrkl

<<5+ bt

54?+ bt



Eclptkr 3

Aliubleturdij Uystkas




UKE^DMI 3.<

3.< ^m smak kxtkit, tck lutmaltde bletmry ds stdff vlfdn tmnly. ^ckrk lrk tcrkk emapmikits dili lutmaltde bletmry ― aliubleturdij, altkrdlf clinfdij, lin tck dibmraltdmi systka. Di

tkras mb aliubleturdij, smak nkedsdvk bletmrs tm hustdby lutmaltdmi lrk8

Rmfuak mb prmnuetdmi. Kemimades mb selfk eli gk lecdkvkn gy alss prmnuetdmi lintck bdiliedlf gkikbdt eli emapkisltk tck cdjc elpdtlf emst mb li lutmaltde bletmry.

Kxpkisdvk alecdikry. Umak dinustrdks, suec ls skademinuetmr, rkqudrk kxpkisdvkalecdikry. Gy lutmaltdij, tcksk alecdiks eli gk buffy utdfdzkn tm rknuek

prmnuetdmi emst.

Rlrdlgdfdty rknuetdmi. Aliulf alecdidij, wcdfk stdff wdtcdi tmfkrliek, mbtki prmnuek plrts wdtc cdjc vlrdlgdfdty. ^cds vlrdlgdfdty eli gk rknuekn sdjidbdelitfy gylutmaltdmi.

Brma l altkrdlf clinfdij pkrspketdvk, lutmaltdmi ds nksdrlgfk tm rknuek emst di tdak nuk

tm slvdijs di flgmr emst. Di lnndtdmi tm emst slvdij, smak prmnuet aly rkqudrk elrkbufclinfdij0 tckrkbmrk lutmaltdmi ds li lftkriltdvk tm prkvkit prmnuet nlaljk. Di lnndtdmi,

tck nkefdidij emsts mb emaputdij lin nltl stmrljk emitdiuk tm bukf tck nksdrk tm divkst dilutmaltdmi.

3.7 ^ck skademinuetmr dinustry wmufn gk l jmmn tlrjkt bmr tck lutmaltde bletmry. Alecdikry

bmr skademinuetmr prmnuetdmi emst nklrfy lin scmufn gk buffy utdfdzkn. _rmnuet vlfuk dslfsm vkry cdjc0 altkrdlf-clinfdij lutmaltdmi ds ikknkn tm lvkrt nlaljk.

Limtckr sketmr wmufn gk emitdiumus bfmw aliubleturdij suec ls eckadelf prmnuets.

3.5 Lnvlitljks mb lutmaltde wlrkcmusk8

Cdjc tcrmujcput

Wknuekn flgmr emst

Kfdadiltdmi mb cuali krrmr

Wknuekn altkrdlf nlaljk

Jrkltkr skeurdty

Ndslnvlitljks mb lutmaltde wlrkcmusk8

Cdjc didtdlf elpdtlf emst

Nmwitdak mr rkfdlgdfdty mb kqudpakit

Umbtwlrk rkfltkn prmgfkas

Gle`up ds ikknkn tm emvkr tck rds` mb emapfktk rkfdliek mi lutmaltdmi db l ndslstkrscmufn strd`k.

[skr ditkrblek lin trldidij

Mgsmfksekiek

Fle` mb bfkxdgdfdty

Wds` mb clvdij lff kjjs di mik gls`kt db l ndslstkr scmufn strd`k tck wlrkcmusk




3.> L ermss nme`dij bledfdty eli gk tmtlffy lutmaltkn. L fdst tclt ds rkqudrkn bmr l buffy

lutmaltkn ermss nme`dij bledfdty wdtc rkspket tm tck altkrdlf clinfdij lspket8

Umbtwlrk bmr wlrkcmusk aliljkakit. Umbtwlrk aust gk prmvdnkn bmr l buffylutmaltkn ermssnme`dij bledfdty sdiek tckrk ds im ali-flgmr lvldflgfk tm al`k tcklrrlijkakit tm uifmln/fmln.

Lutmaltde altkrdlf trlispmrt kqudpakit bmr amvdij tck altkrdlfs. Bmr kxlapfk8emivkymrs, rle`s tclt lrk nksdjikn tm leemaamnltk ermss nme`dij bledfdty, d.k.

auftd-flik ndrketdmilf emivkymr fdiks brma rkekdvdij nme` tm tck scdppdij nme`.

Dinustrdlf vkcdefks bmr trlispmrtdij brma tck nme` tm stmrljk mr stmrljk tm nme`. Bmrkxlapfk8 lutmaltde erlik/cmdst tm fmln/uifmln altkrdlf tm/brma true`s/emitldikrs.

^cds nkvdek wdff lffmw lutmaltkn rktrdkvlf mb fmlns brma true`.

3.; L emitldikr scdppdij ylrn eli gk tmtlffy lutmaltkn. L fdst tclt ds rkqudrkn bmr l buffylutmaltkn emitldikr scdppdij ylrn wdtc rkspket tm tck altkrdlf clinfdij lspket8

Umbtwlrk bmr ‖wlrkcmusk‑ aliljkakit. Umbtwlrk aust gk prmvdnkn bmr l buffy

lutmaltkn emitldikr scdppdij ylrn sdiek tckrk ds im ali-flgmr lvldflgfk tm al`k tck

lrrlijkakit tm uifmln/fmln.Dinustrdlf vkcdefks bmr trlispmrtdij brma tck nme` tm stmrljk mr stmrljk tm nme`. Bmrkxlapfk8 LJR erlik/cmdst tm fmln/uifmln altkrdlf tm/brma stljdij lrkl/ylrn. ^cds

nkvdek wdff lffmw lutmaltkn rktrdkvlf mb fmlns brma nme`.

UKE^DMI 3.7

3.2 Erdtkrdl bmr emaplrdij tck ndbbkrkit vlrdltdmis mb tck strldjct-fdik bfmw plttkri bmr bdxknlutmaltdmi systkas8

Letulf sclpk mb tck fdik, k.j. strldjct-fdik bfmw, [-bfmw, edreuflr bfmw, kte.

Altkrdlf clinfdij nkvdek uskn

Upledij gktwkki wmr`stltdmis (gubbkr sdzk)

3.: Ndlf-dinkxdij alecdik, sdijfk-stljk auftdalecdik systkas. ^ck stunkit aly lfsm emak

up wdtc mtckr typks mb systkas.

UKE^DMI 3.5

3.3 Erdtkrdl bmr emaplrdij trlisbkr fdik lin BAU8

Rmfuak mb prmnuetdmi

Iuagkr mb prmnuets aliubleturkn

_rmnuetdmi mb bladfdks mb wmr` plrts

Wknuekn bfkxdgdfdty di prmekssdij mrnkrs gkelusk mb fmij prmnuetdmi fdik

Aliubleturdij fkln tdak

Alecdik utdfdzltdmi

Ndrket lin dindrket flgmr

Aliljkakit emitrmf

3.4 Lftkriltdvks bmr amvdij plrt ls scmwi8




Upurs eli gk rkamvkn sm tclt tck systka wdff clvk li mi-trle` upfmln/mbbfmln. Limi-trle` uifmln/mbbfmln systka wdff lffmw qukukdij mi trle`s. Db tck systka cls

aliy LJRs lin tck prmekss mb upfmlndij/mbbfmlndij tl`ks l sdjidbdelit lamuit mb

tdak, tcki clvdij spurs ds amrk blvmrlgfk sdiek dt lffmws li mbb-trle` upfmln/mbbfmlnsystka.

Distkln mb usdij LJRs, emivkymrs eli gk uskn bmr trlispmrtdij altkrdlfs. Zckiusdij emivkymrs, l spdik flymut eli lfsm gk dapfkakitkn. Zcki usdij l spdik

flymut, tckrk ds im amrk fmmp lrmuin tck systka.

UKE^DMI 3.>

3.<? Erdtkrdl bmr emaplrdij BAU lin UUAU8

_lrt trlispmrtltdmi rkqudrkakit

Iuagkr mb sktup

^mmf lffmeltdmi lin aliljkakit

Bfkxdgdfdty

Elpdtlf emst

3.<< ^mmf aliljkakit prmgfka di8

BAU8 Di l BAU kivdrmiakit, tmmf sclrdij lamij alecdiks ds emaami. ^cds trkinds pkrpktultkn gy fdadtkn tmmf aljlzdik sdzk lin amrk dapmrtlitfy0 `kkpdij l

emapfktk skt mb tmmfs di l aljlzdik aly imt gk kemimadelffy bklsdgfk sdiek tmmfs

lrk jkikrlffy kxpkisdvk. ^mmfs eli gk eltkjmrdzkn ditm twm typks8 rksdnkit, wcdecrksdnk di l alecdik pkralikitfy lin trlisdkit, wcdec ds sclrkn lamij alecdiks

lin `kpt di ekitrlf tmmf stmrljk.

Nktkradidij cmw aliy rksdnkit lin trlisdkit tmmfs ds tck prmgfka. ^cds lfsm

trlisfltks tm cmw tm lffmeltk tck trlisdkit tmmfs lamij alecdiks lin cmw aliytrlispmrt nkvdeks ds ikknkn. Jdvki tck alecdidij secknufk, usulffy glskn mi mrnkr prdmrdty, tck rkqudrkn tmmf skqukiek eli gk `imwi.

Udaufltdmi mr ditkjkr prmjrlaadij eli gk uskn tm bdin tck mptdalf smfutdmi. Di

prletdek, `kkpdij letdvk divkitmry mb lff tmmfs di tck ekff wdtc tckdr sdzk, typk,iuagkr lin fmeltdmi, daprmvdij tmmf bmrkelsts lin wlridijs mb tmmfs eclijks,

rknuedij nkflys di tck systka, lin daprmvdij tmmf dibmraltdmi rkfdlgdfdty lrk tck

emrk mb l tmmf aliljkakit systka.

UUAU8 UUAU ksskitdlffy blekn tck slak tmmfs aliljkakit prmgfkas ls di BAU.^mmfs lrk stdff skplrltkn ditm rksdnkit tmmfs lin trlisdkit tmmfs0 cmwkvkr tck

prmpmrtdmi mb rksdnkit tmmfs ds emisdnkrlgfy cdjckr tcli di l BAU skttdij. ^cds eli gk lttrdgutkn tm tck ilturk mb UUAU wckrk plrt mify vdsdt l alecdik miek0 tcus amrkrksdnkit tmmfs lrk ikknkn. ^cds lrrlijkakit ds amrk emstfy0 di rkturi dt mbbkrs amrk

vkrsltdfdty, amrk alecdik utdfdzltdmi, klsdkr plrt secknufdij lin cdjckr tcrmujcput.

3.<7 Liswkr wdff nkpkin mi tck stunkit, gut smak rkfltdmiscdps lrk ls bmffmws8

^ck ekff nksdji aust leemaamnltk tck wmr`dij kivkfmpk mb tck altkrdlf clinfdij

nkvdek nuk tm tck lutmaltdmi rkqudrkakits mb tck BAU.




^ck clinfdij nkvdek ikkns tm gk bfkxdgfk di tck skisk tclt dt aust gk lgfk tm clinfklff mb tck plrt typks prmnuekn wdtcdi tck bfkxdgfk ekff.

^ck ZD_ stmrljk aust lfsm emibmra tm tck fdadtltdmis mb tck ekff lin altkrdlfclinfdij systka nksdji.

UKE^DMI 3.;

3.<5 Gy clvdij l nkvdek tclt skrvks auftdpfk buietdmis, di tcds elsk, stmrljk lin bdxturdij, tckskemin rufk mb tcuag ds lutmaltdelffy sltdsbdkn. ^ck stmrljk/bdxturdij nkvdek wmufn gk

nksdjikn suec tclt tck plrt ds ckfn sm tclt dt eli gk prmeksskn. Di lnndtdmi, tck aliulf

clinfdij tclt wmufn imralffy gk divmfvkn amvdij l plrt brma l stmrljk nkvdek (k.j. gdi)tm l bdxturdij nkvdek ds kfdadiltkn. Distkln tck stmrljk/bdxturdij nkvdek wmufn sdapfy gkfmlnkn ditm tck alecdik. ^ck emaami nkvdek wmufn lfsm kfdadiltk tck ikkn bmr kxtrl

stmrljk nkvdeks lin/mr bdxturdij. ^ckrkbmrk, klec mb tck rufks-mb-tcuag lrk sltdsbdkn di lt

fklst mik wly.

3.<>^ck wldtdij tdak eli gk rknuekn sdiek tckrk ds fkss clinfdij gktwkki tck tdak tck

plrt ds tl`ki brma stmrljk tm tck tdak dt ds prmeksskn. ^ckrkbmrk, l wmr`kr aly slvktdak tm pkrbmra tck tls`, tcus mpkidij tck wmr`kr tm clinfdij amrk alecdiks.

Dt aly gk tclt tck aktcmn mb trlispmrtltdmi ds sdapfkr nuk tm tck blet tclt tckstmrljk/bdxturdij nkvdek ds nksdjikn suec tclt dt eli gk trlispmrtkn wdtcmut spkedlf

kqudpakit. Di lnndtdmi, tck mpkrltmr wdff imt clvk tm spkin tdak lrrlijdijemapmikits.

Gy utdfdzdij l stmrljk/bdxturdij nkvdek tck mpkrltmr ds imt tdkn up lt l alecdikrklnydij tck alecdik bmr prmekssdij.

Gy utdfdzdij l stmrljk/bdxturdij nkvdek tck lamuit mb aliulf mpkrltdmis ikknkn tm

prkplrk l plrt bmr prmekssdij ds rknuekn.

^ckrkbmrk, lt fklst > mb tck : wlstks lrk rknuekn.

UKE^DMI 3.2

3.<; Wksklrec qukstdmi8 Wkspmisk wdff gk glskn mi tck plpkr ecmski bmr rkvdkw.

3.<2 Wksklrec qukstdmi8 Wkspmisk wdff gk glskn mi tck plpkr ecmski bmr rkvdkw.

3.<: HD^ lin fkli aliubleturdij clvk ksskitdlffy tck slak mghketdvks. Gmtc strdvk bmr

kfdadiltdij mr adidadzk wlstk, prmnuek mify wclt ds nkalinkn, adidadzk tck usk mb tdaklin splek rksmureks, lin aliubleturk di tck scmrtkst eyefk tdak pmssdgfk. Ndbbkrkit

emaplidks clvk ndbbkrkit ilak bmr HD^, lt Ckwfktt-_le`lrn dt ds elffkn Utme`fkss

_rmnuetdmi, Altkrdlf ls Ikknkn lt Clrfky-Nlvdnsmi, Emitdiumus Bfmw Aliubleturdij ltDGA.

3.<3 Dt ds imt lppfdelgfk tm lff typks mb aliubleturdij systkas. Alss prmnuetdmi ds stdff tck gkst

prmekss tm usk bmr cdjc vmfuak, rkpktdtdvk prmnuets. HD^ aly lfsm gk ndbbdeuft tm




dapfkakit tm vkry fmw vmfuak mr uidquk prmnuets suec ls di l hmg scmp kivdrmiakit

uifkss tckrk ds bfkxdgdfdty di rkmrnkrdij tck alecdik.

3.<4 HD^ eli gk lppfdkn tm emitdiumus prmnuetdmi systkas sdiek HD^ rkqudrks l puff-glskn

prmnuetdmi systka. Fd`k ndserktk-plrt prmnuetdmi systkas, l emitdiumus prmnuetdmi

systka stlrts wdtc l gltec tclt ds prmeksskn0 cmwkvkr, tck gltec ds prmeksskn di lemitdiumus aliikr brma prmekss tm prmekss. Um, tck gltec sdzk eli gk nktkradikn gy tckletulf nkalin, lin tckrkbmrk, gk tcmujct mb ls l puff systka. Gy fdadtdij tck sdzk mb tck

gltec tck ZD_ ds ilturlffy fdadtkn di tck systka ls wkff. Cmwkvkr, dt scmufn gk imtkn tclt

amst emitdiumus prmnuetdmi systkas lrk uskn di vkry flrjk selfk prmnuetdmi, sm rknuedij

gltec sdzks aly rknuek tck utdfdzltdmi mb tck systka.

3.7? Wksklrec qukstdmi. Wkspmisk wdff gk glskn mi tck plpkr ecmski bmr rkvdkw.

3.7< Wksklrec qukstdmi. Wkspmisk wdff gk glskn mi tck plpkr ecmski bmr rkvdkw.

3.77 Di l strldjct fdik-glfliedij prmgfka, tck skt mb lssdjilgfk tls s ds fdadtkn tm tclt tls`wcmsk prknkekssmrs clvk gkki lssdjikn. Di l [ fdik glfliedij prmgfka, tck skt mb

lssdjilgfk tls` ds kiflrjk gy tcmsk tls`s wcmsk sueekssmrs clvk gkki lssdjikn, tckrkbmrk

[ fdik glfliedij prmgfka ds amrk emapfkx sdiek imw tls` jrmupdij imt mify amvk di

bmrwlrn mr gle`wlrn ndrketdmi ls di l strldjct fdik, gut dt eli lfsm amvk di gmtc ndrketdmislt tck slak tdak.

Di prletdek, rkglfliedij mb tck fdik ds nmik qudtk mbtki bmffmwdij nkalin eclijks.Wkglfliedij divmfvks lnndij mr rkamvdij alecdik brma mi tck fdik mr eclijdij tck

stlinlrn tdak glsks mi ikw flymut emibdjurltdmi0 dt lfsm divmfvks nktkradidij tck iuagkr

mb mpkrltmrs rkqudrkn lin lssdjidij tck alecdiks tclt klec mpkrltmr tkins.

3.75 \ulfdty prmgfkas eli gk emaauideltkn lin lnnrksskn ls tcky meeur, tcus fklndij tm

qude`kr rksmfutdmi. ^ck wmr`krs scmufn gk ermss-trldikn sm tcky eli bdx klec mtckrs

adstl`ks mr ldnk di tck qulfdty rksmfutdmi prmekss.

3.7> ^m kvkify glfliek tck prmekssdij tdak lamij tck wmr krs tck bmffmwdij lssdjiakits

wmufn gk alnk8

Klec wmr`kr wmufn clvk 2? uidts mb prmekssdij tdak. ^ckrk wmufn gk elsks mb mvkrflp,

wckrk tck mik wmr`kr wmufn mgstruet tck pltc mb limtckr wmr`kr.

Zmr`kr

_rmekssks

Lssdjikn

< <, 7, 5, 4

7 ;, :5 >, 2

> 3, <?




3.7; Di tcds elsk klec wmr`kr wmufn gk lssdjikn 3? uidts mb prmekssdij tdak. ^ck lssdjiakits

lrk ls bmffmws8

Di tcds elsk klec wmr`kr ds imt mgstruetkn gy liy mtckr wmr`kr0 tckrkbmrk, dt wmufn gk l prkbkrlgfk lrrlijkakit emaplrkn wdtc tclt mb tck smfutdmi tm _rmgfka 3.7>.

3.72 ^ck bdilf pflekakit mrnkr ds 7-5-<-> wdtc l tmtlf emst mb 4<7.

UKE^DMI 3.:

3.7: Wksklrec qukstdmi.

3.73 Wksklrec qukstdmi.

Zmr`kr

_rmekssks

Lssdjikn

< <, 7, 5, <?

7 >, ;

5 2, :, 3, 4



Eclptkr 4

Bledfdtdks Uystkas




UKE^DMI 4.7

4.< ^ck stltkakit, ‖^ck jrdn strueturk scmufn nkbkr tm tck buietdmi mb tck bledfdty‑ ds truk. Umak rklsmis wcy tcds ds sm lrk8

Di l wlrkcmusk bledfdty, tck jrdn spledij scmufn gk ndetltkn gy tck rle` ndakisdmis

lin leekss ldsfks gktwkki rle`sDi l plr`dij jlrljk, tck jrdn kfkakit scmufn gk l auftdpfk mb tck elr gly wdntc linfkijtc lin tck edreufltdmi ikkns

Ls fmij ls tck strueturlf ditkjrdty ds imt emaprmadskn, tck ndakisdmis mb tck gudfndij jrdn lrk skeminlry tm tck mptdalf flymut mb tck bledfdty

Upkedbde strueturlf akagkrs mtckr tcli 7?— lin >?— fkijtcs eli gk mgtldikn wdtcmut

auec mb l pkilfty emst

UKE^DMI 4.5

4.7 ^ck tckralf pkrbmraliek mb l bledfdty eli gk daprmvkn gy al`dij gkttkr usk mb smflr

jldi. ^cds wdff jrkltfy rknuek tck gudfndij—s nkpkinkiek mi lrtdbdedlf ltamspckrdesystkas. [sdij nmugfk-plikn wdinmws wdtc l rkbfketdvk jflss akagkr eli rknuek tck

smflr trlisadssdmi tcrmujc wdinmws brma 4?% tm 7;%.

L jmmn rmmb nksdji wdff lfsm ckfp tckralf pkrbmraliek. L akagrlik flykr tm prkvkit

wltkr pkiktrltdmi, li disufltdmi flykr tm lssdst wdtc tckralf emabmrt, lin l vlpmr ecke` tm

stmp vlpmr adjrltdmi lrk lff rkqudrkakits mb l jmmn rmmb. ^ck bfmmr scmufn clvk ditkjrlfwltkr-prmmbdij lin li lppfdkn akagrlik tm sklf tck bfmmr ljldist wltkr adjrltdmi. ^ck

prdalry purpmsk mb li kiefmsurk systka bmr l aliubleturdij bledfdty ds tm `kkp mut

uinksdrlgfks.

UKE^DMI 4.>

4.5 Lffmeltk tck akeclidelf kqudpakit rmma splek8

^mtlf Jrmss Lrkl 1 <7? bt x <3? bt 1 7<,2?? bt7

Lssuak tck systka wdff gk rmmb-amuitkn

Nktkradik tck ldr-clinfdij rkqudrkakits8Ldr suppfy 1 7<,2?? bt

7 x <.? bt

5/adi-bt

7 1 7<,2?? bt

5/adi (EBA)

Ldr kxclust 1 7<,2?? bt7 x ?.5 bt

7/adi-bt

7 1 2,>3? bt

5/adi (EBA)

Nktkradik Fmuvkr Uuppfy lin Kxclust sdzks8

Fmuvkr Uuppfy 1 7<,2?? EBA / <,??? bt/adi 1 7<.2 bt7

Fmuvkr Kxclust 1 2,>3? EBA / 7,??? bt/adi 1 5.7> bt

7

Nktkradik Aldi Nuet Udzdij8

7 aldi nuets, klec emvkrdij l clfb mb tck gudfndij—s lrkl, tdaks tck ldr suppfy rltk8

?.; x 7<,2?? bt7 x <.? bt

5/adi-bt

7 1 <?,3?? bt

5/adi (EBA)

<?,3?? EBA / <,3?? bt/adi 1 2 bt7




4.> \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\B 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\W 1 <.>> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2) (7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\N 1 ?.??43 x <?

2

Gtu/cr\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt

7)QP?.54 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\Z 1 ?.2; x <?2 Gtu/cr

\D 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt

7)QP?.?7 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\D 1 ?.<3 x <?2 Gtu/cr

[sdij kqultdmi 4.<, tck tmtlf cklt fmss aly gk elfeufltkn ls bmffmws8

\C 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr + <.>> x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.??43 x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.2; x

<?2 Gtu/cr + ?.<3 x <?

2 Gtu/cr

\C 1 3.<< x <?2 Gtu/cr

4.; \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\B 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB ― <7

mB)

\W 1 <.>> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2) (7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB - <7

mB)

\N 1 ?.??43 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\J 1 (7?)(57 bt7)P?.25 Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB - <7

mB)

\J 1 ?.?7> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt

7)-(7?)(57 bt

7)Q

P?.54 Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(

mB)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\Z

1 ?.2> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\D 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt7)QP?.?7 Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(mB)Q(:7mB ― <7mB)

\D 1 ?.<3 x <?2 Gtu/cr

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.<, tck tmtlf cklt fmss aly gk elfeufltkn ls bmffmws8

\C 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr + <.>> x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.??43 x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.?7> x

<?2 + ?.2> x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.<3 x <?

2 Gtu/cr

\C 1 3.<7 x <?2 Gtu/cr

4.2 \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\B 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(mB)Q(:7mB ― <7mB)

\W 1 ?.4> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2)(7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB ― <7

mB)

\N 1 ?.??43 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt


7)(

mB)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\Z 1 ?.2; x <?2 Gtu/cr

\D 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt


7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB ― <7

mB)




\D 1 ?.<3 x <?2 Gtu/cr

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.<, tck tmtlf cklt fmss alygk elfeufltkn ls bmffmws8

\C 1 ;.35 x <?2 Gtu/cr + ?.4> x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.??43 x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.2; x <?

2 Gtu/cr

+ ?.<3 x <?

2

Gtu/cr\C 1 :.2< x <?2 Gtu/cr

4.: \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.;; Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\B 1 5.42 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB ― <7

mB)

\W 1 <.>> x <?2 Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2)(7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(:7

mB ― <7

mB)

\N 1 ?.??43 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt


7)(

mB)Q(:7¸B - <7¸B)

\Z 1 ?.2; x <?2 Gtu/cr

\D 1 P(<7?,??? bt

7

)+(73,??? bt

7

)QP?.?7 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7

)(

m

B)Q(:7

m

B ― <7

m

B)\D 1 ?.<3 x <?2 Gtu/cr

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.<, tck tmtlf cklt fmss alygk elfeufltkn ls bmffmws8

\C 1 5.42 x <?2 Gtu/cr + <.>> x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.??43 x <?

2 Gtu/cr + ?.2; x <?

2 Gtu/cr

+ ?.<3 x <?2 Gtu/cr

\C 1 2.7> x <?2 Gtu/cr

4.3 \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(43¸B - :3¸B)

\B 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt

7)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\W 1 >.3? x <?; Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2)(7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\N 1 ?.?55 x <?; Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt


7)(

mB)Q(43¸B - :3¸B)

\Z 1 7.<: x <?; Gtu/cr

\D 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt


7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\D 1 ?.;4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\U 1 {P(5)(7> bt7)QP<<? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q + P(5)(7> bt

7)Q

P;; Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(

mB)Q}(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\U 1 7.5: x <?; Gtu/cr

\F 1 (:??)(2? wltt)P>.7; Gtu/(cr)(wltt)Q

\F 1 <.:4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\_ 1 (;?)(<,;?? Gtu/cr)+(2?)(:?? Gtu/cr)

\_ 1 <.<: x <?; Gtu/cr

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.5, tck tmtlf emmfdij fmln aly gk elfeufltkn ls bmffmws8

\E 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr + >.3? x <?

; Gtu/cr + ?.?55 x <?

; Gtu/cr + 7.<: x <?

; Gtu/cr




+ ?.;4 x <?; Gtu/cr + 7.5: x <?

; Gtu/cr + <.:4 x <?

; Gtu/cr + <.<: x <?

; Gtu/cr

\E 1 57.57 x <?; Gtu/cr

4.4 \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(43¸B - :3¸B)

\B 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt

7

)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7

)(

m

B)Q(43

m

B ― :3

m

B)\W 1 >.3? x <?; Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2)(7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\N 1 ?.?55 x <?; Gtu/cr

\J 1 (<?)(57 bt7)P?.25 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\J 1 ?.?>? x <?; Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt

7)-(2)(7> bt

7)-(<?)(57 bt

7)Q


mB)Q(43¸B - :3¸B)

\Z 1 7.<; x <?; Gtu/cr

\R 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt


7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\R 1 ?.;4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\U 1 {P(5)(7> bt

7

)+(;)(57 bt

7

)QP<<? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7

)(

m

B)Q + P(5)(7> bt

7

)+(;)(57 bt7)QP;; Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q}(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\U 1 :.2; x <?; Gtu/cr


\F 1 <.:4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\_ 1 (;?)(<,;?? Gtu/cr)+(2?)(:?? Gtu/cr)

\_ 1 <.<: x <?; Gtu/cr


\E 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr + >.3? x <?

; Gtu/cr + ?.?55 x <?

; Gtu/cr + ?.?>? x <?

; Gtu/cr

+ 7.<; x <?; Gtu/cr + ?.;4 x <?

; Gtu/cr + :.2; x <?

; Gtu/cr + <.:4 x <?

; Gtu/cr

+ <.<: x <?; Gtu/cr

\E 1 5:.27 x <?; Gtu/cr

4.<? \B 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.3< Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(¸B)Q(43¸B - :3¸B)

\B 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr

\W 1 (<7?,??? bt7)P?.7? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\W 1 >.3? x <?; Gtu/cr

\N 1 (2)(7> bt7)P<.<5 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\N 1 ?.?55 x <?; Gtu/cr

\J 1 (<?)(57 bt7)P?.25 Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\J 1 ?.?>? x <?; Gtu/cr

\Z 1 P(7)(3,??? bt7)+(7)(2,??? bt7)-(2)(7> bt7)-(<?)(57 bt7)Q


mB)Q*(43¸B - :3¸B)

\Z 1 7.<; x <?; Gtu/cr

\R 1 P(<7?,??? bt7)+(73,??? bt


7)(

mB)Q(43

mB ― :3

mB)

\R 1 ?.;4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\U 1 {P(5)(7> bt7)+(;)(57 bt

7)QP<<? Gtu/(cr)(bt

7)(

mB)Q + P(5)(7> bt

7) +(;)(57 bt

7)Q

P;; Gtu/(cr)(bt7)(

mB)Q}(?.5)(43

mB ― :3

mB)




\U 1 7.5? x <?; Gtu/cr


\F 1 <.:4 x <?; Gtu/cr

\_ 1 (;?)(<,;?? Gtu/cr)+(2?)(:?? Gtu/cr)

\_ 1 <.<: x <?; Gtu/cr


\E 1 <4.> x <?; Gtu/cr + >.3? x <?

; Gtu/cr + ?.?55 x <?

; Gtu/cr + ?.?>? x <?

; Gtu/cr

+ 7.<; x <?; Gtu/cr + ?.;4 x <?

; Gtu/cr + 7.5? x <?

; Gtu/cr + <.:4 x <?

; Gtu/cr

+ <.<: x <?; Gtu/cr

\E 1 5:.7: x <?; Gtu/cr

Db gfdins lrk uskn, tck emmfdij fmln rkqudrkn wmufn gk \E 1 5;.72 x <?; Gtu/cr

UKE^DMI 4.;

4.<< Utkp <8 Nktkradik tck Fkvkf mb Dffuadiltdmi Brma ^lgfk 4.;, bmr l rkjuflr mbbdek kivdrmiakit, tck adidaua fkvkf mb dffuadiltdmi ds

<?? bmmt-elinfks.

Utkp 78 Nktkradik tck Wmma Elvdty Wltdm

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.38 WEW 1 P(;)(<? ― 5)(7;? + <;?)Q/P(7;?)(<;?)Q 1 ?.5:5

Utkp 58 Nktkradik tck Ekdfdij Elvdty Wltdm

Udiek tck fdjcts lrk ekdfdij amuitkn, tck rkbfketdvk prmpkrty mb tck ekdfdij wdff imt gk

dapletkn gy tck fuadilrdks— amuitdij ckdjct.

Utkp >8 Nktkradik tck Zlff Wkbfketdmi (ZW) lin tck Kbbketdvk Ekdfdij Wkbfketliek (KEW)

Brma ^lgfk 4.2, sdiek tck wlffs lin ekdfdij lrk plditkn wcdtk, tck ZW lin tck glsk

ekdfdij rkbfketliek (GEW) lrk 3?%. Udiek tck fdjcts lrk ekdfdij amuitkn, GEW 1 KEW 1

3?%.

Utkp ;8 Nktkradik tck Emkbbdedkit mb [tdfdzltdmi (E[)

Brma ^lgfk 4.3, sdiek tck KEW lin tck ZW lrk 3?%, mik eli kxtrlpmfltk brma tck tlgfkbmr li WEW vlfuk mb ?.5:5. ^ck E[ ds lpprmxdaltkfy ?.23 lin wdff gk tck vlfuk utdfdzkn.

Utkp 28 Nktkradik tck Fdjct Fmss Bletmr (FFB)

Brma ^lgfk 4.<?, bmr bfumrksekit flaps di prdsaltde fkis bdxturks lin sdx amitcs gktwkkiefklidijs, tck FFB 1 ?.47.

Utkp :8 Elfeufltk tck Iuagkr mb tck Flps lin FuadilrdksBrma ^lgfk 4.4, Flap mutput lt :?% mb rltkn fdbk bmr li 3;-wltt flap ds ;,>?? fuakis.

[sdij Kqultdmi 4.<?8 Iuagkr mb Flaps 1 P(<??)(7;?)(<;?)Q/P(?.23)(?.47)(;,>??)Q 1

<,<<? Flaps. Db tckrk lrk 7 flaps pkr fuadilry, tcki ;;; fuadilrdks lrk rkqudrkn bmr tckbledfdty.




Utkp 38 Nktkradik tck Fmeltdmi mb tck Fuadilrdks

Brma ^lgfk 4.3, Emfuai 7, tck spledij gktwkki gli`s mb fuadilrdks ds kqulf tm <.7 tdakstck amuitdij ckdjct, mr <7 bkkt gktwkki gli`s. Di l 7;?—S<;?— mbbdek, 7? gli`s mb

fuadilrdks splekn <7 bkkt lplrt eli gk amuitkn lfmij tck fkijtc mb tck bledfdty. Udiek

klec bfumrksekit flap ds >— fmij, 5: fuadilrdks pkr gli` eli gk pflekn lfmij tck wdntc mbtck bledfdty bmr l tmtlf mb :>? fuadilrdks, kxekkndij tck rkqudrkn lamuit mb ;;; fuadilrdksnktkradikn di stkp :.

4.<7 ^ck eclijks di tck bledfdty wmufn gk tclt tck adidaua fkvkf mb dffuadiltdmi wmufn gk

<;? bmmt-elinfks. ^cds wmufn al`k tck iuagkr mb flaps lin fuadilrdks eclijk ls wkff,ls scmwi di tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi8

Iuagkr mb Flaps 1 P(<;?)(7;?)(<;?)Q/P(?.23)(?.47)(;,>??)Q 1 <,22; Flaps Iuagkr mb Fuadilrdks 1 <,22;/7 1 355 fuadilrdks

^ck spledij gktwkki gli`s mb fuadilrdks aust gk rknuekn brma <7 bkkt tm <?.; bkkt tm jkttck rkqudrkn 355 fuadilrdks wdtcdi tck bledfdty. ^cds wdff lffmw 3;< fuadilrdks tm gk

pflekn wdtcdi tck bledfdty.

4.<5 Brma kqultdmi 4.3, tck WEW eclijks brma ?.5:5 tm ?.2>. ^cds rksuft eclijks tckemkbbdedkit mb utdfdzltdmi di ^lgfk 4.3 sfdjctfy tm ?.2:. ^cds eclijks tck iuagkr mb flaps,

ls scmwi di tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi8

Iuagkr mb Flaps 1 P(<??)(7;?)(<;?)Q/P(?.2:)(?.47)(;,>??)Q 1 <,<7: Flaps

Iuagkr mb Fuadilrdks 1 <,<7:/7 1 ;2> fuadilrdks

^ck spledij gktwkki gli`s mb fuadilrdks eli rkaldi <7 bkkt tm jkt tck rkqudrkn ;2>fuadilrdks wdtcdi tck bledfdty, lin aust imt kxekkn tck <7-bmmt spledij. ^cds rksuft ydkfns

:;? fuadilrdks tclt eli gk pflekn wdtcdi tck bledfdty.

4.<> ^ck Ekdfdij Elvdty Wltdm (EEW) wmufn clvk tm gk nktkradikn gkelusk tck fuadilrdks lrkim fmijkr amuitkn mi rkeksskn ditm tck ekdfdij. Brma Kqultdmi 4.38

EEW 1 P(;)(?.5:5)Q/(:) 1 ?.722

Gkelusk tck EEW cls tm gk emisdnkrkn di tcds prmgfka tck KEW ds im fmijkr kqudvlfkit tm

tck GEW. ^ck KEW ds nktkradikn gy kxladidij ^lgfk 4.: lin gy ditkrpmfltdmi ds bmuin tm gk ?.:3. Udiek tck KEW eclijkn, tcds lbbkets tck emkbbdedkit mb utdfdzltdmi sfdjctfy. ^ck

E[ nkerklsks tm ?.2: gy kxtrlpmfltdmi usdij ^lgfk 4.3. Ls di _rmgfka 4.5, tck iuagkr mb

fuadilrdks rkqudrkn ds ;2>, lin <7-bmmt spledij gktwkki gli`s wdtc 5: fuadilrdks pkr

gli` wdff lffmw :;? fuadilrdks tm gk pflekn wdtcdi tck bledfdty.

4.<; Db tck wlffs lin ekdfdij wkrk plditkn l akndua emfmr, tcki tck ZW lin KEW wmufn

eclijk tm ;?% distkln mb 3?%. ^cds eclijks tck vlfuk mb tck E[ tm ?.27, usdijkxtrlpmfltdmi brma ^lgfk 4.3. ^cds eclijks tck iuagkr mb flaps rkqudrkn tm8




Iuagkr mb Flaps 1 P(<??)(7;?)(<;?)Q/P(?.27)(?.47)(;,>??)Q 1 <,7<: Flaps

Iuagkr mb Fuadilrdks 1 <,7<:/7 1 2?4

^ck iuagkr mb fuadilrdks rkqudrkn ds 2?4, lin <7-bmmt spledij gktwkki gli`s wdtc 5:

fuadilrdks pkr gli`s wdff lffmw :;? fuadilrdks tm gk pflekn wdtcdi tck bledfdty.

4.<2 Db tck bdxturks wkrk efklikn miek kvkry 52 amitcs distkln mb miek kvkry sdx amitcs, tck

FFB vlfuk eclijks brma ?.47 tm ?.:3. ^cds eclijks tck iuagkr mb flaps tm8

Iuagkr mb Flaps 1 P(<??)(7;?)(<;?)Q/P(?.27)(?.:3)(;,>??)Q 1 <,>52 Flaps Iuagkr mb Fuadilrdks 1 <,>52/7 1 :<3

^ck iuagkr mb fuadilrdks rkqudrkn ds :<3, lin <7-bmmt spledij gktwkki gli`s wdtc 5:fuadilrdks pkr gli`s wdff lffmw :;? fuadilrdks tm gk pflekn wdtcdi tck bledfdty.

UKE^DMI 4.2

4.<: ^ck rkqudrkn bdrk prmtketdmi di l gudfndij, wcdec ds jmvkrikn gy tck [idbmra Gudfndij

Emnk ([GE). ^ckrk lrk 7? eflssdbdeltdmis mr jrmups mb gudfndijs jmvkrikn gy tck [GE.

4.<3l Imtk8 ^ck emrrket bdjurk tm usk ls l rkbkrkiek bmr tcds prmgfka ds Bdjurk 4.<7.

Alxdaua _mpufltdmi 1 P<7? bt x 7?? btQ/P7? bt7/pkrsmiQ 1 <7?? pkmpfk

4.<3g Adidaua Iuagkr mb Kxdts (brma ^lgfk 4.<7) 1 >

4.<3e Adidaua Ndstliek Gktwkki Kxdts 1 P((7??)7 + (<7?)

7)?.;

Q/7 1 <<: bkkt

4.<3n ^ck nrlwdij scmufn clvk twm kxdts mi klec 7??— sdnk mb tck gudfndij.

4.<4 ^ck alhmr gkikbdt mb usdij l sprdi`fkr systka ds tclt dt ds l vkry kbbketdvk aklis mb

kxtdijudscdij mr emitrmffdij l bdrk di dts klrfy stljks lin dt eli prmvdnk prmtketdmi wckitck gudfndij ds imt meeupdkn.

4.7? <. Ulbkty mb rkjuflr gudfndij meeuplits7. Ulbkty mb bdrkbdjctkrs

5. Ulfvljk mb tck gudfndij

>. ^ck jmmns lin kqudpakit di tck gudfndij

4.7< ^ck aldi purpmsk mb blek sprdi`fkrs di li di-rle` sprdi`fkr systka ds tm mppmsk vkrtdelf

nkvkfmpakit mb bdrk mi tck kxtkrilf blek mb tck rle`.

UKE^DMI 4.:

4.77 ^ck purpmsk mb l trlp di l skwljk systka ds tm prkvkit mnmr brma plssdij gle` ditm tck

bledfdty.




4.75 Rkit stle`s eli gk uskn tm daprmvk wltkr-sklf ditkjrdty lin tm prmvdnk lssurliek tclt

sakffs lrk kbbketdvkfy rkamvkn brma tck bledfdty lin vkitkn tm tck ltamspckrk.



Eclptkr <?

\ulitdtltdvk Bledfdtdks _fliidij

Amnkfs



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<

UKE^DMI <?.7

<?.< [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs 5;

(x*,y*) 1 (;,<?), wcdec ds tck fmeltdmi mb kxdstdij bledfdty 7

b(<?,<?) 1 <;(|<?-?|+|<?-<?|) + 7?(|<?-;|+|<?-<?|) + ;(|<?-;|+|<?-<;|)+ 5?(|<?-<?|+|<?-;|)

b(<?,<?) 1 >;?

x-emmrn wd wd y-emmrn wd wd

? <; <; ; 5? 5?; 7; >?95; <? 5; 2;95;

<? 5? :? <; ; :?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7

<?.7 [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs <;

x* 1 <, y* 1 P?,;Q. Liy pmdit mi tck nkbdikn fdik skjakit ds li mptdaua fmeltdmi.

<?.5l [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn0 clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs <:7;

<?.5g [sdij tck alhmrdty lfjmrdtca (mr Ecdiksk lfjmrdtca), fmeltk lt x 1 72 lin y 1 <;.

x-emmrn wd

wd y-emmrn wd

wd

-; 3 3 -5 5 5

-5 5 << -< 3 <<

< >+51: <39<; ? > <;1<;

7 : 7; ; : 77

5 ; 5? 2 5 7;

3 ; 5?

Cmspdtlf Emmrndiltk Zkdjct

d l d w d

5 3 5?? 5??

< <? >;? :;? 6 <:7;

7 <> <7?? <4;? 9 <:7;

> 57 <;?? 5>;?

x* 1 <>

Cmspdtlf Emmrndiltk Zkdjct

d g d w d

5 > 5?? 5?? 6 <:7;> 2 <;?? <3?? 9 <:7;

7 <7 <7?? 5???

< 7? >;? 5>;?

y* 1 2




<?.> [sdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf,

Udiek UMFRKW emivkrjkn mi li kxdstdij bledfdty fmeltdmi, wk ecke` tck ikeksslry linsubbdedkit emindtdmis bmr tck mptdaua smfutdmi tm tck Zkgkr prmgfka tm gk li kxdstdijbledfdty fmeltdmi, sly (lr ,gr )8

^ck ikeksslry lin subbdedkit emindtdmi ds sltdsbdkn, tckrkbmrk (x*,y*) 1 (;,<?).

<?.; Umfvdij altckaltdelffy,x* 1 P<;(?)+7;(;)+5?(<?)Q/(<;+7?+;+5?) 1 2.?:<>5y* 1 P<;(<?)+7?(<?+;(<;)+5?(;)Q/:? 1 3.7<>74Umfvdij wdtc Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf,

Alecdik Zkdjct

d l d g d ( x - l d )7

( y - g d )7

w d

< ? <? 52.32 5.<4 <;

7 ; <? <.<; 5.<4 7?

5 ; <; <.<; >2.?; ;

> <? ; <;.>5 <?.55 5?Mgh Bi

x y b(S*)

2.?:<>5 3.7<>73 <,242 UMFRKW smfutdmi

Emmrndiltks Uqulrkn Ndbbkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Alecdik Zkdjct

d l d g d ( x - l d )7

(y - g d )7

w d

< ? <? 52.32 5.<4 <;

7 ; <? <.<; 5.<4 7?

5 ; <; <.<; >2.?; ;

> <? ; <;.>5 <?.55 5?

Mgh Bi

x y b(S*)

;.????? <?.????? 5<7 UMFRKW smfutdmi


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->

<?.2 [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs 5.

x* 1 P5?,2?Q, y* 1 P>?,:?Q. Liy pmdit di tck nkbdikn squlrk ds li mptdaua fmeltdmi.

<?.:l [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb tck sua ds ;.

<?.:g [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb mb tck sua ds <?.

x-emmrn wd

wd y-emmrn wd

wd

? < < ? < <

7? < 7 7? < 7

5? < 515 >? < 515

2? < > :? < >

:? < ; 3? < ;

4? < 2 4? < 2

Utltdmi(s) Emmrndiltk Zkdjct

d l d w d

< & 7 > 7 7

5 & > 2 7 > 6 ;

; & 4 3 7 2 9 ;

: & <? <? 7 3

2 & 3 <7 7 <?

x* 1 3

Utltdmi(s) Emmrndiltk Zkdjct

d l d w d

< & 7 > 7 7

5 & > 2 7 > 6 ;

; & 4 3 7 2 9 ;

: & <? <? 7 3

2 & 3 <7 7 <?

x* 1 <?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;

<?.:e

e< 1 3, e7 1 72, e5 1 -2, e> 1 <7, e; 1 <3, x<* 1 :, x7* 1 :, y<* 1 <?, y7* 1 <?, x* 1 :.

<?.:n [sdij tck alhmrdty tckmrka, fmeltk lt x* 1 <?, y* 1 <?. (Imtk8 tck vkrtdelf fdik brma(2,<?) tm (2,<7) ds imt suppmskn tm gk prkskit. ^cds wls li krrmr tclt wls erkltkn di prmnuetdmi tclt wls imt elujct nurdij tck kndtdij prmekss.)

<?.:k ^ck slak liswkr meeurs bmr n) lin k)8 x* 1 y* 1 <?.

<?.3 Dt ds nksdrkn tm nktkradik tck uiwkdjctkn adidalx fmeltdmi, d.k., dt ds dapmrtlit tclt tckblrtckst cmusk gk ls efmsk ls pmssdgfk, rkjlrnfkss mb tck amiktlry vlfuk mb tck cmusk.

e< 1 7;, e7 1 ;?, e5 1 -<<, e> 1 <4, e; 1 alx (e7-e<, e>-e5) 1 alx (7;, 5?) 1 5?

^ck adidalx fmeltdmis lrk lff tck pmdits mi tck fdik skjakit hmdidij tck pmdits8(x<*, y<*) 1 ±(e<-e5, e<+e5+e;) 1 ±(52,>>) 1 (<3,77)(x7*, y7*) 1 ±(e7-e>, e7+e>-e;) 1 ±(5<,54) 1 (<;.;,<4.;)

Zmr` Lnnkins

Utltdmi (d ) l d g d j d l d +g d -j d l d +g d +j d -l d +g d -j d -l d +g d +j d

< > <? 2 3 7? ? <7

7 > <? 7 <7 <2 > 3

5 2 <? 2 <? 77 ? <?

> 2 <? 7 <> <3 7 2

; 3 <? 7 <2 7? 7 >

2 <7 <? 7 7? 7> ? ?

: <? <? > <2 7> -2 >

3 <7 <? > <3 72 -> 7

4 3 <? > <> 77 -2 2

<? <? <? 2 <> 72 -2 2

Adi8 3 -2Alx8 72 <7

Emmrndiltks

l g l + g -l + g

7? <; 5; -;

7; 7; ;? ?

<5 57 >; <4

7; <> 54 -<<

> 7< 7; <:

<3 3 72 -<?




<?.4l Udiek tck wkdjcts lrk uidbmrafy ndstrdgutkn mvkr tck dindeltkn rkjdmis, tck mptdaua x-emmrndiltk fmeltdmi wdff gk tck pmdit lt wcdec im amrk tcli clfb tck wkdjct ds tm tck fkbt mbtck pmdit lin im amrk tcli clfb tck wkdjct ds tm tck rdjct mb tck pmdit0 fd`kwdsk, tckmptdaua y-emmrndiltk ds tck pmdit lt wcdec im amrk tcli clfb tck wkdjct ds gkfmw tck pmdit lin im amrk tcli clfb ds lgmvk tck pmdit. Ucmw gkfmw lrk pfmts mb tck euaufltdvk

wkdjcts lfmij klec lxds.

^ck mptdaua fmeltdmi (x*,y*) 1 (4, 2.55) ds fmeltkn di L>.

x* 1 4

y* 1 2.55

<><7 <5<? <<3 42 :> ;7 5? <

<?;

? y-lxds

5?

7;

7?

<;

;?

>;

>?

5;

:?

2;

2?

;;

4?

3;

3?

:;

x-lxds

E u a u f l t d v k Z k d j c t E m i s u a k n Z c d f k A m v d i j L f m i j y - L x d s

<7;

<7?

<<;

<<?

<?;

<??4;

<5 <><<

2;

:;

3?

3;

5;

>?

>;

;?

?

;

<?

7?

3 42 : <?< 7 5 >? ; <7

<;

7;

5?

E u a u f l t d v k Z k d j c

t E m i s u a k n Z c d f k A m v d i j L f m i j x - L x d s

;;

2?

:?

4?

4;

<<;

<7;

<??

<?;

<<?

<7?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:

<?.4g Udiek tck bledfdty eliimt gk fmeltkn di L>, wk sklrec tck gmrnkr mb L>. Bdrst, emisdnkr y 1>0 wk `imw x* 1 4 gkelusk mb tck skplrlgdfdty mb tck mghketdvk buietdmi di x lin y. Zkkvlfultk b(4,>) 1><:.; + ;<; 1 457.;. Ikxt, emisdnkr y 1 3 lin x 1 4, b(4,3) 1 ><:.; +5:; 1 :47.;. Bdilffy, emisdnkr x 1 3 lin y 1 <4/5, b(3,<4/5) 1 >7; + 5;>.<22: 1::4.<22:. ^ckrkbmrk, x* 1 3 lin y* 1 2.555.

<?.4e [sdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf,

Imtk8 Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf mbtki emivkrjks tm l fmeltdmi tclt ds imt tck mptdalf fmeltdmi.Bmr tck kxlapfk, li mptdalf fmeltdmi wls mgtldikn. Cmwkvkr, tckrk lrk auftdpfk mptdauasmfutdmis, ls eli gk nktkradikn gy usdij vlrdmus stlrtdij smfutdmis wdtc UMFRKW.

<?.4n Udiek tck adidalx fmeltdmi ds tm gk nktkradikn wdtc lff pmdits kqulffy wkdjctkn, tckrketlijuflr rkjdmis eli gk rkprkskitkn gy tckdr emrikrs. Ckiek,

e< 1 >, e7 1 73, e5 1 -<7, e> 1 3, e; 1 alx (e7-e<, e>-e5) 1 alx (7>, 7?) 1 7>^ck adidalx fmeltdmis lrk lff tck pmdits mi tck fdik skjakit hmdidij tck pmdits8(x<*, y<*) 1 ±(e<-e5, e<+e5+e;) 1 ±(<2,<2) 1 (3,3)(x7*, y7*) 1 ±(e7-e>, e7+e>-e;) 1 ±(7?,<7) 1 (<?,2)Ckiek, tck mptdaua fmeltdmi ds disdnk rkjdmi L>.

KB Wketdfdiklr Zkdjct

d l d

g d |x < - l d | |y < - g d | Ndstliek w

d w

d n d

L< <.; <.; 4.<? ;.<? <>.7? <? <>7.?

L7 > <7 2.2? ;.>? <7.?? <; <3?.?

L5 <> <> 5.>? :.>? <?.3? 7? 7<2.?

L> <7 > <.>? 7.2? >.?? 5? <7?.?

_< > 2 2.2? ?.2? :.7? 5? 7<2.?

_7 <? <? ?.2? 5.>? >.?? <; 2?.?

_5 <> 7 5.>? >.2? 3.?? ; >?.?

Mgh Bix y b(S*)

<?.2? 2.2? 7<2.?

Emmrndiltks Lgsmfutk Ndbbkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

l g l + g -l + g l g l + g -l + g7 7 > ? 3 > <7 ->

7 > 2 7 3 3 <2 ?

> 2 <? 7 <? <? 7? ?

> <? <> 2 <7 > <2 -3

> <7 <2 3 <7 3 7? ->

2 7 3 -> <7 <7 7> ?

2 > <? -7 <7 <> 72 7

2 <? <2 > <> 7 <2 -<7

2 <7 <3 2 <> <7 72 -7

<> <> 73 ?




<?.<?l Udiek tckrk lrk mify 5 sdtks tm emisdnkr, kiuakrltdmi ds tck qude`kst aklis mb smfvdij tck prmgfka.

b(;?,;?) 1 2??(|;?-7?|+|;?-7;|) + >??(|;?-52|+|;?-<3|) + ;??(|;?-27|+|;?-5:|)+ 5??(|;?-;?|+|;?-;2|) + 7??(|;?-7;|+|;?-?|) 1 3?,:??

b(5?,>;) 1 2??(|5?-7?|+|>;-7;|) + >??(|5?-52|+|>;-<3|) + ;??(|5?-27|+|>;-5:|)+ 5??(|5?-;?|+|>;-;2|) + 7??(|5?-7;|+|>?-?|) 1 :?,;?? b(2;,73) 1 2??(|2;-7?|+|73-7;|) + >??(|2;-52|+|73-<3|) + ;??(|2;-27|+|73-5:|)

+ 5??(|2;-;?|+|73-;2|) + 7??(|2;-7;|+|73-?|) 1 :2,4??(x*,y*) 1 (5?,>;)

<?.<?g Zdtc wkdjcts8b(;?,;?) 1 alxP2??(|;?-7?|+|;?-7;|), >??(|;?-52|+|;?-<3|), ;??(|;?-27|+|;?-5:|),

5??(|;?-;?|+|;?-;2|), 7??(|;?-7;|+|;?-?|)Q 1 55,???b(5?,>;) 1 alxP2??(|5?-7?|+|>;-7;|), >??(|5?-52|+|>;-<3|), ;??(|5?-27|+|>;-5:|),

5??(|5?-;?|+|>;-;2|), 7??(|5?-7;|+|>?-?|)Q 1 7?,???

b(2;,73) 1 alxP2??(|2;-7?|+|73-7;|), >??(|2;-52|+|73-<3|), ;??(|2;-27|+|73-5:|),5??(|2;-;?|+|73-;2|), 7??(|2;-7;|+|73-?|)Q 1 73,3??(x*,y*) 1 (5?,>;)

Zdtcmut wkdjcts8b(;?,;?) 1 alxP(|;?-7?|+|;?-7;|), (|;?-52|+|;?-<3|), (|;?-27|+|;?-5:|), (|;?-;?|+|;?-;2|),

(|;?-7;|+|;?-?|)Q 1 :;b(5?,>;) 1 alxP(|5?-7?|+|>;-7;|), (|5?-52|+|>;-<3|), (|5?-27|+|>;-5:|), (|5?-;?|+|>;-;2|),

(|5?-7;|+|>?-?|)Q 1 ;? b(2;,73) 1 alxP(|2;-7?|+|73-7;|), (|2;-52|+|73-<3|), (|2;-27|+|73-5:|), (|2;-;?|+|73-;2|),

(|2;-7;|+|73-?|)Q 1 23(x*,y*) 1 (5?,>;)

<?.<<l [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn8 clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs <7??.

(x*, y*) 1 (5?,7?)

<?.<<g Ucmwi gkfmw ds l plrtdlf emitmur fdik plssdij tcrmujc tck Gudfndij 7 fmeltdmi. Gudfndij <ds disdnk tck emitmur fdik lin Gudfndij 5 ds mutsdnk tck emitmur fdik. ^ck fklst emstfmeltdmi ds Gudfndij <8 (7?,7?).

x-emmrn wd ∜wd y-emmrn wd ∜wd

; 7?? 7?? ; 5?? 5??

<; >?? 2?? <? 7?? ;??

7; ;?? <<?? <; >?? 4??

5? 2?? <:?? 9 <7?? 7? >?? <5?? 9 <7??

5; 5?? 7?? 7; ;?? <3??

;? >?? 7>?? 5? 2?? 7>??




<?.<<e Kiuakrltdij tck wkdjctkn alxdaua rketdfdiklr ndstliek bmr klec mb tck tcrkk bklsdgfkfmeltdmis jdvks8

Gudfndij 7 ds prkbkrrkn. Imtk8 db tck prdit scmp emufn gk pflekn lt liy fmeltdmi, usdijvlrdmus stlrtdij smfutdmis wdtc UMFRKW, wk mgtldikn tck bmffmwdij smfutdmis clvdij lalxdaua wkdjctkn ndstliek mb 3,>??8 (x*, y*) 1 (5?.?,<2.?)0 (x*, y*) 1 (5<.?,<:.?0 (x*,y*) 1 (57.?,<3.?)0 (x*, y*) 1 (55.?,<4.?)0 lin (x*, y*) 1 (5;.??,7<.??). Lff pmdits mi tckstrldjct fdik emiiketdij (5?,<2) lin (5;,7<) lrk mptdalf smfutdmis, ls emibdrakn gy likxlet smfutdmi prmeknurk imt diefunkn di tck tkxt.

Kiuakrltdij tck uiwkdjctkn alxdaua rketdfdiklr ndstliek bmr klec mb tck tcrkk bklsdgfkfmeltdmis jdvks8

Mgh. Bei

x y b(S*)

< 7? 7? <>,???

7 >? 7; <7,???

5 7; 5; <3,???

Gudfndij

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Mgh. Bei

x y b(S*)< 7? 7? 5;

7 >? 7; ;?

5 7; 5; >;

Gudfndij

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<?

Gudfndij < ds prkbkrrkn. Imtk8 smfvdij bmr tck uiemistrldikn mptdaua fmeltdmi jdvks liy pmdit mi tck fdik skjakit emiiketdij (7;,<;) lin (5?,<?) bmr l alxdaua uiwkdjctknndstliek mb 7;.

e< 1 <;, e7 1 2;, e5 1 -5;, e> 1 ;, e; 1 ;?, x<* 1 7;, x7* 1 5?, y<* 1 <;, y7* 1 <?.

<?.<<n Kiuakrltdij tck wkdjctkn sua mb squlrkn Kuefdnkli ndstlieks bmr klec mb tck tcrkkbklsdgfk fmeltdmis jdvks8

Gudfndij < ds prkbkrrkn. Imtk8 tck uiemistrldikn squlrkn Kuefdnkli mptdaua fmeltdmi ds(x*, y*) 1 (73.55,7?.??).

<?.<<k Kiuakrltdij tck wkdjctkn sua mb Kuefdnkli ndstlieks bmr klec mb tck tcrkk bklsdgfkfmeltdmis jdvks8

Gudfndij < ds prkbkrrkn. Imtk8 tck uiemistrldikn adidsua Kuefdnkli ndstliek fmeltdmimgtldikn usdij UMFRKW ds (x*, y*) 1 (7;.?5,7>.43).

Ekitkr

(d ) l d g d l d + g d -l d +g d

L ; <? <; ;

G ;? <; 2; -5;

E 7; 7; ;? ?

N 5; ; >? -5?

K <; 7? 5; ;

B 5? 5? 2? ?

Adi8 <; -5;

Alx8 2; ;

Emmrndiltks

Mgh. Bei

x y b(S*)

< 7? 7? :7;,???

7 >? 7; 4>;,???

5 7; 5; <,<7;,???

Gudfndij

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Mgh. Bei

x y b(S*)

< 7? 7? 52,<;2

7 >? 7; >5,32>

5 7; 5; >;,<;?

Gudfndij

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<<

<?.<7 ^ck emitmur fdik plssdij tcrmujc (<,;) ds scmwi gkfmw.

<?.<5l ^ck mghketdvk buietdmi bmr tck mptdaua x-emmrndiltk dsb(x<, x7) 1 <?|x< - <?| + 2|x< - <?| + ;|x< - <;| + >|x< - 7?| + 5|x< - 7;| + 7|x7 - <?|

+ 5|x7 - <?| + >|x7 - <;| + 2|x7 - 7?| + <7|x7 - 7;| + >|x< - x7|Fd`kwdsk, tck mghketdvk buietdmi bmr tck mptdaua y-emmrndiltk dsb(y<, y7) 1 <?|y< - 7;| + 2|y< - <;| + ;|y< - 5?| + >|y< - <?| + 5|y< - 7;| + 7|y7 - 7;|

+ 5|y7 - <;| + >|y7 - 5?| + 2|y7 - <?| + <7|y7 - 7;| + >|y< - y7|

Lftcmujc imt rkqukstkn, ls scmwi gkfmw, usdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf, (x<*, y<*) 1 (<;,7;) lin (x7*, y7*) 1 (7?, 7;) lrk mptdalf smfutdmis tm l adidsua bmraufltdmi mb tckrketdfdiklr ndstliek prmgfka.

Ekitkr Kuefdnkli Zkdjct

d l d

g d

(x < - l d )7 (y < - g d )

7Ndstliek w

d w

d n d

L ; <? >?< 77> 7;.?<7 7?? ;??7

G ;? <; 275 <?? 72.333 >?? <?:;;

E 7; 7; ? ? ?.?54 ;?? 7?

N 5; ; 44 544 77.572 5?? 2243

K <; 7? <?< 7; <<.<44 >?? >>3?B 5? 5? 7; 7; :.?2> 2?? >754

Mgh Bi

x y b(S*)

7;.?57 7>.4:: 5<,<45


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<7

<?.<5g ^ck mghketdvk buietdmi bmr tck mptdaua x lin y emmrndiltks dsb(S,T) 1 <?P(x< - <?)7 + (y< - 7;)7Q± + 2P(x< - <?)7 + (y< - <;)7Q± + ;P(x< - <;)7

+ ;(y< - 5?)7Q± + >P(x< - 7?)7 + (y< - <?)7Q± + 5P(x< - 7;)7 + (y< - 7;)7Q± + 7P(x7 - <?)7 + (y7 - 7;)7Q± + 5P(x7 - <?)7 + 5(y7 - <;)7Q± + >P(x7 - <;)7

+ >(y7 - 5?)7Q± + 2P(x7 - 7?)7 + 2(y7 - <?)7Q± + <7P(x7 - 7;)7 + <7(y7 - 7;)7Q± + >P(x< - x7)

7 + >(y< - y7)7Q±

Lftcmujc imt rkqukstkn, ls scmwi gkfmw, usdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf, (x<*, y<*) 1 (<?,7;) lin (x7*, y7*) 1 (7;, 7;) lrk mptdalf smfutdmis tm l adidsua bmraufltdmi mb tckKuefdnkli ndstliek prmgfka. Gmtc fmeltdmis emdiednk wdtc li kxdstdij bledfdty fmeltdmi.

Alecdik Zkdjct

d l d g d |x < - l d | |y < - g d | |x 7 - l d | |y 7 - g d | w <d w 7d

< <? 7; ; ? <? ? <? 7

7 <? <; ; <? <? <? 2 5

5 <; 5? ? ; ; ; ; >

> 7? <? ; <; ? <; > 2

; 7; 7; <? ? ; ? 5 <7

Zkdjct

|x < - x 7| |y < - y 7| v <7

; ? >

Mgh Bi

x < y < x 7 y 7 b(S*)

<; 7; 7? 7; ;2;

Emmrndiltks Lgsmfutk Ndbbkrkiek

Lgsmfutk Ndbbkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Alecdik

d l d g d (x < - l d )7 ( y < - g d )

7 (x 7 - l d )7 ( y 7 - g d )

7n (S< ,_d) n (S7 ,_d) w <d w 7d

< <? 7; ? ? <; ? ?.??5 5.3:5 <? 7

7 <? <; ? <? <; <? 5.<27 ;.??? 2 5

5 <; 5? ; ; <? ; 5.<27 5.3:5 ; >

> 7? <? <? <; ; <; ;.??? >.>:7 > 2; 7; 7; <; ? ? ? 5.3:5 ?.??5 5 <7

Ndstliek Zkdjct

(x < - x 7)7

( y < - y 7)7

n (S< ,S7) v <7

77; ? <;.??? >

Mgh Bi

x < y < x 7 y 7 b(S*)

<?.? 7;.? 7;.? 7;.? <4<.;><

Kuefdnkli Ndstliek Zkdjct

Uqulrkn Ndbbkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks





<?.<>l



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<>

<?.<>g

<?.<>e



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<;

<?.<>n

<?.<;l [sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn wdtc l tmtlf wkdjct mb 5?,

^ck mptdaua fmeltdmi emdiednks wdtc tck fmeltdmi mb stmrk #2.

Utmrk x-emmrn wkdjct Utmrk y-emmrn wkdjct

d l d w d Eua Uua d g d w d Eua Uua

<? ? < < 4 ? > ><< ? 7 5 > ? < ;

4 < > : <? < < 2

; 7 5 <? < 7 < :

2 7 ; <; 1 5?/7 5 7 < 3

: 7 2 7< ; 7 5 <<

3 7 7 75 <7 7 5 <> 6 <;

<7 5 5 72 2 5 ; <4 9 <;

< > < 7: << 5 7 7<

7 > < 73 : > 2 7:

5 ; < 74 7 ; < 73

> ; < 5? 3 ; 7 5?

Uua 1 5? Uua 1 5?

x* 1 7 y* 1 5




<?.<;g Ls scmwi gkfmw, wk pfmt ndlamins lrmuin klec kxdstdij bledfdty, wdtc tck rlndus mb klecndlamin kqulf tm < adfk. Zk lfsm emaputk tck sfmpks mb emitmur fdiks di tck jrdn squlrkslnhlekit tm tck mptdaua fmeltdmi. Di sm nmdij, wk bdin tclt (<.;, 5.;) lin (7.;, 5.;) lrkemmrndiltk fmeltdmis tclt lrk < adfk brma liy stmrk lin clvk tck salffkst vlfuk mb tckmghketdvk buietdmi. ^ckrkbmrk, kdtckr (x*, y*) 1 (<.;, 5.;) mr (x*, y*) 1 (7.;, 5.;) ds tck

gkst fmeltdmi bmr tck ikw bledfdty.

4

<?

<<

<7 <

7

5

>

;

2

:

3

?

<

7

5

>

;

? < 7 5 > ;

->/5

>/5

3-3



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<:

<?.<;e ^ck mptdaua uiwkdjctkn adidalx fmeltdmi ds mgtldikn ls bmffmws8

e< 1 <, e7 1 4, e5 1 ->, e> 1 5, e; 1 3, x<* 1 7.;, x7* 1 5, y<* 1 7.;, y7* 1 7.

Ckiek, tck mptdaua adidalx fmeltdmi ds liy pmdit mi tck fdik skjakit emiiketdij tck(7.;,7.;) lin (5,7).

<?.<2l Brma tck nltl jdvki, dt ds l >-stmry gudfndij, diefundij l glskakit lt z 1 -3. ^crkk

nkplrtakits (7, 5, lin >) lrk fmeltkn mi tck bdrst bfmmr lt z 1 7, twm nkplrtakits lrkfmeltkn mi tck skemin bfmmr lt z 1 <7, lin twm nkplrtakits lrk fmeltkn mi tck tcdrn bfmmr lt z 1 77.

[sdij tck clfb-sua aktcmn, clfb mb tck sua mb tck wkdjcts kqulfs :. Ls scmwi gkfmw, tckmptdaua uiemistrldikn fmeltdmi ds (x*,y*,z*) 1 (7;,5;,<7), wcdec ds tck kitrliek tmnkplrtakit ;.

Utmrk

(d ) l d g d l d + g d -l d +g d

< > 7 2 -7

7 > ; 4 <

5 ; 7 : -5

> ; < 2 ->

; 7 7 > ?

2 7 5 ; <

: 7 > 2 7

3 7 ; : 5

4 < ? < -<

<? ? < < <

<< ? 5 5 5<7 5 7 ; -<

Adi8 < ->

Alx8 4 5

Emmrndiltks




<?.<2g Udiek tck uiemistrldikn mptdaua fmeltdmi emdiednks wdtc tck emistrldikn vlfuks bmr x liny, dt wdff gk tck emistrldikn fmeltdmi.

<?.<2e [sdij UMFRKW tm mgtldi tck wkdjctkn adidalx fmeltdmi jdvks8

<?.<2n Zdtc tck emistrldikn adidalx fmeltdmi, bdxkn ndstlieks lrk trlvkfkn gy nkplrtakits tcltlrk imt mi tck slak bfmmr ls tck aldf rmma, wdtc tck bdxkn ndstliek gkdij tck wkdjctknndstliek brma tck nkplrtakit fmeltdmi tm (7;,5;,z) wckrk z ds tck z-emmrndiltk bmr tckbfmmr mi wcdec tck aldf rmma ds fmeltkn. Di jkikrlf, wk wmufn ikkn tm emisdnkr klec bfmmrlin, tcki, nktkradik wcdec bfmmr ydkfnkn tck adidaua alxdaua wkdjctkn ndstliektrlvkfkn. Cmwkvkr, gkelusk tck uiemistrldikn mptdaua z-emmrndiltk ds <<.:5, fkt—semisdnkr, bdrst, z 1 <7 ls tck mptdaua fmeltdmi. Ls scmwi gkfmw, x* 1 7;, y* 1 5;, lin z*1 <7.

l d w d Uua g d w d Uua e d w d Uua

3 7 7 <? < < -3 7 7

<7 < 5 7? 7 5 7 < 5

<; < > 7? 7 ; 7 < >

7; < ; 7; < 2 7 7 27; 7 : 5; < : <7 7 3

7; 7 4 5; 7 4 <7 5 <<

5? 5 <7 5; 7 << 77 < <7

>? 7 <> >? 5 <> 77 7 <>

x* 1 7; y* 1 5; z* 1 <7

KB Wketdfdiklr Zkdjct

d l d

g d

e d

|x - l d | |y - g

d | |z - e

d | Ndstliek w

d w

d n d

< 3 7? -3 <2.:5 ?.:5 <4.:5 5:.7? 7 :>.>

7 <7 <? 7 <7.:5 <?.:5 4.:5 55.7? < 55.7

5 7; 5; 7 ?.7: <>.7: 4.:5 7>.7: < 7>.5

> >? 7? 7 <;.7: ?.:5 4.:5 7;.:5 7 ;<.;

; 7; 5; <7 ?.7: <>.7: ?.7: <>.3? 7 74.2

2 5? >? <7 ;.7: <4.7: ?.7: 7>.3? 5 :>.>

: <; 7; 77 4.:5 >.7: <?.7: 7>.7: < 7>.5

3 7; 5; 77 ?.7: <>.7: <?.7: 7>.3? 7 >4.2

Mgh Bi

x y z b(S*)

7>.:5 7?.:5 <<.:5 :>.>

Emmrndiltks Lgsmfutk Ndb bkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks




Imw, lssuak tck aldf rmma ds fmeltkn mi tck bdrst bfmmr.

^ck alxdaua wkdjctkn ndstliek ds rknuekn tm 3>. Zclt db tck aldf rmma ds fmeltkn di tck glskakit= Ls scmwi, usdij UMFRKW, b* 1 3> wdtc x* 1 72, y* 1 52, lin z* 1 -3.

Bdilffy, emisdnkr fmeltdij tck aldf rmma mi tck 5rn bfmmr. Ls scmwi, b* 1 <7>. ^ckrkbmrk,fmeltk mi kdtckr tck bdrst bfmmr mr di tck glskakit tm mgtldi b* 1 3>.

l d g d e d |x - l d | |y - g d | |z - e d |

< 7; 5; <7 7 ;7 ;.?? 2.;? ?.?? <<.;? :;.?

7 7; 5; <7 < >3 ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? 33.?

5 7; 5; <7 < <? ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? ;?.?

> 7; 5; <7 7 >? ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? <7?.?

; 7; 5; <7 7 ? ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? 3?.?

2 5? >? <7 5 ? ?.?? >?.?? <7.?? >?.?? <7?.?

: 7; 5; <7 < 5? ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? :?.?

3 7; 5; <7 7 <? ;.?? 5;.?? <7.?? >?.?? 4?.?

Mgh Bi

x y z b(S*)

5? 74 <7 <7?.?

j d +w d n d Wketdfdiklr

Ndstliek

Lgsmfutk Ndbbkrkiek

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

emmrndiltksw d j d Nkpt


< 7; 5; 7 7 3> ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 3>.?

7 <7 <? 7 < ? <5.?? 7;.?? ?.?? 53.?? 53.?

5 7; 5; 7 < ? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?> >? 7? 7 7 ? <;.?? <;.?? ?.?? 5?.?? 2?.?

; 7; 5; 7 7 7? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 7?.?

2 5? >? 7 5 5? ;.?? ;.?? ?.?? <?.?? 2?.?

: 7; 5; 7 < >? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? >?.?

3 7; 5; 7 7 >? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? >?.?

Mgh Bi

x y z b(S*)

7; 5; 7 3>.?

Wketdfdiklr

Ndstliekj d +w d n d

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Nkptemmrndiltks

w d j d Lgsmfutk Ndbbkrkiek


< 7; 5; 7 7 3> ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 3>.?

7 <7 <? 7 < ? <5.?? 7;.?? ?.?? 53.?? 53.?

5 7; 5; 7 < ? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?

> >? 7? 7 7 ? <;.?? <;.?? ?.?? 5?.?? 2?.?

; 7; 5; 7 7 7? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 7?.?

2 5? >? 7 5 5? ;.?? ;.?? ?.?? <?.?? 2?.?

: 7; 5; 7 < >? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? >?.?

3 7; 5; 7 7 >? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? >?.?

Mgh Bi

x y z b(S*)

7; 5; 7 3>.?

Wketdfdiklr


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Nkptemmrndiltks




Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7?

<?.<: ^ckrk wls l adstl`k di tck stltkakit mb tck prmgfka. Dt scmufn clvk rkln, ‖^cdrty pkrekitmb tck dtka amvkakit gktwkki tck kxdstdij alecdiks lin l ikw alecdik ds gktwkki tckikw alecdik lin klec mb tck kxdstdij alecdiks lt (?, 7?) lin (7?, ?). ^wkity pkrekit ds gktwkki tck ikw alecdik lin klec mb tck kxdstdij alecdiks lt (>?, ?) lin (?, >?).‑ ^ckbmffmwdij smfutdmi ds glskn mi tck ditkinkn prmgfka.

Kxdstdij alecdik fmeltdmis lrk nme` fmeltdmis, tck pkrekitljks rkprkskit tck amvkakit

gktwkki l nme` lin tck stmrljk fmeltdmi bmr li dtka, lin tck emitmur fdik ds l emitdiumusrkprkskitltdmi mb tck stmrljk gmuinlry bmr tck dtka. Ukk Bdjurk :.<4 bmr l ndserktkrkprkskitltdmi mb tck stmrljk gmuinlry.


< 7; 5; 77 7 <7> ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? <7>.?

7 7; 5; 77 < ;3 ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ;3.?

5 7; 5; 77 < 7? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 7?.?

> 7; 5; 77 7 <?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? <??.?

; 7; 5; 77 7 7? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? 7?.?

2 5? >? 77 5 5? ;.?? ;.?? ?.?? <?.?? 2?.?

: <; 7; 77 < ? <?.?? <?.?? ?.?? 7?.?? 7?.?3 7; 5; 77 7 ? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?? ?.?

Mgh Bi

x y z b(S*)

7; 5; 77 <7>.?

Wketdfdiklr


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Nkptemmrndiltks




Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7<

<?.<3l Zcki mik kxdstdij bledfdty cls lt fklst clfb tck tmtlf wkdjct, dts fmeltdmi ds tck mptdauafmeltdmi. ^cds ds `imws ls tck Alhmrdty ^ckmrka. Ckiek, S * 1 _ 7 1 (;,?)

Zcki a 1 5 lin lff wkdjcts lrk kqulf, db tck emivkx cuff bmrakn gy tck kxdstdij bledfdtyfmeltdmis ds l trdlijfk wdtc lff lijfks fkss tcli <7? nkjrkks, tck mptdaua fmeltdmi ds tck

pmdit brma wcdec strldjct fdiks nrlwi tm klec kxdstdij bledfdty bmra tcrkk lijfks mb <7?nkjrkks0 db tck trdlijfk emitldis li lijfk jrkltkr tcli mr kqulf tm <7? nkjrkks, tcki tckmptdaua fmeltdmi emdiednks wdtc tclt vkrtkx.

<?.<3g Zcki lff wkdjcts lrk kqulf lin a 1 >, db tck emivkx cuff ds l qulnrdfltkrlf, tck mptdauafmeltdmi ds lt tck ditkrsketdmi mb fdiks emiiketdij imi-lnhlekit vkrtdeks mb tckqulnrdfltkrlf0 db tck emivkx cuff ds l trdlijfk, tck ditkrdmr kxdstdij bledfdty fmeltdmi ds tckmptdaua fmeltdmi. Ckrk, tck bmur kxdstdij bledfdtdks bmra l qulnrdfltkrlf. ^ck mptdauafmeltdmi ds x* 1 <? lin y* 1 <?.

<?.<3e Udiek tck emivkx cuff ds l strldjct fdik, tck prmgfka ds l ‖fmeltdmi mi l fdik‑ prmgfka. ^ck

clfb-sua aktcmn eli gk uskn. Mr, sdiek mik kxdstdij bledfdty cls l wkdjct tclt ds jrkltkrtcli clfb tck tmtlf, gy tck Alhmrdty ^ckmrka, dt wdff gk tck mptdaua fmeltdmi. Ckiek, S * 1 _ 7 1 (?, ;).

<?.<4l

<?.<4g

KB Kuefdnkli Zkdjct

d l d

g d

(x - l d )7 (y - g

d )7 Ndstliek w

d w

d n

d

< ? ? <> 7 5.4;5 < 5.4;5

7 ; ? 7 7 <.:23 5 ;.5?5

5 ? ; <> <> ;.5?5 < ;.5?5

Mgh Bi

x y b(S*)

5.:;? <.7;? ;.5?5


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

KB Kuefdnkli Zkdjct

d l d

g d

(x - l d )7 (y - g

d )7 Ndstliek w

d w

d n d

< <? ? ? <?? <?.??? < <?.???

7 7? <? <?? ? <?.??? < <?.???

5 <? 7? ? <?? <?.??? < <?.???

> ? <? <?? ? <?.??? < <?.???

Mgh Bi

x y b(S*)

<?.??? <?.??? <?.??

Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks





<?.<4e

<?.7?l

Zdtc miek efdide, fmeltk dt lt sdtk >.

KB Kuefdnkli Zkdjct

d l d g d (x - l d )7 (y - g d )

7Ndstliek w d w d n d

< ? ? ? ;2 :.;?? < :.;??

7 ? ; ? 2 7.;?? 5 :.;??

5 ? <; ? ;2 :.;?? < :.;??

Mgh Bix y b(S*)

?.??? :.;?? :.;?


Nkedsdmi Rlrdlgfks

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 5 > ; _mpufltdmi

< >; 5? :; 2? 4? 2,???

7 4? 5? 2? 2? <?; 4,???

5 4? >; 5? >; 4? ;,???

> :; ? >; 5? :; <?,???; 2? 5? <; 5? 2? >,???

2 4? 2? <; 5? 2? 3,???

: >; :; 2? <; 5? <7,???

3 ? :; 4? 2? >; <>,???

4 2? :; 2? 5? <; 2,???

<? 5? ;? 4? 2? 5? <?,???

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 5 > ; _mpufltdmi

< 7:? <3? >;? 52? ;>? 2,???

7 3<? 7:? ;>? ;>? 4>; 4,???

5 >;? 77; <;? 77; >;? ;,???

> :;? ? >;? 5?? :;? <?,???

; 7>? <7? 2? <7? 7>? >,???

2 :7? >3? <7? 7>? >3? 3,???

: ;>? 4?? :7? <3? 52? <7,???

3 ? <,?;? <,72? 3>? 25? <>,???

4 52? >;? 52? <3? 4? 2,???

<? 5?? ;?? 4?? 2?? 5?? <?,???

Uua8 >,>?? >,<:; ;,?<? 5,;3; >,:3;

_mtkitdlf Udtks

_mtkitdlf Udtks




<?.7?g

Zdtc twm efdides, fmeltk tcka lt sdtks < lin >.

[sdij tck Djidzdm lfjmrdtca8 tcktl x 1 >8

^ck slak liswkr rksufts8 sdtks < lin >.

<,7 <,5 <,> <,; 7,5 7,> 7,; 5,> 5,; >,;

<3? 7:? 7:? 7:? <3? <3? <3? 52? >;? 52?

7:? ;>? ;>? 3<? 7:? 7:? 7:? ;>? ;>? ;>?

77; <;? 77; >;? <;? 77; 77; <;? <;? 77;

? >;? 5?? :;? ? ? ? 5?? >;? 5??

<7? 2? <7? 7>? 2? <7? <7? 2? 2? <7?

>3? <7? 7>? >3? <7? 7>? >3? <7? <7? 7>?

;>? ;>? <3? 52? :7? <3? 52? <3? 52? <3?

? ? ? ? <,?;? 3>? 25? 3>? 25? 25?

52? 52? <3? 4? 52? <3? 4? <3? 4? 4?

5?? 5?? 5?? 5?? ;?? ;?? 5?? 2?? 5?? 5??

7,>:; 7,:4? 7,5;; 5,:;? 5,><? 7,:5; 7,2;; 5,55? 5,<;? 7,43;

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 5 ; l* Ikw l*

< 4? <3? ? ? 52? 7:?

7 ? 7:? ? ? ;>? ;>?

5 ? ? :; ? 77; 77;

> ? 5?? ? ? 5?? 5??

; ? ? 2? ? <7? <7?

2 ? ? <7? ? 7>? 7>?

: ? ? ? ? <3? <3?

3 3>? ? ? 7<? 3>? ?

4 ? ? ? 4? <3? <3?

<? 5?? <?? ? 5?? 2?? 5??

Uua8 <,75? 3;? 7;; 2?? 5,;3; 75;;

_mtkitdlf Udtks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7>

<?.7?e

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet 7 5 ; l* Ikw l*

< 4? ? ? 7:? <3?

7 7:? ? ? ;>? 7:?

5 ? :; ? 77; 77;> 5?? ? ? 5?? ?

; ? 2? ? <7? <7?

2 ? <7? ? 7>? 7>?

: ? <7? ? <3? <3?

3 ? ? ? ? ?

4 ? ? 4? <3? <3?

<? ? ? ? 5?? 5??

Uua8 3;? 7;; 2?? 7,5;; <,24;

_mtkitdlf Udtks

> < 7 h < h 7 h 5 l*

52? 7:? <3? <3?

;>? 3<? 7:? 7:?

77; >;? 77; 77;

5?? :;? ? ?

<7? 7>? <7? <7?

7>? :7? >3? 7>?

<3? ;>? 4?? <3?

3>? ? <,?;? ?

<3? 52? >;? <3?

2?? 5?? ;?? 5??

W 1

> < 7 l*

? ? 4? <3?

? ? 7:? 7:?

? ? ? 77;

? ? 5?? ?

? ? ? <7?

7>? ? ? 7>?

52? ? ? <3?

? 3>? ? ?

<3? ? ? <3?

? 7?? ? 5??

N^E t 1 :3? <,?>? 22?

l dt



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7;

Udiek tck miek tclt ds tm gk rkamvkn ds tck flst mik ecmski, im rkamvlf ds pkrbmrakn.Lfsm, sdiek c 1 `, wk stmp.

<?.7<l

Lff sdtks eliimt gk emvkrkn, rkjlrnfkss mb tck iuagkr mb efdides

<?.7<g Ulak liswkr ls bmr (l)

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 >

< 7:? <3? 52?

7 3<? 7:? ;>?

5 >;? 77; 77;

> :;? ? 5??

; 7>? <7? <7?

2 :7? >3? 7>?

: ;>? 4?? <3?

3 ? <,?;? 3>?

4 52? >;? <3?

<? 5?? ;?? 2??

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 5 > ;

< ? ? ? ? ?

7 ? ? ? ? ?

5 ? ? ? ? ?

> ? < ? ? ?

; ? ? ? ? ?

2 ? ? ? ? ?: ? ? ? ? ?

3 < ? ? ? ?

4 ? ? ? ? ?

<? ? ? ? ? ?

_mtkitdlf Udtks




<?.7<e

_fledij l efdide lt kvkry sdtk mify emvkrs 2 mb tck ndstrdets.

<?.7<n Ulak liswkr ls bmr (e)

Zdtc S 1 5? adfks, kvkry ndstrdet eli gk emvkrkn wdtc > efdides0 tckrk lrk auftdpfk mptdalfsmfutdmis. Zdtc S 1 >; adfks, kvkry ndstrdet eli gk emvkrkn wdtc 5 efdides0 ljldi, auftdpfkmptdalf smfutdmis kxdst. Bdilffy, wdtc S 1 2?, tckrk lrk auftdpfk wlys tm emvkr kvkryndstrdet wdtc mik efdide.

<?.77 ^ck prmgfka eli gk smfvkn gy dispketdmi. Brma tck emvkr altrdx scmwi gkfmw, tckrk lrkauftdpfk mptdalf smfutdmis. Bmur pltrmf mpkrltmrs lrk rkqudrkn tm emvkr lff 5? squlrks. Lsli kxlapfk, fmeltdij l pltrmf mpkrltmr lt squlrks :, 4, 77, lin 7> wdff emvkr lff squlrks.

Aljdstkrdlf

Ndstrdet < 7 5 > ;

< ? ? ? ? ?

7 ? ? ? ? ?

5 ? ? ? ? ?

> ? < ? ? ?

; ? ? < ? ?

2 ? ? < ? ?

: ? ? ? < ?

3 < ? ? ? ?

4 ? ? ? ? <

<? ? ? ? ? ?

_mtkitdlf Udtks



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-7:

<?.75

^wm grliec gli`s rkqudrkn.

<?.7> [ibmrtuiltkfy, tck jrdn fdiks nm imt scmw di tck prditkn vkrsdmi mb tck bdjurk bmr tcds prmgfka. Zk clvk lnnkn jrdn fdiks, gkfmw. Utunkit wmufn gkikbdt gy rkekdvdij l empy mbtck bdjurk.

< 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7< 77 75 7> 7; 72 7: 73 74 5?

< < < < <

7 < < < < < <

5 < < < < < <

> < < < < < <

; < < < <

2 < < < < < <

: < < < < < < < < <

3 < < < < < < < < <

4 < < < < < < < < <

<? < < < < < <

<< < < < < < <

<7 < < < < < < < < <

<5 < < < < < < < < <

<> < < < < < < < < <

<; < < < < < <

<2 < < < < < <

<: < < < < < < < < <

<3 < < < < < < < < <

<4 < < < < < < < < <

7? < < < < < <

7< < < < < < <

77 < < < < < < < < <

75 < < < < < < < < <

7> < < < < < < < < <

7; < < < < < <

72 < < < <

7: < < < < < <

73 < < < < < <

74 < < < < < <

5? < < < <

x x

< ? < ? < ? < ?

< < < ? < < < ?

? ? ? < ? ? ? <

? ? < ? ? ? < ?

< < ? < < < ? <




<?.7>l [sdij tck alhmrdty lfjmrdtca, fmeltk lt x 1 <? lin y 1 <?.

<?.7>g Ecmmsk liy imnk (sly _ 3) lin bdin tck blrtckst imnk (wcdec ds imnk _ <) lin elff dt liecmr

imnk <. Bdin tck blrtckst imnk brma liecmr imnk < (imnk _ <>) lin elff dt liecmr imnk 7.

^ck adn-pmdit gktwkki tck liecmr imnks ds tck adidalx fmeltdmi. Bmr tck prmgfka, x* 13.;, y* 1 <?0 tck alxdaua ndstliek ds 7;/7 1 <7.;.

<?.7;l

<? <;

;

<?

? ;

x-lxds

-

d

<; _ 5

_ 7

_ < _ ; _

4 _ <>

_ <;

_ <<

_ <7

_ <2

_ <5

_ <?_ 3

_ 2

_ :

_ >

# ^rdps

Eustmakr < 7 5 > ; Zkk`fy

< ; <? <; 7? 7; 3?

7 <? ; <? <; 7? 7??

5 <; <? ; <? <; <;?

> 7? <; <? ; <? >??

; 7; 7? <; <? ; 2??2 5? 7; 7? <; <? 7;?

: <? <; 7? 7; 5? ;?

3 5? <? 7; ; 7? ;??

_mtkitdlf Udtks




Fmeltk lt sdtk >.

Fmeltk lt sdtks > lin ;.

<?.7;g

Fmeltk lt sdtks 7, >, lin ;.

Eustmakr < 7 5 > ;

< >?? 3?? <,7?? <,2?? 7,???

7 7,??? <,??? 7,??? 5,??? >,???

5 7,7;? <,;?? :;? <,;?? 7,7;?

> 3,??? 2,??? >,??? 7,??? >,???

; <;,??? <7,??? 4,??? 2,??? 5,???

2 :,;?? 2,7;? ;,??? 5,:;? 7,;??

: ;?? :;? <,??? <,7;? <,;??

3 <;,??? ;,??? <7,;?? 7,;?? <?,???

Uua8 ;?,2;? 55,5?? 5;,>;? 7<,2?? 74,7;?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Eustmakr < 7 5 ; l* Ikw l*< <,7?? 3?? >?? ? <,2?? <,2??

7 <,??? 7,??? <,??? ? 5,??? 5,???

5 ? ? :;? ? <,;?? <,;??

> ? ? ? ? 7,??? 7,???

; ? ? ? 5,??? 2,??? 5,???

2 ? ? ? <,7;? 5,:;? 7,;??

: :;? ;?? 7;? ? <,7;? <,7;?

3 ? ? ? ? 7,;?? 7,;??

Uua8 7,4;? 5,5?? 7,>?? >,7;? <:,5;?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Eustmakr < 7 5 l* Ikw l*

< <,7?? 3?? >?? <,2?? 3??

7 <,??? 7,??? <,??? 5,??? <,???

5 ? ? :;? <,;?? <,;??

> ? ? ? 7,??? 7,???

; ? ? ? 5,??? 5,???

2 ? ? ? 7,;?? 7,;??: :;? ;?? 7;? <,7;? :;?

3 ? ? ? 7,;?? 7,;??

Uua8 7,4;? 5,5?? 2?? <:,5;? <>,?;?

_mtkitdlf Udtks




Udiek sdtk 7 wls hust lnnkn tm tck skt, wk stmp. Fmeltk lt 7, >, lin ;. Mgh. bei. 1 <>,?;?.

> ; 7

h < h 7 h 5 l*

<,2?? 7,??? 3?? 3??

5,??? >,??? <,??? <,???<,;?? 7,7;? <,;?? <,;??

7,??? >,??? 2,??? 7,???2,??? 5,??? <7,??? 5,???

5,:;? 7,;?? 2,7;? 7,;??

<,7;? <,;?? :;? :;?

7,;?? <?,??? ;,??? 7,;??

<>,?;?

W 1

> ; 7 l*

? ? 3?? 3??

? ? 7,??? <,???

? ? ? <,;??

7,??? ? ? 7,???

? 5,??? ? 5,???

? <,7;? ? 7,;??

? ? ;?? :;?

7,;?? ? ? 7,;??

N^E t 1 >,;?? >,7;? 5,5?? <>,?;?

l dt

Eustmakr < 7 5 > ;

< >?? 3?? <,7?? <,2?? 7,???

7 7,??? <,??? 7,??? 5,??? >,???

5 7,7;? <,;?? :;? <,;?? 7,7;?

> 3,??? 2,??? >,??? 7,??? >,???

; <;,??? <7,??? 4,??? 2,??? 5,???

2 :,;?? 2,7;? ;,??? 5,:;? 7,;??

: ;?? :;? <,??? <,7;? <,;??

3 <;,??? ;,??? <7,;?? 7,;?? <?,???

_mtkitdlf Udtks




<?.72

Fmeltk lt sdtk 7.

Fmeltk lt sdtks 7 lin 5.

Fmeltk lt sdtks <, 7, lin 5.

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 7 5 > ;

< ? 5?? :;? >;? <,7??

7 <7? <;? <,;?? 4?? 4?

5 <,7?? 2?? <;? <,?;? >3?

> 5?? >;? <3? 5? :;?

Uua8 <,27? <,;?? 7,;3? 7,>5? 7,;7?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 5 > ; l* Ikw l*

< 5?? ? ? ? 5?? 5??

7 5? ? ? 2? <;? <;?

5 ? >;? ? <7? 2?? <;?> <;? 7:? >7? ? >;? <3?

Uua8 >3? :7? >7? <3? <,;?? :3?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < > ; l* Ikw l*

< 5?? ? ? 5?? ?

7 5? ? 2? <;? <7?

5 ? ? ? <;? <;?

> ? <;? ? <3? <3?Uua8 55? <;? 2? :3? >;?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

7 5 < h < h 7 h 5 l*

5?? :;? ? ?

<;? <,;?? <7? <7?

2?? <;? <,7?? <;?

>;? <3? 5?? <3?

>;?

W 1




Wkamvk sdtk 7 brma smfutdmi skt.

Fmeltk lt sdtks <, 5, lin >.

Udiek sdtk > wls hust lnnkn tm tck skt, wk stmp. Fmeltk lt sdtks <, 5, lin >.

Mgh. bei. 1 5??.

7 5 < l*

? ? 5?? ?

? ? 5? <7?

? >;? ? <;?

? <7? ? <3? N^E t 1 ? ;:? 55? >;?

l dt

Fmjjdij

Lrkl 7 > ; Ikw l*

< ? ? ? ?

7 ? ? 5? <7?

5 ? ? ? <;?

> ? <;? ? 5?

Uua8 ? <;? 5? 5??

_mtkitdlf Udtks

5 < > h < h 7 h 5 l*

:;? ? >;? ?

<,;?? <7? 4?? <7?

<;? <,7?? <,?;? <;?

<3? 5?? 5? 5?

5??

W 1

5 < >

? >;? ?

? :3? ?

4?? ? ?

? ? <;?

4?? <,75? <;?

l dt

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 7 5 > ;< ? 5?? :;? >;? <,7??

7 <7? <;? <,;?? 4?? 4?

5 <,7?? 2?? <;? <,?;? >3?

> 5?? >;? <3? 5? :;?

_mtkitdlf Udtks




<?.7:

Fmeltk lt sdtk 7.

Fmeltk lt sdtks 7 lin 5.

Lnndij l ikw sdtk wdff imt rknuek emst. Udiek tck lnndtdmi mb liy mtckr sdtk wdff imtnkerklsk emst, wk stmp. Fmeltk mify lt 7 lin 5. ^mtlf emst 1 ;?? + 7;? + >;? + 77; +77; + 7:? 1 <,47?.

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 7 5 > ;

< ? >;? <,<7; 2:; <,3??

7 <3? 77; 7,7;? <,5;? <5;

5 <,3?? 4?? 77; <,;:; :7?> >;? 2:; 7:? >; <,<7;

Bdxkn Emst8 $<,??? $;?? $7;? $:;? $<,???

^mtlf Emst8 $5,>5? $7,:;? $>,<7? $>,54; $>,:3?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 5 > ; l* Ikw l*

< >;? ? ? ? >;? >;?

7 >; ? ? 4? 77; 77;

5 ? 2:; ? <3? 4?? 77;> 77; >?; 25? ? 2:; 7:?

Ikt Emst ∂8 -73? ;3? 53? ->3? <,>7?

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < > ; l* Ikw l*

< >;? ? ? >;? ?

7 >; ? 4? 77; <3?

5 ? ? ? 77; 77;

> ? 77; ? 7:? 7:? Ikt Emst ∂8 -;?; -;7; -4<? <,<??

_mtkitdlf Udtks

Fmjjdij

Lrkl < 7 5 > ;

< ? >;? <,<7; 2:; <,3??

7 <3? 77; 7,7;? <,5;? <5;

5 <,3?? 4?? 77; <,;:; :7?> >;? 2:; 7:? >; <,<7;

_mtkitdlf Udtks




UKE^DMI <?.5

<?.73l Mrnkr tck vlfuks di R lin N di l nkerklsdij lin dierklsdij mrnkr, rkspketdvkfy.

v 1 (4,3,:,2,2,;,>,5,7,<), n 1 (73,5;,>;,>:,;:,27,27,:?,:<,4<)

Fmwkr Gmuin 1 vn— 1 7,>:7.

<?.73g Uuppmsk tclt nkplrtakit d ds fmeltkn lt sdtk d di tck eurrkit flymut nksdji8

Altkrdlf Clinfdij Emst 1 >(:?) + 3(>;) + 2(27) + <;(5;) + 5(;:)+ :(>:) + 4(4<) + 7(73) + <(:<) + 2(27)

1 5,??;

<?.74l Lssuadij rketdfdiklr ndstliek

Nkerklsdij mrnkr mb bfmw rltk8 v 1 (7;?,7??,<;?,<;?,<;?,<??,;?,5?,7?,<?,<?,?,?,?,?)

Ndstliek Altrdx8

Dierklsdij mrnkr mb ndstliek8 n 1 (<,<,<,<,<,<,<,7,7,7,7,7,7,5,5)

Fmwkr Gmuin 1 vn— 1 <,<4?.

<?.74g Altkrdlf Clinfdij Emst 1 <,:>?

<?.74e ^ckrk lrk <; pmssdgfk pldrwdsk kxeclijks. Bmr dffustrltdmi purpmsks, mify tck bdrstdtkrltdmi ds scmwi.

Dtkrltdmi <8

ndh L G E N K B

L < < 7 7 5

G 7 < 5 7

E < < 7

N 7 <

K <

_ldrwdsk _ldrwdsk _ldrwdsk

Kxeclijk Ulvdijs Kxeclijk Ulvdijs Kxeclijk Ulvdijs<-7 <<? 7-5 -<?? 5-; >?

<-5 -52? 7-> <>? 5-2 ->??

<-> -<?? 7-; -5;? >-; <??

<-; 3? 7-2 3? >-2 -;;?

<-2 -2? 5-> -<4? ;-2 ?




^ck flrjkst emst rknuetdmi meeurs wcki wk kxeclijk ekffs > lin ;. ^ck ikw altkrdlfclinfdij emst ds <,>2?.

^cds prmgfka dffustrltks tck dssuks wdtc ecmmsdij l stlrtdij pmdit bmr tck lfjmrdtca. ^cklfjmrdtca wdff tkradiltk di tck skemin dtkrltdmi wdtcmut daprmvdij tck smfutdmi mgtldikn

brma dtkrltdmi <. Bmr distliek, stlrtdij wdtc tck bmffmwdij didtdlf lrrlijkakit wdff rksuftdi l smfutdmi lt tck fmwkr gmuin nurdij tck skemin dtkrltdmi.

<?.5?l Lssuadij rketdfdiklr ndstliek


Ndstliek Altrdx8

Dierklsdij mrnkr mb ndstliek8 n 1 (<,<,<,<,<,<,<,7,7,7,7,7,7,5,5)

Fmwkr Gmuin 1 vn— 1 <,<4?.

<?.5?g Altkrdlf Clinfdij Emst 1 <,24?

<?.5?e ^ckrk lrk <; pmssdgfk pldrwdsk kxeclijks. Bmr dffustrltdmi purpmsks, mify tck bdrstdtkrltdmi ds scmwi.

Dtkrltdmi <8

^ck flrjkst emst rknuetdmi meeurs wcki wk kxeclijk ekffs 5 lin >. ^ck ikw altkrdlfclinfdij emst ds <,;??.

< 5 2

> ; 7

ndh L G E N K B

L < 7 < 7 5

G < 7 < 7

E 5 7 <

N < 7

K <


Kxeclijk Ulvdijs Kxeclijk Ulvdijs Kxeclijk Ulvdijs

<-7 -<<? 7-5 :? 5-; 2?

<-5 -;>? 7-> 7? 5-2 ?

<-> -5<? 7-; <5? >-; ->:?

<-; -7? 7-2 -7?? >-2 -;>?

<-2 -<2? 5-> <4? ;-2 ?




<?.5<l Lssuadij rketdfdiklr ndstliek


Ndstliek Altrdx8

Dierklsdij mrnkr mb ndstliek8 n 1 (<,<,<,<,<,7,7,7,7,5,5,5,>,>,;)

Fmwkr Gmuin 1 vn— 1 <,52?.

<?.5<g Altkrdlf Clinfdij Emst 1 7,;5?

<?.5<e ^ckrk lrk <; pmssdgfk pldrwdsk kxeclijks. Bmr dffustrltdmi purpmsks, mify tck bdrstdtkrltdmi ds scmwi.

Dtkrltdmi <8

^ck flrjkst emst rknuetdmi meeurs wcki wk kxeclijk ekffs < lin ;. ^ck ikw altkrdlfclinfdij emst ds 7,<7?.

<?.57l Lssuadij rketdfdiklr ndstliek


Ndstliek Altrdx8

ndh L G E N K BL < 7 5 > ;

G < 7 5 >

E < 7 5

N < 7

K <



<-7 <:? 7-5 -<:? 5-; <>?

<-5 -;2? 7-> 5?? 5-2 ->??

<-> -:? 7-; -4? >-; 7;?

<-; ><? 7-2 <>? >-2 -3?

<-2 -73? 5-> 74? ;-2 -7??




Dierklsdij mrnkr mb ndstliek8 n 1 (<,<,<,<,<,7,7,7,7,5,5,5,>,>,;)

Fmwkr Gmuin 1 vn— 1 <,52?.

<?.57g Altkrdlf Clinfdij Emst 1 7,;??

<?.57e ^ckrk lrk <; pmssdgfk pldrwdsk kxeclijks. Bmr dffustrltdmi purpmsks, mify tck bdrstdtkrltdmi ds scmwi.

Dtkrltdmi <8

^ck flrjkst emst rknuetdmi meeurs wcki wk kxeclijk ekffs 5 lin ;. ^ck ikw altkrdlfclinfdij emst ds <,4??.

<?.55l Lvkrljk ndstliek dtka d trlvkfs gktwkki nme` ` lin dts stmrljk rkjdmi,

<?.55g Lvkrljk emst mb trlispmrtdij dtka d gktwkki nme` ` lin dts stmrljk rkjdmi,

<?.55e Ditkjkr prmjrlaadij bmraufltdmi8

ndh L G E N K B

L 7 < 5 < 7

G < ; 5 >

E > 7 5

N 7 <K <



<-7 7? 7-5 -5:? 5-; 2??

<-5 52? 7-> 3? 5-2 -:?

<-> -35? 7-; 55? >-; ->7?

<-; 54? 7-2 53? >-2 5?

<-2 -<?? 5-> 2? ;-2 -5??




<?.5>l

<?.5>g _rmnuet Wli`dij8 E 9 L 9 G 9 N.

Imtk8 Klec gfme` ds 7;— x 7;—.

Imtk8 Auftdpfk mptdalf flymuts kxdst

_rmnuet Lrkl # mb Glys Fmln Wltk h/U h

(h) (bt7) (U h) ( h)

L >,5:; : ;?? :<.>5

G :,;?? <7 2?? ;?

E <,;?? 5 :?? 75.55

N 2,7;? <? 7?? 7?

<5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.;

<<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:;

<<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:; <<3.:;

<5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.; <5:.;

?.;

?.7;

?.7;

G G G N N N N N

E E G G G L L L

E G G G L L L L

G G G N N N N N

?.;

?.7;

?.7;




<?.5;l

<?.5;g _rmnuet Wli`dij8 2 9 5 9 < 9 > 9 7 9 ;

Imtk8 Klec gfme` ds 7?— x 7?—.


(h) (bt7) (U h) ( h)

< 7,>?? 2 2?? <??

7 5,7?? 3 >?? ;?

5 7,??? ; 3?? <2?

> 7,3?? : >?? ;:.<>

; >,??? <? >?? >?

2 <,2?? > 3?? 7??

<<? <<? <<? <<? <<? <7? <>? <2?

4? 4? 4? 4? 4? <?? <7? <>?

3? 3? 3? 3? 3? 4? <<? <5?

3? 3? 3? 3? 3? 4? <<? <5?

3? 3? 3? 3? 3? 4? <<? <5?

?.;

?.;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->?


<?.52l

<?.52g _rmnuet Wli`dij8 G 9 L 9 E

7 7 7 7 ; ; ; ;

> > > > > 7 ; ;

2 2 5 < < 7 ; ;

2 2 5 < < > 7 ;

5 5 5 < < > 7 ;

?.;

?.;

_rmnuet # mb Glys Fmln Wltk h/U h

(h) (U h) ( h)L <; < ?.?22:

G ; < ?.7

E <2 < ?.?27;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-><

Imtk8 Klec gfme` ds <;— x <;—


<?.5:l

;>.5:; 2<.3:; 24.5:; :2.3:; 3>.5:; 4<.3:;

;>.5:; 2<.3:; 24.5:; :2.3:; 3>.5:; 4<.3:;

;>.5:; 2<.3:; 24.5:; :2.3:; 3>.5:; 4<.3:;

;3.<7; 2;.27; :5.<7; 3?.27; 33.<7; 4;.27;

2;.27; :5.<7; 3?.27; 33.<7; 4;.27; <?5.<7;

:5.<7; 3?.27; 33.<7; 4;.27; <?5.<7; <<?.27;

?.;

?.7;

?.7;

G G L L E E

G L L L E E

G L L L E E

G L L E E E

L L L E E E

L L E E E E

?.;

?.7;

?.7;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->7

<?.5:g _rmnuet Wli`dij8 X 9 S 9 T

Ndstlieks tm/brma stmrljk glys lrk nktkradikn gy suaadij tck ndstliek trlvkfkn brma tckrkekdvdij nmmr (L) tm tck ekitkr mb tck stmrljk gly lin brma tck ekitkr mb tck stmrljk glytm tck scdppdij nmmr (G). Emisdnkr tck sclnkn stmrljk gly, scmwi gkfmw. ^rlvkf brma tckrkekdvdij nmmr tm tck adnpmdit mb tck ermss-ldsfk ds 47'0 trlvkf up tck ermss-ldsfk tm tckekitkr mb tck twm-wly ldsfk ds ;7'0 trlvkf lfmij tck twm-wly ldsfk tm tck ekitkr pmdit mb tckstmrljk gly ds ;>'0 trlvkf brma tck adn-pmdit mb tck ldsfk tm tck adn-pmdit mb tck stmrljk gly ds <>'. Ckiek, l tmtlf mb 7<7' ds rkqudrkn tm stmrljk l fmln di tck stmrljk gly. ^rlvkf

brma tck stmrljk gly tm tck scdppdij nmmr rkqudrks <>' brma gly tm ldsfk, 7?7' lfmij tckldsfk tm tck adn-pmdit mb tck blrtckst mik-wly ldsfk, ;7' nmwi tck ldsfk tm tck adn-pmdit mbtck ekitkr ldsfk, lin >' tm tck scdppdij nmmr bmr l tmtlf ndstliek mb 7:7'. ^ck tmtlf ndstliektrlvkfkn tm/brma tck stmrljk gly ds >33', ls scmwi. Zk nm imt emaputk tck ndstliektrlvkfkn gy tck fdbt true` lbtkr stmrljk lin gkbmrk rktrdkvlf sdiek wk nm imt `imw dtsnkstdiltdmi lin mrdjdi pmdits, rkspketdvkfy. Miek tck ndstliek ds `imwi bmr mik stmrljk gly, tck mtckr ndstlieks eli gk klsdfy elfeufltkn.

^ck ndstlieks tm/brma stmrljk glys fmeltkn lfmij tck ekitkr ldsfk lrk nktkradikn lsbmffmws8 tck ndstliek brma brma nmmr L tm nmmr G ds 7>>'0 tck ndstliek brma tck adn-pmditmb tck ekitkr ldsfk tm tck adn-pmdit mb l stmrljk gly ds <3'. Ckiek, tck tmtlf ndstliek kqulfs

7>>' + <3' + <3', mr 73?'.

Imtk8 Klec gfme` ds lpprmxdaltkfy 7?— x 7?—


(h) (bt7) (U h) ( h)

S 2,>?? <2 >?? 7;T 3,3?? 77 >?? <3.<3

X 7,>?? 2 2?? <??

;73 >33 >>3 >?3 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2

73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73?

73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73? 73?

;73 >33 >>3 >?3 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2 5:2

?.;?.;




UKE^DMI <?.>

<?.53 Didtdlf Flymut8

^mtlf Emst (Ê) 1 <,<:4,???

Daprmvkakit _rmeknurk8 (Imtk8 imt lff pldrwdsk ditkreclijks lrk dffustrltkn bmr klec

dtkrltdmi)

D^KWL^DMI <8Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 <,?:<,???, Ulvdijs 1 <?3,???

Kxeclijk8 G lin E8 Ê 1 <,>:;,???, Ulvdijs 1 -742,???

Kxeclijk8 E lin N8 Ê 1 4:3,???, Ulvdijs 1 7?<,???

Gkst ditkreclijk ds E lin N.

T T T T T T T T T T T

X X X S S S S S S S S

X X X S S S S S S S S

T T T T T T T T T T T

?.;?.;

L G E N

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? 77? 5?;

b dh L G E N

L 7,<?? <,<?? <,???

G >?? <,5??

E 7,:??

ndh L G E N

L 3? <4? 7:;

G <<? <4;

E 3;

G L E N

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? 77? 5?;

L E G N

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <?? 75? 5?;

L G N E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? <3; 7:?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->>

D^KWL^DMI 78Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 3:?,???, Ulvdijs 1 <?3,???

Kxeclijk G lin N8 Ê 1 <,755,???, Ulvdijs 1 -7;;,???

Gkst ditkreclijk ds L lin G.

D^KWL^DMI 58Kxeclijk L lin N8 Ê 1 <,??>,???, Ulvdijs8 -<5>,???

Im lnndtdmilf slvdijs. Umfutdmi ds tck flymut8 G ― L ― N ― E.

<?.54 Didtdlf Flymut8

^mtlf Emst 1 <,<;;,???

Daprmvkakit _rmeknurk8

D^KWL^DMI <8Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 <,?75,???, Ulvdijs 1 <57,???

Kxeclijk L lin E8 Ê 1 <,<?:,???, Ulvdijs 1 >3,???

Kxeclijk L lin N8 Ê 1 <,73:,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<57,???

G L N E

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? <3; 7:?

L N G E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? 3; <2? 7:?

G N L E

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <7; <3? 7:?

L G E N

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? 77? 5?;

b dh L G E N

L <,3?? <,7?? <,7??

G 2?? <,7??

E <,3??

ndh L G E N

L 3? <4? 7:;

G <<? <4;

E 3;

G L E N

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? 77? 5?;

E G L N

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <:? 7;? 5?;

N G E L

_/N Fmeltdmi 7; <?? 7<? 5??



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->;

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ulak Ê ls ditkreclijdij L lin N

Kxeclijk G lin N8 Ê 1 <,<5:,???, Ulvdijs 1 <3,???

Kxeclijk E lin N8 Ê 1 4;:,???, Ulvdijs 1 <43,???


D^KWL^DMI 78Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 37;,???, Ulvdijs 1 <57,???

Kxeclijk L lin E8 Ê 1 <,?::,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<7?,???

Kxeclijk L lin N8 Ê 1 <,?:<,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<<>,???

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ê 1 <,<?:,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<;?,???

Kxeclijk G lin N8 Ê 1 <,?::,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<7?,???

Kxeclijk E lin N8 Im ikkn tm elfeufltk. Ditkreclijk wmufn rkturi stlrtdij pmdit.


D^KWL^DMI 58 ^ck mify kxeclijdij G lin E wdff rksuft di l flymut tclt clsi—t gkkimgtldikn nurdij tck bdrst twm dtkrltdmis.

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ê 1 34<,???, Ulvdijs 1 -22,???

L N E G

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? 3; <:? 73?

L G N E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? <3; 7:?

G L N E

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? <3; 7:?

E G N L

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <:? 7>; 5??

N G L E

_/N Fmeltdmi 7; <?? <3? 7:?

L E N G

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <7? 7?; 73?

L N G E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? 3; <2? 7:?

E L N G

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <;? 7?; 73?





<?.>? Didtdlf Flymut8

^mtlf Emst 1 <,?:2,???

Daprmvkakit _rmeknurk8

D^KWL^DMI <8Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 4:7,???, Ulvdijs 1 <?>,???

Kxeclijk L lin E8 Ê 1 422,???, Ulvdijs 1 <<?,???

Kxeclijk L lin N8 Ê 1 <,<73,???, Ulvdijs 1 -;7,???

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ulak Ê ls ditkreclijdij L lin N

Kxeclijk G lin N8 Ê 1 <,?3?,???, Ulvdijs 1 ->,???

Kxeclijk E lin N8 Ê 1 454,???, Ulvdijs 1 <5:,???


L G E N

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? 77? 5?;

b dh L G E N

L <,:?? <,5?? <,???

G <??? <,<??

E <,<??

ndh L G E N

L 3? <4? 7:;

G <<? <4;

E 3;

G L E N

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? 77? 5?;

E G L N

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <:? 7;? 5?;

N G E L

_/N Fmeltdmi 7; <?? 7<? 5??

L N E G

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? 3; <:? 73?

L G N E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <<? <3; 7:?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?->:

D^KWL^DMI 78Kxeclijk L lin G8 Ê 1 35;,???, Ulvdijs 1 <?>,???

Kxeclijk L lin E8 Ê 1 43>,???, Ulvdijs 1 ->;,???

Kxeclijk L lin N8 Ê 1 45?,???, Ulvdijs 1 4,???

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ê 1 <,?;5,???, Ulvdijs 1 -<<>,???

Kxeclijk G lin N8 Ê 1 43>,???, Ulvdijs 1 ->;,???

Kxeclijk E lin N8 Im ikkn tm elfeufltk. Ditkreclijk wmufn rkturi stlrtdij pmdit.


D^KWL^DMI 58 ^ck mify kxeclijdij G lin E wdff rksuft di l flymut tclt clsi—t gkki

mgtldikn nurdij tck bdrst twm dtkrltdmis.

Kxeclijk G lin E8 Ê 1 3;;,???, Ulvdijs 1 -7?,???


<?.><

^mtlf Emst (Ê) 1 <2;,???

G L N E

_/N Fmeltdmi ;? <5? <3; 7:?

E G N L

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <:? 7>; 5??

N G L E

_/N Fmeltdmi 7; <?? <3? 7:?

L E N G

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? <7? 7?; 73?

L N G E

_/N Fmeltdmi 5? 3; <2? 7:?

E L N G

_/N Fmeltdmi 2? <;? 7?; 73?

b dh L G E N K B

L :; <;? ? :; <;?G :; :; ? :;

E <;? :; ?

N :; <;?

K :;




Daprmvkakit _rmeknurk8 (Nuk tm tck strueturk mb tck prmgfka, dt ds imt ikeksslry tmemisdnkr lff pmssdgfk pldrs. Bmr kxlapfk, ditkreclijks ndrketfy ‖lermss tck ldsfk‑ ikkn imt gk emisdnkrkn, sdiek kxeclijdij L&N di tck mrdjdilf flymut wdff imt eclijk liyndstlieks gktwkki liy pldrs.)

D^KWL^DMI <8L lin G ditkreclijk GLE-NKB Ê 1 <>5,7;? 6 <2;,???L lin E ditkreclijk EGL-NKB Ê 1 <;5,??? 9 <>5,7;?L lin B ditkreclijk BGE-NKL Ê 1 <?>,7;? 6 <>5,7;?AdidauaG lin E ditkreclijk LEG-NKB Ê 1 <22,3:; 9 <?>,7;?E lin N ditkreclijk BGE-NKL slak ls L&BN lin K ditkreclijk LGE-KNB Ê 1 <;:,??? 9 <?>,7;?K lin B ditkreclijk LGE-NBK Ê 1 <>3,<7; 9 <?>,7;?

^ck gkst pldrwdsk ditkreclijk ds kdtckr L lin B mr E lin N. Udiek wk emisdnkrkn L lin B

bdrst, dt wdff gk tl`ki tm jdvk tck bdrst daprmvkn flymut8 BGE-NKL

D^KWL^DMI 78G lin B ditkreclijk GBE-NKL Ê 1 <<>,7;? 9 <?>,7;?G lin E ditkreclijk BEG-NKL Ê 1 <>;,;?? 9 <?>,7;?N lin K ditkreclijk BGE-KNL Ê 1 <<:,7;? 9 <?>,7;?L lin K ditkreclijk BGE-NLK Ê 1 <53,;?? 9 <?>,7;?

Im slvdijs nkrdvkn brma burtckr ditkreclijks. ^ck flymut wdtc tck fmwkst tmtlf emst($<?>,7;?) ds BGE-NKL.

<?.>7l Zk lssuak tclt e

dh 1 < d,h. Udiek tck brma-tm altrdx ds syaaktrde tckrk ds im ikkn tm

emivkrt tm l bfmw-gktwkki altrdx tm stlrt tck emistruetdmi lfjmrdtca.

D^KWL^DMI <8Utkp <8 Udiek b GE ds tck alxdaua bfmw vlfuk, tcksk lrk tck bdrst twm alecdiks tm kitkr tckflymut.

Utkp 78 Lftcmujc wk nmi—t clvk tck elsk wckrk tck _/N fmeltdmis lrk lt tck ekitrmdn, tckrkds syaaktry gktwkki G lin E sm tck flymut mrnkr G ― E ds lrgdtrlrdfy ecmski. ^mtlf emst1 <7,???.

Utkp58

L ― G ― E8 ^mtlf Emst (Ê) 1 <??(<?) + <;?(>?) + <??(5?) + <;?(>?) 1 <2,???G ― E ― L8 Ê 1 <??(;?) + <;?(7?) + <??(5?) + <;?(7?) 1 <>,???N ― G ― E8 Ê 1 ;?(7?) + ;?(>?) 1 5,???G ― E ― N8 Ê 1 ;?(>?) + ;?(7?) 1 5,???

Ecmmsk tck flymut mrnkr G ― E ― N lrgdtrlrdfy.




D^KWL^DMI 78Utkp 58

L ― G ― E ― N8 Ê 1 <??(<?) + <;?(>?) + <??(;?) + <??(5?) + <;?(>?) + <??(;?)

1 72,???G ― E ― N ― L8 Ê 1 <??(:?) + <;?(>?) + <??(5?) + <??(:?) + <;?(>?) + <??(5?)1 5?,???

Utmp. Bdilf flymut mrnkr ds L ― G ― E ― N lt l tmtlf emst mb <7,??? + 5,??? + 72,??? 1><,???.

<?.>7g Zk lssuak tclt edh 1 < d,h. Udiek tck brma-tm altrdx ds syaaktrde tckrk ds im ikkn tmemivkrt tm l bfmw-gktwkki altrdx tm stlrt tck emistruetdmi lfjmrdtca.

D^KWL^DMI <8

Utkp <8 Udiek b GE ds tck alxdaua bfmw vlfuk, tcksk lrk tck bdrst twm alecdiks tm kitkr tckflymut.

Utkp 78 Lftcmujc wk nmi—t clvk tck elsk wckrk tck _/N fmeltdmis lrk lt tck ekitrmdn, tckrkds syaaktry gktwkki G lin E sm tck mrnkr G ― E ds lrgdtrlrdfy ecmski. ^mtlf emst 1<2,3??.

Utkp58

L ― G ― E8 ^mtlf Emst (Ê) 1 <??(<3) + <;?(;2) + <??(53) + <;?(;2) 1 77,>??G ― E ― L8 Ê 1 <??(22) + <;?(73) + <??(>2) + <;?(73) 1 <4,2??N ― G ― E8 Ê 1 ;?(73) + ;?(>3) 1 5,3??G ― E ― N8 Ê 1 ;?(;2) + ;?(52) 1 >,2??

Ecmmsk tck flymut mrnkr N ― G ― E.

D^KWL^DMI 78Utkp 58

L ― N ― G ― E8 Ê 1 <??(>2) + <;?(3>) + <??(<3) + <??(22) + <;?(3>) + <??(<3)1 >?,???

N ― G ― E ― L8 Ê 1 <??(22) + <;?(73) + <??(4>) + <??(>2) + <;?(73) + <??(4>)1 53,>??

Utmp. Bdilf flymut ds N ― G ― E ― L lt l tmtlf emst mb <2,3?? + 5,3?? + 53,>?? 1 ;4,???.

<?.>5 ^ck nksdji mb tck bfmw eclrt wdff nkpkin mi tck stunkit. Cmwkvkr, tck bfmw eclrt scmufndiefunk lt fklst tck bmur stkps fdstkn di tck lfjmrdtca nkserdgkn mi pljks ;:3 lin ;:4.^ck stunkit wdff clvk tm rkwrdtk stkp 7 sdiek dt lssuaks tclt tck _/N pmdits lrk fmeltkn lttck adnpmdit lfmij tck ldsfk, wcdec ds imt lssuakn di tck prmgfka stltkakit.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;?

<?.>> ^ck nksdji mb tck bfmw eclrt wdff nkpkin mi tck stunkit. Cmwkvkr, tck bfmw eclrt scmufndiefunk lt fklst tck bmur stkps fdstkn di tck lfjmrdtca nkserdgkn mi pljks ;:3 lin ;:4.^ck stunkit wdff clvk tm rkwrdtk stkp 7 sdiek dt lssuaks tclt tck _/N pmdits lrk fmeltkn lttck adnpmdit lfmij tck ldsfk, wcdec ds imt lssuakn di tck prmgfka stltkakit. Lfsm, stkp 5aust lfsm gk sudtlgfy amndbdkn tm leemuit bmr fmeltdmis mi gmtc sdnks mb tck ldsfk.

<?.>; Wksklrec qukstdmi. ^ck rkpmrt wdff nkpkin mi tck rksklrec lrtdefks uskn bmr tck rkpmrt.Alecdik flymut lrtdefks lrk mbtki pugfdsckn di tck hmurilfs Kurmpkli Hmurilf mb

Mpkrltdmilf Wksklrec lin tck Ditkriltdmilf Hmurilf mb _rmnuetdmi Wksklrec.

UKE^DMI <?.;

<?.>2l Ucmwi gkfmw ds li Kxekf sprklnsckkt smfutdmi mb tck prmgfka. ^m emaputk tck iuagkr mbstmrljk rmws rkqudrkn tm leemaamnltk tck nksdjiltkn divkitmry fkvkf, tck WM[IN[_Buietdmi ds uskn, k.j., db tck divkitmry fkvkf ds scmwi di ekff N2 lin tck rmw nkptc dsjdvki di ekff B;, tcki db tck prmnuet ds stle`kn > fkvkfs cdjc, tck bmffmwdij kitry wmufn gk

kitkrkn8 1WM[IN[_(N2/(>*B;),?).



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;<

\ 1 2? F 1 >3 Z 1 ;7 e 1 3 L 1 <>>

Nly Div < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

< 2? <; 3 ; > 5 5 5 7 7 7

7 ;4 <; 3 ; > 5 5 5 7 7 7

5 ;3 <; 3 ; > 5 5 5 7 7 7

> ;: <; 3 ; > 5 5 5 7 7 7

; ;2 <> : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

2 ;; <> : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

: ;> <> : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

3 ;5 <> : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

4 ;7 <5 : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

<? ;< <5 : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

<< ;? <5 : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

<7 >4 <5 : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

<5 >3 <7 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7<> >: <7 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

<; >2 <7 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

<2 >; <7 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

<: >> << 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

<3 >5 << 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

<4 >7 << 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

7? >< << 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

7< >? <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

77 54 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

75 53 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

7> 5: <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

7; 52 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <72 5; 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <

7: 5> 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <

73 55 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <

74 57 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <

5? 5< 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <

5< 5? 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <

57 74 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <

55 73 : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

5> 7: : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

5; 72 : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

Wmw Nkptc (x)

Iuagkr mb Utmrljk Wmws Wkqudrkn tm Leemaamnltk tck Divkitmry Fkvkf



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;7

^m nktkradik tck lvkrljk iuagkr mb stmrljk rmws rkqudrkn mvkr tck fdbk mb l stmrljk fmt(κ), tck vlfuk mgtldikn usdij tck U[A buietdmi mvkr tck rlijk mb stmrljk rmws rkqudrkn dsndvdnkn gy tck iuagkr mb kitrdks, k.j., 1U[A(B28B2;)/2?.

Fd`kwdsk, tm nktkradik tck lvkrljk lamuit mb bfmmr splek rkqudrkn nurdij tck fdbk mb tckstmrljk fmt (U), tck bmffmwdij wls uskn8 1B24*(@<+A<)*(B;*D<+?.;*M<), wckrk B24 dstck vlfuk mb κ, @< ds tck vlfuk mb Z, A< ds tck vlfuk mb e, B; ds tck vlfuk mb x, D< ds tckvlfuk mb F, lin M< ds tck vlfuk mb L.

Lftkriltkfy, tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi eli gk uskn tm emaputk tck vlfuk mb UGU8 UGU 1 y(Z+ e)(xF + ?.;L)P7\ - xyz + xzQ/7\, wckrk y ds mgtldikn usdij tck WM[IN[_ buietdmi.Ucmwi gkfmw ds li Kxekf smfutdmi tm tck prmgfka. Di kiuakrltdij mvkr x, UGU dsadidadzkn wdtc x kqulf tm ;.

Nly Div < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

52 7; : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

5: 7> 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

53 75 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

54 77 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

>? 7< 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

>< 7? ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

>7 <4 ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

>5 <3 ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

>> <: ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

>; <2 > 7 7 < < < < < < <

>2 <; > 7 7 < < < < < < <

>: <> > 7 7 < < < < < < <

>3 <5 > 7 7 < < < < < < <

>4 <7 5 7 < < < < < < < <

;? << 5 7 < < < < < < < <;< <? 5 7 < < < < < < < <

;7 4 5 7 < < < < < < < <

;5 3 7 < < < < < < < < <

;> : 7 < < < < < < < < <

;; 2 7 < < < < < < < < <

;2 ; 7 < < < < < < < < <

;: > < < < < < < < < < <

;3 5 < < < < < < < < < <

;4 7 < < < < < < < < < <

2? < < < < < < < < < < <

κ 1 3.?? >.7: 5.?? 7.>? 7.?? <.3? <.2? <.>: <.>? <.55

U 1 ;:,2?? >5,??3 53,33? 53,?<2 5:,>>? 53,33? 54,<23 >?,<73 >7,552 >>,<2?x* 1 ;


Wmw Nkptc (x)




<?.>2g [sdij l emitdiumus lpprmxdaltdmi, xeGU 1 PL\/7FzQ± 1 P<;2(2?)/7(>3)(>)Q± 1 >.45:

^ckrkbmrk, rmuindij mbb tck vlfuk tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr jdvks xeGU 1 ;.

<?.>2e

x< 1 2, y< 1 7, x7 1 5, y7 1 <, UGU 1 7,<?.?? sq. bt.

<?.>:l F 1 >3", Z 1 >?", e 1 3", L 1 <;2", z 1 ;\ 1 5??xe

GU 1 PL\/7FzQ± 1 P<;2(5??)/7(>3)(;)Q± 1 4.3:^ckrkbmrk, rmuindij mbb tck vlfuk tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr jdvks xe

GU 1 <?.[sdij Kxekf tm smfvk gy kiuakrltdmi jdvks x*GU 1 <?, ls scmwi gkfmw.

\ 1 2? F 1 >3 Z 1 ;7 e 1 3 L 1 <>>

z 1 > > > > > > > > > >

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

xz 1 > 3 <7 <2 7? 7> 73 57 52 >?

y 1 <; 3 ; > 5 5 5 7 7 7UGU 1 ;:,2?? >5,??3 53,33? 53,?<2 5:,>>? 53,33? 54,<23 >?,<73 >7,552 >>,<2?

x* 1 ;

x 1 : 3 4 <? << <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3

xz 1 5; >? >; ;? ;; 2? 2; :? :; 3? 3; 4?

y 1 4 3 : 2 2 ; ; ; > > > >

UGU 1 42,75? 4;,?4; 4>,>55 45,233 4>,7:2 45,:>> 4>,335 4;,7:; 4>,47? 42,>44 4:,25? 43,5<>

x*GU 1 <?



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;>

Kxekf—s U[A_WMN[E^ buietdmi wls uskn tm elfeufltk tck vlfuk mb κ0 tck vlfuks di tck pkrekitljk emfuai wkrk auftdpfdkn gy tck iuagkr mb stmrljk rmws rkqudrkn tmleemaamnltk tck divkitmry fkvkf0 tck sua mb tck prmnuets ds ndspflykn di tck κ rmw.@imwdij tck vlfuk mb κ, U ds klsdfy nktkradikn gy auftdpfydij gy tck sdzk mb tck bmmt- prdit mb l rmw, (Z + e)(xF + ?.;L). Nkvkfmpdij l sprklnsckkt lffmws lilfysks mb eclijks

di divkitmry prmbdfks mvkr fdbktdaks mb prmnuetdmi fmts tm gk pkrbmrakn klsdfy.

<?.>:g \ 1 ;?. [sdij kiuakrltdmi ydkfns tck rksufts scmwi gkfmw.

<?.>:e \ 1 <??, x< 1 2, x7 1 5. Ls scmwi, y< 1 7, y7 1 5, lin UGU 1 727.4? sq. bt.

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

xz 1 ; <? <; 7? 7; 5? 5; >? >; ;? ;; 2?

y 1 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 < < <

UGU 1 52,5>> 72,;>> 7>,54> 75,44? 75,5;7 7>,45< 72,?27 72,:>2 72,43< 72,:23 74,??3 5<,7>3

x*GU 1 ;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;;

<?.>:n \ 1 ;? lin x 1 5.

<?.>:k U 1 73,;<7 sq. bt.

<?.>3l \ 1 5?, F 1 >7", Z 1 >3", e 1 3" L 1 <;2", z 1 5.

<?.>3g [sdij l emitdiumus lpprmxdaltdmi, wdtc \ 1 5??,xe

GU 1 PL\/7FzQ± 1 P<;2(5??)/7(>7)(5)Q± 1 <5.25^ckrkbmrk, rmuindij mbb tck vlfuk tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr jdvks xe

GU 1 <>. Kiuakrltdij mvkrvlfuks mb x, ls scmwi gkfmw tck mptdaua vlfuk ds letulffy <>.

\ 1 ;? F 1 >? Z 1 >3 e 1 3 L 1 <;2 z 1 ;

Div _krekit < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

;? 7?% <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

>; 7?% 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <

>? <;% 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <

5; <?% : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

5? <?% 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

7; ;% ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

7? ;% > 7 7 < < < < < < <

<; ;% 5 7 < < < < < < < <

<? ;% 7 < < < < < < < < <

; ;% < < < < < < < < < <

κ 1 :.?; 5.:; 7.:? 7.7? <.:; <.2; <.;; <.>? <.7? <.??

U 1 >2,;32 55,<3? 74,453 74,577 7:,7>> 74,535 5<,?:> 5<,7?5 74,>5> 72,:23

Wmw Nkptc (x)


x*GU 1 ;

\ 1 5? F 1 >7 Z 1 >3 e 1 3 L 1 <;2 z 1 5

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

xz 1 5 2 4 <7 <; <3 7< 7> 7: 5? 55 52

y 1 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 < < <

UGU 1 52,42? 7:,7<2 7;,<55 7>,:4: 7>,<47 7;,3:7 7:,?37 7:,37< 73,?4? 7:,333 5?,7>? 57,;47

x*GU 1 ;

\ 1 5?? F 1 >7 Z 1 >3 e 1 3 L 1 <;2 z 1 5

x 1 <? << <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7<

xz 1 5? 55 52 54 >7 >; >3 ;< ;> ;: 2? 25

y 1 <? <? 4 3 3 : : 2 2 2 ; ;

UGU 1 <;5,53> <;7,:<7 <;7,;5< <;7,5;2 <;7,<23 <;7,2>; <;7,33? <;5,?<> <;>,<75 <;>,;72 <;>,77> <;;,4?>x*GU 1 <>




<?.>3e [sdij l emitdiumus lpprmxdaltdmi, wdtc \ 1 5?? lin s 1 5?xe

GUUU 1 PL(\ + 7s)/7FzQ± 1 P<;2(5?? + 2?)/7(>7)(5)Q± 1 <>.45^ckrkbmrk, rmuindij mbb tck vlfuk tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr jdvks xe

GUUU 1 <;.Kiuakrltdij mvkr vlfuks mb x, ls scmwi gkfmw tck mptdaua vlfuk ds <;.

<?.>3n [sdij kiuakrltdmi bmr \ 15? lin s 1 ; jdvks x*GUUU 1 ;, ls scmwi gkfmw.

<?.>3k \ 1 2?, s 1 ?, x< 1 3, x7 1 >. Ls scmwi, y< 1 7, y7 1 <, lin UGU 1 7:2.:5 sq. bt.

<?.>4l \ 1 7??, F 1 ;', Z 1 >', L 1 <?', z 1 ;, e 1 imt stltkn. (Imtk8 dt ds imt ikeksslry tm `imwtck vlfuks mb Z lin e di mrnkr tm nktkradik tck mptdaua rmw nkptc.)

\ 1 5?? F 1 >7 Z 1 >3 e 1 3 L 1 <;2 z 1 5 s 1 5?

x 1 <? << <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7< 77

xz 1 5? 55 52 54 >7 >; >3 ;< ;> ;: 2? 25 22

y 1 <? <? 4 3 3 : : 2 2 2 ; ; ;

UGU 1 <2>,:45 <25,242 <27,42? <27,;?7 <27,727 <27,<42 <27,7:5 <27,>22 <27,:;2 <25,<74 <25,;:< <2>,?:5 <2>,272

x*GUUU 1 <;

\ 1 5? F 1 >7 Z 1 >3 e 1 3 L 1 <;2 z 1 5 s 1 ;

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7 <5

xz 1 5 2 4 <7 <; <3 7< 7> 7: 5? 55 52 54

y 1 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 < < < <

UGU 1 ><,73? 74,3?3 72,2;2 7;,;3> 7;,5>> 7;,;7? 7;,45> 72,>42 7:,<;: 7:,333 73,224 74,>33 5?,552x*GUUU 1 ;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-;:

[sdij l emitdiumus lpprmxdaltdmi, wdtc \ 1 7??,xe

GU 1 PL\/7FzQ± 1 P<?(7??)/7(;)(;)Q± 1 2.57^ckrkbmrk, rmuindij mbb tck vlfuk tm tck iklrkst ditkjkr jdvks xe

GU 1 2.Kiuakrltdij mvkr vlfuks mb x, nkamistrltks tcds ds imt l emivkx buietdmi, ls scmwi gkfmw. ^ckrk lrk twm fmelf mptdal lt x 1 2 lin x 1 3. Db mify vlfuks mb x 1 ;, 2, lin :

wkrk emisdnkrkn, tck lftkriltk mptdaua lt x 1 3 wmufn gk adsskn.

<?.>4g

<?.;?l \ 1 5?, F 1 52", Z 1 2?", e 1 <7", L 1 <;2", z 1 5

<?.;?g \ 1 5??, F 1 52", Z 1 2?", e 1 <7", L 1 <;2", z 1 5

< 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

7?? ?.<? >? 7? <> <? 3 : 2 ; ; >

<4? ?.?7 53 <4 <5 <? 3 : 2 ; ; >

<3? ?.?7 52 <3 <7 4 3 2 2 ; > >

<:? ?.?7 5> <: <7 4 : 2 ; ; > >

<2? ?.?7 57 <2 << 3 : 2 ; > > >

<;? ?.?7 5? <; <? 3 2 ; ; > > 5<>? ?.?7 73 <> <? : 2 ; > > > 5

<5? ?.?> 72 <5 4 : 2 ; > > 5 5

<7? ?.?> 7> <7 3 2 ; > > 5 5 5

<<? ?.?> 77 << 3 2 ; > > 5 5 5

<?? ?.?> 7? <? : ; > > 5 5 5 7

4? ?.?> <3 4 2 ; > 5 5 5 7 7

3? ?.?2 <2 3 2 > > 5 5 7 7 7

:? ?.?2 <> : ; > 5 5 7 7 7 7

2? ?.?2 <7 2 > 5 5 7 7 7 7 7

;? ?.?3 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

>? ?.?3 3 > 5 7 7 7 7 < < <5? ?.?3 2 5 7 7 7 < < < < <

7? ?.?3 > 7 7 < < < < < < <

<? ?.?3 7 < < < < < < < < <

κ 1 <:.73 3.2> 2.<> >.;2 5.3> 5.7> 7.47 7.;7 7.>? 7.<7

U 1 24<.7? ;<3.>? >4<.7? >;2.?? >2?.3? >;5.2? >2:.7? >;5.2? >3?.?? >22.>?

x* 1 2 x* 1 3


Wmw Nkptc (x)Divkitmry

Fkvkf _rmg.

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

xz 1 5 2 4 <7 <; <3 7< 7> 7: 5? 55 52y 1 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 < < <

UGU 1 5<5.; 77;.? 7?>.2 <44.3 <45.; 7?;.3 7<>.; 7<4.2 77<.< 7<4.? 75:.? 7;;.?

x*GU 1 ;




<?.;?e \ 1 5??, F 1 52", Z 1 2?", e 1 <7", L 1 <;2", z 1 5, s 1 5?.

<?.;?n \ 1 5?, F 1 2?", Z 1 52", e 1 7>", L 1 <;2", z 1 5, s 1 ?.

^ck gkst emibdjurltdmi ds 52" x 2?" x >3".

<?.;<l \ 1 5?, F 1 5', Z 1 >', e 1 <', L 1 3', z 1 5Bmr x 1 7, tck lvkrljk lamuit mb bfmmr splek rkqudrkn di tck brkkzkr ds <4>.> sq. bt.

<?.;<g Bmr x 1 5, tck lvkrljk lamuit mb bfmmr splek rkqudrkn di tck brkkzkr ds <4;.? sq. bt.

<?.;<e ^ck mptdaua stmrljk nkptc ds ;, wdtc li lvkrljk bfmmr splek rkqudrkakit mb <;3.5 sq. bt.

x 1 <? << <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7<

xz 1 5? 55 52 54 >7 >; >3 ;< ;> ;: 2? 25

y 1 <? <? 4 3 3 : : 2 2 2 ; ;

UGU 1 <,7?>.; <,<42.4 <,<45.> <,<4?.5 <,<3:.5 <,<34.: <,<4?.5 <,<4?.5 <,<4:.4 <,7??.7 <,<4:.? <,7?4.5

x*GU 1 <>

x 1 <7 <5 <> <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7< 77 75 7>

xz 1 52 54 >7 >; >3 ;< ;> ;: 2? 25 22 24 :7

y 1 4 3 3 : : 2 2 2 ; ; ; ; ;

UGU 1 <,7:;.? <,724.; <,722.? <,72>.< <,725.> <,725.3 <,72;.? <,72:.? <,724.; <,7:7.: <,7:2.7 <,73?.7 <,73>.;

x*GUUU 1 <2

x 1 < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7 <5

xz 1 5 2 4 <7 <; <3 7< 7> 7: 5? 55 52 54

y 1 <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 < < < <

UGU 1 5<2.5 7>:.; 757.4 75<.4 752.5 7>5.5 7;7.? 72<.2 7:<.3 737.; 745.; 5?>.3 5<2.5

x*GUUU 1 >

Div % < 7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <?

5? >>% <? ; > 5 7 7 7 7 7 <

7; <<% 4 ; 5 5 7 7 7 7 < <

7? <<% : > 5 7 7 7 < < < <

<; <<% ; 5 7 7 < < < < < <

<? <<% > 7 7 < < < < < < <

; <<% 7 < < < < < < < < <κ 1 :.>> 5.34 5.?? 7.55 <.2: <.2: <.;2 <.;2 <.>> <.??

U 1 72?.2 <4>.> <4;.? <32.: <;3.5 <35.5 <4>.> 7<:.3 775.4 <:?.?

x* 1 ;


Wmw Nkptc (x)




<?.;<n Zdtc \ 1 ;?, wk lssuak tck divkitmry plttkri ds ;< - `, bmr nlys <, ... ;?. Di mtckr wmrns,im slbkty stme` kxdsts bmr tcds prmnuetdmi rui lin sdijfk plffkt fmlns lrk scdppkn nldfy. Lsscmwi, y< 1 7, y7 1 5, lin UGU 1 7?>.>? sq. bt.

<?.;7l \ 1 5??

x

e

NFUU 1 P(L + b)(\)/7FQ

±

1 P(42 + <7)(5??)/7(>7)Q

±

1 <4.2>xeNFUU 1 7?

[sdij Kxekf tm smfvk gy kiuakrltdij mvkr x jdvks tck slak rksuft, ls scmwi gkfmw.

\ 1 5?? F 1 >7 Z 1 >3 e 1 >

L 1 42 b 1 <7 r 1 2 z 1 2

x 1 <; <2 <: <3 <4 7? 7< 77 75 7>

α 1 7? <4 <3 <: <2 <; <; <> <> <5

UGU 1 :>,7<> :>,<7? :>,?>5 :5,44< :5,4;> :5,4?> :5,44< :>,?>5 :>,?72 :>,<3>

xNFUU 1 7?




UUN 1 (53 + :.; + 7.;)P2? + ?.;(42 + <7)Q(5<)/7(2)(<>>)UUN 1 43.<: sq. bt.

<?.;>n UNN 1 (Z + <.;e + ?.;r)P7F + ?.;(L + b)Q(\ + 7)/>zUNN 1 (53 + :.; + 7.;)P<7? + ?.;(42 + <7)Q(57)/>(2)(<>>)UNN 1 ::.55 sq. bt.

<?.;>k U^N 1 α(Z + <.;e + ?.;r)P5F + ?.;(L + b)Q(7\ - 5α + 5)/7\z

wckrk α 1 ⌃\/5⌄ 1 ⌃5?/5⌄ 1 <?U^N 1 <?(53 + :.; + 7.;)P<3? + ?.;(42 + <7)Q(2? - 5? + 5)/2?(2)(<>>)U^N 1 :<.;? sq. bt.

<?.;;l \ 1 7;?, F 1 52", Z 1 >3", e 1 >", r 1 >", b 1 <7", L 1 2?", z 1 <;. Emaputdij tck vlfukmb UNF ydkfns tck bmffmwdij rksufts. ^ck flik nkptc mb ; ds tck wmrst mb tck tcrkk.

<?.;;g Ls scmwi gkfmw, <; ds tck gkst flik nkptc mb tck tcrkk ecmdeks.

<?.;;e \ 1 7;?, s 1 ;?, F 1 52", Z 1 >3", e 1 >", b 1 <7", r 1 >", L 1 42", z 1 2UNN 1 (\/7)(Z+<.;e+?.;r)P7F+?.;(L+b)QP7(\+s)-\+7Q/7(\+s)zUNN 1 <7;(>3 + 2 + 7)P:7 + ?.;(42 + <7)Q(5;7)/7(5??)(2)(<>>)UNN 1 ;43.34 sq. bt.

<?.;;n Wkelff, tck nkkp flik stmrljk kqultdmi bmr bfmmr splek rkqudrkn eli gk mgtldikn ndrketfybrma tck gfme` stle`dij kqultdmi bmr bfmmr splek rkqudrkn . Upkedbdelffy, rkpflek e wdtc 7e+ r ,rkpflek L wdtc L + b, fkt z 1 <, lin ndvdnk tck rksuftdij bfmmr splek gy tck iuagkr mbfkvkfs mb nkkp flik stmrljk. Ckiek, usdij UMFRKW , wcki x< 1 <? lin x7 1 ;, wk mgtldiy< 1 7;, y7 1 ?, lin UNF 1 7,<>;/<; 1 <>5 sq. bt., ls mgtldikn di plrt g).

\ 1 7;? F 1 52 Z 1 >3

e 1 > L 1 2? b 1 <7

s 1 ? r 1 > z 1 <;x 1 ; <? <;

α 1 ;? 7; <:

UNF 1 <;5.?? <>5.?? <><.>>

Zmrst!

\ 1 7;? F 1 52 Z 1 >3

e 1 > L 1 42 z 1 2

s 1 ;? b 1 <7 r 1 >x 1 ; <? <;

α 1 ;? 7; <:

UNFUU 1 >3?.: >5<.5 >7?.3

Gkst!




Zcki x< 1 <; lin x7 1 ;, wk mgtldi y< 1 <>, y7 1 3, lin UNF 1 7,<<>.>?/<; 1 <>?.42 sq.bt.

Zcki x< 1 <; lin x7 1 <?, wk mgtldi y< 1 <7, y7 1 3, lin UNF 1 7,<<>.>?/<; 1 <>?.42 sq.bt.




Ckiek, tck prmnuet scmufn gk stmrkn di kdtckr <;-nkkp lin ;-nkkp mr <;-nkkp lin <?-nkkpstmrljk fliks.

<?.;2l




Fmw Elfmrdk Cmt Bunjk Uuinlk scmufn gk stmrkn di :-nkkp fliks0 Elrndle Lrrkst GlililUpfdt scmufn gk stmrkn di <?-nkkp fliks. ^ck tmtlf lvkrljk squlrk bmmtljk rkqudrkakit ds<<<.?4 + 5<>.;2 1 >7;.2; sq. bt.

<?.;2g \< 1 ;?, F 1 >7", Z 1 >3", e 1 5", b 1 <?", r 1 >", L 1 :7", z 1 ;UNN 1 (\/7)(Z+<.;e+?.;r)P7F+?.;(L+b)QP7(\+s)-\+7Q/7(\+s)zUNN 1 7;(>3 + >.; + 7)P3> + ?.;(:7 + <?)Q(;7)/7(;?)(;)(<>>)

UNN 1 <75.?? sq. bt.

\7 1 <;?, F 1 >7", Z 1 >3", e 1 5", b 1 <?", r 1 >", L 1 :7", z 1 ;UNN 1 (\/7)(Z+<.;e+?.;r)P7F+?.;(L+b)QP7(\+s)-\+7Q/7(\+s)zUNN 1 :;(>3 + >.; + 7)P3> + ?.;(:7 + <?)Q(<;7)/7(<;?)(;)(<>>)UNN 1 5;4.;; sq. bt.

<?.;2e Wkbkr tm tck smfutdmi tm <?.;;(n). Bmr \ 1 ;?, x< 1 <?, lin x7 1 ;, usdij UMFRKW wkmgtldi y< 1 >, y7 1 7, lin UNF 1 ;;?.75/; 1 <<?.?; sq. bt.




Bmr \ 1 <;?, x< 1 <;, lin x7 1 ;, usdij UMFRKW wk mgtldi y< 1 :, y7 1 4, lin UNF 1<>:;.4>/; 1 74;.<4 sq. bt.

Bmr \ 1 ;?, x< 1 <;, lin x7 1 <?, usdij UMFRKW wk mgtldi y< 1 >, y7 1 ?, lin UNF 1;4>.;3/; 1 <<3.47 sq. bt.




Bmr \ 1 <;?, x< 1 <;, lin x7 1 <?, usdij UMFRKW wk mgtldi y< 1 >, y7 1 4, lin UNF 1<>:;.4>/; 1 74;.<4 sq. bt.

Glskn mi tck UMFRKW smfutdmis, tck gkst stmrljk emibdjurltdmi bmr Fmw Elfmrdk CmtBunjk Uuinlk ds l emagdiltdmi mb ;-nkkp lin <?-nkkp stmrljk fliks. Upkedbdelffy, wdtc x<




1 <?, y< 1 >, x7 1 ;, lin y7 1 7, <<?.?; sq. bt. wdff gk rkqudrkn, mi lvkrljk, tm stmrk ;? uidtfmlns mb tck prmnuet.

Bmr Elrdle Lrrkst Glilil Upfdt, tck gkst emibdjurltdmi ds l emagdiltdmi mb <;-nkkp linkdtckr ;-nkkp mr <?-nkkp stmrljk fliks. Upkedbdelffy, wdtc kdtckr x< 1 <;, y< 1 :, x7 1 ;,

lin y7 1 4, mr wdtc x< 1 <;, y< 1 >, x7 1 <?, lin y7 1 4, 74;.<4 sq. bt. wdff gk rkqudrkn, milvkrljk, tm stmrk <;? uidt fmlns mb tck prmnuet.

L elutdmilry imtk8 UMFRKW nmks imt julrlitkk li mptdalf smfutdmi. Nkpkindij mi tckstlrtdij smfutdmi, ndbbkrkit liswkrs eli gk mgtldikn wcki usdij UMFRKW. Dt adjct gk pmssdgfk bmr l ndbbkrkit stlrtdij smfutdmi tm ydkfn gkttkr smfutdmis tcli lrk scmwi di tcdslin prkvdmus prmgfkas, wckrk UMFRKW wls uskn.

<?.;: Wksklrec \ukstdmi. Rkry ndbbkrkit rksufts eli gk mgtldikn brma tck Zkg sklrec. L jmmnstlrtdij pmdit bmr suec l sklrec ds tck Altkrdlf Clinfdij Dinustry mb Lakrdel Zkg sdtk.Lssmedltdmi, plrtdeuflrfy tck Emffkjk-Dinustry Emaadttkk mi Altkrdlf Clinfdij

Knueltdmi sdtk, k.j, cttps8//www.edrrkft.el/acauftdakndlgli`/

UKE^DMI <?.2

<?.;3 Zk clvk F 1 7;? bt, C 1 ;; bt, tc 1 ?.:3< adi, tv 1 ?.:55, ^ 1 ?.:3< adi, lin \ 1 ?.454.^ckrkbmrk, ^UE 1 <.>4: adi lin ^NE 1 7.525 adi.

Klec U/W alecdik wdff clvk tm pkrbmra (mi tck lvkrljk) <?.; nulf emaalin eyefks lin 4sdijfk-emaalin eyefks pkr cmur, wcdec rkqudrks <?.;(7.52>5) + 4(<.;<?:) 1 53.>7<>;

adi pkr cmur. Ckiek, tck utdfdzltdmi mb klec U/W ds (53.>7<>;/2?) Ú<??% 1 2>.?>%.

^m emaputk tck emst mb tck gudfndij, wk bdrst emaputk tck gudfndij ndakisdmis lin tckemivkrsdmi bletmr ls bmffmws8 GZ 1 <2> bt, GF 1 73<.> bt, GC 1 ;4 bt, lin ξ 1 7?. Zkusk fdiklr ditkrpmfltdmi tm mgtldi EB 1 <.2?2:. ^cki, gy (<?.34) GE 1 $<,>37,4:<.7;

^ck U/W alecdik emst ds EUW 1 5η + 7ε + > . Lssuadij tclt η 1 ε 1 1 $7;,???, wkclvk EUW 1 $77;,???.

<?.;4 Zk clvk tc 1 ?.:; adi, tv 1 ?.27; adi, ^ 1 ?.:; adi, \ 1 ?.355. ^ckrkbmrk, ^UE 1 <.;75adi pkr sdijfk emaalin eyefk lin ^NE 1 7.>>2 adi pkr nulf emaalin eyefk.

Udiek l tmtlf mb >?? sdijfk-emaalin eyefks lin >?? nulf-emaalin eyefks lrk pkrbmrakn

gy bdvk U/W alecdiks mvkr li 3-cr pkrdmn, mi lvkrljk, klec U/W alecdik pkrbmras <?sdijfk-emaalin eyefks lin <? nulf-emaalin eyefks pkr cmur.

Ckiek, tck systka utdfdzltdmi ds , mr 22.<;%.

<?.2? Zk clvk F 1 755.55 bt, C 1 >:.2: bt, tc 1 ?.:3 adi, tv 1 ?.23<, ^ 1 ?.:3 adi, lin\ 1 ?.3:5. ^ckrkbmrk, UE 1 <.2:3 adi lin ^NE 1 7.:7 adi.

https://www.cirrelt.ca/mhmultimediabank/







Fkt x gk tck alxdaua pkrekitljk mb sdijfk-emaalin mpkrltdmis pkrbmrakn suec tclt tckutdfdzltdmi mb tck U/W alecdik nmks imt kxekkn 3;%. ^m akkt tck rkqudrkn pkrbmraliek mb<3 stmrljks lin <3 rktrdkvlfs pkr cmur, klec U/W wdff clvk tm pkrbmra <3x sdijfkemaalin eyefks pkr cmur bmr stmrljks, <3(< ― x) sdijfk emaalin eyefks pkr cmur bmrrktrdkvlfs, lin <3 nulf emaalin eyefks pkr cmur bmr rkaldidij stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf

mpkrltdmis.

^cus, wk clvk 7(<3x)(<.>4:) + <3(< ― x)(7.525) ≮ 2?(?.3;), mr x ≮ ?.<:37. ^ckrkbmrk, dimrnkr tm alditldi li U/W alecdik utdfdzltdmi mb 3;% mr fkss, tck pkrekitljk mb sdijfkemaalin mpkrltdmis aly imt kxekkn <:.37%.

^m emaputk tck emst mb tck gudfndij, wk bdrst emaputk tck gudfndij ndakisdmis lin tckemivkrsdmi bletmr ls bmffmws8 GZ 1 43 bt, GF 1 72:.>5 bt, lin ξ 1 7?. Zk usk fdiklrditkrpmfltdmi tm mgtldi EB 1 <.>>>;. ^cki, gy (<?.34) GE 1 $:;:,<;5.<2.

^m emaputk tck rle` emst wk clvk8 v 1 >4 bt5, w 1 7,??? fg, lin i 1 <<. Lssuadij μ 1

$5?, gy (<?.3:) wk clvk EWM 1 $<>4.74, lin tck tmtlf rle` emst1 EWM(3)(<,<??) 1 $<,5<5,:;7.

^ck U/W alecdik emst ds EUW 1 7η + 7ε + 5 . Lssuadij tclt η 1 ε 1 1 $7;,???, wkclvk EUW 1 $<:;,???0 ckiek, tmtlf U/W alecdik emst ds jdvki gy EUW(3) 1 $<,>??.???.

<?.2<l Zk clvk tc 1 ?.:5 adi, tv 1 ?.3:; adi, ^ 1 ?.3:; adi, \ 1 ?.35>. ^ckrkbmrk, ^UE 1 <.33adi pkr sdijfk-emaalin eyefk lin ^NE 1 5.?; adi pkr nulf-emaalin eyefk. Udiek klecU/W alecdik ds rkqudrkn tm pkrbmra l tmtlf mb <? nulf-emaalin eyefks lin 7? sdijfk-emaalin eyefks pkr cmur, dt wdff tl`k <?(5.?;) + 7?(<.33) 1 23.< adi pkr cmur bmr tckU/W tm emapfktk tck rkqudrkakit. ^ckrkbmrk, wk emiefunk tclt tck systka eliimt clinfktck rkqudrkn wmr`fmln.

<?.2<g Lssuadij tclt <??% mb tck stmrljks lrk pkrbmrakn wdtc nulf-emaalin eyefks, klec U/Wwdff gk rkqudrkn tm pkrbmra l tmtlf mb 2 nulf-emaalin eyefks lin 77 sdijfk-emaalineyefks pkr cmur. Dt wdff tl`k 2(5.?;) + 77(<.33) 1 ;4.22 adi pkr cmur bmr klec U/W tm akkttck rkqudrkn wmr`fmln. ^cus, tck utdfdzltdmi mb klec U/W ds ;4.22 2? 1 ?.44> , mr 44.>%.

<?.27l Gy (<?.;4) lin (<?.2?) F 1 755.55 bt lin C 1 ;3 bt. ^ckrkbmrk, tc 1 ?.:3 adi, tv 1 ?.4:adi, ^ 1 ?.4: adi, \ 1 ?.3?>, ^UE 1 <.:3 adi pkr sdijfk-emaalin eyefk, lin ^NE 1 7.:4adi pkr nulf-emaalin eyefk.^cdrty pkrekit mb tck rktrdkvlfs lin 5?% mb tck stmrljks lrk sdijfk-emaalin mpkrltdmis.Fkt x nkimtk tck tmtlf iuagkr mb mpkrltdmis (stmrljks + rktrdkvlfs) pkrbmrakn pkr cmur.Lssuadij li kqulf iuagkr mb stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf mpkrltdmis pkr cmur, wk mgtldi tck

bmffmwdij dikqulfdty8 ?.5; x(7.:4) + ?.5? x(<.:3) ≮ 2?(?.4) , brma wcdec wk mgtldi x ≮

5;.:;? mpkrltdmis/cr. ^clt ds, klec U/W alecdik eli pkrbmra <:.3:; stmrljks/cr lin<:.3:; rktrdkvlfs/cr wdtcmut gkdij utdfdzkn amrk tcli 4?%.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:?

<?.27g Emaputk tck emst mb rle`s bmr v 1 ;5.55 bt5, w1 5,??? fg, i 1 <7. Lssuadij μ 1 $5?, gy(<?.2;) wk mgtldi EWM 1 $<2:.:?. ^cus, tck tmtlf rle` emst ds kqulf tm<2:.:?Ú;?Ú<7Ú7Ú3 1 $<,2?4,4;>.5?.

Emaputk tck emst mb U/W alecdiks bmr η 1 ε 1 ϛ 1 $7;,???. Gy (<?.22) EUW 1 5η + 7ε +

>ϛ 1 4($7;,???) 1 $77;,???. ^cus, tck emst mb U/W alecdiks 1 3($77;,???) 1$<,3??,???.

^m emaputk tck emst mb tck gudfndij8Gy (<?.27) GZ 1 lZ + 7> di.1 <,<73 di.1 4> bt.Gy (<?.25) lin (<?.2>) GF 1 F + <7.; + ?.>;y 1 72:.>5 bt.Gy (<?.2<) GC 1 C + >3 di.1 27 bt.

EB 1 <.; + ?.>(: <;) 1 <.23: lin ξ 1 $7; / bt7. ^ckrkbmrk, gy (<?.2:) GE 1$<,?2?,7<7.32.

<?.25 Gy (<?.;4) lin (<?.2?) wk eli nktkradik tck fkijtc lin ckdjct mb tck rle`s (di bkkt) bmr

tck tcrkk ecmdeks8

Ikxt, tck sdijfk-emaalin lin nulf-emaalin eyefk tdaks (di adiutks) bmr tck tcrkkecmdeks eli gk emaputkn ls bmffmws8

Bmrty pkrekit mb tck mpkrltdmis wdff gk sdijfk-emaalin glskn. ^cus, tck systka dsrkqudrkn tm pkrbmra l tmtlf mb <>> sdijfk-emaalin eyefks lin <?3 nulf-emaalin eyefks pkr cmur, lin tck tmtlf tdak (di adiutks) rkqudrkn gy tck tcrkk ecmdeks ds kqulf tm >53.72>,>;3.<52, lin >3?.333, rkspketdvkfy.

Bmr ecmdek (l), sdiek >53.72> / <? 6 2?(.4;) , wk emiefunk tclt dt sltdsbdks tck tcrmujcput

rkqudrkakit. Udadflrfy, wk emiefunk tclt ecmdek (g) sltdsbdks tck tcrmujcput rkqudrkakit,wcdfk ecmdek (e) nmks imt.

Ikxt, bmr v 1 >3.34 bt5, w 1 7,;?? fg, i 1 3 (lin lssuadij μ 1 $5? lin η 1 ε 1 ϛ 1$7;,???), gy (<?.2;) lin (<?.22) wk emaputk tck rle` emst lin tck U/W alecdik emst bmrecmdeks (l) lin (g) tm mgtldi tck bmffmwdij tlgfk8

Ecmdek F C

(l) 5?? 52

(g) 552 52

(e) 5:2 52

Ecmdek tc tv ^ \ UE ^NE

(l) ?.22: ?.>; ?.22: ?.2:; <.523 7.75>

(g) ?.:>: ?.>; ?.:>: ?.2?7 <.>5: 7.572

(e) ?.352 ?.>; ?.352 ?.;53 <.;<: 7.>5



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:<

Zk emiefunk tclt ecmdek (g) ds tck fklst-emst lftkriltdvk tclt sltdsbdks tck tcrmujcput

emistrldit.

<?.2> Gy (<?.;4) lin (<?.2?) wk clvk F 1 5<? bt lin C 1 :? bt, bmr wcdec tc 1 ?.:74 adi,tv 1 ?.3:; adi, ^ 1 ?.3:; adi, \ 1 ?.355, ^UE 1 <.3:: adi, lin ^NE 1 5.?;5.

Nurdij pkl` letdvdty klec U/W ds kxpketkn tm pkrbmra l tmtlf mb 2 nulf-emaalin eyefkslin <3 sdijfk-emaalin eyefks pkr cmur, lin tck tmtlf tdak rkqudrkn gy klec U/W ds2(5.?;5) + <3(<.3::) 1 ;7.<?> adi pkr cmur. Udiek ;7 , wk emiefunk tclt tck systka wdffsltdsby tck utdfdzltdmi emistrldit.

<?.2; Gy (<?.2?) lin (<?.2<) GC 1 C + > bt 1 2> bt. Gy (<?.;3) lin (<?.27) GZ 1 lZ + 7 bt 1

:> bt. Gy (<?.;4), (<?.25), lin (<?.2>) GF 1 F + <7.; + ?.>;y 1 7<5.7 bt.

<?.22 Udxty pkrekit mb tck mpkrltdmis lrk pkrbmrakn mi l nulf-emaalin glsds. ckrkbmrk, tcksystka ds rkqudrkn tm pkrbmra l tmtlf mb 2? nulf-emaalin eyefks lin 3? sdijfk-emaalineyefks pkr cmur. Zk ikxt nktkradik tclt tc 1 ?.:; adi, tv 1 ?.:; adi, ^ 1 ?.:; adi, lin\ 1 <, bmr wcdec ^UE 1 <.; adi lin ^NE 1 7.5; adi.

Klec U/W alecdik eli gk utdfdzkn lt amst :;% mb tck tdak0 d.k., >; adiutks pkr cmur. Dttl`ks l tmtlf mb <.;(3?) + 7.5;(2?) 1 72<adi pkr cmur tm pkrbmra lff tck mpkrltdmis.

^ckrkbmrk, l adidaua mb 1 2 U/W alecdiks lrk rkqudrkn tm alditldi l :;% mrfkss kqudpakit utdfdzltdmi.

<?.2: Zk ikkn tm adidadzk tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak, wcdec ds jdvki gy tck

bmffmwdij buietdmi8 , sughket tm tck emistrldit \^7 1 L. (Imtk tclt tckimralfdzkn rle` ds \^ uidts fmij di mik ndrketdmi lin ^ uidts fmij di tck mtckr ndrketdmi0tck lrkl ds kxprksskn di tdak uidts squlrkn.) Ckiek, wk ikkn tm adidadzk tck buietdmi

.

^l`dij tck nkrdvltdvk wdtc rkspket tm \, lin skttdij dt kqulf tm zkrm, wk mgtldi \* 1 <,wcdec adidadzks tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak. Di mtckr wmrns, db tck smfkmghketdvk ds tm adidadzk tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak, tck mptdaua rle` dssqulrk-di-tdak. ^ck slak cmfns truk bmr tck kxpketkn nulf-emaalin trlvkf tdak lftcmujc

tck prmmb ds sfdjctfy amrk divmfvkn.

Ecmdek Wle` Emst ^mtlf Emst

(l) $<,:?2,?<2 $5,:?2,?<2

(g) $<,:<4,22> $5,;<4,22>$<,3??,???

$7,???,???

U/W Alecdik Emst



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:7

<?.23

Emisdnkr tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi LG8 ^ 1 ?.>?;, \ 1 ?.472, lin K(UELG) 1 ?.;7?3adi. Emisdnkr ikxt tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi L8 ^ 1 ?.5:;, \ 1 ?.?3, linK(UEL) 1 ?.5:;3 adi. ^cus, K(UEG), tck kxpketkn U/W alecdik sdijfk-emaalin trlvkftdak eli gk mgtldikn gy smfvdij tck kqultdmi K(UELG) 1 K(UEL)(<7/<27) +K(UEG)(<;?/<27). Zk mgtldi K(UEG) 1 ?.;57> adi.^ck pkrekit ndbbkrkiek 1 (<??%)(?.;57>-?.;7?3)/?.;57> 1 7.<3%

^m emaputk tck kxpketkn U/W alecdik trlvkf tdak bmr nulf-emaalin eyefks, imtk tcltK(^G) ds imt lbbketkn gy tck fmeltdmi mb tck _/N stltdmi. Ckiek, bmr tck rle` bmrakn gyrkjdmi G8 tc 1 ?.5:;, tv 1 ?.5:;, ^ 1 ?.5:;, \ 1 <, lin K(^GG) 1 ?.<:;. ^ckrkbmrk,K(NEG) 1 K(UEG) + K(^GG) 1 ?.:?:> adi. Ikxt, wk emaputk K(NELG)8 tc 1 ?.>?;,tv 1 ?.5:;, ^ 1 ?.>?;, \ 1 ?.472, lin gy (<?.:7) K(NELG) 1 ?.:?74. ^ckrkbmrk, tck pkrekit ndbbkrkiek 1 (<??%)(?.:?:> - ?.:?74)/?.:?:> 1 ?.252%.

<?.24l Fkt tck rlinma pmdit gk jdvki gy (x,y) wckrk ? ≮ x ≮ < lin ? ≮ y ≮ \. ^ck trlvkf tdak tm pmdit (x,y), sly z, ds kqulf tm (x + y).

Ckiek K(z) 1 K(x + y) 1 K(x) + K(y) 1 </7 + \/7 1 (\ + <)/7.^ckrkbmrk, K(UE) 1 7K(z) 1 \ + <.

<?.24g Fkt tck twm rlinma pmdits gk jdvki gy (x<,y<) lin (x7,y7) wckr k ? ≮ xd ≮ <, lin? ≮ yd ≮ \. ^cki

K(^G) 1 1 1 </5 + \/5

^ckrkbmrk, K(NE) 1 K(UE) + K(^G) 1 (\ + <) + (</5 + \/5) 1 (>/5)(\ + <).

<?.:?l

Emisdnkr tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi L8 tc 1 ?.3, tv 1 ?.;, ^ 1 ?.3, \ 1 ?.27;. Gy (<?.:?)wk mgtldi K(UEL) 1 ?.4?>7. Emisdnkr ikxt tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi G0 bmffmwdij tck




slak prmeknurk, wk mgtldi K(UEG) 1 ?.372?. ^ckrkbmrk, K(UELG) 1 ?.372?. ^ckrkbmrk,K(UELG) 1 (7/5)(?.4?>7) + (</5)(?.372?) 1 ?.3:3< adi, lin^UE 1 ?.3:3< + 7(?.5) 1 <.>:3< ADI.

<?.:?g Emisdnkrdij tck kitdrk rle` lin bmffmwdij tck slak prmeknurk ls di plrt (l) tm emaputk

K(^G) , wk mgtldi K(^G) 1 ?.52<4 . ^ckrkbmrk, ^NE 1 K(UELG) + K(^G) + >^_/N 1 7.>>adi.

<?.:?e

Bmr tck blst amvkrs, emisdnkr tck ‖uppkr‑ plrt mb tck rle` (d.k., tck <7;'Ú

7?' rkjdmi lgmvktck nlsckn fdik)8 tc 1 ?.7;, tv 1 ?.7;, ^ 1 ?.7;, \ 1 <. ^cus, K(UE[ppkr ) 1?.5555. Udiektck "fmwkr" plrt mb tck rle` (tck <7;'x7?' rkjdmi gkfmw tck nlsckn fdik) cls tck slakndakisdmis ls tck uppkr plrt, wk clvk K(UEFmwkr ) 1 ?.5555. ^ckrkbmrk, K(UEB), tckkxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak bmr tck rle` pmrtdmi wckrk tck blst amvkrs lrkstmrkn, ds jdvki gy K(UEB) 1 ?.;K(UE[ppkr ) + ?.;K(UEFmwkr ) 1 ?.5555 adi.

Bmr tck rle` pmrtdmi nkndeltkn tm blst lin akndua amvkrs (l 7;?'Ú2?' rkjdmi), bmffmwdijtck slak prmeknurk, wk mgtldi ?.222: adi lin ?.;><: adi bmr tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak bmr tck uppkr lin fmwkr plrt mb tck rle`, rkspketdvkfy. ^cus,K(UEB&A), tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak bmr tck lgmvk 7;?'Ú2?' rle` ds

mgtldikn ls bmffmws

K(UEB&A) 1 ?.222:(7/5) + ?.;><:(</5) 1 ?.27;? adi. ^ckrkbmrk, K(UEA), tck kxpketknsdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak bmr tck rle` pmrtdmi wckrk tck akndua amvkrs lrk stmrkn, dsmgtldikn gy smfvdij tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi8

,

brma wcdec wk clvk K(UEA) 1 ?.::?3 adi.

Emisdnkr tck kitdrk rle`, wk clvk K(UEKitdrk) 1 <.?5>> adi.

^ckrkbmrk, K(UEU), tck kxpketkn sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak bmr tck rle` pmrtdmi wckrktck sfmw amvkrs lrk stmrkn, ds mgtldikn gy smfvdij tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi8

brma wcdec wk clvk K(UEU) 1 <.:<: adi.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:>

Bdilffy, K(UELvkrljk), tck lvkrljk sdijfk-emaalin trlvkf tdak, ds mgtldikn lsK(UELvkrljk) 1 ?.2?K(UEB) + ?.5?K(UEA) + ?.<?K(UEU) 1 ?.2?747 adi, lin tck lvkrljksdijfk-emaalin eyefk tdak (diefundij _/N tdaks) ds kqulf tm ?.2?747 + 7^_/N 1 <.7?747adi.

<?.:<l

Emisdnkr bdrst tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi NE (l 7? bt gy 5?? bt rkjdmi)8 ^ 1 ?.222,

\ 1 ?.555, K(UENE) 1 ?.24<5;3 adi.

Emisdnkr ikxt tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi N (l 7? bt gy <?? bt rkjdmi)8 ^ 1 ?.777, \ 1 <,K(UEN) 1 ?.7425 adi.

Zk mgtldi K(UEE) 1 ?.333 adi brma tck bmffmwdij kqultdmi8K(UENE) 1 ?.24<5;3 1 (</5)K(UEN) + (7/5)K(UEE) 1 (</5)(7.7425) + (7/5)K(UEE)

Bmffmwdij tck slak prmeknurk, wk mgtldi K(UELE) 1 ?.43:: adi brma tck bmffmwdijkqultdmi8 K(UEKNLE)1 (</5)K(UEKN) + (7/5)K(UELE) wckrk K(UEKN) 1 ?.24<5;3 adi linK(UEKNLE) 1 ?.333 adi.

Bdilffy, tck vlfuk mb K(UEL) ds mgtldikn gy smfvdij tck kqultdmi8K(UELE) 1 (</5)K(UEE) + (7/5)K(UEL). ^cus, K(UEL) 1 <.?5:? adi.

<?.:<g Bmr tck kitdrk rle` wk clvk8 ^ 1 ?.333, \ 1 <, K(UE) 1 <.<3;<3;7 adi. Umfvdij tckkqultdmi K(UE) 1 (</>)K(UEL) + (5/>)K(UEG), wk mgtldi K(UEG) 1 <.75>;2:4 adi.

<?.:7 Fkt tck sclnkn lrkl gk rkjdmi E. Emisdnkr bdrst tck kitdrk rle`8 1 <.7;, \ 1 ?.5?,?.;K(UE) 1 ?.2>5:; adi0 ikxt tck rle` ds bmrakn gy rkjdmi L8 ^ 1 ?.27;, \ 1 ?.2?,?.;K(UEL) 1 ?.5; adi0 imw tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi LE8 ^ 1 <.?><22, \ 1 ?.52,?.;K(UELE) 1 ?.;>55 adi. ^ckrkbmrk, bmr tck rle` bmrakn gy rkjdmi G8?.;K(UEG) 1 <.<>;3 adi.

Fkt (x<,y<) gk liy stmrljk pmdit di rkjdmi L lin fkt (x7,y7) gk liy rktrdkvlf pmdit di rkjdmiG bmr l nulf emaalin trdp pkrbmrakn gy tck U/W alecdik. ^cki tck kxpketkn trlvkf tdak,K(^G), tck U/W alecdik trlvkfs brma rkjdmi L tm rkjdmi G ds jdvki gyK(^G) 1 K(alx((x7 - x<)/>??, |y< - y7|/<7?)) (wk lssuak tclt tck mrdjdi (?,?) ds fmeltkn lttck _/N pmdit).



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-:;

Emisdnkrdij tck rle` bmrakn gy tck sclnkn lrkl, wk clvk <22.222/>?? 1 ?.><2: adi bmrtck adidaua cmrdzmitlf trlvkf tdak. Emisdnkrdij tck kitdrk rle`, wk clvk >;/<7? 1 ?.5:;adi bmr tck alxdaua vkrtdelf trlvkf tdak. ^cus, tck kxpketkn tdak K(^G) ds "nmadiltkn" gy tck cmrdzmitlf U/W alecdik trlvkf0 tclt ds (x7 -x<)/>?? 9 |y< - y7|/<7?.

Ckiek, clvk K(^G) 1 K((x7 -x<)/>??) 1 ?.355 adi lin tck kxpketkn nulf emaalin trlvkftdak 1 ?.5; + ?.355 + <.<>;3 1 7.55 adi.

<?.:5 ^m scmw tclt tck systka wdff akkt tck rkqudrkn tcrmujcput wk ikkn tm bdrst emaplrk ΰ r lin ΰ s. Udiek ΰ r 9 ΰ s wk sdapfy ikkn tm sltdsby (<?.43). [sdij (<?.43) wk clvk(57/2?)(<.5555) + (3/2?)(?.>222) + ((3 + 57)/2?)(?.< + ?.<) 1 ?.4?22> 6 <, sm tckemindtdmi bmr stlgdfdty ds sltdsbdkn.

Bmr tcds plrt ΰ r 1 57/2? 1 ?.;555 lin ΰ s 1 3/2? 1 ?.<555.

` > 1 <.5555 ― ?.>222 1 ?.322:

ϋ< 1 P</(?.;555(?.322:)Q ― (?.<555/?.2222) 1 <.425;

` < 1 ?.;(<.5555) 1 ?.222;` 7 1 ?.< + ?.< 1 ?.7` 5 1 ?.>222ϋ7 1 P(7(?.<555)(?.222;) + ?.;555(?.>222) + ?.2222(?.7))/(?.;555(?.322:))Q

― (?.<555/?.2222)1 <.?<<7

L 1 (>)(<.425;)7 1 <;.>7G 1 <.425; + < ― P3(<.425;)(<.?<<7)Q ― >(<.425;) 1 -7?.::>>E 1 (<.?<<7 + <)P>(<.?<<7) ― <Q 1 2.<75:

^ck rmmts mb tck kqultdmi Lό7 + Gό + E lrk ?.4<7 lin ?.>52. Zk imw tkst tm skk wcdecrmmt sltdsbdks tck emindtdmi tclt qs lin qr lrk imi-ikjltdvk.

ό 1 ?.4<78

ϋ5 1 P</(?.<555(?.322:)Q ― (?.;555/?.2222) 1 :.3;;:ϋ> 1 P(7(?.;555)(?.222;) + ?.<555(?.>222) + ?.2222(?.7))/(?.<555(?.322:))Q

― (?.;555/?.2222)1 :.?>:2

qs 1 <.425;(?.4<7) ― <.?<<7 1 ?.34:5qr 1 :.3;;:(?.4<7) ― :.?>:2 1 ?.<<23

^ckrk ds im ikkn tm ecke` tck mtckr rmmt sdiek wk `imw tclt mify mik rmmt eli sltdsby tckimi-ikjltdvdty rkqudrkakit mb qs lin qr . ^ck utdfdzltdmi ds ?.4<7, mr 4<.7%.




UKE^DMI <?.:

<?.:>l Zk clvk tc 1 ?.3334, tv 1 ?.3334, ^ 1 ?.3334, \ 1 <. Gy (<?.:;)K(_,S<,S7, ...,S3, N) ≃ 7.>>7> adi.

<?.:>g Bmr tck twm-glin ckurdstde8 E 1 \/` 7

1 ?.7;, L 1 ?.<224, G 1 ?.<><72, linK(7,3,?.3334,<) 1 7.:42 adi.

<?.:>e Bmr tck bmur-glin ckurdstde8 E 1 ?.?27;, L 1 ?.<<;3, G 1 ?.<<5;, linK(>,3,?.3334,<) 1 >.5<;< adi.

<?.:;l Lvkrljk tdak pkr trdp - 7.>>7> + ((7?)3)/2? + ?.3 1 ;.4?4< adi. ^crmujcput elpledty 1(2?/;.4?4<)(3) 1 3<.75 pde`s/cmur.

<?.:;g Udadflr tm plrt (l), lvkrljk tdak pkr trdp ds 2.727: adi, lin tck tcrmujcput elpledty ds:2.2> pde`s/cmur.

<?.:;e Udadflr tm plrt (l), lvkrljk tdak pkr trdp ds :.:3<3 adi, lin tck tcrmujcput elpledty ds2<.23 pde`s/cmur.

<?.:2 Lftkriltdvk (l)8 tc 1 ?.3?3<, tv 1 ?.3?3<, ^ 1 ?.3?3<, \ 1 <. Gy (<?.:;) wk mgtldi K(_,S<, ..., S3, N) 1 7.77?> adi. ^ckrkbmrk, lvkrljk tdak pkr trdp 1 7.77?> + ((7?)3)/2? + ?.31 ;.23: adi, lin tck tcrmujcput elpledty 1 (2?/;.23:)(3) 1 3>.>?5 pde`s/cmur.

Lftkriltdvk (g)8 Lvkrljk tdak pkr trdp ds ;.;?4< adi. lin tck tcrmujcput elpledty ds 3:.<5 pde`s/cmur. Ckiek, lftkriltdvk (g) wmufn dierklsk tck tcrmujcput elpledty mb tck systkaamrk tcli lftkriltdvk (l).

<?.::l U 1 :???(<3) 1 <72,??? sq. bt.0 W 1 7<; pde`s/cr0 i 1 4 stmps/trdp0 p 1 <.; adi/stmp0 @ 1<.7? adi0 cv 1 >?? bpa0 vv 1 <?? bpa0 t 1 <.250 q 1 <.7;;0 lin u 1 ?.5<2<>.

[sdij LFJMWD^CA < (pj. 25>)8(Dtkrltdmi <)U^K_ ?. A 1 2.U^K_ <. Udiek A(2?A - Wt)7 1 ;>:.7<; 6 :7:.;<7 1 (Wqu)7, jm tm 7.U^K_ 7. A 1 :, jm tm stkp <.

(Dtkrltdmi 7)

U^K_ <. Udiek A(2?A - Wt)

7

1 5532?.><3 9 :7:2.;<7 1 (Wqu)

7

, jm tm 5.U^K_ 5. U^M_, : ds tck adidaua iuagkr mb pde`krs lin stmrljk ldsfks.

<?.::g ^ck surblek lrkl bmr klec sdnk mb li ldsfk 1 <72,???/(:(7)) 1 4,??? sq. bt. Lssuak tckrle` ds "squlrk-di-tdak" (wcdec ds tck prkbkrrkn rle` sclpk wcki pde`s lrk skqukiekn dili mptdaua blscdmi). Fkt t 1 P4,???/(>??(<??))Q?.; 1 ?.>:>5. Ckiek, tck rle` fkijtc, F 1>??(?.>:>5) 1 <34.:7 bt., lin tck rle` ckdjct, C 1 <??(?.>:>5) 1 >:.>5 bt.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-::

<?.::e ^ 1 ?.>:>5, \ 1 <. Gy (<?.:;) wk clvk K(_,S<, ...,S3,N) 1 <.5?5< adi. Ckiek, tcklvkrljk tdak pkr trdp 1 <.5?5< + <.;(3) + <.7 1 <>.;?5< adi, lin tck tcrmujcput elpledty1 (2?/<>.;?5<)(3)(:) 1 75<.2: pde`s/cr. ^ckrkbmrk, tck systka utdfdzltdmi 1(7<;/75<.2:)(<??%) 1 47.3%.

<?.:3l-e Lssuadij l squlrk-di-tdak rle` (\ 1 <), tck rksufts lrk suaalrdzkn ls bmffmws8

Wle` surblek lrkl bmr mik sdnk mb li ldsfk ds kqulf tm 5??,??? ndvdnkn gy (7 tdaks tckiuagkr mb ldsfks di tck systka), lin ^ ds kqulf tm tck squlrk rmmt mb tck surblek lrkl bmr

mik sdnk mb li ldsfk ndvdnkn gy (>??Ú<??). Lfsm, tck rle` fkijtc ds kqulf tm >??^ wcdfk

tck rle` ckdjct ds kqulf tm <??^. ^ck trlvkf tdak pkr trdp ds kqulf tm K(...) brma (<?.:;) pfus ?.4(<?) adi (tck tdak ikknkn bmr pkrbmradij <? pde`s) pfus <.> adiutks (tck tdak tck pde`kr spkins lt tck _/N stltdmi gktwkki sueekssdvk trdps). Flstfy, tck tcrmujcput elpledtyds kqulf tm (2? adi)(<? pde`s/trdp)(tck iuagkr mb ldsfks di tck systka)/(tck trlvkf tdak pkrtrdp).

<?.:3n Lftcmujc skk`dij l ‖trkin‑ wdtc tcrkk nltl pmdits ds cdjcfy uinksdrlgfk, wk adjct slytclt tck tcrmujcput elpledty mb tck systka dierklsks wdtc tck iuagkr mb stmrljk ldsfks (ls

kxpketkn) gut dt dierklsks lt l sfmwkr rltk ls amrk ldsfks lrk lnnkn.

<?.:4 [sdij l emaputkr tm jkikrltk rksufts bmr A 1 < tm ;?, K(N) lppklrs tm gk emivkx wdtcrkspket tm A.

_lrt

Uurblek lrkl

mi mik sdnk

mb li ldsfk

(sq. bt.) ^ (Adi)

Wle`

Fkijtc

(bt)

Wle`

Ckdjct

(bt)

K(…) gy

(<?.:;)

(adi)

rlvkf dak

pkr trdp

(adi)

^crmujcput

elpledty

(pde`s/cr)

l ;?,??? <.<<3 >>:.7 <<3.3 5.73 <5.23 <5<.;3

g 5:,;?? ?.4237 53:.73 42.37 7.3> <5.7> <3<.72

e 5?,??? ?.322 5>2.> 32.2 7.;> <7.4> 75<.37




Brma tck jrlpc, dt lppklrs tck adidaua vlfuk mb K(N) ds di tck ikdjcgmrcmmn mb A 1 7;tm 5?. Uuaalrdzdij tck rkfkvlit rksufts, tck adidaua vlfuk mb K(N) ds <,??3.?; lt A 17:.

<?.3? Fkt K(N') gk tck kxpketkn ndstliek trlvkfkn pkr trdp uinkr tck trlvkrslf pmfdey wdtc tck_/N pmdit fmeltkn di tck emrikr. Ls gkbmrk, wk eli wrdtk K(N') 1 K(N<') + K(N7'). Udiektck _/N pmdit fmeltdmi nmks imt lbbket di-tck-ldsfk trlvkf, wk clvk K(N7') 1 K(N7).^rkltdij tck ldsfk fmeltdmis ls l emitdiumus rlinma vlrdlgfk (Ukk Clff P5<Q), lin usdijmrnkr stltdstdes, tck blrtckst pde` brma tck _/N pmdit ds lpprmxdaltkfy x/Pi/(i+<)Q ndstliekuidts lwly. Udiek K(N<') kqulfs twdek tck ndstliek tm tck blrtckst pde`, wk mgtldi8

<?.3<l U 1 :,???(<3) 1 <72,??? sq. bt., W 1 7<; pde`s/cr, p 1 <.; adi/pde`, E 1 ?.> adi/eyefk,

\ 1 ?.4

Zk usk LFJMWD^CA 7 (pj. 2>?). Di U^K_ > mb tck bdrst dtkrltdmi wk clvkK(_[)(2?/p)A 1 ?.43<7(2?/<.;)2 1 75;.>33 ≫ 7<; 1 W. ^cus, wk emiefunk tclt 2 ds tckadidaua iuagkr mb pde`krs rkqudrkn.

<?.3<g ^ck rle` fkijtc F 1 7<2 bt., lin tck rle` ckdjct C 1 >3.2 bt.

<?.3<e Kxpketkn systka utdfdzltdmi (1 7<;/75;.>33) 1 4<.5%. ^cus, tck kbbketdvk pde`krutdfdzltdmi (1 ?.4<5(K(_[)) 1 ?.4<5(?.43<7)) 1 34.2% lin tck kbbketdvk U/W utdfdzltdmi (1?.4<5(K(UW[)) 1 ?.4<5(?.32:7)) 1 :4.7%.

<?.37l tc 1 ?.3, tv 1 ?.:, ^ 1 ?.3, \ 1 ?.3:;, K(NE) 1 <.5;; adi, lin^NE 1 K(NE) + E 1 <.4;; adi.

<?.37g NE 1 7.5 adi. [sdij tck prmeknurk nkserdgkn di U^K_ ? lin < mb LFJMWD^CA 7 (pj.

2>?), wk mgtldi < 1 ?.43?73>2, 7 1 7.>?:5>;2, r 1 ?.3, ` < 1 ?.:3>773, ` 7 1 <.47;3::,t< 1 ` < + E 1 <.53>75, t7 1 ` 7 + E 1 7.;7;3::, lin p 1 7 adi/pde`. ^cus, K(E^) 17.:<::, K(_[) 1 p/K(E^) 1 ?.:5;4. ^ck iuagkr mb gmm`s pde`kn pkr cmur 1K(_[)(2?/p)(3) 1 <:: gmm`s/cr.

AZlrkcmusk

ZdntcLdsfk

Fkijtc K(N<) K(N7) K(N)

7> 7>? 2?.?? >?2.<; 2?;.4? <,?<7.?2

7; 7;? ;:.2? >75.?3 ;32.;? <,??4.;:

72 72? ;;.53 >>?.?? ;23.7: <,??3.7:

7: 7:? ;5.55 >;2.47 ;;<.<5 <,??3.?;

73 73? ;<.>5 >:5.3; ;5>.4: <,??3.3<

74 74? >4.22 >4?.:: ;<4.:7 <,?<?.>4

5? 5?? >3.?? ;?:.24 ;?;.5? <,?<7.44




<?.35 Di mrnkr tm mgtldi l <??% pde`kr utdfdzltdmi, d.k. K(_[) 1 <.?, wk ikkn p ≫ t7 1 ` 7 + E 1

r 7 + E 1 (q/ ) 7 + E.

^cus, A ≫ 1 3 ldsfks.

<?.3> Bdrst, wk kstlgfdsc tclt wk ikkn tm daprmvk K(_[). Ikxt, wk ikkn tm dnkitdby tck eurrkit gmttfkike`0 tckrk lrk twm pmssdgfk gmttfkike`s8 <. ^ck pde`kr, mr 7. ^ck U/W alecdik. Ditck bdrst elsk, wk eli lnn l skemin pde`kr (skrvkn gy tck slak U/W alecdik) gy kdtckrlnndij l emivkymr fmmp di brmit mb tck ldsfk (tm skrvk gmtc pde`krs) mr gy lnndij l skemin_/N pmdit lt tck mppmsdtk kin (mr mik sdnk) mb tck ldsfk. Di tck skemin elsk, di mrnkr tmdaprmvk tck U/W alecdik eyefk tdak, wk eli kdtckr rldsk tck _/N pmdit mr try lftkriltdvkemitldikr skqukiedij prmeknurks. Zk aly lfsm eclijk tck lssdjiakit mb U@[s tmemitldikrs tm rknuek tck iuagkr mb emitldikrs rktrdkvkn/cr gy tck U/W alecdik.

UKE^DMI <?.3

<?.3;l ^ck fklst emaami auftdpfk mb tck dindvdnulf pkrdmns (;, 7, >, 5) ds 2?.

<?.3;g ` 1 ;>50 p 1 2?0 r 1 ;>5amn2? 1 50 r/p 1 5/2? 1 </7?. Udiek r/p ds imt l prmpkr brletdmi,tck liswkr ds im.

<?.3;e `/p 1 ;>5/2? 1 4.?;. Udiek `/p ds imt li ditkjkr, tck liswkr ds yks.

<?.3;n p ds imt l prdak iuagkr. ^ckrkbmrk, tck liswkr ds im.

Imtk8 kvki tcmujc r/p ds imt l prmpkr brletdmi, tck smfutdmi prmeknurk prkskitkn di tckeclptkr eli gk uskn bmr tcds prmgfka. Lppfydij tck smfutdmi prmeknurk lin dinkxdij relrrdkrs ydkfns tck bmffmwdij skqukiek mb vlfuks bmr C*<(i)8 C*<(<), C*<(>), C*<(:),C*<(<?), C*<(<5), C*<(<2), C*<(<4), C*<(7), C*<(;), C*<(3), C*<(<<), C*<(<>),C*<(<:), C*<(7?), C*<(5), C*<(2), C*<(4), C*<(<7), C*<(<;), lin C*<(<3). ^cds ds imtlfwlys tck elsk, ls scmwi di _rmgfka <?.3:k.

<?.32l ` 1 570 p 1 5, r 1 57amn5 1 7{b <(i)} 1 (-;, ?, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, -5, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, >), lin{b >(i)} 1 (>, ?, ?). ^ckrkbmrk, {B<(i)} 1 (-<, -5, >).

C*<(<) 1 ? ∾ C*<(5) 1 C*<(<) + B<(5) 1 ? + > 1 > lin C*<(7) 1 C*<(5) + B<(7) 1 <.

Ckiek, {C*<(i)} 1 (?, <, >).^cus, {C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, <, >) - (-;, ?, ?) 1 (;, <, >).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (;, <, >) - (?, -5, ?) 1 (;, >, >).{C*>(i)} 1 {C*5(i)} - {b 5(i)} 1 (;, >, >) - (?, ?, >) 1 (;, >, ?).

Udiek e 1 ?, {Cd(i)} 1 {C*d(i)} ∏ d, iG 1 ;

<?.32g ` 155 ds imt bklsdgfk sdiek p 1 50 ` 1 5<0 p 1 5, r 1 5<amn5 1 <




Ls gkbmrk, {B<(i)} 1 (-<, -5, >).

C*<(<) 1 ? ∾ C*<(7) 1 C*<(<) + B<(7) 1 ? - 5 1 -5 linC*<(5) 1 C*<(7) + B<(5) 1 -5 + > 1 <. Ckiek, {C*<(i)} 1 (?, -5, <).^cus, {C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, -5, <) - (-;, ?, ?) 1 (;, -5, <).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (;, -5, <) - (?, -5, ?) 1 (;, ?, <).

{C*>(i)} 1 {C*5(i)} - {b 5(i)} 1 (;, ?, <) - (?, ?, >) 1 (;, ?, -5).Udiek e 1 -5, Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 5 ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (5, ?, >), {C7(i)} 1 (3, ?, >), {C5(i)} 1 (3, 5, >), lin{C>(i)} 1 (3, 5, ?)G 1 3Divkitmry 1 ∜ d, i {Cd(i)} 1 5 + ? + > + 3 + ? + > + 3 + 5 + > + 3 + 5 + ?Divkitmry bmr ` 1 5< ds >;. Brma plrt l), bmr ` 1 57, divkitmry ds jdvki gyDivkitmry 1 ? + < + > + ; + < + > + ; + > + > + ; + > + ? 1 5:

` 1 57 adidadzks divkitmry lin adidadzks G.

<?.32e <) {b <(i)} 1 (?, ?, ->), {b 7(i)} 1 (->, ?, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, >), lin

{b >(i)} 1 (>, ?, ?). {B<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?) ∾ {C*<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?).{C*7(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?) - (?, ?, ->) 1 (?, ?, >){C*5(i)} 1 (?, ?, >) - (->, ?, ?) 1 (>, ?, >){C*>(i)} 1 (>, ?, >) - (?, ?, >) 1 (>, ?, ?).

e 1 ? ∾ {Cd(i)} 1 {C*d(i)} ∏ d, iDivkitmry 1 <20 G 1 >

7) {b <(i)} 1 (->, ?, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, >), lin

{b >(i)} 1 (>, ?, ?). {B<(i)} 1 (?, ->, >) ∾ C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 C*<(<)+ B<(5) 1 ? + > 1 >, C*<(7) 1 C*<(5) + B<(7) 1 > - > 1 ?.{C*<(i)} 1 (?, ?, >). {C*7(i)} 1 (?, ?, >) - (->, ?, ?) 1 (>, ?, >).

{C*5(i)} 1 (>, ?, >) - (?, ->, ?) 1 (>, >, >){C*>(i)} 1 (>, >, >) - (?, ?, >) 1 (>, >, ?)

e 1 ? ∾ {Cd(i)} 1 {C*d(i)} ∏ d, iDivkitmry 1 570 G 1 >Mb tck twm emisdnkrkn {b <(i)} 1 (?, ?, ->) lin {b 7(i)} 1 (->, ?, ?) lrk tck prkbkrrknfmlndij skqukieks glskn mi divkitmry mi tck emivkymr.

<?.3:l ` 1 55, p 1 >, r 1 55amn> 1 <. Udiek r ≯ ?, tck liswkr ds yks.

<?.3:g ` 1 55, p 1 >, r 1 55amn> 1 <. Udiek r/p 1 </> ds l prmpkr brletdmi, tck liswkr ds yks.

<?.3:e {b <(i)} 1 (-7, ?, -7, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, >, ?), lin{b >(i)} 1 (>, ?, ?, ?). {B<(i)} 1 (7, -7, 7, -7) ∾ C*<(<) 1 ?.C*<(7) 1 C*<(<) + B<(7) 1 -7. C*<(5) 1 C*<(7) + B<(5) 1 ?.

C*<(>) 1 C*<(5) + B<(>) 1 -7 ∾ {C*<(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7).{C*7(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7) - (-7, ?, -7, ?) 1 (7, -7, 7, -7){C*5(i)} 1 (7, -7, 7, -7) - (?, -7, ?, -7) 1 (7, ?, 7, ?){C*>(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?) - (?, ?, >, ?) 1 (7, ?, -7, ?)

e 1 -7 ∾ Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 7 ∏ d, i




{C<(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?), {C7(i)} 1 (>, ?, >, ?), {C5(i)} 1 (>, 7, >, 7), lin{C>(i)} 1 (>, 7, ?, 7)

C5(7) 1 7

<?.3:n G 1 > (Lftcmujc imt ls`kn bmr, tck divkitmry tmtlfs > + 3 + <7 + 3, mr 57.)

<?.3:k ` 1 5>, r 1 5>amn> 1 7. Udiek r/p ds imt l prmpkr brletdmi, dt ds imt efklr db tck jkikrlfskqukieks pmskn lrk bklsdgfk. ^m nktkradik tck vlfuks mb C*<(i), imtdek tcky wdff gkjkikrltkn di tck bmffmwdij skqukiek8 C*<(<), C*<(5), C*<(;) 1 C*<(<). ^ckrkbmrk, vlfuksbmr C*<(7) lin C*<(>) eliimt gk jkikrltkn usdij tck smfutdmi prmeknurk. Ckiek, wk lrkuilgfk tm smfvk tck prmgfka bmr ` 1 5>. Fd`kwdsk, wk eliimt smfvk dt bmr ` 1 57, sdiekr 1 ?. Cmwkvkr, l smfutdmi ds pmssdgfk bmr ` 1 5; sdiek r 1 5 lin r/p ds l prmpkr brletdmi.

Zdtc r 1 5 lin {B<(i)} 1 (7, -7, 7, -7), tck bmffmwdij vlfuks mb C*<(i) lrk mgtldikn8C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(>) 1 -7, C*<(5) 1 ?, C*<(7) 1 -7, mr {C*<(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7), wcdec ds tckslak skqukiek mgtldikn bmr ` 1 55. ^ckrkbmrk, tck slak rksufts kxdst bmr gmtc ` 1 55 lin

` 1 5;. Ckiek, tck divkitmry mi tck emivkymr lin tck elrrdkr elpledty wdff gk tckslak bmr liy bklsdgfk vlfuk mb ` .

(^cds prmgfka dffustrltks tck vlfuk mb Autc—s tcdrn rksuft, d.k., clvdij p gk l prdakiuagkr. Emivkymr emapltdgdfdty rksufts bmr lff vlfuks mb ` wcki p ds l prdak iuagkr linr ≯ ?.)

<?.3:b ` 1 55, p 1 >, r 1 <<) {b <(i)} 1 (-7, ?, -7, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, 7, 7),

{b >(i)} 1 (7, 7, ?, ?). {B<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?, ?) ∾ {C*<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?. ?).{C*7(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?, ?) - (-7, ?, -7, ?) 1 (7, ?, 7, ?){C*

5(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?) - (?, -7, ?, -7) 1 (7, 7, 7, 7)

{C*>(i)} 1 (7, 7, 7, 7) - (?, ?, 7, 7) 1 (7, 7, ?, ?)

e 1 ? ∾ Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?, ?), {C7(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?), {C5(i)} 1 (7, 7, 7, 7), lin{C>(i)} 1 (7, 7, ?, ?). Divkitmry tmtlfs <2 lin G 1 7.

7) {b <(i)} 1 (-7, ?, -7, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, -7, ?, -7), {b 5(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?),

{b >(i)} 1 (?, 7, ?, 7). {B<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?, ?) ∾ {C*<(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?. ?).{C*7(i)} 1 (?, ?, ?, ?) - (-7, ?, -7, ?) 1 (7, ?, 7, ?){C*5(i)} 1 (7, ?, 7, ?) - (?, -7, ?, -7) 1 (7, 7, 7, 7){C*>(i)} 1 (7, 7, 7, 7) - (7, ?, 7, ?) 1 (?, 7, ?, 7)

e 1 ? ∾ Cd(i) 1 C*

d(i) ∏ d, i

Divkitmry tmtlfs <2 lin G 1 7.

^ck twm lftkriltk skqukieks clvk dnkitdelf rksufts, wdtc li divkitmry mb <2 mi tckemivkymr. Zdtc tck mrdjdilf fmlndij skqukieks, tck divkitmry tmtlfkn 57. Ckiek,

kdtckr mb tck lftkriltk fmlndij skqukieks wmufn gk prkbkrrkn tm tck mrdjdilf

skqukieks.




<?.33l ` 1 27, p 1 5, r 1 27amn5 1 7, {b <(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (5, 5, 5), lin

{b 5(i)} 1 (?, -;, ?) ∾ {B<(i)} 1 (5, -2, 5). C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 5, C*<(7) 1 -5.{C*<(i)} 1 (?, -5, 5). {C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, -5, 5) - (?, ->, ?) 1 (?, <, 5).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (?, <, 5) - (5, 5, 5) 1 (-5, -7, ?).

Udiek e 1 -5, Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 5 ∏ d, i

{C<(i)} 1 (5, ?, 2), {C7(i)} 1 (5, >, 2), {C5(i)} 1 (?, <, 5)G 1 2 (Divkitmry tmtlfs 72.)

<?.33g <) {b <(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (5, 5, 5), {b 5(i)} 1 (-;, ?, ?) ∾ {B<(i)} 1 (-7, -<, 5).C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 5, C*<(7) 1 7.{C*<(i)} 1 (?, 7, 5), {C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, 2, 5).

{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (-5, 5, ?). e 1 -5 ∾ {C<(i)} 1 (5, ;, 2), {C7(i)} 1 (5, 4, 2), {C5(i)} 1 (?, 2, 5)G 1 4 (Divkitmry tmtlfs ><.)

7) {b <(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (5, 5, 5), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, -;) ∾ {B<(i)} 1 (5, -<, -7).C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 -7, C*<(7) 1 -5.

{C*<(i)} 1 (?, -5, -7), {C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, <, -7).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (-5, -7, -;). e 1 -; ∾ {C<(i)} 1 (;, 7, 5), {C7(i)} 1 (;, 2, 5), {C5(i)} 1 (7, 5, ?)G 1 2 (Divkitmry tmtlfs 74.)^m adidadzk G, usk kdtckr {b 5(i)} 1 (?, -;, ?) mr {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, -;) bmr l vlfuk mb 2.

<?.33e ^m adidadzk divkitmry mi tck emivkymr, usk {b 5(i)} 1 (?, -;, ?) bmr l vlfuk mb 72.

<?.34l ` 1 35, p 1 5, r 1 35amn5 1 7, {b <(i)} 1 (<, ?, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, 7, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, <),

{b >(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?). ∾ {B<(i)} 1 (<, -7, <).C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 C*<(<) + B<(5) 1 <, C*<(7) 1 C*<(5) + B<(7) 1 -<.

{C*<(i)} 1 (?, -<, <). {C*7(i)} 1 (-<, -<, <), {C*5(i)} 1 (-<, -5, <),{C*>(i)} 1 (-<, <, ?). e 1 -5 ∾ Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 5 ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (5, 7, >), {C7(i)} 1 (7, 7, >), {C5(i)} 1 (7, ?, >), lin

{C>(i)} 1 (7, >, 5) ∾ C5(7) 1 ?.<?.34g G 1 >, divkitmry tmtlfs 4 + 3 + 2 + 4, mr 57.

<?.34e {b <(i)} 1 (<, ?, ?), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, 7, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ?, <), lin {b >(i)} 1 (?, -l, -g).^ckrkbmrk, {B<(i)} 1 (<, 7-l, <-g).

C*<(<) 1 ? ∾ C*<(5) 1 C*<(<) + B<(5) 1 <-gC*<(7) 1 C*<(5) + B<(7) 1 <-g + 7-l, mr 5 - (l+g). Udiek l+g 1 >,tcki C*<(7) 1 -<. Ckiek,{C*<(i)} 1 (?, -<, <-g) lin

{C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (?, -<, <-g) - (<, ?, ?) 1 (-<, -<, <-g).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (-<, -<, <-g) - (?, 7, ?) 1 (-<, -5, <-g).{C*>(i)} 1 {C*5(i)} - {b 5(i)} 1 (-<, -5, <-g) - (?, ?, <) 1 (-<, -5, -g).

Db g 1 >, tcki e 1 -> lin Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + > ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (>, 5, <), {C7(i)} 1 (5, 5, <), {C5(i)} 1 (5, <, <), lin

{C>(i)} 1 (5, <, ?) ∾ G 1 > db g 1 >.

Db g ≮ 5, tcki e 1 -5 lin Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 5 ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (5, 7, >-g), {C7(i)} 1 (7, 7, >-g), {C5(i)} 1 (7, ?, >-g), lin




{C>(i)} 1 (7, ?, 5-g) ∾ G 1 5 db <≮ g ≮ 5. ^m adidadzk G, <≮ g ≮ 5. Imtdek tclt tck divkitmry tmtlfs 3 + : + ; + >, mr 7> wcki g 1 >.Dt tmtlfs 4 + 3 + 2 + ; - >g, mr 73 - >g wcki <≮ g ≮ 5. ^m adidadzk divkitmry, fkt g 1 5 bmrl tmtlf mb <2. (Imtk8 bmr liy ` tclt rksufts di r 1 <, G ds adidadzkn wcki 7 1 g 1 7.)

<?.34n {b <(i)} 1 (<, ?, <), {b 7(i)} 1 (?, 7, ?), {b 5(i)} 1 (?, ->, ?).{B<(i)} 1 (<, -7, <). C*<(<) 1 ?, C*<(5) 1 C*<(<) + B<(5) 1 <,C*<(7) 1 C*<(5) + B<(7) 1 < - 7 1 -<. Ckiek, {C*<(i)} 1 (?, -<, <) lin{C*7(i)} 1 {C*<(i)} - {b <(i)} 1 (-<, -<, ?).{C*5(i)} 1 {C*7(i)} - {b 7(i)} 1 (-<, -5, ?).

Udiek e 1 -5, tcki Cd(i) 1 C*d(i) + 5 ∏ d, i{C<(i)} 1 (5, 7, >), {C7(i)} 1 (7, 7, 5), {C5(i)} 1 (7, ?, 5), lin{C>(i)} 1 (7, ?, 5) bmr G 1 >. Divkitmry tmtlfs 4 + : + ; + ;, mr 72.

Lftcmujc divkitmry ds rknuekn, tckrk ds im kbbket mi G.

<?.4? [sdij tck dibmraltdmi lin prmeknurk jdvki di Kxlapfk <?.;7, wk clvk tck bmffmwdij8

U< 1 (7:, 72, ..., <<), U7 1 (5>, 55, ..., 73), U5 1 (;<, ;?, ..., 5;), U> 1 (<?, 4, ..., ;7), Ξ7 1 ;,lin Ξ> 1 <7. ^m kisurk stlgdfdty wk ikkn tm clvk R 9 ΰ d + Ξd bmr d 1 7 lin >. [sdij tck ΰ d vlfuks brma tck kxla pfk, lin tck Ξd vlfuks brma lgmvk, wk mgtldi R 9 5? + ; 1 5; bmr d17 lin R 9 7? + <7 1 57 bmr d 1 >. ^ckrkbmrk, wk aust clvk l emivkymr spkkn jrkltkrtcli 5; wdinmws pkr adiutk.

<?.4< l. bflt gkft nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr, ^F 1 5??', ZGW 1 55", WE 1 4", lin U 1 7?? bpaGlskn mi tck ZGW lin WE emagdiltdmi, FB 1 ?.4.

GR 1 >.2? + ?.>>;(ZGW) 1 >.2? + ?.>>;(55) 1 <4.74 FU 1 fmln skjakit fkijtc 1 7>" + >" 1 73"^Z 1 tmtk wkdjct, fmlnkn 1 7; fgs.

# mb buff fmln skjakits mi emivkymr 1 ⌃5??(<7)/73⌄ 1 <73(imtk8 ⌃xx⌄ nkimtks tck flrjkst ditkjkr ≮ xx).fkijtc mb plrtdlf fmln skjakit 1 5??(<7) - <73(73) 1 <2"wkdjct mb plrtdlf fmln skjakit 1 7;(<2/7>) 1 <2.2: fgs.

F 1 <73(7;) + <2.2: 1 5,7<2.2: fgs.

g. rmffkr suppmrtkn gkft emivkymr, ^F 1 <??', ZGW 1 55", WE 1 4", lin U 1 5?? bpaGlskn mi tck ZGW lin WE emagdiltdmi, FB 1 ?.27.GR 1 ⅞(ZGW) 1 77 Bmr tck bmffmwdij elfeufltdmi, bpa nkimtks bkkt pkr adiutk, dpb nkimtks diecks pkrbmmt, dpt nkimtks diecks pkr tmtk, lin tpa nkimtks tmtks pkr adiutk. ^ck rltk lt wcdectmtks kxdt tck rmffkr emivkymr ds ((7;? bpa)(<7 dpb))/(73 dpt) 1 <3;.:<>74 tpa^ckrkbmrk, bmr tck gkft emivkymr, FU (fkijtc mb l fmln skjakit) wdff gk((5?? bpa)(<7 dpb))(3;.:<>74 tpa) 1 >7 dptUdiek l tmtk ds 7>" Di fkijtc, tck efklrliek gktwkki tmtks mi tck gkft emivkymr wdff gk<3"

# mb buff fmln skjakits mi emivkymr 1 ⌃<??(<7)/>7⌄ 1 73




fkijtc mb plrtdlf fmln skjakit 1 <??(<7) - 73(>7) 1 7>", wcdec ds tck fkijtc mb l tmtk.Lt dts alxdaua fmlnkn emindtdmi tckrk wdff gk 74 tmtks mi tck emivkymr lt l wkdjct mb74(7;) 1 :7;.

F 1 :7; fgs.

<?.47l ecldi nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr, ^F 1 <;?', ZGW 1 54", WE 1 4", U 1 4? bpa, fkijtc mb plffkt 1 >3", efklrliek gktwkki plffkts 1 7>", lin wkdjct mb fmlnkn plffkt 1 <,7?? fgs.BB 1 ?.?; lin FB 1 <.?. GR 1 >.2? + ?.>>;(ZGW) 1 >.2? + ?.>>;(54) 1 7<.4;; FU 1 >3" + 7>" 1 :7"

# mb buff fmln skjakits mi emivkymr 1 ⌃<;?(<7)/:7⌄ 1 7;fkijtc mb plrtdlf fmln skjakit 1 <;?(<7) - 7;(:7) 1 ?F 1 7;(<7??) 1 5?,??? fgs.

<?.47g Bmr tcds elfeufltdmi, dpb nkimtks diecks pkr bmmt lin dpfs nkimtks diecks pkr fmln skjakit.Bmr tck ecldi gkft nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr, tck rltk lt wcdec plffkts lrk ndseclrjkn ds ((4?bpa)(<7 dpb))/(:7 dpfs) 1 <; plffkts pkr adiutk. Bmr tck rmffkr suppmrtkn gkft emivkymr tm

prmekss <; plffkt fmlns pkr adiutk, dts spkkn aust gk U 1 <;(>3" + 52")/<7 1 <?; bpa.

<?.45l R-gkft nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr, ^F 1 7;?', ZGW 1 5?", lin WE 1 :.;" [sdij fdiklrditkrpmfltdmi wdtc tck nltl di tck tlgfk,bmr ZGW 1 7:" lin WE 1 2", FB 1 <.?

bmr ZGW 1 7:" lin WE 1 4", FB 1 ?.3 ∾ bmr ZGW 1 7:" lin WE 1 :.;", FB ≃ ?.4 bmr ZGW 1 55" lin WE 1 2", FB 1 <.7

bmr ZGW 1 55" lin WE 1 4", FB 1 ?.4 ∾ bmr ZGW 1 55" lin WE 1 :.;", FB ≃ <.?; bmr ZGW 1 5?" lin WE 1 :.;", FB ≃ ?.4:;.

<?.45g Brma tck wkdjct lin fkijtc emagdiltdmis bmr tck elrtmis scmwi mi pljk <?-<2, imtdek

tclt tck lvkrljk elrtmi fkijtc ds 7>" lin tck lvkrljk elrtmi wkdjct ds <; fgs. Lfsm, imtdektclt tck lvkrljk wkdjct pkr diec mb elrtmi, diefundij tck 2" efklrliek gktwkki elrtmis, ds?.;>2> fgs/di. Burtckr, imtdek tclt tck wkdjct pkr diec ds imt tck slak ls tck lvkrljkwkdjct mb l elrtmi ndvdnkn gy tck lvkrljk fkijtc mb l fmln skjakit, sdiek tck lvkrljk mb lrltdm ds imt kqulf tm tck lvkrljk iuakrltmr ndvdnkn gy tck lvkrljk nkimadiltmr.

Li lpprmxdaltdmi mb tck lvkrljk fmln mi tck emivkymr ds tck prmnuet mb tck fkijtc mb tckemivkymr lin tck wkdjct pkr diec mb fmln skjakit, d.k., 7;? x <7 x ?.;>2>, mr <,254.7?fgs. ^cds ds mify li lpprmxdaltdmi gkelusk tck wkdjct mb plrtdlf fmln skjakits ds imtuidbmrafy ndstrdgutkn lermss tck fkijtc mb tck plrtdlf fmln skjakit. (Lftkriltkfy, gysdaufltdij tck fmlndij mb tck emivkymr l amrk leeurltk kstdaltk eli gk nktkradikn.)




<?.4>l Bflt gkft nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr, ZGW 1 7:", WE 1 2", tmtk gmx fkijtc 1 7>", tmtk gmxefklrliek mi bdrst emivkymr 1 2", lvkrljk wkdjct mb fmlnkn tmtk gmx 1 5? fgs.

U< 1 7?? bpa, ^F< 1 7??', ^F7 1 <??', spledij gktwkki tmtk gmxks mi 7in emivkymr 1 3",U7 1 7?? bpa x (7>"+3") ú (7>"+2") 1 7<5.55 bpa

<?.4>g # buff fmln skjakits 1 ⌃(7?? x <7)/(7>"+2")⌄ 1 3?Kxletfy 3? fmln skjakits wdff gk mi tck emivkymr0 tck lvkrljk wkdjct mb l fmln skjakitds 5? fgs. ^ckrkbmrk, tck lvkrljk fmln mi tck emivkymr ds 7,>?? fgs.

Dt ds imt rkemaakinkn tclt tck cmrskpmwkr elfeufltdmi gk glskn mi lvkrljk fmlndijemindtdmis. Distkln, wk rkemaakin usdij kdtckr ‖wmrst elsk‑ mr 44 pkrekitdfk emindtdmis.Udiek tckrk lrk kxletfy :? fmln skjakits mi tck emivkymr lt lff tdaks nurdij fmlndijemindtdmis, tck fmln mi tck emivkymr ds kqulf tm tck sua mb :? fmln skjakits.

Db tck wkdjct di l tmtk gmx ds stltdstdelffy dinkpkinkit, glskn mi tck Ekitrlf Fdadt

^ckmrka tck wkdjct mb :? fmln skjakits wdff gk imralffy ndstrdgutkn wdtc li lvkrljkwkdjct mb 7,<?? fgs. Udiek tck vlrdliek mb tck sua mb dinkpkinkit rlinma vlrdlgfkskqulfs tck sua mb tckdr vlrdlieks, tck vlrdliek mb tck wkdjct mb :? tmtk gmxks ds jdvki gyRlr(wt mb fmlnkn tmtk gmx) 1 ?.7(<??+>??+4??+<2??+7;??)-(5?)7 17?? fgs7

∾ Rlr(wt mb :? fmlnkn tmtk gmxks) 1 :?(7??) 1 <>,??? fgs7

^ck wkdjct mi tck emivkymr ds imralffy ndstrdgutkn wdtc l akli mb 7>?? fgs lin lstlinlrn nkvdltdmi mb <<3.57 fgs. [sdij tck IMWADIR buietdmi brma Kxekf, tckbmffmwdij wkdjcts scmufn gk uskn di tck cmrskpmwkr elfeufltdmi di mrnkr tm prmvdnk 4;%,44%, lin 44.4% emibdnkiek tclt tck cmrskpmwkr ds lnkqultk bmr tck fmlndij emindtdmi8<,24>.27 fgs, <,::;.72 fgs, lin <,32;.2> fgs, rkspketdvkfy.

<?.4;l WE 1 2", ZGW 1 55", elrtmi wkdjct 1 5; fgs., elrtmi fkijtc 1 5?", spledij gktwkkielrtmis mi bdrst emivkymr 1 7>"

Wmffkr suppmrtkn gkft emivkymr8 ^F< 1 <??' lin U< 1 5?? bpaGkft nrdvki rmffkr emivkymr8 U7 1 5??(5? + <7)/(5? + 7>) 1 755.55 bpa

<?.4;g C_ 1 PGR + FB(^F) + BB(F)Q(U)/<>,???GR< 1 ⅞(ZGW) 1 ⅞(55) 1 77 FB< 1 ?.:7, ^F< 1 <??', BB< 1 ?.?;, U< 1 5?? bpa

^ck iuagkr mb buff fmln skjakits8 ⌃(<?? x <7)/(5? + 7>)⌄ 1 770 tck fkijtc mb tck plrtdlffmln skjakit ds <7?? - 77(;>) 1 <7"0 tck wkdjct mb tck plrtdlf skjakit ds 5;(<7/5?) 1 <>fgs. ^cus, F< 1 77(5;) + <> 1 :37 fgs.C_< 1 P77 + ?.:7(<??) + ?.?;(:37)Q(5??)/<>,??? 1 7.3; cp

<?.4;e C_ 1 PGR + FB(^F) + BB(F)Q(U)/<>,???GR7 1 >.2 + ?.>>;(ZGW) 1 >.2 + ?.>>;(55) 1 <4.73;FB7 1 <.7, ^F7 1 ;?', BB7 1 ?.<?, U7 1 755.55 bpa




^ck iuagkr mb buff fmln skjakits8 ⌃(;? x <7)/(5? + <7)⌄ 1 <>0 tck fkijtc mb tck plrtdlffmln skjakit ds ;?(<7) - <>(>7) 1 <7"0 tck wkdjct mb tck plrtdlf skjakit ds 5;(<7/5?) 1 <>fgs. ^cus, F7 1 <>(5;) + <> 1 ;?> fgs.C_7 1 P<4.73; + <.7(;?) + ?.<?(;?>)Q(755.55)/<>,??? 1 7.<2 cp

<?.42l Wmffkr suppmrtkn gkft emivkymrs, ^F< 1 <;?',^F7 1 <??', ZGW 1 7:", WE 1 <?", U< 1 5??bpa, efklrliek gktwkki tmtk gmxks mi <st emivkymr 1 <7", fdjctkst wt. 1 <? fg., lvj. wt. 15? fg., cklvdkst wt. 1 ;? fg.

U7 1 5?? bpa x (7>" + 2") ú (7>" + <7") 1 7;? bpa

<?.42g Iuagkr mb buff fmln skjakits mi <st emivkymr 1 ⌃(<;?)(<7)/(7>+<7)⌄ 1 ;?^ckrk ds im plrtdlf skjakit mi <st emivkymrFdjctkst fmln mi <st emivkymr 1 ;?(<?) 1 ;?? fgs Lvkrljk fmln mi <st emivkymr 1 ;?(5?) 1 <;?? fgs Cklvdkst fmln mi <st emivkymr 1 ;?(;?) 1 7;?? fgs

Lftcmujc tck prmgfka ndn imt ls` bmr dt, gy emaputdij tck vlrdliek mb tck wkdjct pkr tmtk gmx lin utdfdzdij tck Ekitrlf Fdadt ^ckmrka, mik eli nktkradik uppkr fdadts bmremivkymr fmlndij bmr spkedbdkn emibdnkiek fkvkfs. L elfeufltdmi kstlgfdscks tclt tckvlrdliek mb tck wkdjct mb l tmtk gmx kqulfsP<??(?.<)+>??(?.7)+4??(?.>)+<2??(?.7)+7;??(?.<)Q - (5?)7 1 <7? fgs7

^ck sua mb ;? dinkpkinkitfy ndstrdgutkn rlinma vlrdlgfks, klec clvdij l akli mb 5? fgslin l vlrdliek mb <7? fgs7, wdff gk imralffy ndstrdgutkn wdtc l akli mb <;?? fgs lin lvlrdliek mb 2??? fgs7. [sdij Kxekf—s IMWADIR buietdmi, tck bmffmwdij wkdjcts scmufn gk uskn di tck cmrskpmwkr elfeufltdmi di mrnkr tm prmvdnk 4;%, 44%, lin 44.4%

emibdnkiek tclt tck cmrskpmwkr ds lnkqultk bmr tck fmlndij emindtdmi8 <27:.>< fgs,<23?.7? fgs, lin <:54.5:, rkspketdvkfy.

<?.4:l ^F< 1 ^F7 1 <??'., U< 1 <;? bpa, U7 1 7;? bpa, ZGW 1 55", lin WE 1 2"

# buff fmln skjakits mi <st emivkymr 1 ⌃(<?? x <7)/(7? + 2)⌄ 1 >20 tck fkijtc mb tck plrtdlffmln skjakit ds <7?? - >2(72) 1 >"0 tck wkdjct mb tck plrtdlf skjakit ds >?(>/7?) 1 3 fgs.^cus, F< 1 >2(>?) + 3 1 <3>3 fgs.

<?.4:g Bmr tck tmtks tm gk prmeksskn lt tck slak rltks gy gmtc emivkymrs, tck efklrliek gktwkkitmtk gmxks mi tck 7in emivkymr, e7, aust gk suec tclt U</(7?+e<) 1 U7/(7?+e7) 1 <;?/72 1

7;?/(7?+e7) ∾ e

7 1 P7;?(72)/<;?Q - 7? 1 75.55"

# buff fmln skjakits mi 7in emivkymr 1 ⌃(<?? x <7)/(7? + 75.55)⌄ 1 7:Fkijtc mb tck plrtdlf fmln skjakit ds <7?? - 7:(>5.55) 1 5?.?4", wcdec ds fmijkr tcli ltmtk gmx. Ckiek, tckrk wdff gk 73 tmtk gmxks mi tck 7in emivkymr. ^cus, F7 1 73(>?) 1

<<7? fgs.




<?.4:e Alxdaua WE bmr fmln stlgdfdty. Wkelff, lt fklst 5 rmffkrs scmufn gk uinkr l tmtk gmx lt lfftdaks bmr stlgdfdty mb tck fmln. ^ckrkbmrk, tck alxdaua WE vlfuk ds tck fkijtc mb l tmtk gmx ndvdnkn gy 5, mr 7?/5 1 2.2:"

<?.43l Wmffkr-suppmrtkn gkft emivkymr8 ^F 1 7??', ZGW 1 7:", WE 1 ,

e 1 2"

L skqukiek mb << emiskeutdvk elrtmis wdff gk nkbdikn ls l ‖trldi skjakit.‑ Glskn mi tckfmln ndstrdgutdmi, l trldi skjakit wdff emisdst mb tck bmffmwdij skqukiek mb elrtmis8 L, L,G, G, E, E, E, N, N, N, K. Diefundij tck efklrliek gktwkki elrtmis, klec trldi skjakit ds

737" fmij lin wkdjcs 5<? fgs. ^ckrk lrk ⌃(7?? x <7)/(737)⌄ 1 3 ‖trldi skjakits‑ mi tckemivkymr, pfus l plrtdlf skjakit mb fkijtc (7?? x <7) - (3 x 737) 1 <>>"

^m nktkradik tck cklvdkst fmlndij emindtdmi mi tck emivkymr, dt ds ikeksslry tm nktkradiktck wkdjct mb tck cklvdkst <>>" sketdmi mb l trldi skjakit, sdiek tckrk wdff gk 3 trldiskjakits lin l <>>" plrtdlf skjakit mi tck emivkymr lt lff tdaks nurdij fmlndij

emindtdmis.

^ck tmtk wkdjcts (di pmuins), di skqukiek, lrk <;, <;, 7?, 7?, 5?, 5?, 5?, >?, >?, >?, 5?.Diefundij efklrlieks gktwkki elrtmis, tck wkdjct ds ndstrdgutkn (di pmuins pkr bmmt) lsbmffmws mvkr l trldi skjakit8 <?, <?, <?, <?, <;, <;, <;, <2, <2, <2, <?. ^ck cklvdkstemindtdmi wdff meeur wcki, di lnndtdmi tm tck 3 trldi skjakits, l plrtdlf skjakit ds mi tckemivkymr, wdtc tck tmtks di tck plrtdlf skjakit wkdjcdij <;, <;, <2, <2, lin <2 pmuins pkr bmmt. ^ck fkijtc mb l plrtdlf skjakit mb E, E, N, N, N, diefundij efklrlieks ds 7> + 7>+ 5? + 5? + 5?, mr <53"0 dt wkdjcs <3? fgs.

Limtckr 2" aust gk leemuitkn bmr di tck plrtdlf skjakit. ^ck ikxt cklvdkst 2" mvkr tck plrtdlf skjakit wdff gk 2" mb E, lt l wkdjct mb (2/<3)(5?), mr <? fgs. (Tmu aly wdsc tmvkrdby tclt db tck 2" cln emak brma K, dt wmufn clvk wkdjckn mify 2 fgs.) Ckiek, tckwkdjct mi tck emivkymr nurdij tck cklvdkst fmlndij emindtdmi wdff tmtlf 3(5<?) + <3? +<?, mr 7,2:? fgs.

<?.43g ^m nktkradik tck cklvdkst fmlndij emindtdmi mi tck emivkymr, dt ds ikeksslry tm nktkradiktck wkdjct mb tck fdjctkst <>>" sketdmi mb l trldi skjakit. Glskn mi tck wkdjctndstrdgutdmi scmwi lgmvk, tck fdjctkst sketdmi wdff gk K, L, L, G, G, E, wdtc l fkijtc,diefundij efklrlieks, mb <>>" lin l wkdjct mb <5? fgs. ^ckrkbmrk, tck wkdjct mi tckemivkymr nurdij tck fdjctkst fmlndij emindtdmi wdff gk 3(5<?) + <5?, mr 7,2<? fgs.

<?.44l Jrldi ds tm gk emivkykn cmrdzmitlffy <;?' Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:GZ, jrldi nkisdty 1 ;?fg/bt5, nksdji elpledty 1 7;? tpcGZ 1 <3", Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:(<3) 1 ;?? bpa.GZ 1 7>", Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:(7>) 1 2?? bpaGZ 1 5?", Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:(5?) 1 :?? bpaGZ 1 52", Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:(52) 1 3?? bpa.




O ;? fg/bt5 nkisdty lin GZ 1 <3", tck rkqudrkn spkkn tm nkfdvkr 7;? tpc kqulfs(7;?/72.;)(<??), mr 4>5 bpa 9 ;?? bpa. ^cus, GZ 1 <3" ds imt bklsdgfk.

O;? fg/bt5 nkisdty lin GZ 1 7>", tck rkqudrkn spkkn tm nkfdvkr 7;? tpc kqulfs(7;?/;7)(<??), mr >3?.:: bpa 6 2?? bpa. ^cus, GZ 1 7>" ds bklsdgfk.

C_ (GZ17>") 1 (?.:)(>3?.::/<??) tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 5.5: cp

O;? fg/bt5 nkisdty lin GZ 1 5?", tck rkqudrkn spkkn tm nkfdvkr 7;? tpc kqulfs(7;?/3<)(<??), mr 5?3.2> bpa 6 :?? bpa. ^cus, GZ 1 5?" ds bklsdgfk.C_(GZ15?") 1 (?.4)(5.?32>) tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 7.:3 cp

O;? fg/bt5 nkisdty lin GZ 1 52", tck rkqudrkn spkkn tm nkfdvkr 7;? tpc kqulfs(7;?/<<5.;)(<??), mr 77?.72 bpa 6 3?? bpa. ^cus, GZ 1 52" ds bklsdgfk.C_(GZ152") 1 (<.<)(7.7?72) tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 7.>7 cp.

^cus, tck fmwkst cmrskpmwkr rkqudrkakit (7.>7 cp) tm nrdvk tck kapty emivkymr meeurs

wdtc tck 52" wdntc emivkymr gkft trlvkfdij lt l spkkn mb 77?.72 bpa. (djimrdij tck slbktybletmr mb <.7).<?.44g b(GZ,C_) 1 $5??GZ + $;,???C_

Ckrk, wk lssuak tck C_ vlfuk ds bmr tck tmtlf cmrskpmwkr rkqudrkakit, diefundij slbktybletmr, rltckr tcli hust tck cmrskpmwkr rkqudrkn tm nrdvk tck kapty emivkymr. ^ckcmrskpmwkr rkqudrkakits bmr bklsdgfk gkft wdntcs mb 7>", 5?", lin 52" lrk, rkspketdvkfy,C_(GZ17>") 1 (5.5: + 7.5)(<.7) 1 2.3? cpC_(GZ15?") 1 (7.:3 + 7.5)(<.7) 1 2.<? cpC_(GZ152") 1 (7.>7 + 7.5)(<.7) 1 ;.22 cp

b(GZ17>,C_12.3?) 1 $5??(7>) + $;,???(2.3?) 1 $><,7??b(GZ15?,C_12.<?) 1 $5??(5?) + $;,???(2.<?) 1 $54,;??b(GZ152,C_1;.22) 1 $5??(52) + $;,???(;.22) 1 $54,<??^ck fklst emst gkft wdntc ds 52"

(Imtk8 db tck emivkymr emst $522.2: pkr diec mb wdntc, tck mptdaua ds GZ 1 5?"0 db dt emst$;35.5> pkr diec mb wdntc, tck mptdaua ds GZ 1 52")

<?.<??l Nry slin0 emivkymr fkijtc 1 :;'0 kfkvltdmi 1 7>'0 GZ 1 5?"0 U 1 2?? bpa.

) 1 <4.>< 6 7>', tck lijfk mb diefdik ds imt bklsdgfk.Fd`kwdsk, sdiek sdi-< , tck lijfk mb diefdik ds imt bklsdgfk.

<?.<??g Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:GZ 1 7?? + <2.22:(5?) 1 :?? bpa 9 2?? bpa. ^ckrkbmrk, tckspkkn ds bklsdgfk.

<?.<??e ;? fg/bt5, GZ 1 5?", lin U 1 2?? bpa ydkfns l nkfdvkrkn elpledty mb 3<.?(2??/<??), mr>32 tpc.




<?.<?<l Fuapy, lgrlsdvk stkkf trdaadijs0 emivkymr fkijtc 1 ;?'0 kfkvltdmi 1 7?'0 GZ 1 5?"0U 1 >?? bpa

. ) 1 <;.>; 6 7?', tck lijfk mb

diefdik ds imt bklsdgfk.

<?.<?<g Ualx 1 <?? + 3.555GZ 1 <?? + 3.555(5?) 1 5;? bpa 6 >?? bpa. ^ckrkbmrk, tck spkkn

ds imt bklsdgfk.

<?.<?<e <?? fg/bt5, GZ 1 5?", lin U 1 >?? bpa ydkfns l nkfdvkrkn elpledty mb <27.?(>??/<??),mr 2>3 tpc.

<?.<?7l [isdzkn, wlsckn jrlvkf0 cmrdzmitlf ndstliek 1 757.;;'0 kfkvltdmi 1 ;4.55'0 GZ 1 7>"0U 1 >?? bpa0 nkisdty 1 :; fg/bt5

. ) 1 >4.>5 6 ;4.55', tck lijfk

mb diefdik ds bklsdgfk.

<?.<?7g Ualx 1 7?? + 3.555GZ 1 7?? + 3.555(7>) 1 >?? bpa 1 >?? bpa. ^ckrkbmrk, tck spkkn

ds bklsdgfk.

<?.<?7e :; fg/bt5, GZ 1 7>", lin U 1 >?? bpa ydkfns l nkfdvkrkn elpledty mb P(;7.? +<?>.?)/7Q(>??/<??), mr 5<7 tpc.

<?.<?7n emivkymr fkijtc 1 P(757.;;)7 + (;4.55)7Q?.; 1 7>?'. C_ tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 P?.3+ (>/;)(?.4 - ?.3)Q(>??/<??) 1 5.;7 cp.

<?.<?5l 0 rltk 1 <?? tpc0 nkisdty 1 2? fg/bt5

GZ 1 7>"0 nkfdvkrkn elpledty/<?? bpa 1 ;7.? + (</;)(<?>.? - ;7.?) 1 27.> tpc/<??bpa. Ckiek, U 1 (<?? tpc)/(?.27> tpc/bpa) 1 <2?.72 bpa.

<?.<?5g ) 1 <42.42', U 1 <2?.72 bpa, GZ 1 7>". C_ tm nrdvkkapty emivkymr 1 P?.: + (<?.72/;?)(?.3 - ?.:Q(<2?.72/<??) 1 <.<;; cp

<?.<?5e <?? tpc0 emiv. fkijtc 1 <42.42'. Ξ C_ tm emivky altkrdlf cmrdzmitlffy1 P?.4 + (<?.72/;?)(<.< - ?.4)Q 1 ?.4> cp.

<?.<?5n ) 1 5;.7:'. Ξ C_ tm fdbt altkrdlf 5;.7:' 1 P5.? +(;.7:/<?)(5.? - >.?)Q 1 5.;7: cp.

<?.<?5k Brma l), tck nkfdvkrkn elpledty mb altkrdlf mb tcds nkisdty ds 27.> tpc/<?? bpa mb gkftspkkn. Db tck altkrdlf ds eflssdbdkn ls uisdzkn altkrdlf, tcki Ualx 1 7?? + 3.555GZ 17?? + 3.555(7>) 1 >?? bpa. Lt >?? bpa, altkrdlf wdff gk nkfdvkrkn lt l rltk mb27.>(>), mr 7>4.2 tpc. Db tck altkrdlf ds erusckn stmik, mrk, jrldi, mr slin, tcki tcknkfdvkrkn elpledty wdff gk jrkltkr.




<?.<?>l E 0 kfkvltdmi 1 5?'0 nkisdty 1 5? fg/bt5

GZ 1 7>"0 Ualx 1 7?? + <2.22:GZ 1 7?? + <2.22:(7>) 1 2?? bpaAlxdaua nkfdvkrkn elpledty 1 5<.?(2??/<??) 1 <32 tpc

<?.<?>g ^m lecdkvk 7?? tpc, spkkn aust gk 7?? tpc(?.5< tpc/bpa) 1 2>;.<2 bpa.

<?.<?>e ) 1 <:7.:25'0 U 1 ;?? bpaC_ tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 P?.: + (77.:25/;?)(?.3 - ?.:)Q(;??/<??) 1 5.:5 cp

<?.<?>n ΞC_ tm emivky altkrdlf cmrdz 1 <.3 + (77.:25/;?)(7.< - <.3) 1 <.4> cp

<?.<?>k 7?? tpc0 5?' kfkvltdmi. ΞC_ tm kfkvltk altkrdlf 1 2.< cp

<?.<?;l 0 kfkvltdmi 1 ;?'0 nkisdty 1 5? fg/bt5

GZ 1 5?"0 U 1 >?? bpaE ) 1 <45.<3;'C_ tm nrdvk kapty emivkymr 1 P?.4 + (>5.<3;/;?)(<.? - ?.4)Q(>??/<??) 1 5.4>; cp

<?.<?;g Nkfdvkrkn elpledty 1 >3.;(>??/<??) 1 <4> tpcO <;? tpc, ΞC_ tm emivky altkrdlf cmrdz 1 <.> + (>5.<3;/;?)(<.2 - <.>) 1 <.;:5 cpO 7?? tpc, ΞC_ tm emivky altkrdlf cmrdz 1 <.3 + (>5.<3;/;?)(7.< - <.3) 1 7.?;4 cp^cus, O <4> tpc, ΞC_ tm emivky altkrdlf cmrdz 1 <.;:5 +(>>/;?)(7.?;4 - <.;:5) 17.?? cp

^m kfkvltk ;?' O <4> tpcΞC_ tm kfkvltk altkrdlf 1 3.3 + (<4/7;)(<?.< - 3.3) 1 4.:33 cp.

^m nrdvk kapty emivkymr, emivky altkrdlf <45.<3;' cmrdzmitlffy, lin tm kfkvltkaltkrdlf ;?' rkqudrks 5.4>; cp + 7.??? cp + 4.:33 cp 1 <;.:55 cp, imt diefundij tck7?% slbkty bletmr.

<?.<?;e GZ 1 <3" nkfdvkrs mlts lt rltk mb <2.?(>) 1 2> tpc 6 7?? tpc0 GZ 1 7>" cls rltk mb5<.?(>) 1 <7> tpc 6 7?? tpc0 GZ 1 5?" cls rltk mb >3.;(>) 1 <4> tpc 6 7?? tpc0 GZ 15<" cls rltk mb P>3.; + (</2)(23.? - >3.;)Q(>) 1 7?: tpc. 9 7?? tpc. 5<" gkft wdntc

rkqudrkn.




<?.<?;n

L 73" gkft wdntc ds rkqudrkn.

<?.<?2 ^ck Brma-^m altrdx eli gk nktkradikn brma tck prmgfka stltkakit. Imtk tclt stltdmis 7,5, lin 4 lrk D/M stltdmis. ^ck Brma-^m Altrdx ds ls bmffmws8

Kapty trlvkf tdak eli gk nktkradikn brma bdjurk <?.;4g wckrk υdh ds kqulf tm tckrketdfdiklr ndstliek di jrdns brma stltdmi d tm stltdmi h auftdpfdkn gy ; skemins/jrdn.

Klec fmlnkn trdp rkqudrkn 7(?.<;) 1 ?.5? adi bmr pde`-up lin nkpmsdt, smtck tmtlf fmlnkn trlvkf tdak brma stltdmi d tm stltdmi h ds ώdh 1 υdh + ?.5? adi/trdp. Gy(<?.<5;)8μb 1 P5(?.25) + 4(?.>:) + 4(?.25) + 5(?.25) + 4(?.25) + 5(?.>:) + 5(?.3?)Q/2? 1 ?.532:

Lssuadij BEBU ndspltecdij rufk, gy (<?.<52)

1 5(5(?.42) + 4(?.3?) + 4(<.5?) + 5(<.5?) + 4(<.25) + 5(?.4:) + 5(<.5?))/547

GZ

Nkfdvkrkn

Elpledty Upkkn tpc

7> 5< >>? <52.>

7; 55.4<2: >;? <;7.27;

72 52.3555 >2? <24.>55

7: 54.:; >:? <32.37;

73 >7.222: >3? 7?>.3

74 >;.;355 >4? 775.5;3

5? >3.; ;?? 7>7.;

b dh 7 5 > ; 4 ΰ

7 ? ? ? ? ? ?

5 5 ? ? ? 4 <7

> ? 4 ? 5 ? <7

; ? ? 4 ? ? 4

4 ? 5 5 ? ? 2

ΐ 5 <7 <7 5 4 54

υdh 7 5 > ; 4

7 ?.?? ?.55 ?.2: <.?? ?.;?

5 ?.55 ?.?? ?.55 ?.2: ?.<:

> ?.2: ?.55 ?.?? ?.55 ?.;?

; <.?? ?.2: ?.55 ?.?? ?.35

4 ?.;? ?.<: ?.;? ?.35 ?.??




+ <7(5(?.25) + 4(?.>:) + 4(?.42) + 5(?.42) + 4(<.5?) + 5(?.2>) + 5(?.4:))/547 + <7(5(?.42) + 4(?.3?) + 4(?.25) + 5(?.25) + 4(?.42) + 5(?.4:) + 5(<.5?))/547

+ 5(5(<.5?) + 4(<.<>) + 4(?.42) + 5(?.42) + 4(?.25) + 5(<.5?) + 5(<.25))/547

+ 4 (5(?.3?) + 4(?.2>) + 4(<.<5) + 5(<.<5) + 4(<.>2) + 5(?.>:) + 5(?.3?))/547 1 ?.?<;;; cr 1 ?.455< adi

Ckiek,

ό 1 ΰ 1 54(?.<;;;) 1 ?.2?2;μk 1 ό - μb 1 ?.2?2; - ?.532: 1 ?.7<44

^ck LJR eli akkt tcrmujcput sdiek ?.2?2; 6 <. ^ck brletdmi mb tdak tck LJR trlvkfskapty wcdfk gusy ds μk/ό 1 ?.7<44/?.2?2; 1 .5272 (rmujcfy mik-tcdrn mb tck tdak).

UKE^DMI <?.4

<?.<?: (A|A|<?)8(JN|∙|∙)

ΰ 1 <?/cr, ζ 1 7/cr, e 1 <?, ό 1 <?/7? 1 ?.; Fq 1 ό(eό)e_?/Pe!(< - ό)7Q<

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_? 1 ?.??2:?37Fq 1 P(?.;)(;)<?(?.??2:?37)/<?!(?.;)7Q 1 ?.?52<Zq 1 Fq/ΰ 1 ?.??52< cr 1 ?.7<52 adi

Lvj # ‖gusy skrvkrs‑ 1 F - Fq 1 ΰ/ζ 1 <?/7 1 ;

<?.<?3 (A|A|<)8(JN|I|∙) ΰ 1 5?/cr, ζ 1 ;?/cr, e 1 < ό 1 5?/;? 1 ?.2 Nktkradik tck salffkst vlfuk mb I suec tclt _r(i1I) ≮ ?.?; _? 1 (<-ό)/(<-ό I+<) 1 ?.>/P<-(?.>) I+<Q lin_ I 1 (?.2) I(?.>)/P<-(?.>) I+<Q ≮ ?.?; wcdec rknueks tm (?.2) I ≮ ?.?;/(< - ?.4;(?.2)Q mr Ifmj(?.2) ≮ fmj(?.<<27:4) I ≫ >.7<75 ^ckrkbmrk, I 1 ; lin tck leeuaufltdmi fdik aust clvk tck elpledty bmr bmur elrtmis

wldtdij tm gk prmeksskn gy tck wmr`stltdmi.

<?.<?4 (A|A|<)8(JN|I|∙) ΰ 1 7/adi, ζ 1 5.555/adi, e 1 < ό 1 ?.2 Nktkradik tck salffkst vlfuk mb I suec tclt _r(i1I) ≮ ?.?< _? 1 (<-ό)/(<-ό I+<) 1 ?.>/P<-(?.>) I+<Q lin_ I 1 (?.2) I(?.>)/P<-(?.>) I+<Q ≮ ?.?< wcdec rknueks tm (?.2) I ≮ ?.?;/(< - ?.44(?.2)Q mr




Ifmj(?.2) ≮ fmj(?.<75<;5) I ≫ >.?4434 ^ckrkbmrk, I 1 ; lin tckrk aust gk lt fklst bmur wldtdij spleks lt tck wmr`stltdmi.

<?.<<? (A|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙)

ΰ 1 5/adi, ζ 1 >/adi, lin ό 1 ?.:; . Fq 1 ό7/(<-ό) 1 (?.:;)7/(?.7;), mr Fq 1 7.7; plrts

<?.<<< (A|J|e)8(JN|e|∙) ΰ 1 5?/cr, ζ 1 7?/cr, υ 1 < adi. Bdin tck salffkst vlfuk mb e suec tclt _e ≮ ?.?;. Brma tckbdjurk di tck tkxt, lt fklst > ple`ljdij stltdmis scmufn gk prmvdnkn di mrnkr tm clvk l fmssim jrkltkr tcli ;%. [sdij Kxekf tm emaputk tck vfluk mb _e ydkfns tck rksufts scmwi gkfmw, vkrdbydij tclt > ds tck liswkr.

<?.<<7 (A|J|<)8(JN|∙|∙) ΰ 1 <?/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, υ 1 </2? cr, lin ό 1 ?.35555. Zq 1 ΰ(υ7 + ζ-7)/(7(<-ό) 1 <?P(</52??) + (</<>>)Q/7(</2), mr Zq 1 ?.7<222: cr mr <5 adi

<?.<<5 (A|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙)

ΰ 1 <7/adi, ζ 1 <;/adi, lin ό 1 ?.3 . Fq 1 ό7/(<-ό) 1 (?.2>)/(?.7), mr Fq 1 5.7 elrtmis

<?.<<>l (A|A|7)8(JN|∙|∙) ΰ 1 <?/cr, ζ 1 2/cr, e 1 7, lin ό 1 ?.35555 _r(gmtc dispketmrs lrk dnfk) 1 _?

<<

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<?.<<>g Fq 1 ό(eό)e_?/Pe!(< - ό)7QFq 1 P(;/2)(;/5)7(?.?4?4?4)/7!(</2)7Q 1 5.:3:4 uidt fmlns

e _e

< ?.2?????

7 ?.5<?5>;

5 ?.<5>573

> ?.?>:4;:

; ?.?<><35




<?.<<; (A(g)|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) K(g) 1 P<+7+5+>Q/> 1 7.;Q, ΰ 1 7/adi, ζ 1 <?/adi, ό 1 7(7.;)/<? 1 ?.;?

K(g7) 1 P<+>+4+<2Q/> 1 :.; ∾ R(g) 1 :.; - (7.;)7 1 <.7;Z 1 P<.7; + (7.;)7 + 7.;Q/{7(7.;)P<? - 7(7.;)Q} 1 ?.>? adi.Zq 1 Z - (</ζ) 1 ?.>? - ?.<? 1 ?.5? adi

<?.<<2 (A(g)|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) K(g) 1 ?.7;(<) + ?.;(7) + ?.7;(5) 1 7.?, ΰ 1 7?/cr, ζ 1 2?/cr, ό 1 7?(7)/2? 1 7/5

K(g7) 1 ?.7; + 7 + 7.7; 1 >.; ∾ R(g) 1 >.; - (7)7 1 ?.;F 1 7?P?.; + (7)7 + 7Q/{7P2? - 7?(7)Q} 1 5.7;Fq 1 F - Pΰ K(g)/ζQ 1 5.7; - P7?(7)/2?Q 1 7.;355Zq 1 Fq/Pΰ K(g)Q 1 7.;355/P7?(7)Q 1 ?.?2>;35 cr 1 5.3:; adi _r(gusy lttkinlit) 1 < - _? 1 F - Fq 1 ΰ K(g)/ζ 1 5.7; - 7.;355 1 7/5

<?.<<:l e 1 <, ζ 1 <7/cr (A|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) Zclt ds tck flrjkst vlfuk mb ΰ suec tclt F ≮ >=

F 1 ό/(<-ό) 1 (ΰ/<7)/P< - (ΰ/<7)Q ≮ > ΰ/P<7 - ΰQ≮ > ∾ ΰ ≮ 4.2/cr

<?.<<:g (N|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) F 1 γ/(<-γ) 1 >. Umfvdij bmr γ jdvks γ 1 ?.3 ?.3 1 kxp(-?.7/(ΰ/<7)) 1 kxp(-7.>/ΰ) ^l`dij tck ilturlf fmjlrdtca mb klec sdnk mb tck kqulfdty lin smfvdij bmr ΰ jdvksfi(?.3) 1 -7.>/ΰ 1 -?.775<>7;. ^cus, ΰ 1 <?.:;;/cr

<?.<<:e ^ck lrrdvlf lin skrvdek rltks gkclvk fd`k li (A|A|<)8(JN|5|5) qukuk wdtc @ 1 5, ΰ 1;/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, lin ό 1 ;/<7 1 ?.><22:. Ls scmwi gkfmw, F 1 <.7>>.

i ΰ i ζi _i i_i

? <; ? _? ?

< <? <7 (<;/<7)_? (<;/<7)_?

7 ; <7 (<?/<7)(<;/<7)_? (5??/<>>)_?

5 ? <7 (;/<7)(<?/<7)(<;/<7)_? (77;?/<:73)_?

Υ_i 1 (2>53/<:73)_? 1 < (3?<?/<:73)_? 1 F

_? 1 ?.723>?255: <.7>><:;7< 1 F




<?.<<3l (A|A|<)8(JN|;|∙) vlrdltdmi

_r(dnfk skrvkr) 1 _? 1 ?.?32<

<?.<<3g (A|A|<)8(JN|;|∙) vlrdltdmi. Db _? 1 <, wclt ds tck vlfuk mb _<= Udiek _< 1 7_?, tcki _<

1 ?.7

<?.<<4l (A|A|7)8(JN|3|3) ΰ 1 ?.</cr, ζ 1 ?.;/cr, e 1 7, @ 1 3

_r(lt fklst mik dnfk rkeclrjdij alecdik) 1 _? + _< 1 ?.;7452

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<?.<77 (N|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) ΰ 1 >/adi, ζ 1 ;/adi, ό 1 ?.3? Fq 1 γ7/(<-γ), wckrk γ 1 kxp-(<-γ)/ό Ls scmwi mi l bmffmwdij pljk, usdij tck dtkrltdvk smfutdmi prmeknurk uitdf|γ` - γ`+<| ≮ ?.???????< ydkfns li kstdaltk bmr γ mb ?.273274:>, wcdec ydkfns li kstdaltkbmr Fq mb <.?2><.

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<?.<7; Krrmrs wkrk ditrmnuekn di tcds prmgfka nurdij tck pugfdeltdmi prmekss. Ukrvdek tdak dssuppmskn tm gk kxpmikitdlf fy ndstrdgutkn wdtc l akli mb 5 adiutks.(A|A|e)8(JN|∙|∙) ΰ 1 <;/cr, ζ 1 7?/cr, ό 1 ?.:;, E< 1 $7:/cr, E5 1 $<3/crRE 1 $7:Fq + $<3ee 1 <Fq 1 ό7/(< - ό) 1 (?.:;)7/(?.7;) 1 7.7;RE 1 $7:(7.7;) + $<3(<) 1 $:3.:;e 1 7

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Udiek tck iuagkr mb alecdiks lssdjikn tm li dindvdnulf mpkrltmr ds tm gk nktkradikn, wk

wdff skk` tm adidadzk tck kxpketkn tmtlf emst pkr alecdik. ^ck mghketdvk buietdmi tm gkadidadzkn eli gk wrdttki ls

Adidadzk Ê(@) 1 PE<Fq + E7(F - Fq) + E5Q/@

ΰ 1 >/5/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, E< 1$4?/cr, E7 1 $>;/cr, lin E5 1 $<3/cr. Fkt @ 1 5. [sdij tcklpprmlec dffustrltkn di ^lgfk <?.5>, wk mgtldi tck bmffmwdij rksufts.




Ê(5) 1 P$4?(?.?254;) + $>;(?.5;:;2 - ?.?254;) + $<3Q/5 1 $<7.57 Ikxt, fkt—s emisdnkr @ 1 >. Ls scmwi gkfmw,

Ê (>) 1 P$4?(?.<53?4) + $>;(?.;7>73 - ?.<53?4) + $<3Q/> 1 $<<.4; Ikxt, fkt—s emisdnkr @ 1 ;. Ls scmwi gkfmw,

Ê (;) 1 P$4?(?.73?37) + $>;(?.:2?5; - ?.73?37) + $<3Q/; 1 $<7.4:

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<?.<7: (A|A|e)8(JN|5?|5?)ΰ 1 >/5/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, E< 1$4?/cr, E7 1 $>;/cr, lin E5 1 $<3/cr. Brma Kqultdmi <?.<4>,mur mghketdvk ds tm

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Adidadzk ^E(e) 1 E<Fq + E7(F - Fq) + E5e

Ls scmwi mi l bmffmwdij pljk, RE(>) 1 $;53.?4, RE(;) 1 $;<<.35, lin RE(2) 1$;<:.;;. ^ckrkbmrk, tck mptdaua iuagkr mb mpkrltmrs tm lssdji tm l pmmf mb 5? alecdiksds ;.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<?<

<?.<77 (Emitdiukn)

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Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<?>

<?.<73 (A|A|<)8(JN|@|@)Zk amndby _rmgfka <?.<72 lin skk` tm adidadzk tck kxpketkn tmtlf emst pkr ruiidijalecdik. ^ck mghketdvk buietdmi tm gk adidadzkn eli gk wrdttki ls

Adidadzk ^E(@) 1 PE?(@ - F) + E<Fq + E7(F - Fq) + E5Q/(@ - F)

E? ds tck emst pkr uidt tdak mb l ruiidij alecdik. Kfdadiltdij imivlrdlgfk emsts

Adidadzk RE(@) 1 PE<Fq + E7(F - Fq) + E5Q/(@ - F)

ΰ 1 >/5/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, E< 1$4?/cr, E7 1 $>;/cr, lin E5 1 $<3/cr. Fkt—s gkjdi wdtc @ 1 5.^ck slak prmglgdfdty ndstrdgutdmi lin mpkrltdij eclrletkrdstdes lrk mgtldikn ls di tcksmfutdmi tm _rmgfka <?.<72. ^ck mify eclijk ds di tck elfeufltdmi mb RE(@).

RE(5) 1 P$4?(?.?254;) + $>;(?.5;:;2 - ?.?254;) + $<3Q/(5 - ?.5;:;2) 1 $<5.44

Jdvki tck rksufts bmr @ 1 > di tck smfutdmi tm _rmgfka <?.<72,

RE(>) 1 P$4?(?.<53?4) + $>;(?.;7>73 - ?.<53?4) + $<3Q/(> - ?.;7>73) 1 $<5.:;

[sdij tck rksufts bmr @ 1 ; di tck smfutdmi tm _rmgfka <?.<72, wk mgtldi

RE(;) 1 P$4?(?.73?37) + $>;(?.:2?5; - ?.73?37) + $<3Q/(; - ?.:2?5;) 1 $<;.5?

^ck mptdaua iuagkr mb alecdiks tm lssdji li mpkrltmr ds >, tck slak ls bmr _rmgfka<?.<72.

<?.<74 (A|A|<)8(JN|@|@)Zk amndby _rmgfka <?.<73 lin fkt ΰ 1 >/5/cr, ζ 1 <7/cr, E< 1$:;/cr, E7 1 $:;/cr, lin E5 1 $<3/cr. Ls gkbmrk, wk usk tck rksufts mgtldikn di smfvdij _rmgfka <?.<72.

RE(5) 1 P$:;(?.5;:;2) + $<3Q/(5 - ?.5;:;2) 1 $<2.42

RE(>) 1 P$:;(?.;7>73) + $<3Q/(> - ?.;7>73) 1 $<2.>4

RE(;) 1 P$:;(?.:2?5;) + $<3Q/(; - ?.:2?5;) 1 $<:.:?

^ck mptdaua iuagkr mb alecdiks tm lssdji li mpkrltmr, >, ds tck slak ls bmr _rmgfka<?.<72 lin _rmgfka <?.<73.

_lfa (skk rkbkrkiek ;:) prmvdnks l bdjurk tclt eli gk uskn tm nktkradik tck iuagkr mbalecdiks tm lssdji tm li mpkrltmr di l (A|A|<)8(JN|@|@) qukuk, jdvki tck rltdm mb ΰ linζ lin tck rltdm mb E< lin E5. Bmr mur kxlapfk, ΰ/ζ 1 ?.<<<< lin E</E5 1 >.<22:. Brmacds bdjurk, tck mptdaua iuagkr ds >, wcdec wk mgtldikn.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<?;

Lscermbt (skk rkbkrkiek 7) prmvdnks l bdjurk tclt eli gk uskn tm nktkradik tck iuagkr mbalecdiks tm lssdji tm li mpkrltmr di l (A|N|<)8(JN|@|@) qukuk, jdvki tck rltdm mb ΰ lin ζlin tck rltdm mb E< lin E5. Bmr mur kxlapfk, ΰ/ζ 1 ?.<<<< lin E</E5 1 >.<22:. Brma cdsbdjurk, tck mptdaua iuagkr ds ;.

<?.<5? (A|J|e)8(JN|e|∙) Zk amndby Kxlapfk <?.:5 lin fkt ΰ 1 <??/cr, ζ 1 >/cr, W 1 $2/cr, E; 1$</cr, linE2 1 $7?/cr. ^ck mptdaua smfutdmi ds >< spleks.

<?.<5< (A|J|e)8(JN|e|∙) ^ck tmtlf kxpketkn rkvkiuk ds jdvki gy

^W(e) 1 $<?ΰ - $;e - $<;ΰ _e

Ls scmwi gkfmw bmr l skfketkn iuagkr mb vlfuks bmr e, kxpketkn rkvkiuk ds alxdadzknwcki ;> spleks lrk emitrletkn bmr di tck plr`dij jlrljk. ^m grkl`-kvki, kdtckr emitrletbmr 7< spleks mr <7? spleks. ^ck kxpketkn tmtlf rkvkiuk ds l emielvk buietdmi, plssdijtcrmujc zkrm lt tck twm vlfuks dindeltkn.

e _e ^E(e )

5; ?.?<<2>;375474 $2?.?>

52 ?.??3?77>42:2: $;5.7;

5: ?.??;54<53<5:? $>3.;4

53 ?.??5;5>>7>4;3 $>;.2?

54 ?.??772?;5;>7: $>5.32

>? ?.??<><?3><5;2 $>5.?5

>< ?.???3;4;74245 $>7.3;

>7 ?.???;<<525<4< $>5.<?

>5 ?.???74:7<;3<: $>5.2>

>> ?.???<233>><<? $>>.52

>; ?.????45:45>3; $>;.7?




<?.<57 (A|A|e)8(JN|∙|∙) ΰ 1 >/cr, ζ 1 ?.;/cr, E< 1$<?,???/cr, lin E5 1 $7,;??/cr. Glskn mi Kqultdmi <?.<3:),

.Adidadzk RE(e) 1 E<Fq + E5e

Adidadzk RE(e) 1 $<?,???Fq + $7,;??e

Ls scmwi gkfmw, <7 uifmlndij spleks scmufn gk prmvdnkn.

e _e ^E(e )

7< ?.;;?>??7523<2 -$?.52

77 ?.;74;4744<7<7 $<5.5:

5? ?.52:5;3447452 $<<4.53

>? ?.<3>;;4>>;;;? $755.4?;? ?.?;><?>>:7<2; $5?<.5<

;< ?.?>;;2>?>:<;2 $5?5.44

;7 ?.?5:45>2>2<32 $5?;.32

;5 ?.?5<7?525>;>7 $5?2.47

;> ?.?7;5>>??:37< $5?:.<4

;; ?.?7?5<>:;4><: $5?2.:7

;2 ?.?<2?27<;;373 $5?;.;>

;: ?.?<7;7<3254:7 $5?5.:5

;3 ?.??427<:2<;:7 $5?<.5>

;4 ?.??:73;<23;54 $743.>>

2? ?.??;>5><3>24< $74;.<<

:? ?.???<723;;;<2 $7>4.34

3? ?.??????:773?: $7??.??

4? ?.????????<<32 $<;?.??

<?? ?.???????????< $<??.??

<<? ?.???????????? $;?.??

<7? ?.???????????? $?.??

e Fq RE(e )

4 ;.7722<; $:>,:22.<;

<? <.252:7< $><,52:.7<<< ?.2;577< $5>,?57.7<

<7 ?.7:4235 $57,:42.35

<5 ?.?3;<35 $55,5;<.35

<> ?.?522?5 $5;,522.?5

<; ?.?<;5?; $5:,2;5.?;



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<?:

<?.<55 (A|A|e)8(JN|;?|;?) Ls scmwi, : uifmlndij spleks lrk tm gk prmvdnkn.

?.?; ?.; e1 2

i _ ? Auftdpfdkrs _ i i_ i (i-e )_ i

? 7.;? ? < ?.??:><74 ?.?????? --

< 7.>; ?.; ; ?.?5:?2>: ?.?5:?2; ?7 7.>? <.? <7 ?.?4?3?3; ?.<3<2<: ?

5 7.5; <.; 7? ?.<>;7452 ?.>5;33< ?

> 7.5? 7.? 75 ?.<:?:<44 ?.23733? ?

; 7.7; 7.; 7< ?.<;:?275 ?.:3;5<7 ?

2 7.7? 5.? <2 ?.<<::423 ?.:?2:3< ?

: 7.<; 5.? <7 ?.?3253>5 ?.2?>24? ?.?3253>

3 7.<? 5.? 3 ?.?2<4?3: ?.>4;7:? ?.<7537

4 7.?; 5.? 2 ?.?>5552< ?.54??7; ?.<5???3

<? 7.?? 5.? > ?.?742<5? ?.742<5? ?.<<3>;7

<< <.4; 5.? 5 ?.?<4:>7? ?.7<:<27 ?.?43:<

<7 <.4? 5.? 7 ?.?<73575 ?.<;5433 ?.?:244><5 <.3; 5.? < ?.??3<7:< ?.<?;2;5 ?.?;234

<> <.3? 5.? < ?.??;?<<: ?.?:?<2> ?.?>??4>

<; <.:; 5.? ? ?.??5??:? ?.?>;<?2 ?.?7:?25

<2 <.:? 5.? ? ?.??<:;>< ?.?73?22 ?.?<:;><

<: <.2; 5.? ? ?.???44>? ?.?<2343 ?.?<?45>

<3 <.2? 5.? ? ?.???;>2: ?.??43>< ?.??2;2

<4 <.;; 5.? ? ?.???74<2 ?.??;;>? ?.??5:4

7? <.;? 5.? ? ?.???<;?2 ?.??5?<5 ?.??7<?4

7< <.>; 5.? ? ?.????:;5 ?.??<;37 ?.??<<5

77 <.>? 5.? ? ?.????52> ?.???3?< ?.???;37

75 <.5; 5.? ? ?.????<:? ?.???54< ?.???734

7> <.5? 5.? ? ?.?????:2 ?.???<35 ?.???<53

7; <.7; 5.? ? ?.?????55 ?.????35 2.74K-?;

72 <.7? 5.? ? ?.?????<> ?.????52 7.:2K-?;

7: <.<; 5.? ? ?.??????2 ?.????<; <.<2K-?;

73 <.<? 5.? ? ?.??????7 ?.?????2 >.22K-?2

74 <.?; 5.? ? ?.??????< ?.?????7 <.:3K-?2

5? <.?? 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????< 2.;7K-?:

5< ?.4; 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????? 7.72K-?:

57 ?.4? 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????? :.>;K-?3

55 ?.3; 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????? 7.57K-?3

5> ?.3? 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????? 2.37K-?4

5; ?.:; 5.? ? ?.??????? ?.?????? <.33K-?4Uua 1 <5>.3445?<37 F 1 ;.7:><3

_ ? 1 ?.??:><745: Fq 1 ?.3?<2?

RE(2) 1 $75,?<;.42

RE(:) 1 $7?,7>3.35

RE(3) 1 $7?,474.7<

i i




<?.<5> (A(g)|A|<)8(JN|∙|∙) _ 1 plrts tm gk prmvdnkn/cr 1 <7;/cr g 1 uidt fmln sdzk ΰ 1 _/g ζ 1 52?/cr ^E(g) 1 $>?F + $7;_/gF 1 Pgΰ(< + g)Q/P7(ζ - gΰ)Q

RE(g) 1 $>?(<7;)(< + g)/P7(52? - <7;)Q + $7;(<7;)/g^l`dij tck bdrst nkrdvltdvk mb RE(g) wdtc rkspket tm g, skttdij tck nkrdvltdvk kqulf tm zkrmlin smfvdij bmr g jdvks g 1 <:.<>. Udiek g ds ditkjkr vlfukn, wk kiuakrltk g brma <2 tm<3, ls scmwi gkfmw, lin nktkradik tclt tck uidt fmln scmufn emisdst mb <: plrts.

<?.<5; (A|A|e)8(JN|I|∙)

ΰ 1 <;/am, ζ 1 <?/am, E< 1$5??, E5 1 $<;,???, E> 1 $7;,???, E; 1 $;,???, linE2 1 $5?,???. Ls scmwi gkfmw, e* 1 7 lin I* 1 :.

g RE(G)

<2 $5:2.<2

<: $5:;.5<

<3 $5:;.:>

7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

7 ?.<3375;74> ?.<27>52;>3 ?.<>:74;:>7 ?.<5:2:<><: ?.<5<75443: ?.<72:4:>?2 ?.<752;:425 ?.<7<>?5;>5 ?.<<4:2;4>; ?.<<3;22>>3 ?.<<:237>:2

5 ?.7<?;725<2 ?.<43:;::2> ?.<455;5>:> ?.<4?:2??2? ?.<34>3472: ?.<3332?<44 ?.<33;>:774 ?.<3354<<57 ?.<335<5<3< ?.<337:>75?

> ?.77:5;5>2> ?.775552423 ?.77<32:<74 ?.77<57?4<; ?.77<<<2::: ?.77<?>?577 ?.77<?<<222 ?.77<???47< ?.77?442347

; ? .7 7> <73 3: > ?. 775 <: 47 ;3 ? .7 77 34 ;4 >< ?. 77 73 <<? 32 ? .777 :3 ;2 >7 ?. 777 ::3 ?< ? ? .7 77 :: ;: 7? ?. 777: :; ?55

2 ?.775552423 ?.775<54322 ?.775?4?2>> ?.775?:35>7 ?.775?:;72: ?.775?:>>43 ?.775?:>5?2

: ?.775<23??7 ?.775<5<373 ?.775<7>?:3 ?.775<77><: ?.775<77?2< ?.775<7<43;

3 ?.775<525>4 ?.775<5?><; ?.775<745?5 ?.775<74?4> ?.775<74?;;

4 ?.775<5<?:> ?.775<5?<4; ?.775<5??>4 ?.775<5??7>

<? ?.775<5?735 ?.775<5?<2; ?.775<5?<>:

<< ?.775<5?42: ?.775<5?4;7

<7 ?.775<5<?2<

Elfeufltdmis bmr _?e

7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

7 ?.????????? ?.??<25<2<: ?.??5243355 ?.?24>33:72 ?.?4745:7>; ?.<<54:?>?< ?.<575:?445 ?.<>3<333<4 ?.<2<2?;:35 ?.<:732><<7 ?.<37772?>7

5 ?.????????? ?.??>2;353; ?.?527;5::2 ?.?>4<3?573 ?.?;::5;?<< ?.?25?:25;2 ?.?22732<5; ?.?23<25??7 ?.?24753<42 ?.?243>>>?:

> ?.????????? ?.??3?5?<53 ?.?<542?7;2 ?.?<:735?7< ?.?<34>>?44 ?.?<4:755:4 ?.?7??:>>?? ?.?7?773<?: ?.?7?74>?5?

; ? .? ?? ?? ??? ? ? .?? 773 <> <3 ? .? ?5 2> ;2 5; ?. ?? >7 ;4 7<5 ? .? ?> ;? >2 32 ? .?? >; 42 :2 7 ? .? ?>27 44 <3 ?. ?? >2 >< ;7 ;

2 ?.????????? ?.???;74;7< ?.???:4><?: ?.???34557< ?.???47254> ?.???452:5? ?.???45435<

: ?.????????? ?.???<?>335 ?.???<>4373 ?.???<2>7:; ?.???<23>?7 ?.???<24;?3

3 ?.????????? ?.????<3<4; ?.????7;?<3 ?.????7245: ?.????7:><:

4 ?.????????? ?.?????73<> ?.?????5:;7 ?.?????543:

<? ?.????????? ?.??????545 ?.??????;<<

<< ?.????????? ?.???????;?

<7 ?.?????????

Elfeufltdmis bmr Fqe

7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

7 <.?75;74><7 <.<;3447?75 <.7542?7<:? <.5;;5<37;? <.><7<743<7 <.>;27?33;3 <.>4?34;5?4 <.;<3>?:454 <.;>?5<44>5 <.;;:3??22< <.;:<:>3<44

5 <.?725<;:34 <.<><5?>5>3 <.775;2>4;; <.72?3?>:24 <.73<7:5<5< <.747;<<433 <.7432;;32> <.5?<442<5: <.5?53?7<7> <.5?>::5;?2

> ?.4<2;<32;? ?.4:4?77;?> <.??>33:57< <.?<;2<3<<2 <.?7??>:3<? <.?7<32>??; <.?772?523> <.?774?5<<7 <.?75?752:2

; ? .3 57 2? 5:> : ?. 3;7 ;> 7? 3> ? .3 ;4 <: >75 3 ?. 32 <5 2;; 4? ? .327? 3>< 2? ?. 327 5<3 <> 2 ? .3 27 54 53:7 ?. 327> <3 7;?

2 ?.:4>57455; ?.:44>;5?>2 ?.3??32>4<7 ?.3?<7;?32: ?.3?<5;;27< ?.3?<5353:2 ?.3?<54<>;:

: ?.:3<5:<57; ?.:37>3>7?7 ?.:37:>;<?5 ?.:373?;375 ?.:373<432: ?.:37375?4:

3 ?.:::3;2>33 ?.::3?22:>5 ?.::3<?4;:2 ?.::3<<37>: ?.::3<<4447

4 ?.:::?;3?55 ?.:::?457>5 ?.:::?44;3? ?.:::<??:<;

<? ?.::24?<273 ?.::24?247: ?.::24?::3<

<< ?.::23::><> ?.::23:3<54

<7 ?.::23:5255

Elfeufltdmis bmr Fe




<?.<52l (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙). Di tck prmnuetdmi prmekss, tck dibdidty syagmfs wkrk eclijkn tm >.^cds ds suppmskn tm gk li (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙) qukuk.

E E ^E

<7

)(

7

<

Fkt ΰ 1 ;/cr, E< 1 $7?, lin Eζ 1 $;. [sdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf, l vlfuk mbζ 1 3.><7;; wls mgtldikn, ls scmwi gkfmw.

<?.<52g (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙). Di tck prmnuetdmi prmekss, tck dibdidty syagmfs wkrk eclijkn tm >.^cds ds suppmskn tm gk li (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙) qukuk.

Db wk lssmedltk l emst wdtc klec dierkakitlf dierklsk di ΰ tck mptdaua vlfuk wdff gkΰ 1 ?. Ckiek, distkln mb clvdij nkalin erkltk emsts, wk fkt nkalin jkikrltkrkvkiuk lin nkvkfmp li kxpketkn tmtlf rkvkiuk amnkf, ls bmffmws8

7 5 > ; 2 : 3 4 <? << <7

7 $<>;,;74.>< $<<3,7>4.77 $<?>,5?>.4< $4:,737.7< $4>,7><.47 $45,234.>; $4>,:22.:> $42,4;?.2> $44,4?;.27 $<?5,>?3.<5 $<?:,5?>.3:

5 $<75,;;7.25 $<?<,;75.<> $4>,<<4.2> $45,<22.:: $4;,7;?.>3 $43,3?:.<4 $<?5,?34.5? $<?:,:5<.55 $<<7,;;7.2< $<<:,>25.57

> $<<?,:>2.?? $<?7,227.<: $<?7,3:;.?5 $<?2,?42.54 $<<?,>5<.:3 $<<;,<37.47 $<7?,?34.22 $<7;,?;>.:? $<5?,?><.;4

; $<<>,:?3.>2 $<<;,>?4.4? $<<4,<7:.2> $<75,:>5.2; $<73,273.;5 $<55,;4>.?< $<53,;35.2; $<>5,;3?.;;

2 $<74,;55.72 $<55,532.;> $<53,<??.7< $<>5,?73.22 $<>3,?<?.:: $<;5,??2.5? $<;3,??;.<4

: $<>3,<;>.<2 $<;7,342.:: $<;:,3><.25 $<27,374.3< $<2:,37:.73 $<:7,372.:>

3 $<2:,3>7.54 $<:7,:47.>2 $<::,:35.<? $<37,:3<.5> $<3:,:3<.?<

4 $<3:,:3<.77 $<47,::7.23 $<4:,::<.7; $7?7,::<.?7

<? $7?:,::?.2< $7<7,:24.5? $7<:,:24.<<

<< $77:,:23.44 $757,:23.3<

<7 $7>:,:23.:2

e I



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<<?

FE W^W <)(

wckrk F ds jdvki ls di plrt l). Fkttdij ζ 1 7?/cr, W ΰ 1 $<;, lin E< 1 $<;? linusdij Kxekf—s UMFRKW tmmf, l vlfuk mb ΰ 1 3.>;5/cr wls mgtldikn, ls scmwi gkfmw.

<?.<52e (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙). Di tck prmnuetdmi prmekss, tck dibdidty syagmfs wkrk eclijkn tm >.^cds ds suppmskn tm gk li (A|N|<)8(JN|∙|∙) qukuk.

L emagdikn amnkf bmr nktkradidij li mptdaua ΰ lin ζ ds^W(ΰ,ζ) 1 W ΰ ΰ - Eζζ

<.7; - E<F Imtdek, wk ditrmnuekn l imifdiklr emapmikit lssmedltkn wdtc dierklsks di ζ. Zk fktE< 1 $5;, W ΰ 1 $7;, lin Eζ 1 $;. Lfsm, wk rkqudrkn tclt ΰ/ζ 6 <. [sdij Kxekf—sUMFRKW tmmf, vlfuks mb ΰ 1 <33.:/cr lin ζ 1 7??.;:/cr wkrk mgtldikn, ls scmwi gkfmw.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<<<

UKE^DMI <?.<?

<?.<5: ^ck prdalry eclffkijk di nkvkfmpdij suec l sdaufltdmi amnkf ds tm `kkp trle` mb tck pmsdtdmi mb klec erlik sm tclt ‖gfme`dij‑ (d.k., mik erlik eliimt amvk gkelusk dt ds gfme`kn gy tck ikdjcgmrdij erlik) ds leeurltkfy elpturkn. Lfsm, mik wmufn clvk tmnkvkfmp (lin diemrpmrltk ditm tck sdaufltdmi amnkf) l erlik ndspltecdij fmjde0 d.k.,nkedndij wcdec erlik ds ndsplteckn tm amvk wcdec fmln lin wcki. Zdtcmut l rklsmilgfy

jmmn erlik ndspltecdij fmjde, tck erliks aly gfme` klec mtckr tmm mbtki. Di tkras mb nltl,mik wmufn lt fklst ikkn tm dnkitdby klec pdeùp/nkpmsdt pmdit di tck flymut, tck rltk ltwcdec amvk rkquksts lrrdvk brma klec pdeùp pmdit, lin tck nkstdiltdmi mb tck fmlns pde`kn up. Flstfy, mik ikkns tck erlik trlvkf tdaks lin tck fmln pdeùp/nkpmsdt tdaks.

<?.<53 Udaufltdmi cls kxtkisdvk lppfdeltdmis di bledfdty fmeltdmi lin flymut. L buff trkltakit mbtck tmpde ds gkymin tck sempk mb tcds gmm`. ^ck prdalry qukstdmi ds mik mb purpmsk linsempk. ^clt ds, wclt ds tck purpmsk mb tck sdaufltdmi kxpkrdakit (wclt liswkrs lrk wktrydij tm mgtldi brma tck amnkf) lin cmw auec nktldf scmufn tck amnkf elpturk. ^ypdelfsmureks mb rlinmaikss di suec sdaufltdmi kxpkrdakits lrk tcmsk lssmedltkn wdtc nkalin, plrts bfmw, lin rksmurek lvldflgdfdty.

<?.<54 ^ck prdalry smurek mb vlrdltdmi ds tck lrrdvlf plttkri mb tck stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf rkquksts.Udaufltdmi aly gk uskn tm stuny tck nyilade ditkrletdmis di tck systka ls wkff ls tckndstrdgutdmi mb ekrtldi vlrdlgfks (ls mppmskn tm hust tckdr lvkrljk vlfuks). Bmr kxlapfk,mik aly nktkradik tck ndstrdgutdmi mb tck splek utdfdzltdmi (diefundij adidaua linalxdaua vlfuks) ls wkff ls tck altkrdlf clinfdij elpledty ikknkn tm pkrbmra lff tckikeksslry stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf mpkrltdmis.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<<7

<?.<>? Udaufltdmi aly pfly li dapmrtlit rmfk di tck nksdji mb LU/W systkas lin mrnkr pde`dijsystkas. Bmr kxlapfk, tck rksufts scmwi di sketdmis <?.2 lin <?.: lrk glskn mi ekrtldisdapfdbydij lssuaptdmis suec ls rlinmadzkn stmrljk lin bdrst-emak-bdrst-skrvkn (BEBU)stmrljk lin rktrdkvlf rkquksts. Mik aly usk sdaufltdmi tm `kkp trle` mb tck fmeltdmi mb tckdtkas di tck rle` lin tcus usk letulf U/W alecdik trlvkf tdaks (rltckr tcli lssuadij klec

mpkidij ds kqulffy fd`kfy tm gk vdsdtkn). Mik aly lfsm amnkf U/W alecdik trlvkf amrkleeurltkfy, diefundij leekfkrltdmi/nkekfkrltdmi kbbkets lin auftdpfk trlvkf spkkns tclt lrkndstliek-nkpkinkit.

<?.<>< Udaufltdmi aly gk uskn tm amnkf elsks wckrk tck fmln lttkapts (mr tck iuagkr mb plrtsfmlnkn pkr lttkapt) ds rlinmafy ndstrdgutkn lin imt lff plrts lrk sueekssbuffy uifmlnkn lttck uifmlndij stltdmis0 d.k., smak dtkas aly rkedreufltk. [sdij sdaufltdmi, mik aly lfsmmgtldi amrk nktldfkn rksufts mi cmw fmij plrtdeuflr plrts edreufltk mi tck emivkymr gkbmrktcky lrk uifmlnkn. Di smak aliubleturdij lppfdeltdmis, tck tdak l plrt spkins mi tckemivkymr aly clvk l fmwkr fdadt (sly, bmr emmfdij tck plrt nmwi) mr li uppkr fdadt (db tckikxt prmekss mi tck plrt aust gk pkrbmrakn wdtcdi l ekrtldi tdak pkrdmn). Db tck emivkymr

ds sughket tm rlinma stmppljks (nuk tm grkl`nmwis mr tck wmr`krs wcm ikkn lnndtdmilftdak), ljldi mik aly ikkn sdaufltdmi tm stuny dts pkrbmraliek.

<?.<>7 Fkbt ls li kxkredsk bmr tck rklnkr, wcm aly wdsc tm try tck bmffmwdij rkbkrkiek ls lstlrtdij pmdit8 Wlhli, U., Nkrfktc, N., lin ^masdek`, A., ‖Amnkfdij aliubleturdij systkas usdij ALI[_FLI lin UDAU^LW^KW - L tutmrdlf,‑ <44? Zditkr UdaufltdmiEmibkrkiek _rmekkndijs, Ikw Mrfklis, FL, [UL.

<?.<>5 ^ckrk lrk aliy plpkrs mi tcds tmpde. ^ck bmffmwdij rkprkskits mify l slapfk fdstdnkitdbdkn tcrmujc l emaputkr-glskn `kywmrn sklrec8

Eckw, K._. lin Hmcismi, F.L., ‖Ukrvdek fkvkfs di ndstrdgutdmi systkas wdtc rlinmaeustmakr mrnkr sdzk,‑ Ilvlf Wksklrec Fmjdstdes, Rmf. >7, Im. <, pp. 54-;2, <44;.

Jrly, L. K., @lralr`lr, [. U., lin Ukdnalii, L., ‖Nksdji lin mpkrltdmi mb li mrnkr-emismfdnltdmi wlrkcmusk8 amnkfs lin lppfdeltdmi,‑ Kurmpkli Hmurilf mb Mpkrltdmilf Wksklec, Rmf. ;3, Im. <, pp.<>-52, <447.

Fdii, W.H. lin Sdk, S., ‖Udaufltdmi lilfysds mb skqukiedij rufks bmr LUWU di l puff-glsknlsskagfy bledfdty,‑ Ditkriltdmilf Hmurilf mb _rmnuetdmi Wksklrec, Rmf. 5<, Im. <?, pp.75;;-752:, <445.

Wlinclwl, U. [. lin Ucrmbb, W., ‖Udaufltdmi-glskn nksdji kvlfultdmi mb uidt fmlnlutmaltkn stmr ljk/rktrdkvlf systkas,‑ Emaputkrs & Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij, Rmf. 73, Im.<, pp. :<-:4, <44;.

^l`l`uwl, U., ‖_rkedsk amnkfdij lin lilfysds mb flrjk-selfk LU/WU,‑ _rmekkndijs mb tck<44> Zditkr Udaufltdmi Emibkrkiek, Gukil Rdstl, BF, [UL.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr <? <?-<<5

<?.<>> ^ckrk lrk aliy plpkrs mi tcds tmpde. ^ck bmffmwdij rkprkskits mify l slapfk fdstdnkitdbdkn tcrmujc l emaputkr-glskn `kywmrn sklrec8

Elrnlrkffd, J. lin _kfljljjk, _. A., ‖Udaufltdmi tmmf bmr nksdji lin aliljkakitmptdadzltdmi mb lutmaltkn ditkrgly altkrdlf clinfdij lin stmrljk systkas bmr flrjk wlbkr

blg,‑ DKKK ^rlisletdmis mi Ukademinuetmr Aliubleturdij, Rmf. 3, Im. <, pp. >>->4,<44;.

Ecli, B. ^.U., Hlylprl`lsc, G., lin ^lij, I. @.C., ‖Nksdji mb lutmaltkn ekffuflraliubleturdij systkas wdtc sdaufltdmi amnkffdij8 l elsk stuny,‑ Ditkriltdmilf Hmurilf

mb Emaputkr Lppfdeltdmis di ^kecimfmjy, Rmf. 3, Im. <-7, pp. <-<<, <44;.

Clnnme`, H., ‖Lutmaltkn sdaufltdmi amnkffdij lin lilfysds bmr aliubleturdij systkas,‑ _rmnuetdmi _fliidij lin Emitrmf, Rmf. 2, Im. >, pp. 5;7-5;:, <44;.

Cuq, X., ‖_rmekss mrdkitkn aliubleturdij systka sdaufltdmi tm aklsurk tck kbbket mb

scmp emitrmf bletmrs,‑ Udaufltdmi, Rmf. 27, Im. >, pp. 7<3-773, <44>.

_rl`lsc, L. lin Ecki, A., ‖Udaufltdmi stuny mb bfkxdgfk aliubleturdij systkas,‑Emaputkrs & Dinustrdlf Kijdikkrdij, Rmf. 73, Im.<, pp. <4<-<44, <44;.

<?.<>; Umfutdmi nkpkins mi kxlapfk ecmdek.

<?.<>2 Umfutdmi nkpkins mi prmgfka ecmdek.



Eclptkr <<

Kvlfultdij lin Ukfketdij tck

Bledfdtdks _fli



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-<

UKE^DMI <<.7.<

<<.< Db kqudpakit ikkn eclijk smmikr tcli litdedpltkn, fklsdij eli prmvdnk amrk bfkxdgdfdtytcli pureclsdij kqudpakit. Nkpkindij mi tck fklsk emindtdmis, fklsk plyakits eli gktrkltkn ls liiulf kxpkisks lin, tcus, ydkfn tlx lnvlitljks mvkr pureclskn kqudpakit.

(Fklsk plyakits eli gk kxpkiskn0 nkprkedltdmi nknuetdmis lrk lffmwkn wdtc pureclsknkqudpakit.) Fklsk plyakits adjct gk ‖lbbmrnlgfk‑ di l aliljkr—s liiulf mpkrltdij gunjkt0 elpdtlf divkstakits adjct rkqudrk cdjckr fkvkf lpprmvlf lin, tcus, ditrmnuek amrkuiekrtldity di tck skfketdmi prmekss. Fklsks adidadzk tck uiekrtldity di alditkiliek elscbfmws rksuftdij brma tck usk mb elpdtlf kqudpakit.

Zcki kqudpakit ds pureclskn, rds`s mb kselfltdij fklsk eclrjks di tck buturk lrk lvmdnkn._ureclsdij cls tck lnvlitljk mb mwikrscdp mb tck lsskt0 db mwikn, tck kqudpakit eli gkamndbdkn. Gkelusk mb ndbbkrkit typks mb bfkxdgdfdty, pureclsdij tck kqudpakit eli prmvdnkekrtldi typks mb bfkxdgdfdty imt prmvdnkn gy fklsdij0 bmr kxlapfk, db tck kqudpakit ds pureclskn dt eli gk rkfmeltkn tm limtckr pflit fmeltdmi mutsdnk tck skrvdek rkjdmi mb tck

fklsdij emapliy) db eclijks di kqudpakit ikkns meeur.

<<.7 Aliubleturdij splek ds usulffy amrk kxpkisdvk tcli stmrljk splek. Ls aliubleturdijikkns kxplin, stmrljk splek ds mbtki emivkrtkn tm aliubleturdij splek. Db subbdedkit flinds imt lvldflgfk bmr kxplisdmi mb aliubleturdij lin stmrljk, tcki stmrljk splek ds mbtkismujct mbb-sdtk. [sdij kdtckr fklskn splek, pugfde wlrkcmusdij, mr limtckr mptdmi, mbb-sdtkstmrljk ds prmvdnkn.

Mi-sdtk stmrljk mb altkrdlfs lin suppfdks cls tck lnvlitljk mb prmxdadty. Ls l rksuft, tcktdak rkqudrkn tm rkspmin tm nkalins bmr altkrdlfs lin suppfdks ds adidadzkn0 fd`kwdsk,tck lamuit mb divkitmry rkqudrkn ds jkikrlffy fkss tcli tclt rkqudrkn wdtc mbb-sdtk stmrljk.Mi-sdtk stmrljk cls tck lnvlitljk mb kisurdij tclt stmrljk pkrsmiikf lrk alnk tm bkkf l plrt mb tck mvkrlff tkla. Mbtki wcki stmrljk ds lssdjikn tm mbb-sdtk splek, amrlfk prmgfkas lrdsk0 db stmrljk pkrsmiikf lrk spfdt gktwkki mi-sdtk lin mbb-sdtk fmeltdmis, tckqulfdty mb aliljkakit mbtki subbkrs. Zcki mbb-sdtk stmrljk ds uskn, nkfdvkry true`s lrkrkqudrkn0 fd`kwdsk, altkrdlf aust gk fmlnkn lin uifmlnkn skvkrlf tdaks di tck prmekss mbsltdsbydij tck uftdaltk ikkns mb aliubleturdij.

Mbb-sdtk stmrljk cls tck lnvlitljk mb gkdij nkndeltkn tm stmrljk letdvdtdks. Zcki fmeltknmi-sdtk, aliubleturdij prkssurks eli rksuft di l rkletdvk amnk mb mpkrltdmi, distkln mb l pfliikn, rkspmisdvk amnk tclt eli gk prmvdnkn gy mbb-sdtk stmrljk. Udiek mi-sdtk stmrljkds efmsk tm aliubleturdij, tck ndsedpfdik ikknkn tm kisurk l elrkbuffy aliljkn letdvdty dsmbtki ndspflekn gy l gruscbdrk, erdsds aliljkakit styfk. Gkelusk altkrdlf ds stmrkn mbb-sdtk, dt ikekssdtltks tclt aliubleturdij aliljkrs pfli nldfy letdvdtdks.

<<.5 Cdjc-rdsk wlrkcmusks eli gk sdjidbdelitfy fkss kxpkisdvk tm emistruet di tkras mb eugdebmmtljk mb stmrljk splek tcli emivkitdmilf stmrljk bledfdtdks0 fd`kwdsk, wcki flin dskxpkisdvk, fkss flin ds ikknkn bmr cdjc-rdsk stmrljk. Emivkitdmilf stmrljk cls tcklnvlitljk mb bfkxdgdfdty. Di l emivkitdmilf bledfdty, emivkitdmilf lin lutmaltkn stmrljklin rktrdkvlf kqudpakit eli gk uskn0 wckrkls, di l cdjc-rdsk bledfdty dt ds fkss fd`kfy tclt



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-7

emivkitdmilf kqudpakit eli gk uskn. Fd`kwdsk, db tck ikkn bmr tck stmrljk bledfdtynkefdiks mvkr tdak, lftkriltdvk usks mb l emivkitdmilf bledfdty adjct lrdsk0 suec ds imtfd`kfy wdtc cdjc-rdsk stmrljk. Db tck bledfdty ds tm gk smfn, bkwkr guykrs lrk fd`kfy bmr lcdjc-rdsk bledfdty tcli l emivkitdmilf bledfdty.

UKE^DMI <<.7.7

<<.> ^ck rli` mrnkr mb bletmrs dnkitdbdkn ds nkpkinkit mi tck stunkit—s hunjakit.

Nkpkindij mi tck lppfdeltdmi, aliy bletmrs scmufn gk emisdnkrkn di kvlfultdij cmrdzmitlfclinfdij lftkriltdvks. Lamij tck vlrdmus bletmrs tm gk emisdnkrkn lrk tck bmffmwdij8ndsemuitkn prkskit wmrtc0 distlffltdmi tdak0 ndsemuitkn plygle` pkrdmn0 alditkiliekrkqudrkakits0 bfkxdgdfdty di empdij wdtc eclijks di tcrmujcput rkqudrkakits0 bfkxdgdfdty dileemaamnltdij eclijks di fmln sdzks lin wkdjcts0 flgmr s`dffs rkqudrkn0 di-prmekssdivkitmry gubbkr sdzks rkqudrkn0 lttdtunk mb pflit bfmmr pkrsmiikf tmwlrn tck lftkriltdvks0 prkvdmus kxpkrdkiek di usdij tck kqudpakit lftkriltdvks.

<<.; ^ck rli` mrnkr mb bletmrs dnkitdbdkn ds nkpkinkit mi tck stunkit—s hunjakit.

Nkpkindij mi tck lppfdeltdmi, aliy bletmrs scmufn gk emisdnkrkn di kvlfultdij lftkriltksdtk fmeltdmis bmr emrpmrltk cklnqulrtkrs. Lamij tck vlrdmus bletmrs tm gk emisdnkrkn lrktck bmffmwdij8 prmxdadty tm alhmr eustmakrs0 prmxdadty tm alhmr mpkrltdij fmeltdmis0 prmxdadty tm alhmr elpdtlf smureks0 klsk mb leekss gy eustmakrs, suppfdkrs, akagkrs mbtck Gmlrn mb Ndrketmrs0 fmeltdmi prkbkrkieks mb uppkr aliljkakit0 tlx diekitdvks linkemimade emiskqukieks0 pmtkitdlf bmr kxplisdmi0 leekss tm alhmr ldrpmrt0 emapltdgdfdtywdtc daljk tm gk prmhketkn gy tck bdra0 qulfdty mb knueltdmilf bledfdtdks di tck edty mr lrkl0lvldflgdfdty mb leemaamnltdmis bmr vdsdtmrs0 qulfdty lin aljidtunk flgmr suppfy0

lttrletdvkikss di rkerudtdij adn tm uppkr aliljkakit0 lin qulfdty mb fdbk bmr kapfmykks.

<<.2 ^ck rli` mrnkr mb bletmrs dnkitdbdkn ds nkpkinkit mi tck stunkit—s hunjakit.

Nkpkindij mi tck lppfdeltdmi, aliy bletmrs scmufn gk emisdnkrkn di kvlfultdij lftkriltksdtk fmeltdmis bmr l ndstrdgutdmi ekitkr. Lamij tck vlrdmus bletmrs tm gk emisdnkrkn lrk tckbmffmwdij8 prmxdadty tm alhmr suppfy fmeltdmis (tdak rkqudrkn tm rkpfkidsc brmasuppfdkrs)0 prmxdadty tm alhmr eustmakr fmeltdmis (tdak rkqudrkn tm scdp tm eustmakrs)0leekss tm alhmr trlispmrtltdmi bledfdtdks (rldf, ldr brkdjct, ditkrstltk cdjcwlys, rdvkr linmekli tkradilfs)0 iuagkr mb ndstrdgutdmi ekitkrs lin skrvdek rkjdmis mb klec0 lvldflgdfdtymb kxdstdij bledfdtdks0 emst tm clvk l fklskn bledfdty gudft tm spkedbdeltdmis0 flgmr

lvldflgdfdty, flgmr emst, lin lttdtunk mb mrjlidzkn flgmr0 fmeltdmis mb emapktdtmrs (lgdfdtytm akkt mr kxekkn emapktdtdmi di tkras mb skrvdek tm eustmakrs)0 lin mvkrlff kemimadedaplet mb tck fmeltdmi nkedsdmi, diefundij tlxks.




UKE^DMI <<.7.5

<<.: Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk G ds prkbkrrkn.

<<.3l Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvks G lin E lrk kqulffy prkbkrrkn. Lftkriltdvk L cls lrkfltdvkfy efmsk wkdjctkn bletmr tmtlf tm G lin E. ^m al`k l nkedsdmi l ‖emdi tmss‑ aly

gk ikeksslry.

<<.3g Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk E ds prkbkrrkn.

<<.3e Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk L ds prkbkrrkn.

Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Ikt _rkskit Rlfuk >? <? >?? 3 57? 2 7>?

dak tm Bdff Eustmakr's Mrnkr 5; 2 7<? <? 5;? 3 73?

Bfkxdgdfdty 7; ; <7; : <:; <? 7;?

^mtlfs <?? :5; 3>; ::?

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E

Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk

Ikt _rkskit Rlfuk ;? <? ;?? 3 >?? 2 5??

dak tm Bdff Eustmakr's Mrnkr <? 2 2? <? <?? 3 3?

Bfkxdgdfdty >? ; 7?? : 73? <? >??

^mtlfs <?? :2? :3? :3?

Bletmr ZkdjctL G E

Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Ikt _rkskit Rlfuk >? <? >?? 3 57? 2 7>?

dak tm Bdff Eustmakr's Mrnkr 5; ; <:; : 7>; <? 5;?

Bfkxdgdfdty 7; ; <7; : <:; <? 7;?

^mtlfs <?? :?? :>? 3>?

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E

Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk

Ikt _rkskit Rlfuk 5? <? 5?? 3 7>? 2 <3?dak tm Bdff Eustmakr's Mrnkr 7? 2 <7? <? 7?? 3 <2?

Bfkxdgdfdty <? ; ;? : :? <? <??

Ulbkty >? <? >?? 3 57? 4 52?

^mtlfs <?? 3:? 35? 3??

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<->

<<.4 Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk L ds prkbkrrkn.

<<.<? Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk N ds prkbkrrkn.

<<.<< Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, usdij tck wkdjcts brma _rmgfka 4, Lftkriltdvk L ds stdff prkbkrrkn.

Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, usdij tck wkdjcts brma _rmgfka <?, Lftkriltdvk L ds prkbkrrkn.

Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk Wltdij Uemrk

Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst 7? <? 7?? : <>? ; <?? 7 >?

Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? > <?? <? 7;? 4 77;Klsk mb Kxplisdmi <; : <?; 3 <7? <? <;? 4 <5;

Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 7? 2 <7? 3 <2? : <>? <? 7??

Wldf Udndij Leekss 7? <? 7?? 2 <7? ; <?? : <>?

^mtlfs <?? 37; 2>? :>? :>?

E N

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G


Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst <; <? <;? : <?; ; :; 7 5?

Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? > <?? <? 7;? 4 77;

Klsk mb Kxplisdmi <; : <?; 3 <7? <? <;? 4 <5;

Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 5? 2 <3? 3 7>? : 7<? <? 5??

Wldf Udndij Leekss <; <? <;? 2 4? ; :; : <?;

^mtlfs <?? :3; 2;; :2? :4;

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E N


Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst 7? 3 <2? <? 7?? 7 >? ; <??Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? > <?? 4 77; <? 7;?


Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 7? <? 7?? 3 <2? : <>? 2 <7?

Wldf Udndij Leekss 7? <? 7?? 2 <7? ; <?? 3 <2?

^mtlfs <?? 32; :?? 2;; :2;

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E N


Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst <; 3 <7? <? <;? 7 5? ; :;Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? > <?? 4 77; <? 7;?


Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 5? <? 5?? 3 7>? : 7<? 2 <3?

Wldf Udndij Leekss <; <? <;? 2 4? ; :; 3 <7?

^mtlfs <?? 3:; :?? 24? :2?

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E N



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-;

<<.<7 Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk L wmufn gk prkbkrrkn.

<<.<5 Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk L wmufn gk prkbkrrkn.

<<.<> ^ck wkdjctkn bletmr emaplrdsmi aktcmn ds klsy tm usk. Ukisdtdvdty lilfysks eli gk pkrbmrakn qudtk klsdfy, plrtdeuflrfy db l emaputkr sprklnsckkt ds uskn tm pkrbmra tckelfeufltdmis. Cmwkvkr, dts qulfdtltdvk lin sughketdvk lspkets lrk l smurek mb emiekri.Uelfdij dssuks kxdst wdtc tck aktcmn. Mrndilf nltl eliimt gk trkltkn ls rltdm nltl wdtcmuttck pmtkitdlf bmr krrmrs. Ckiek, elutdmi scmufn gk uskn wcki lppfydij tck aktcmn.

UKE^DMI <<.7.>

<<.<; Brma tck prmgfka stltkakit tck ZLEE 1 4%. [sdij tck KLU^ALI curnfk rltkelfeufltdmi aktcmn wk clvk tck bmffmwdij8

D. Im, ?%DD. E, 7%DDD. B, <%DR. G, ?%

R.

G, ?%RD.

K, 7.>%RDD. L, ?%RDDD. C, 5%DS. L, ?%

^cus, tck tmtlf elfeufltkn curnfk rltk (ndsemuit rltk) ds <:.>%.


Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst <; : <?; <? <;? 2 4? ; :;

Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? : <:; 4 77; <? 7;?Klsk mb Kxplisdmi <; : <?; 3 <7? <? <;? 4 <5;

Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 5? <? 5?? 3 7>? : 7<? 4 7:?

Wldf Udndij Leekss <; <? <;? 2 4? : <?; 3 <7?

^mtlfs <?? 32? ::; :3? 3;?

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E N


Liiulf Alt'f Clinfdij Emst 7? : <>? <? 7?? 2 <7? ; <??

Emistruetdmi Emst 7; 3 7?? : <:; 4 77; <? 7;?


Kapfmykk's _rkbkrkiek 7? <? 7?? 3 <2? : <>? 4 <3?

Wldf Udndij Leekss 7? <? 7?? 2 <7? : <>? 3 <2?

^mtlfs <?? 3>; ::; ::; 37;

Bletmr Zkdjct

L G E N




<<.<2 ^ck eclijk di mwikrscdp wmufn eclijk tck liswkr tm plrt DD mb tck elfeufltdmi brma 7%tm ?.;%. ^cus, tck ndsemuit rltk nkerklsks brma <:.>% tm <;.4%.

<<.<: Elsk <8 _lrt RDDD mb tck elfeufltdmi eclijks brma 5% tm >%, tcus tck ndsemuit rltk gkemaks <2.4%.

Elsk 78 _lrt RDDD mb tck elfeufltdmi eclijks brma 5% tm 5.;%, tcus tck ndsemuit rltk gkemaks <2.>%.

<<.<3l Brma tck tlgfk gkfmw, Lftkriltdvk G ds prkbkrrkn.

<<.<3g Wkbkrrdij tm tck tlgfk di tck smfutdmi bmr _rmgfka <<.<3l, tck DWW (G-L) 1 53.>;%.

<<.<3e ^ckrk ds l krrmr di tck prmgfka stltkakit. ^ck dierkakitlf divkstakit scmufn gk$:;?,???.

Wkbkrrdij tm tck tlgfk di tck smfutdmi bmr _rmgfka <<.<3l, tck plygle` pkrdmn ds 5 yklrs,lin tck ndsemuitkn plygle` pkrdmn ds > yklrs.

<<.<4 Zk eli mgtldi tck vlfuk gy skttdij tck I_R mb Lftkriltdvk L tm tck I_R mb LftkriltdvkG, wckrk tck mpkrltdij kxpkisks mb Lftkriltdvk G lrk trkltkn ls l vlrdlgfk. ^cds lilfysdseli gk pkrbmrakn di AU Kxekf usdij Jmlf Ukk`, dffustrltkn gkfmw8

Tklr L G ∂(G-L) Ikt EB(G-L) Eua I_R

? -$7;?,??? -$<,???,??? -$:;?,??? -$:;?,??? -$:;?,???

< -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? -$>;?,??? -$>::,7:7.:5

7 -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? -$<;?,??? -$774,553.3>

5 -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $<;?,??? -$5,4>>.>?

> -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $>;?,??? $7??,4;4.25

; -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $:;?,??? $53:,752.?5

2 -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $<,?;?,??? $;;2,;:3.7<

: -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $<,5;?,??? $:<?,;7;.2;

3 -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $<,2;?,??? $3;?,>::.32

4 -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $<,4;?,??? $4::,:?:.<>

<? -$2??,??? -$5??,??? $5??,??? $7,7;?,??? $<,?45,5:?.<5

I_R -$5,452,:>?.72 -$7,3>5,5:?.<5 $<,?45,5:?.<5

LZ -$2>?,232.5; -$>27,:>;.54 $<::,4>?.4;

BZ -$<?,7<?,34?.53 -$:,5:>,424.3> $7,35;,47?.;>

DWW 53.>;%

_G_ 5 yklrs

N_G_ > yklrs



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-:

^ck rksuft ds jdvki ls bmffmws8

^ckrkbmrk, tck mpkrltdij kxpkisks emufn dierklsk gy $<::,4>?.4;, mr ;4.5%, gkbmrk ymuwmufn gk dindbbkrkit ls tm tck lftkriltdvk tm skfket0 liy burtckr dierklsk wmufn rksuft di leclijk mb nkedsdmi.

<<.7?l ^cds prmgfka ds ls`dij bmr tck emindtdmi _(I_RG(<?%) ≫ I_RL(<?%)), wcdec dskqudvlfkit tm _(I_RG-L(<?%) ≫ ?). ^m smfvk wk usk tck bmffmwdij rkfltdmiscdps8

KI_R 1 e` K(B` )I`1? lin RlrI_R 1 e`

7Rlr(B` )I`1? wckrk e` ds tck ditkrkst

bletmr bmr tck prkskit vlfuk jdvki l buturk vlfuk emrrkspmindij tm yklr `0 B` ds tck elscbfmw vlfuk bmr yklr 0 lin I ds tck fkijtc mb tck pfliidij cmrdzmi. Di lnndtdmi,K(I_RG-L(<?%)) 1 K(I_RG(<?%)) ― K(I_RL(<?%)) linRlr(I_RG-L(<?%)) 1 Rlr(I_RG(<?%)) + Rlr(I_RL(<?%)).

^ckrkbmrk, K(I_RG-L(<?%)) 1 $<,?45,5:?.<5. [sdij tck lgmvk Rlr(I_R) kqultdmi wkbdin tclt Rlr(I_RG(<?%)) 1 Rlr(I_RL(<?%)) 1 $<?,<5;,<4>,4?>.>:. ^ckrkbmrk,Rlr(I_RG-L(<?%)) 1 $7?,7:?,534,3?3,4;, lin UN(I_RG-L(<?%)) 1 $<>7,5:>.<7.

Fkttdij _(I_RG-L(<?%) ≫ ?) 1 _(X ≫ z), wckrk

z 1 (I_R - I_RG-L(<?%))/ UN(I_RG-L(<?%)), wk clvk tck bmffmwdij8z 1 (? - $<,?45,5:?.<5)/ $<>7,5:>.<7 1 -:.2:42._(X ≫ -:.2:42) 1 <- _(X ≫ -:.2:42) 1 <. Um, Lftkriltdvk G wdff lfwlys gk tck gkttkrlftkriltdvk.




<<.7?g ^ck rksufts mb tck Amitk Elrfm sdaufltdmi lrk dffustrltkn di tck bmffmwdij cdstmjrla. ^cksdaufltdmi wls rui wdtc <,??? dtkrltdmis lin l bdxkn rlinma iuagkr skkn.

^ck akli I_R wls $7,7>4,<34, wcdfk tck stlinlrn nkvdltdmi wls $7<4,3?4.5. ^ckadidaua lin alxdaua I_R wkrk $<,;;>,32? lin $7,4>2,3;2, rkspketdvkfy. [sdij tckakli lin stlinlrn nkvdltdmi, z 1 -<?.757>.^cus, _(X ≫ -<?.757>) 1 <- _(X ≫ -<?.757>) 1 <.

<<.7<l ^ck skisdtdvdty lilfysds pkrbmrakn aly nkpkin mi tck stunkit. ^ck bmffmwdij ds l pfmt mbtck I_R mb tck divkstakit wcki vlfuk mb ditkrkst wls eclijkn wcdfk lff mtckr diputswkrk ckfn emistlit (lfsm `imwi ls l spdnkrpfmt).

^ck divkstakit ds rkfltdvkfy diskisdtdvk tm eclijks dileeurledks di tck kstdaltkndivkstakit emst lin liiulf slvdijs.

($>.??)

($7.??)

$?.??

$7.??

$>.??

$2.??

$3.??$<?.??

-;?% ?% ;?% I _ R m b D i v k s t a k i t ( d i A d f f d m i s )

_krekit Eclijk di Kstdaltkn Rlfuk

Divkstakit Emst

Liiulf Ulvdijs




^ck grkl`kvki pmdit bmr tck divkstakit emst ds $<<,?>7,<;? (mr, l 53% dierklsk di tckeurrkit kstdaltk). ^ck grkl`kvki pmdit bmr tck liiulf slvdijs ds $<,7;>,4?> (mr, l 73.5%nkerklsk di tck eurrkit kstdaltk).

<<.7<g cds prmgfka ds ls`dij bmr tck emindtdmi _(I_R (<?%) ≫ ?). ^m smfvk wk usk tck

bmffmwdij rkfltdmiscdps8KI_R 1 e` K(B` )I

`1? lin RlrI_R 1 e` 7

Rlr(B` )I

`1? wckrk e` ds tck ditkrkst bletmr bmr tck prkskit vlfuk jdvki l buturk vlfuk emrrkspmindij tmyklr `0 B` ds tck elsc bfmw vlfuk bmr yklr `0 lin I ds tck fkijtc mb tck pfliidij cmrdzmi.

^ck lilfysds ds dffustrltkn di tck bmffmwdij tlgfk8

Fkttdij _(I_R(<?%) ≫ ?) 1 _(X ≫ z), wk clvk _(X ≫ -2.?>52) 1 < - _(X ≫ -2.?>52) 1 <.^ckrkbmrk, tck divkstakit wdff lfwlys gk prmbdtlgfk.

Tklr (`) K(B` ) UN (_/B, <?%, `)7

R(B` )

? -$3,???,???

< $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.372> $;<,2;7,347,;2<.43

7 $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.235? $>7,233,5>?,42?.57

5 $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.;2>; $5;,7:4,27?,273.52> $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.>22; $74,<;2,:<<,725.<<

; $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.53;; $7>,?42,>;;,;34.5;

2 $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.5<32 $<4,4<>,>72,<?2.4?

: $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.7255 $<2,>;3,7?5,54>.<5

3 $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.7<:2 $<5,2?<,37?,432.33

4 $<,:;?,??? $7;?,??? ?.<:44 $<<,7><,<:>,524.55

<? $7,;??,??? $7;?,??? ?.<>32 $4,74?,772,:;<.;<

K(I_R) $5,?>7,<>4.4?

R(I_R) $7;5,5:4,3:7,2<<.32

UN(I_R) $;?5,523.;5z -2.?>52



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-<?

<<.7<e ^ck rksufts mb tck Amitk Elrfm sdaufltdmi lrk dffustrltkn di tck bmffmwdij cdstmjrla. ^cksdaufltdmi wls rui wdtc <,??? dtkrltdmis lin l bdxkn rlinma iuagkr skkn.

^ck akli I_R wls $5,?<:,7;?, wcdfk tck stlinlrn nkvdltdmi wls $>3:,72;.4. ^ckadidaua lin alxdaua I_R wkrk $<,7>;,:2> lin $>,2;2,?>2, rkspketdvkfy. [sdij tckakli lin stlinlrn nkvdltdmi, z 1 -2.<477. ^cus, _(X ≫ -2.<477) 1 <- _(X ≫ -2.<477) 1 <.

<<.77 ^ruk

<<.75 Blfsk0 tck lftkriltdvk prkbkrrkn wcki usdij tck plygle` pkrdmn aktcmn ds skfnma tck miktclt ds prkbkrrkn wcki usdij ndsemuitkn elsc bfmw aktcmns.

<<.7> ^ruk

<<.7; Blfsk0 dt ds imt lfwlys tck fmwkst emst lftkriltdvk



Eclptkr <7

_rkplrdij, _rkskitdij,

Dapfkakitdij, lin Alditldidij

tck Bledfdtdks _fli



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<-<

Nuk tm tck ilturk mb tck qukstdmis lt tck kin mb Eclptkr <7, liswkrs wdff imt gk prmvdnkn bmr lff.

Di tcmsk elsks wckrk rkspmisks lrk prmvdnkn, dt ds fd`kfy tclt mtckr, kqulffy lpprmprdltk, liswkrs

eli gk nkvdskn. ^ck purpmsk di prmvdndij rkspmisks ds imt tm prmvdnk tck liswkr, gut tm prmvdnk

li liswkr tclt wdff stdaufltk eflss ndseussdmi.

UKE^DMI <7.7

<7.< ^cds ds li mpki-kinkn qukstdmi0 rkspmisk nkpkins mi emursk fmeltdmi.

<7.7 Lkstcktdes lrk dapmrtlit di bledfdtdks pfliidij, sdiek uskrs— lttdtunks wdff gk dibfukieknjrkltfy gy lkstcktde lspkets mb tck bledfdty.

Hust ls dt wmufn gk dilpprmprdltk tm pfli l

bledfdty smfkfy mi tck glsds mb lkstcktdes, sm ds dt dilpprmprdltk tm djimrk lkstcktdes di

bledfdtdks pfliidij.

<7.5 Emaputkr-ldnkn flymut amnkfs eli gk uskn di rkjdmilf lin edty pfliidij. Emaputkr-ldnkn

flymut amnkfs eli gk uskn tm nktkradik tck fmeltdmis mb tck bledfdty rkfltdvk tm tck

fmeltdmis mb tck ldrpmrt, rldf stltdmi, trlispmrtltdmi cugs, ndstrdgutdmi ekitkrs,aliubleturdij pflis, lin eustmakrs. Lftcmujc smak emaputkr-ldnkn flymut amnkfs lrk

amrk lakilgfk tcli mtckrs tm pkrbmradij tcds typk lilfysds, tcky lrk imt rkstrdetkn tm usk

wdtcdi l bledfdty.

<7.> 7-N flymuts lrk supkrdmr tm 5-N flymuts wcki emisdnkrdij cmrdzmitlf clinfdij

lftkriltdvks, sdiek tck vkrtdelf ndakisdmi ds imt l bletmr. 5-N flymuts eli gk ndbbdeuft tm

kvlfultk wcki akzzlidiks lin mtckr vkrtdelf mgstruetdmis lrk di pflek.

Di lssdjidij gdis lfmij li ldsfk, mify tck fkijtc mb tck ldsfk lin tck ckdjct mb tck stmrljk

blek ikkn tm gk rkprkskitkn0 tck nkptc mb tck stmrljk bleks wdff imt gk l bletmr, sdiek tcky

wdff gk uidbmra.

<7.; ^crkk lftkriltdvks wdff gk emisdnkrkn8 s`ktecks, tkapfltks, lin emaputkr jrlpcdes.

U`ktecks eli gk jkikrltkn spmitlikmusfy mi-sdtk mr di akktdijs wdtc uskrs, pfliikrs, linaliljkrs0 tcky lrk klsy tm jkikrltk, rkqudrdij im spkedlf kqudpakit.

Di jkikrlf, s`ktecks

lrk gkst uskn di prkfdadilry ndseussdmis lin fkin tckaskfvks tm rmujc-eut lilfysks.

^kapfltks lrk uskbuf di rkprkskitdij nrlbt mr bdilf flymut pflis. ^cky eli gk rkprmnuekn

lin edreufltkn tm lpprmprdltk plrtdks bmr bkkngle`0 tcky eli gk alr`kn up gy mpkrltdij

lin mtckr pkrsmiikf wcm adjct imt clvk leekss tm mr bladfdlrdty wdtc emaputkr jrlpcdes.

Emaputkr-jkikrltkn flymuts rkqudrk gmtc clrnwlrk lin smbtwlrk elplgdfdty. Di jkikrlf,

emaputkr jrlpcdes wmufn gk tck prkbkrrkn aktcmn mb jkikrltdij nrlbt lin bdilf flymut

pflis, sdiek eclijks eli gk alnk tm tck flymut klsdfy, smfutdmis eli gk trlisbkrrkn

kfketrmidelffy tm mtckr fmeltdmis, lin tckrk ds im ikkn tm stmrk flrjk Ayflr mr plpkrrkprkskitltdmis mb tck flymut.

<7.2 5-N lpprmlecks lrk uskbuf wcki tck tcdrn ndakisdmi pflys l rmfk di tck bledfdty pfli. Bmr

kxlapfk, wcki emaplrdij li mvkrckln amimrldf wdtc li LJR, dt ds dapmrtlit tm




vdsulfdzk tck vkrtdelf ndakisdmi. Fd`kwdsk, di emaplrdij emivkitdmilf stmrljk wdtc cdjc-

rdsk stmrljk, clvdij l 5-N rkprkskitltdmi mb tck stmrljk bledfdty eli prmvk gkikbdedlf di

emaauideltdij tck gkikbdts (lin fdadtltdmis) mb cdjc-rdsk stmrljk.

Di tkras mb tck vlrdmus mptdmis tclt eli gk uskn tm jkikrltk 5-N rkprkskitltdmis mb tck

bledfdty pfli (gfme` amnkfs, selfk amnkfs, lin emaputkr amnkfs), gfme` amnkfs lrk uskbufdi prkfdadilry nksdji, plrtdeuflrfy wcki im nkedsdmi cls gkki alnk ls tm tck spkedbdeamnkf mb l alecdik mr kvki typk mb alecdik tclt wdff gk lssdjikn tm l plrtdeuflr fmeltdmi0

gfme` amnkfs, di tcds elsk, adjct gk uskn tm dindeltk tck jkikrlf fmeltdmi mb l alecdik.

Uelfk amnkfs wmufn gk uskn lt tck pmdit tclt alecdik skfketdmis clvk gkki alnk lin

bdilf fmeltdmis lrk gkdij nktkradikn. ^ck usk mb selfk amnkfs cls tkinkn tm nkefdik di tck

plst nkelnk, nuk tm tck emst mb lequdrdij lin alditldidij tck 5-N selfk amnkf.

Emaputkr amnkfs lrk jldidij di pmpuflrdty gkelusk mb tck klsk mb amndbdeltdmis mb gmtc

tck flymut lin tck 5-N rkprkskitltdmi mb tck dindvdnulf alecdiks. Mb emursk, 5-N

emaputkr amnkfs lrk stdff gkdij skki mi l 7-N amidtmr.

^ck pmwkr mb tck 5-N emaputkramnkf ds tclt dt eli gk rmtltkn lin vdkwkn lt liy lijfk mb ditkrkst tm tck bledfdty pfliikr.

Lftcmujc eurrkitfy tck emst mb kitkrdij tck emaputkr amnkf lrkil eli gk prmcdgdtdvk bmr

rkfltdvkfy salff lin dibrkqukit bledfdtdks pfliidij letdvdtdks, dt ds litdedpltkn tclt tck

pmwkr mb 5-N emaputkr amnkfs wdff dierklsk lin prdeks wdff nkerklsk di tck buturk tm tck pmdit tclt liy skrdmus bledfdtdks pfliidij wdff meeur usdij emaputkr amnkfs.

<7.: Eurrkitfy, tck ditkjrltdmi mb emaputkr jrlpcdes wdtc emaputkr-ldnkn flymut tkecidquks dsleemapfdsckn gy l cuali ditkrblek.

Dt wmufn gk uskbuf tm clvk l smbtwlrk ple`ljk tclt

emagdiks tck gkst bklturks mb nkserdptdvk lin prkserdptdvk emaputkr flymut smbtwlrk. Ls

imtkn di Eclptkr 2, kbbmrts lrk uinkr wly tm nkvkfmp smbtwlrk ple`ljks tclt diemrpmrltk

kxpkrt amnkfs wdtc emaputkr jrlpcdes elplgdfdtdks.

[itdf suec tdak ls tck ditkjrltdmi meeurs di l smbtwlrk ple`ljk, tck cuali nksdjikr wdff

gk rkqudrkn tm tl`k tck mutput brma l emaputkr-ldnkn flymut tkecidquk lin diput dt ditm lemaputkr jrlpcdes ple`ljk.

^ck ELF amnkf eli stdaufltk tck cuali nksdjikr tm

rkprkskit vdl emaputkr jrlpcdes vlrdmus lftkriltdvk flymuts.

<7.3 Gfme` tkapfltks mr amnkfs scmufn gk uskn wcki tck tdak lin kxpkisk mb jkikrltdij

emitmur tkapfltks lin amnkfs ds imt hustdbdkn. Wkjlrnfkss mb wcdec lpprmlec ds tl`ki, dt ds

dapmrtlit bmr tck bledfdtdks pfli tm gk vdkwkn ls prmbkssdmilf. Nmi—t gk pkiiy-wdsk lin

nmfflr-bmmfdsc di ecmmsdij tck aktcmn mb nkpdetdij tck bledfdtdks pfli. Lt tck slak tdak,tck divkstakit rkqudrkn tm ‖skff‑ tck bledfdtdks pfli scmufn gk hustdbdkn di tck slak wly

mtckr divkstakits lrk hustdbdkn. Db tck pkrekdvkn gkikbdts mb usdij amrk rkbdikn amnkfs nm

imt mbb-skt tck emsts mb usdij tcka, tcki ‖`kkp dt sdapfk!‑ ^ck ecmdek nkpkins mi tck

lppfdeltdmi lin tck lundkiek.

<7.4 Wksklrec qukstdmi. ^ck rkspmisk wdff nkpkin mi tck rksufts mb tck stunkit's wkg sklrec.

<7.<? ^ck rkspmisk nkpkins mi tck pkmpfk ditkrvdkwkn.




<7.<< ^ck rkspmisk nkpkins mi tck pkmpfk ditkrvdkwkn.

UKE^DMI <7.5

<7.<7 L auftdakndl prkskitltdmi eli kagmny lidaltdmi wdtc sdaufltdmi, ls wkff ls bdfa efdps

mb tck vlrdmus kqudpakit tclt wdff gk uskn di tck bledfdty.

Nkpkindij mi tck plrtdeuflrlppfdeltdmi, lftkriltdvk pltcs eli gk prmvdnkn tm tck vdkwkr di lnnrkssdij qukstdmirkjlrndij tck bledfdtdks pfli.

Zk eli vdsulfdzk tck usk mb auftdakndl di diemrpmrltdij

emaputkr-ldnkn flymut tkecidquks wdtc emaputkr jrlpcdes amnkfs mb tck bledfdty.

<7.<5 Daprmvkakits di vdrtulf rklfdty lin cmfmjrlpcde tkecimfmjdks lrk kxpketkn tm trlisbmra

tck prmekss mb bledfdtdks pfliidij. Daprmvkakits di emaputdij pmwkr lin spkkns wdff gk

suec tclt alssdvk mptdadzltdmi prmgfkas wdff gk smfvkn di tck bledfdtdks pfliidij prmekss.

Di tck buturk, rltckr tcli pfli l flrjk, emapfkx bledfdty, dt ds fd`kfy tclt tck pfli wdff gk bmr

l flrjk, emapfkx vdrtulf bledfdty. Zdtc daprmvkn emaauideltdmi, prmxdadty ds fd`kfy tm gk

fkss mb l bletmr di bledfdtdks pfliidij0 buietdmis wdff gk ndstrdgutkn tcrmujcmut tck wmrfn.

UKE^DMI <7.>

<7.<> Bdvk lnndtdmilf rklsmis bmr pkmpfk rksdstdij eclijk.l. prkvdmus eclijks ndn imt prmnuek tck prmadskn gkikbdts

g. l cdstmry mb aliljkakit gy tck ‖bln mb tck amitc,‑ elusdij s`kptdedsa rkjlrndij liy

eclijkse. ZDDBA bletmr (‖wclt—s di dt bmr ak=‑) cls imt gkki lnnrksskn

n. tcmsk gkdij ls`kn tm eclijk wkrk tck lutcmrs mb tck eurrkit aktcmns

k. l scmrt-tkra rkwlrn systka ds gkdij uskn, lin tck prmpmskn eclijk wdff imt prmnuek

aklsurlgfk gkikbdts bmr skvkrlf yklrs

<7.<; Bdvk lnndtdmilf wlys tm mvkremak rksdstliek tm eclijk.

l. scmw vdnkm tlpks lin bdfas mb lppfdeltdmis mb tck prmpmskn eclijk di mtckr fmeltdmis g. tl`k `ky kapfmykks mi tmurs mb bledfdtdks wckrk tck eclijks clvk gkki dapfkakitkn

sueekssbuffy

e. dapfkakit tck eclijk di l pdfmt pflit skttdij tm jldi kxpkrdkiek di l fdadtkn skttdijn. gkjdi skffdij eclijk lt tck stlrt mb tck prmhket, rltckr tcli lt tck kin

k. divmfvk lt tck mutskt mb tck pfliidij prmekss tcmsk wcma ymu gkfdkvk wdff gk amst

rksdstlit tm tck eclijk0 dt ds plrtdeuflrfy dapmrtlit tm divmfvk cmurfy pkrsmiikf lin

bdrst- lin skemin-fkvkf supkrvdsmrs di tck klrfy stljks mb tck pfliidij prmekss.

Lfsm, db li kivdrmiakit mb trust ds erkltkn suec tclt kapfmykks lrk imt lbrldn tcky wdff

fmsk tckdr hmgs mr kapfmyakit, tcki rksdstliek wdff gk auec fkss. Db lt lff pmssdgfk, kisurk

tclt tck eclijks wdff gk alnk tm daprmvk tck qulfdty mb fdbk mb tck pkrsmiikf lbbketkn gytck eclijk.

<7.<2 ^ck rkspmisk nkpkins mi tck aliubleturdij bledfdty ecmski.



Liswkrs tm _rmgfkas lt tck Kin mb Eclptkr << <<->

<7.<: ^ck rkspmisk nkpkins mi tck imi-aliubleturdij bledfdty ecmski.

<7.<3 ^ck rkspmisk nkpkins mi tck uidvkrsdty (lin, fd`kfy, tck spkedbde fdgrlry mi tclt elapus).

facilities planning,tompkins ,a. white,a. bozer, tanchoco,4ed solution manual

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