factors affecting the detection of a soil moisture signal in field relative gravity measurements
DESCRIPTION
Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements. 1 Adam Smith, 1 Jeffrey Walker , 1 Andrew Western, 1 Kevin Ellett, 1 Rodger Grayson, and 2 Matthew Rodell Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Jeffrey Walker
Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity
MeasurementsMeasurements
1Adam Smith, 1Jeffrey Walker, 1Andrew Western, 1Kevin Ellett, 1Rodger Grayson, and 2Matthew Rodell
1.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia
2. Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/~jwalker/data/gsm/hydrograce.html
Western Pacific AGUGeophysics Meeting, Hawaii
August 2004
![Page 2: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Adam Smith
Why detect soil moisture changes with gravity?
• Has not yet been demonstrated• To give a “low effort” integrated measure of
change in terrestrial water storage (deep soil moisture and groundwater)
• To improve model prediction (via assimilation) of root zone soil moisture
• To aid the development of methods to utilise GRACE gravity data
• Measured in Gal; 1 µ Gal ~ 2.5 cm water OR 2%v/v soil moisture over a 2.5m deep layer
![Page 3: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Adam Smith
Why relative gravity measurements?
• Absolute gravimeters measure gravity by dropping a corner cube
• Cons– Expensive (~ US$300,000)– Difficult transportation (dedicated van)– Long station occupancy (~ 1/2 day)– Field meters have low accuracy (~ 10 µ Gal)
FG5 A10FG5-L
2 µ Gal 50 µ Gal 10 µ Gal
![Page 4: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adam Smith
Why relative gravity measurements?
• Relative gravimeters measure gravity by levitating a sphere in a magnetic field, or spring extension
• Pros– Cheap (relatively!) (~ US$50,000)– Easier transportation (though still an issue...)– Shorter station occupancy (~1 hour)– Field meters have high accuracy (~ 3 µ Gal)
SG CG-3MG
0.01 µ Gal 3 µ Gal 3 µ Gal
![Page 5: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Adam Smith
Site locations
http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/~jwalker/data/oznethttp://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/~jwalker/data/oznet
![Page 6: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Adam Smith
Typical soil moisture site
![Page 7: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings
• Mechanical– Drift
~40 µ Gal/day
392 µ Gal/day linear drift already removed
![Page 8: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings
• Mechanical– Drift– Post-transport stabilisation
Sta
bilis
atio
n ~
25 µ
Gal
1.5 hr
![Page 9: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical
– Drift– Post-transport stabilisation– Internal temperature
![Page 10: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings
• Mechanical• Geodynamical
– Solid earth tides
uncorrected
corrected~100 µ Gal
![Page 11: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical
• Geodynamical– Solid earth tides– Ocean loading
20min moving average
drift removed
![Page 12: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical• Geodynamical
– Solid earth tides– Ocean loading – Earthquakes
![Page 13: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical• Geodynamical• Environmental
– Meteorological: atmospheric pressure
~ 0.3 µ Gal / mbar
![Page 14: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical• Geodynamical• Environmental
– Meteorological: atmospheric pressure
air temperature
wind speed
radiant heating
![Page 15: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical• Geodynamical• Environmental
– Hydrological: streamflow
groundwater and soil moisture
![Page 16: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adam Smith
Factors affecting relative gravity readings• Mechanical• Geodynamical• Environmental• Anthropogenic
– Non-systematic mass distribution– Vibrations– Repositioning of gravimeter (1µ Gal/ 3mm elevation)
![Page 17: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
post transport stabilisation
linear drift
![Page 18: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
car moved right beside meter
linear drift
![Page 19: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
car moved away
linear drift
![Page 20: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
car engine started and left running
linear drift
![Page 21: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
car parked at twice typical distance
linear drift
![Page 22: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
a/c, radio and engine turned off
linear drift
![Page 23: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
enclosure gate opened
linear drift
![Page 24: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
enclosure gate closed
linear drift
![Page 25: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
stopped, relevelled and restarted meter
linear drift
![Page 26: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
tractor drove by & 19 cattle walked up
linear drift
![Page 27: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Adam Smith
Anthropogenic factors
removed and repositioned meter
linear drift
![Page 28: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: insignificant factors
• Gravimeter internal temperature• Earthquakes (at least in Australia)• Air temperature• Wind speed & direction• Non-systematic mass distribution• Low frequency vibrations
![Page 29: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: significant factors
• Gravimeter drift– Tie to bedrock & repeat sites during survey day
Superconducting Gravimeter
Bedrock Site
![Page 30: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: significant factors
• Gravimeter drift• Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter
– Take measurement every 2.5 minutes for more than one hour at each site
![Page 31: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: significant factors
• Gravimeter drift• Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter• Earth tides & ocean loading
– Difference field gravity measurements from superconducting gravimeter measurements
![Page 32: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: significant factors
• Gravimeter drift• Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter• Earth tides & ocean loading• Atmospheric pressure
– Measure with handheld barometer and correct gravity to standard atmosphere
![Page 33: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Adam Smith
Conclusions: significant factors
• Gravimeter drift• Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter• Earth tides & ocean loading• Atmospheric pressure• Levelling
– Stable reference point; periodically optically level
![Page 34: Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/568142dc550346895daf3633/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Thank You!Thank You!
Acknowledgements:
This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant DP0343778