factors affecting learning. transfer transfer previously learned tasks play a role in learning new...

Factors Affecting Learning

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Factors Affecting Learning

Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks

Positive Transfer Previously learned

responses help learn a new task

Ex: Knowing Spanish can help you learn French

Low-Road Transfer Learned skill used in a

new, but similar setting Ex: Driving someone

else’s car

Negative Transfer Previously learned

responses obstructs learning

Ex: Grammar rules, “I before E except after C” Species.

High-Road Transfer Learned skill used in a

new, and different setting

Ex: Learning to drive a manual transmission having only driven automatic

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/types-of-information-transfer.html

Page 3: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Learning to Learn

Harry Harlow

Animals can learn to learn

Monkey had to find a raisin underneath a lid Always under the same

lid Monkey learned this Changed lids, still under

the same one

Page 4: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Learned BehaviorsLearned

Helplessness

Pain comes no matter the effort

Major cause of depression

College kids and loud music

Learned Laziness

Rewards come without effort

Never learn to work

Page 5: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Learned Helplessness

Seligman sees 3 important elementsStability: helplessness comes from

permanent characteristicBelieving there is nothing you can do to

get good gradesGlobality: specificity of the helplessness

Believing you are no good at psychology, or no good in school

Internality: “where” the problem isBelieving you are no good at psychology,

or I am not a good teacher

Page 6: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Shaping

Reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones

Rewarding small actions to build up to larger ones.

Educational uses

Page 7: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Practice

The repetition of a task

Helps to bind responses together

Causes smooth, fluent movement from response to response

Better to practice over a period of time

Mental practice

Page 8: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Learning Complicated Skills

Most activities are more than single stimulus and response

Shaping shows us what responses are needed

Must be able to put new responses together

Response Chains: responses that follow one another in sequence Brushing your teeth

Response Patterns: combining several response chains Getting ready for bed

Page 9: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Response Chains

Page 10: Factors Affecting Learning. Transfer Transfer Previously learned tasks play a role in learning new tasks Positive Transfer Previously learned responses

Modeling

Group learning – behavior of others increases our chance of joining in on that behaviorStanding ovation

Observational Learning – we watch someone perform a behavior and then later we do it ourselvesLearning to talk

Disinhibition – watch someone engage in threatening activity with no punishments, lose fear of activityPublic speaking

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