GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGAURANGABAD

INDIAN CLIMATE

Mr. Pushpraj Suresh Patil(BE14F01F037)

Presented by, Guided by,Prof.Dr.K.A.Patil

CONTENTS• Climatic Controls(1) Latitude(2) Altitude(3) Pressure and wind system(4) Continentality(5) Ocean Currents(6) Relief• Importance of Himalaya• Indian Monsoon(1) Intensive heating at Tibet(2) High pressure at Mascarene High(3) La Nina(4) El-Nino• Water Divide

Indian Political Map

Indian Physical Map

CLIMATIC CONTROLS• Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount

of solar energy received varies according to latitude.

HIGH HEATING LOW HEATINGLOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchh in the west to Mizoram in the east.

Almost half of the country lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area.

All the remaining area, north of the Tropic, lies in the sub – tropics.

• Altitude: As one goes from the surface of the earth

to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases.

India has mountains to the north which have an average elevation of 6000 metres.

India also has a vast coastline area where the maximum elevation is about 30 metres.

The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from central Asia from entering the sub – continent.

It is because of these mountains that this sub – continent experiences comparatively milder winters than central Asia.

• Pressure & wind system : The pressure and wind system of any area

depend on the latitude and altitude of the place. Thus it influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.

The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by the following atmospheric conditions –

pressure and surface winds upper air circulation western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones

• Jet Stream These are a narrow belt of high altitude westerly winds

in the troposphere. These streams are located approximately over 27˚ to

30˚ north latitude, therefore they are called sub tropical westerly jet streams.

Their speed varies from 110 kmph in summer to 184 kmph in winter.

Causes intense cold in winter.

Jet Stream

• Distance from the sea (continentality) : As the distance from the sea increases, its

moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality.

• Ocean currents : Ocean currents along with onshore winds affect the

climate of the area, for example, any coastal area with warm or cold ocean currents flowing past it, will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore.

• Relief : Relief plays a major role in determining

the climate of a place. High mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds ; they may also cause rainfall if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain bearing winds.

Himalayan Formation

Importance of Himalayas:(1) Prevents cold Siberian winds to enter in

India. Hence, does not affect rainfall.(2) India would be desert if Himalaya not there.(3) It is source of perennial rivers which creates

great fertile plains.(4) It has unique bio-diversity.(5) Anthracite Coal- Only place (Kalakot, J&K) in

India where it found.

INDIAN MONSOON

INTENSIVE HEATING OF TIBETIAN PLATEAU• As a vast land mass, Tibetan plateau gets

intensely heated during summer.• It results in strong vertical air currents.• Formation of low pressure over the plateau.

HIGH PRESSURE OVER MADAGASCAR• The presence of the high pressure area ,east of

Madagascar .• The intensity and position of this high pressure

area affects the Indian monsoon.

• During Summer, India -----Low Pressure Indian Ocean------ High Pressure

Moist clouds of rain formed in Indian Ocean flows from high pressure to low pressure i.e. in India.

Hence, rainfall occurs in India.

EL Nino and Na Nina• El Nino and La Nina are opposite phases of what is

known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.

• The ENSO cycle is a scientific term that describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific.

• Southern Oscillation, refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti, south pacific island and Darwin, Australia.

TAHITI DARWINMASCARENE ISLAND

La-Nina• La Niña, “anti-El Niño” or simply “a cold event” is the

cooling of water in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.• Peru Current (Cold current) near Peru• During Normal year, 2 things are Strong (1) Cold Peru Current (2) Trade Winds• As a result the cold water is dragged towards Australia.• Water region around Australia becomes low pressure

called Western Pacific Pool.• Due to this, warm air ascends, it form clouds and rainfall

over North Australia.• Due to high pressure since air descends at Peru, there is

drought in Atacama Desert.

• So, in a way 2 cycles are created.(1) Below the water ----- From Peru to Australia(2) Above the water ----- From Australia to Peru

• It is good for India as it causes good rainfall.

EL-NINO • Two things become weak

(1) Cold Peru Current(2) Trade WindsAs a result cold water is not dragged from Peru

to Australia.But reverse happens.Consequently, Warm Water+ Low Pressure--------- East PacificCold Water + High Pressure--------- West PacificIt occurs every 3-4 years. In theory, it should

occur every 12 years.

Effects of El- Nino:• Rain and floods in Peru, Atacama desert and even Southern USA.• Drought in Northern Australia, Indonesia.• Storms and Hurricanes in East Pacific.• Coral Bleaching (Coral dies because of high temperature).• It also decreases Earth’s rotation rate since it changes the wind pattern. Hence, earth needs to change the speed to conserve its angular momentum of Earth’s Atmospheric System.• Less rainfall in India.

WATER DIVIDE

THANK YOU!!