Are religions the causesof wars, or the voicesfor peace?

he conse- quen es f hatred.

What If

When Lincoln was elected in 1860, South Carolina issued its “Declaration of the Causes of Secession.” They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Coincidently, the Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands, but was defeated. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states, northern and southern interests. One of the provisions was the fugitive slave act. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave…Was Lincoln singularly responsible for the War Between the States? No, but what if…

What If

What IfRadical Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November 1917 and subsequently supported attempts to set up similar regimes elsewhere, with brief success in Hungary and Bavaria. This caused many central and western Europeans to fear that a violent Communist revolution would overwhelm their own countries. Beginning in 1919 the victorious Entente Powers established a cordon sanitaire of border states on Russia’s western frontier in the hope of containing Communism within Russia. Both Italian and German fascism were in part a reaction to international communist socialist uprisings, in conjunction with nationalist fears of the Slavic empire. A further factor in Germany was the success of Freikorps (voluntary paramilitary groups of discharged soldiers) in crushing the Bolshevik Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich in 1919. Many of these veterans became early components of the Nazis’ SA, which would be the party’s troops in the street warfare with the Communist armed militia in the decade before 1933. The street violence would help shift moderate opinion towards the need for Germany to find an anti-Communist strongman to restore stability to German life. What if the threat of Communism wasn’t present in Europe. What if Slavic communism did not present a threat to European nationalism?

For more than 30 years, FACING HISTORY has believed that education is the key to combating bigotry and nurturing democracy. Through a rigorous investigation of the events that led to the Holocaust, as well as other recent examples of genocide and mass violence, students in a Facing History class learn to combat prejudice with compassion, indifference with participation, and myth and misinformation with knowledge. We work

with educators throughout their careers to improve their effective- ness in the classroom, as well as their students’ academic performance

and civic learning. At the heart of our work is the resource book Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior, which explores the consequences of hatred. Facing History’s 55 resources and original publications help students and educators all over the world learn to recognize bigotry and indifference. Through our guides and teaching methods, students are introduced to individuals who have shown courage and compassion throughout history in the face of injustice, and see that their own daily choices can have major impacts and perhaps even be a critical link to a safer future.

with educators throughout their careers to improve their effective- ness in the classroom, as well as their students’ academic performance

With workshops, Facing History engages potential educators to teach civic responsibility, tolerance, and social action to young people as a way of fostering moral adulthood. If we do not educate students for dignity and equity, then we have failed both them and ourselves.

With workshops, Facing History engages potential educators to teach civic responsibility, tolerance, and social action to young people as a way of fostering moral adulthood. If we do not educate students for dignity and equity, then we have failed both them and ourselves.

Facing History's

impact in supporting teachers’ effectiveness and promoting students’ academic development and civic learning has been demonstrated in more than 100 studies by independent researchers and Facing History evaluators.

The systematic and violent removal of undesired ethnic groups from a given territory.How is history shaped by hatred, indifference, and denial, as well as by caring, compassion, and responsibility? Using Facing History’s unique sequence of study, teachers will explore the range of choices that led to the failure of democracy and ultimately the murder of millions of Jews and other targeted groups. The seminar investigates the complexities of human behavior, judgment, memory, and how individuals can make a difference in the world today. During the United States civil rights movement, everyday Americans challenged their government

The systematic and violent removal of undesired ethnic groups from a given

and communities to live up to their promises of equality and justice. Studying this important era in American history highlights the power of civic participation in a democratic society, the role of non-violence in social movements, the

territory.significance of voting rights, the tensions between state and local control, the capacity of the courts to address injustice, and the ways in which different groups define national and community membership.

WarWarThe Bolsheviks of 1917 were now the Soviets of 1945

War

25The discussion by 25 exceptionally bright students moderated by Joel Margulies with renowned experts will provide an incredible forum for intense discussion.Those attending will earn CERTIFICATION to host future debates and deliver course curricula. FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES

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