factorial designs: a visual approach
DESCRIPTION
Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach. No numbers!. Research design explained. This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420 of Research designed explained. This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420 of Research designed explained . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach
No numbers!
Research design explained
![Page 2: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 467 of Research designed explained.
![Page 3: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420 of Research designed explained.
• In that study, all participants read 60 statements aloud. These statements were presented as a Powerpoint slide show.
![Page 4: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420 of your text.
• In that study, all participants read 60 statements aloud. These statements were presented as a Powerpoint slide show.
• However, not all slide shows were the same.
![Page 5: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420.
• In that study, all participants read 60 statements aloud. These statements were presented as a Powerpoint slide show.
• However, not all slide shows were the same. • Some slide shows presented negative statements
(e.g., “I feel a little low today”), whereas other slide shows presented positive statements (e.g., “I feel pretty good today”). Thus, some participants read positive statements, whereas others read negative statements.
![Page 6: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• This tutorial is based on the example study described on page 420.
• In that study, all participants read 60 statements aloud. These statements were presented as a Powerpoint slide show.
• However, not all participants read the same 60 statements. Some read positive statements (e.g., “I feel pretty good today, though”), whereas others read negative statements (e.g., “However, I feel a little low today”).
• In addition, the slide shows varied in how fast they presented the statements. Some slide shows presented the statements at a fast rate; others presented the statements at a slow rate. Thus, some participants had to read and say the statements at a fast pace; the other participants did so at a slow pace.
![Page 7: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Visually, we can diagram the design as follows:
Participants
Negative statements Positive statements
Slow SlowFast Fast
![Page 8: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• In short, participants saw one of four slide shows:
1. Slow paced, negative statements show
2.2. FastFast paced, negative statements show
3. Slow paced, positive statements show
4.4. FastFast paced, positive statements show
![Page 9: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Thus, the experimenters varied two things:
1. Pace of the slide show (slow or fastfast) and
2. Type of statement (negative or positive)
![Page 10: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• For the purpose of this tutorial, imagine that participants rated their mood on the following scale.
Unhappy Happy
![Page 11: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Thus, a darker color represents a darker mood, and a lighter color represents a lighter mood.
Unhappy Happy
InteractionsInteractions
![Page 12: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• As you can see from the next slide, this scale allows us to average participants responses without using numbers.
Unhappy Happy
![Page 13: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Color 1 Color 2Average of Colors 1 & 2
(Black) (Black) (Black)
(Gray) (Gray) (Gray)
(White) (White) (White)
(Black) (White) (Gray)
![Page 14: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Now, let’s look at some possible results.
![Page 15: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Now, let’s look at some possible results.
• Let’s start with the manipulations having no effect.
![Page 16: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Suppose we observed no effect for any of the slide shows: Regardless of condition, everyone ended up in a good (light) mood.
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
![Page 17: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Because type of statement does not matter, we could combine the results from the negative and positive statements, like this:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative statements and positive statements
![Page 18: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Alternatively, because presentation speed does not matter, we could combine (collapse) the results from the slow and fast statements, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative statements
Positive statements
![Page 19: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Finally, because neither presentation speed nor statement type matter, we could combine (collapse) the results into one box, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative statements and positive statements
![Page 20: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Suppose we observed no effect for any of the slide shows: Regardless of condition, everyone ended up in a bad (dark) mood.
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
![Page 21: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Because type of statement does not matter, we could combine (collapse) the results from the negative and positive statements, like this:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative statements and positive statements
![Page 22: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Alternatively, because presentation speed does not matter, we could collapse the results from the
slow and fast statements, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative statements
Positive statements
![Page 23: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Finally, because neither presentation speed nor statement type matter, we could combine (collapse) the results into one box, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative statements and positive statements
![Page 24: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Suppose we observed no effect for any of the slide shows: Regardless of condition, everyone ended up in a neutral (gray) mood.
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
![Page 25: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Because type of statement does not matter, we could collapse the results from the negative and positive statements, like this:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative and positive statements
![Page 26: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Alternatively, because presentation speed does not matter, we could collapse the results from the slow and fast statements, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative statements
Positive statements
![Page 27: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Finally, because neither presentation speed nor statement type matter, we could combine (collapse) the results into one box, like this:
Slow and fast presentations
Negative and
positive statements
![Page 28: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• In the next 4 slides, let’s look at the case in which positive statements help mood more than negative statements.
• This would be called a “statement main effect.”
![Page 29: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Negative Statements
Positive Statements
Slow and Fast Presentations
Suppose the only effect was that positive statements had a more positive effect on mood than negative statements.(Slide 1 of 4)
![Page 30: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Suppose positive statements have a more positive effect on mood than negative statements (Slide 2 of 4)
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
![Page 31: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Suppose positive statements have a more positive effect on mood than negative statements (Slide 3 of 4)
Slow speed Fast speed Statement Averages
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Negative
Positive
On average, participants getting negative statements are in a darker mood than those getting positive statements, suggestingan effect for statement type.
![Page 32: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Suppose positive statements have a more positive effect on mood than negative statements(Slide 4 of 4)
Slow speed Fast speed Statement Averages
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speed Averages
Negative
FastSlow
Positive
On average, participants getting the slow slide show are in the same mood than as getting the fast show, suggestingno effect for speed of presentation.
![Page 33: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• In the next 4 slides, let’s look at the case in which fast presentation of statements boosts mood more than slow presentation of statements.
• This would be called a “presentation speed main effect.”
![Page 34: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Slow speed Fast speed
Speed has the same effect for both positive and negative statements
PositiveStatements
NegativeStatements
Statements presented quickly seem to boost mood more than statements presented slowly (Slide 1 of 4)
![Page 35: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Statements presented quickly seem to boost mood more than statements presented slowly (Slide 2 of 4)
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
![Page 36: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Average of slow and fast speeds
Statements presented quickly seem to boost mood more than statements presented slowly (Slide 3 of 4)
Slow Fast
On average, participants getting the slow slide show are in the darker mood than those getting the fast show, suggestingan effect for speed of presentation.
![Page 37: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Slow speed Fast speed Average for negative and positive statements
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Average of slow and fast speeds
Statements presented quickly seem to boost mood more than statements presented slowly (Slide 4 of 4)
Slow FastDifferent
Sam
e
Negative
Positive
![Page 38: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Now, let’s look at some interactions. In an interaction, a treatment’s effect in one condition is different from its effect in another condition.
![Page 39: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Sometimes, interactions occur because a treatment has one effect in one condition, but the opposite effect in another condition. For example, some medications can have positive effects under certain circumstances, but negative effects under others.
![Page 40: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Mood lightens (+)
Mood darkens (-)
Speeding up the pace improves mood in the negative statements condition,
but worsens mood in the positive statements condition.
![Page 41: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the paceworsens mood in the negative statements condition,
but improves mood in the positive statements condition.
Mood lightens (+)
Mood darkens (-)
![Page 42: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Sometimes, interactions occur because a treatment has an effect in one condition, but no effect in another condition.
![Page 43: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has no effect on mood in the negative statements condition, but improves mood in the positive statements condition.
Mood lightens (+)
Mood does not change (0)
![Page 44: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has no effect on mood in the negative statements condition, but improves mood in the positive statements condition.
Mood does not change (0)
Mood lightens (+)
![Page 45: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has darkens mood in the negative statements condition, but has no effect on mood in the positive statements condition.
Mood does not change (0)
Mood darkens (-)
![Page 46: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has darkens mood in the negative statements condition, but has no effect on mood in the positive statements condition.
Mood does not change (0)
Mood darkens (-)
![Page 47: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Sometimes, interactions occur because a treatment has more of an effect in one condition than in another.
![Page 48: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has lightens mood slightly in the negative statements condition, but lightens mood considerably in the positive statements condition.
Mood lightens greatly (++)
Mood lightens slightly (+)
![Page 49: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Interaction:
Slow speed Fast speed
Negative Statements
Positive statements
Speeding up the pace has darkens mood greatly in the negative statements condition, but darkens mood slightly in the positive statements condition.
Mood darkens slightly (-)
Mood darkens greatly (--)
![Page 50: Factorial Designs: A Visual Approach](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5681469a550346895db3b271/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
END