fall 2005 pflugerville isd 6th grade science cite: dunigan/moving_car.gif
TRANSCRIPT
Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
6th Grade Science
Cite: http://revolution.3-cities.com/~dunigan/moving_car.gif
Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Unit 1Matter and Motion
Chapter 2: The Properties of MatterSection 1: What Is Matter?Section 2: Describing Matter
Chapter 3: States of MatterReview the States of Matter
Chapter 4: Matter in MotionSection 1: Measuring MotionSection 2: What is Force?Section 3: Friction: A Force That Opposes MotionSection 4: Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What is Matter?
• Cite: http://www.magicaweb.com/alienplaces/ice/ice4.jpg
Cite: http://www.bridgebuilder.plus.com/galleries/html02/images/Plasma-gems.jpg
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What Do You Think?
What is Matter?Chapter 2 Section 1
What is matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Matter is everything that has mass and volume.
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Matter takes up space. This is known as volume.No item can take up the space of another object.
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Let’s prove that no object can take up the space of another object.1. Crumple a piece of paper and tightly fit it in the bottom of a clear plastic cup.2. Turn the cup upside down and lower the cup in a bucket of water. 3. Why didn’t the paper get wet?
What is Matter?
Activity
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Liters and milliliters express volume of liquids.
Use a graduated cylinder to measure volume.
Measure the meniscus or the bottom of the curve.
What is Matter?
Cite: http://www.morrisonlabs.com/images/volumexamples/662meniscus.jpg
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
To practice finding volume go to the following website: http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~gaines79/powerpoint_files/frame.htm
Activity
What is Matter?
See speak note for lab.
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Solid Volume is expressed in cubic units- cm3
Volume= length x width x height. 1 cm
1 cm
1cm
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Measuring the Volume of Solids
Follow the step to find the volume of a solid.
1. Record your volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder.2. Drop in a solid object.3. The water level will rise.4. Record new level of water.5. Find the difference between the old water level and the new water level. 6. Record the volume of the solid in units cubed.7. This is known as displacement.
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What is Matter?
Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of.
Mass is expressed in units of grams (g) and milligrams (mg).
Cite: http://www.arborsci.com/images/Triple_beam.jpg
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Mass is the matter an object is made up of.
Mass is constant.
Mass is found using a balance.
Mass is measured in mg, g, kg.
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Weight is due to gravitational force.
Weight varies in relationship to the Earth.
Weight is found using a spring scale.
Weigh is measured in newtons.
What is Matter?
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
2. How is volume measured? How is mass measured?
Let’s Review
Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Volume of a liquid is measured using a graduated cylinder.
Volume of a solid can be measured by
• l x w x h or by displacement.
Mass of an object is measured by using a balance.
Answer
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
How Can Matter Be Measured and Compared?
If you had to describe an orange to someone who had never seen an orange,
what would you tell the person?
What Do You Think?
Describing Matter
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Describing Matter
Physical properties of matter can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.
Cite: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/matter_states1.jpg
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Examples of Physical Properties
Color DuctilityOdor MalleabilityThermal ConductivityDensity SolubilityStateTouch
Describing Matter
See speaker notes for more examples.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Density is the amount of matter in a given space.
Density =Mass/Volume
Golf Ball
Ping Pong Ball
Describing Matter
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
In a graduated cylinder, pour in different liquids. See which one goes to the top and which sinks to the bottom.
Describing Matter
Activity
See speaker notes for materials.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Describing Matter
Chemical properties describe matter based on its ability to change into new matter with different properties.
Cite: http://www.woodstone-corp.com/images/animation_fire_window.gif
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Describing Matter
Flammability is the ability to burn.
Oxidation is the reaction with oxygen to form rust.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Physical Changes effect one or more physical properties of a substance.Examples:Freezing water to iceSanding a piece of woodCutting your hairDoesn’t change the identity of the matter.
Describing Matter
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Describing Matter
Chemical change happens when two or more substances are changed into one or more new substances with different properties.
ActivityDrop some effervescent tables in water. How is this a chemical change?
Cite: http://www.ipl.be/private/Chimie/a_voir/archives/cestavoir1/Images/effervescent%20tablets.jpg
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Change of color
Heat
Fizzing or foaming
Production light or sound
Describing Matter
See speaker notes for Core Lab.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Practice some examples of physical and chemical properties:
Describing Matter
http://www.quia.com/jg/320858.html
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Density is mass/volume.
Determine the density of an unknown substance and use a graphing calculator to analyze data taken in a laboratory.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
1. Classify each of the following properties as either physical orchemical: reacts with water,
dissolves in oil, is blue, and doesn’treact with hydrogen.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Reacts with water- chemical
Dissolves in oil- physical
Is blue- physical
Doesn’t react with hydrogen- chemical
Answer
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
2. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas can chemically combine to make water. How do the physical and chemical properties of
the original substances (hydrogen and oxygen) differ from those of the new
substance (water)?
Let’s Review
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Hydrogen and oxygen are colorless gases and are not very dense.
Hydrogen is flammable and oxygen enables substances to burn.
Water is a liquid, is denser than the two gases, and is not flammable.
Answer
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
3. Using one physical property, classify the following substance as a group: water, oil, mercury,
and alcohol.
Let’s Review
Chapter 2 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Accept any reasonable answer:
All are liquid at room temperature.
Answer
Chapter 3 Review Only Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
States of Matter
Cite: http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/graphics.states/4states2.jpg
Chapter 3 Review Only Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What Are Three States of Matter?
What are the four states of matter?
What Do You Think?
States of Matter
Chapter 3 Review Only Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Click here to review the four states of matter and their properties.
Develop a concept map with the four states of matter and their properties.
States of Matter
Chapter 3 Review Only Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Describe the characteristics of the primary three states of matter and observe matter moving from one state to another.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What Are Three States of Matter?
How is motion measured?
What Do You Think?
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The object that appears to stay in place is a reference.
When the object changes position in relation to a reference point over a period of time, the object is in motion.
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Earth surface
Buildings
Trees
Mountains
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The rate at which an object moves is speed. Speed depends on distance and time.
Units used for speed= m/s, km/h,
s= d/t
Measuring Motion
See speaker notes for Core Lab
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Velocity is the speed of an object in a particular direction.5km/h northVelocity = Speed + directionHow does speed and velocity differ??
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Constant Velocity is if the speed and direction don’t change. It will follow a straight line.
Change in velocity will occur if the speed or direction change= 5km/h south to 10 km/h south.
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Resultant Velocity is combining two velocities.
When two velocities are moving in the same direction- add them together.When two velocities are moving in different directions- subtract.
Measuring Motion
See speaker notes for examples.
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.
Increase in speed= positive acceleration
Decrease in speed = deceleration Slow down
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The formula for average acceleration is
Acceleration= Final Velocity – Starting Velocity Time it takes to change velocity
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Acceleration.png
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
You are always moving because the Earth is always moving.
Centripetal acceleration is acceleration that occurs in circular motion.
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Energy is the ability to work.Potential Energy is the energy an object has because of its shape or position.Kinetic energy is energy in motion.
Explain the potential and kinetic energy in the picture below.
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Let’s practice some with speed and acceleration
Click here
Measuring Motion
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
A graph is a mathematical representation of a real life situation. Using the graphing calculator, explore the concepts of distance, time and velocity through physical motion.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
A reference point is an object that appears to stay in place relative to another object
that is being observed, and is used to determine if the object being observed is
in motion.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Let’s review
Cite: http://www.halls41.freeserve.co.uk/quiz/GIF/graph6.gif
Graph 1 represents speed or acceleration?
Cite: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Acceleration.png
Graph 2 represents speed or acceleration?
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Graph 1 shows speed
Graph 2 shows acceleration
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
3. What is the difference between speed and velocity?
Let’s review
Chapter 4 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Speed does not include direction, while velocity does.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Where do you see force happening in the room around you.
What Do You Think?
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Force is simply a push or a pull on an object.
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Scientists express force using Newton (N)
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Motion doesn’t need to occur to exert a force on an object.
For example: you sitting in a chair.
(Chair)
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
More than one force can act on an object.
Net force is the force that results from combining all the forces exerted on an object.
For example : moving a piano.
What is Force?
See speaker notes for examples.
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
When the net force is greater than zero - unbalanced force.
Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion.
Soccer - what moves the ball? What causes the piano to move?
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
When the net force is zero the object doesn’t move.
–Light hanging from ceiling
–birds nest in a tree
–hat resting on your head
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What can force do?1. change the position of an object2. change the speed of an object3. change the direction of an object.
What is Force?
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What is Force?
and look at the following situations and try to work out what would happen with the balanced and unbalanced forces.
Click here
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the initial force applied to it. Test the strength of different materials by applying compressive, tensile, and sheer force.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. Explain the differences between balanced and unbalanced forces, and explain how
each force affects the motion of an object?
Let’s Review
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Unbalanced Forces occur when the net force on an object is not zero, while
balanced forces occur when the net force equals to zero. Unbalanced forces cause
a change in an object’s motion, while balanced forces cause no change.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
2. In the picture, two dogs are playing tug of war. The arrow shows the direction in which the two dogs are moving. Describe how the speed, direction of motion, and position of the dog on the left is changed by the other dog.
Let’s Review
Cite: http://blogranger.typepad.com/photos/family_photos/tug_of_war.jpg
Chapter 4 Section 2 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The speed of the dog on the left is increasing because more force is being
applied by the dog on the left. The direction of motion is to the left. The dog
on the right is moving to the left also.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What Do You Think?
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Why are there signs everywhere at the pool that say “NO RUNNING”?
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching.
What is the force that stops this ball?
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough.
Hills and valleys of one surface stick to the hills and valleys of another.
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Surface of glass
Cite: http://grove.ufl.edu/~bratt/Manatee%20and%20Researches/Fractals/rough%20surface%20of%20%20a%20glass.jpg
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Rougher surfaces create more friction- more hills and valleys
Greater force creates more friction.
Baseball on the grass
Bowling Ball on the grass.
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. Sliding Friction - two objects are sliding across each other.
2. Rolling Friction- object rolling over a surface.
3. Fluid Friction- involves fluids and gases.
4. Static Friction- holds object in place until greater force is applied to move the object.
Rolling Friction
Sliding Friction
Fluid Friction
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Static Friction
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
How can friction be harmful or helpful in a car?
Tires push against the road to move car.
Friction between engine parts wear down parts faster.
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
–To reduce friction use lubricants such as motor oil, wax or grease.
–Use rolling friction instead of sliding friction to make a job easier.
–Make the surface smoother.
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. Make the surfaces rougher.
2. Increase the force- push the surfaces together.
Push down on scrubber to increase friction thus cleaning better.
Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Friction is a force the resists motion. Study the effects of surface smoothness and the nature of materials in contact on sliding friction.
Pre-AP Extension
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. How can friction change the speed of an object?
Let’s Review
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Friction can speed objects up or slow objects down by increasing
or decreasing friction.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
2. Name three common items you might use to increase friction.
Let’s Review
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
3. List the type of friction and explain each.
Let’s Review
Chapter 4 Section 3 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Sliding Friction - two objects are sliding across each other.Rolling Friction- object rolling over a surface. Fluid Friction- involves fluids and gases.Static Friction- holds object in place until greater force is applied to move the object.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
What Do You Think?
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Why is leaping on the moon easier than leaping on Earth?
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Gravity is the force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
Gravity can effect the position of an object or the direction of an object.
Property of NASA
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
All matter is affected by gravity because all matter has mass.
Gravitational force pulls objects toward each other.
Earth’s gravitational force is large thus you must apply force to overcome its gravity.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
There's a big gravity low off the coast of India, where there are thought to be the remains of some old mantle features associated with the plate tectonics of India that led it to collide with the Himalayas. There's a big gravity high in the South Pacific, also thought to be due to mantle structures. Click here to see an image of the Bumpy Earth, an exaggerated map of Earth's gravity field.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Cite: http://www.spacedaily.com/images/gravity-earth-map-bg.jpg
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
The Law of Universal Gravitation states the unbalanced forces are needed to move objects and there is a relationship between gravitation force, mass, and distance.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. Gravitational force increases as mass increases.
2. Gravitational force decreases as distance increases.
Large MassSmall Mass
Sun has a huge gravitational pull.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.
100 grams = 1N
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Mass
–Amount of matter in an object doesn’t change.
Weight
–Changes when gravitational force changes.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Measure the mass and weight of several objects to verify the relationship between mass and weight on the surface of the Earth.
Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Activity
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
1. How does gravity affect the path of the a ball when you throw it?
Let’s Review
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
Gravity pulls the ball downward after the ball leaves your hand.
So the ball travels along a curved path.
Answer
Chapter 4 Section 4 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD
2. How does the distance between objects affect the gravity between
them?
Let’s Review