Factors Affecting Adoption of Smallholder Timber and NTFP

Management Practices by Farmers in Three Regions of Indonesia

Gerhard Sabastian, Amirah Yumn, James Roshetko, Philip Manalu, Aulia Perdana, Endri Martini, Ani Adiwinata

Outline of presentation

• Rationale and objectives• Site description of three regions• Research design and data analysis• Findings:

– Characteristics of the two farmer categories– Logistic regression models in mixed and individual

regions

• Discussion

Self-interest to succeed• Farmers know their land• Positive species selection• Plant the number of trees & crops they can manage

Rationale and objectives

• Indonesia• Philippines• Bangladesh• Sri Lanka• ….

‘Agroforestation’ in Asia … establishment of agroforestrysystems … implies land rehabilitation & intensification

Diagram: Meine van Noordwijk

Time

Why do farmers plant trees and other crops?• Household needs• Market demand• Tradition • Commitment to conservation

Natural Forests

DeforestationAgroforestation

• Limited resources & access to silviculturalmanagement (germplasm, pruning, thinning and intercropping) impacted to low productivity of smallholder agroforestry systems

Objectives:• Understand the characteristics of household and

farm from two farmer categories (who did and did not)

• Examine the determinant factors of household and farm characteristics affecting farmers in adoption of silvicultural practices for timber & NTFPs

Rationale and objectives (continued)

Site description of three regions

GunungkidulSumbawa Timor Tengah Selatan

Site description of three regionsCharacteristics Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTSTotal area (Ha) 148,536 664,398 395,536Elevation (m a.s.l.) 0 – 700 0 – 1,730 0 – 1250Annual rainfall (mm) 2,100.1 1,631.1 574.5Rain days (days) 89 148 34Population (persons) 680,406 419,989 451,922Paddy fields (% of total area) 5.3 7.4 0.8Homegarden (% of total area) 17.1 0.9

9.1Dryland (% of total area) 44.9 14.8Woodlots (% of total area) 17.2 13.4State forest (% of total area) 9.2 41.9 40.7

Sources:Statistics of Gunungkidul (2013), Sumbawa (2012) and Timor Tengah Selatan (2014)

Smallholder timber and NTFPs production systems in the regions

Woodlots on karst landscape Intercropped teak hedgerows

Timber alley farmingFruit-based multistrata

(Homegarden)Pinang-based garden

Research design and data analysis

• Sources of data & information: Household-baseline study of Kanoppi-ACIAR project

• Total 459 heads of households interviewed• Sampling 30% of the total households of each

selected hamlet and sampling 30%-50% of the total hamlets in each selected village

• Two villages from each region: (i) distance from hamlet to the forest and market, (ii) land use pattern and (iii) the production pattern of timber and NTFPs

• Data analysis: (i) t-test and (ii) Logistic regression models

Findings: Contribution (%) of timber, NTFPs and other crops in on-farm income

Main product categories Commodity crops Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTS

Timber(Harvested from Tree)

Teak, Mahogany, Sonokeling, Acacia,

Gmelina1.78 1.14 0.94

NTFPs(Harvested from Tree & Non-tree)

Sesbania, Candlenut, Wild-honey, Turmeric, Indigo,

Avocado, Bamboos 2.35 20.92 29.83

Timber & NTFPs(Harvested from Tree)

Manggo, Jackfruit, Kapok, Tamarind, Gnetum 0.36 11.27 9.43

Agricultural crops Paddy, Maize, Peanuts, Cassava, Soybean 94.59 38.54 51.97

Plantation crops Coffee, Coconut, Cashew, Citrus, Cacao 0.92 28.13 7.83

Characteristics of the two farmer categories for timber and NTFPs

Variables Unit Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTS Pvalue

Did not(n=99)

Did(n=89)

Did not(n=107)

Did(n=35)

Did not(n=82)

Did(n=47)

Age Year 55.5 54.2 46.0 41.9 50.6 48.5

Literacy skills0: no;1: yes

0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 **

Main job0: off-farm;1: on-farm

0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Education status0: informal;1: formal

0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 **

Extension trainings0: no experience;1: experienced

0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 **

Farmer group0: not involve;1: involved

0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 **

Timber & NTFPsregulation

0: no knowledge;1: knowledgeable

0.5 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 **

On-farm HH labor Person 1.5 1.7 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.4 *

Variables Unit Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTS PvalueDid not

(n=99)Did

(n=89)Did not(n=107)

Did(n=35)

Did not(n=82)

Did(n=47)

On-farm income Million IDR/year 9.1 8.0 34.9 45.4 3.7 6.6

Off-farm income Million IDR/year 8.2 40.0 2.5 3.6 0.7 0.5 *

Market access0: no access;1: accessible

0.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4

Products market specification

0: no knowledge;1: knowledgeable

0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6

Total area owned Hectare 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.2

Number of parcels

Farm 2.8 4.0 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.9 **

Cultivated species Species/farm 2.7 4.0 2.3 3.5 8.1 7.8 **

Distance (farm-forest)

Km 1.1 1.0 7.8 6.6 2.5 1.7 **

Characteristics of the two farmer categories for timber and NTFPs (continued)

Logistic regression models in mixed and individual regions

VariableB-value

Mixed regions

Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTS

Age -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.01Literacy skills 0.17 0.35 0.95 0.35Main job 0.23 -0.14 -0.52 1.13Education status 0.07 -0.27 -0.99 0.08Extension trainings 0.85** 0.60 1.04* 1.43*Farmer group 0.54** 0.51 0.33 0.96*Timber & NTFPs regulation 0.61** 0.49 0.41 0.71On-farm HH labor -0.17 0.22 -0.56** -0.55**

Note: ** significance at 5% level and * at 10% level

Logistic regression models in mixed and individual regions (continued)

Variable B-valueMixed regions

Gunungkidul Sumbawa TTS

On-farm income 0.00* 0.00 0.00 0.00Off-farm income 0.00* 0.00 0.00 0.00Market access -0.20 -0.19 0.52 -1.05*Products market specification -0.01 -1.87 0.90 -0.44

Total area owned -0.03 1.10 0.67 -0.15Number of parcels 0.26** 0.29** -0.14 0.34Cultivated species 0.12** 0.33** 0.18 0.06Distance (farm-forest) -0.00 -0.01 0.05* -0.16

Note: ** significance at 5% level and * at 10% level

Discussion• Strong collaboration among policy makers,

researchers and extension providers:– accelerate the processes of the adoption of

silvicultural practices by farmers– the silvicultural approaches should be centered on

livelihood strategies of farmers (household and farm conditions)

– generate participatory learning process methods for raising awareness and changing perceptions

– develop a various on-farm trial of the silviculturaltechniques

– Improve marketing strategies for farmers by government

Thank you