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WASHINGTON — After federallaw enforcement agents and mili-tary troops lined up for daysagainst protesters outside theWhite House, Mayor Muriel E.Bowser of Washington respondedemphatically on Friday: She hadcity workers paint “Black LivesMatter” in giant yellow lettersdown a street she has maintainedcommand of that is at the center ofthe confrontations.

The strong poke to PresidentTrump within sight of his homeunderscored a larger power strug-gle between the two leaders overwhich one — the Democratic headof the District of Columbia or thepresident headquartered there —should decide who controls thestreets that Mr. Trump has prom-ised to dominate during protestsover the killing last month ofGeorge Floyd in police custody inMinneapolis.

Ms. Bowser, a Washington na-tive long steeped in city politics,again called on Mr. Trump on Fri-day to pull back all federal law en-forcement officers and National

Guard troops patrolling the city,including unidentified agents inriot gear, and said she would stoppaying for the hotels for the UtahNational Guard that she does notwant in the city to begin with.

She renamed as Black LivesMatter Plaza the area in front ofLafayette Square where federalofficials used chemical spray andsmoke grenades on Monday toclear protesters ahead of Mr.Trump’s photo op at a historicchurch that faces the road thatMs. Bowser had painted. (Themoney for the paint job came outof the city’s mural program, cityofficials said.)

“We’re here peacefully asAmericans on American streets,”Ms. Bowser said at the scene,standing near a sign reading,“Support D.C. Statehood.” “OnD.C. streets.”

Mr. Trump, who has tried to ap-peal to his base by proclaiminghimself a president of law and or-

At President’s Doorstep, a MayorFights for Control Over Her City

This article is by Zolan Kanno-Youngs, Jennifer Steinhauer andKenneth P. Vogel.

Continued on Page A13

It was about 45 minutes pastNew York City’s 8 p.m. curfew onWednesday when a peaceful pro-test march encountered a line ofriot police near Cadman Plaza inBrooklyn.

Hundreds of demonstratorsstopped and chanted for 10 min-utes, arms raised, until their lead-ers decided to turn the grouparound and leave the area.

The protesters had not seenthat riot police had flooded theplaza behind them, boxing themin. The maneuver was a law en-forcement tactic called kettling.The police encircle protesters sothat they have no way to exit froma park, city block or other publicspace, and then charge in andmake arrests.

For the next 20 minutes inDowntown Brooklyn, officersswinging batons turned a demon-stration that had been largelypeaceful into a scene of chaos.

The kettling operations carriedout by the police department aftercurfew have become among themost unsettling symbols of its useof force against peaceful protests,and have touched off a fierce back-lash against Mayor Bill de Blasioand the police commissioner, Der-mot F. Shea.

In the past several days, NewYork Times journalists coveringthe protests have seen officers re-peatedly charge at demonstratorsafter curfew with seemingly littleprovocation, shoving them ontosidewalks, striking them with ba-

tons and using other rough tac-tics.

The escalation in the use offorce in New York is part of a na-tional trend. Across the country,local police have resorted to in-creasingly violent crowd control

techniques to control the protestsignited by the death GeorgeFloyd, a black man, as he was be-ing held down by a white officer inMinneapolis.

In Minneapolis, the police have

Hands Up and Surrounded, Facing Swinging Batons of the PoliceBy ALI WATKINS

In Brooklyn on Wednesday, the police blocked protesters and then charged in to make arrests.AMR ALFIKY FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Continued on Page A15

+14.4%

–13.1

–46.8

–14.7

–10.3 –10.6 –10.2

+2.0

+7.1

+1.9+2.8+0.7

Leisure and hospitality

Construction Retail Manufacturing Education and health

Business and professional services

PERCENT CHANGE IN JOBS FROM PREVIOUS MONTH BY INDUSTRY

The leisure and hospitality industry, which includes restaurants, had a severe loss in April but improved more than others in May.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics ELLA KOEZE AND BILL MARSH/THE NEW YORK TIMES

APRIL

MAY

20–2425–3435–44 45–54 55 andolder

HispanicBlackWhite

13.3%OVERALLMAY APRIL

MAY12.4

4.4%OVERALLMARCH

16.817.6

10.210.7

11.8

13.4

23.2Black workers saw the only increase from April among these groups.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE CHANGE BY RACE, ETHNICITY BY AGE GROUP

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

2

4

6

8

10

12

14%May: 13.3%

April: 14.7%

RECESSIONS

The United States unemployment rate since 1948.

From Worst to Second-Worst

While a nation of burned-out, in-voluntary home schoolers slogs tothe finish line of a disrupted aca-demic year, a picture is emergingof the extent of the learning lossamong children in America, andthe size of the gaps schools will beasked to fill when they reopen.

It is not pretty.New research suggests that by

September, most students willhave fallen behind where theywould have been if they hadstayed in classrooms, with somelosing the equivalent of a fullschool year’s worth of academicgains. Racial and socioeconomicachievement gaps will most likelywiden because of disparities in ac-cess to computers, home internetconnections and direct instructionfrom teachers.

And the crisis is far from over.The harm to students could growif schools continue to teach fully orpartly online in the fall, or if theyreopen with significant budgetcuts because of the economicdownturn. High school dropoutrates could increase, researcherssay, while younger children couldmiss out on foundational conceptsin phonics and fractions that pre-pare them for a lifetime of learn-ing and working.

In South Los Angeles, DanielleGandy has spent countless diffi-cult hours guiding her energetic 6-year-old, Cadynce, through onlinemeetings and assignments pro-vided by her charter school. Still,Ms. Gandy is under no illusionthat Cadynce has completed thenormal kindergarten curriculum,and is especially concerned abouther progress in math.

“Looking at the work theteacher has done, I applaud her,”Ms. Gandy said, “but it’s maybe afraction of what they would belearning if they were in an actualschool setting. If they are transi-tioning into first grade, will therebe time to catch up and get themup to par?”

Teachers across the countryshare such worries. In Aurora,Colo., outside Denver, Clint Silva,a seventh-grade social studiesteacher, was planning to spend thespring working with his studentson research skills. For one remoteassignment, he asked them to cre-ate a primary source about the

Virus ClosuresLeave StudentsFalling Behind

Gaps of Race and ClassAre Likely to Widen

By DANA GOLDSTEIN

Continued on Page A7

WASHINGTON — A $3 trillionburst of economic assistancefrom the federal government hasfueled a faster-than-expectedrebound in hiring amid the coro-

navirus pandemic.That bounce sug-gests the economyis slowly healing,

but it could also encourage Re-publican lawmakers to shut offsome aid to people and compa-nies prematurely, underminingthat very recovery.

The surprise news that theeconomy added 2.5 million jobsin May, with unemploymentdropping to 13.3 percent, embold-ened congressional Republicanswho have been reluctant to ex-tend expensive jobless benefitsand small-business loans. Manyeconomists, in stark contrast,said the rebound was predicatedon federal aid and pleaded withCongress not to relent on spend-ing that has helped keep workersemployed and bolstered con-sumer spending amid a swift andsteep recession.

Republicans have acknowl-edged that some sort of legisla-tion addressing the impact of thepandemic is likely. But the num-bers released Friday, aides said,vindicated their reluctance topursue another large, sweepingpackage. Instead, lawmakers arelooking to a more limited meas-ure that would include newspending and focus on reopeningstate economies.

“As Senate Republicans havemade clear for weeks, futureefforts must be laser-focused onhelping schools reopen safely inthe fall, helping American work-ers continue to get back on thejob, and helping employers re-open and grow,” Senator MitchMcConnell of Kentucky, themajority leader, said in a state-ment.

In the details of the jobs re-port, and in other real-time eco-nomic data that has piled up in

This article is by Jim Tankersley,Emily Cochrane and Jeanna Smi-alek.

Continued on Page A7

NEWSANALYSIS

Might Fast ReboundDoom Type of Aid

That Fueled It?

The job market halted its pan-demic-induced collapse in May asemployers brought back millionsof workers and the unemploy-ment rate unexpectedly declined.

Tens of millions are still out ofwork, and the unemploymentrate, which fell to 13.3 percentfrom 14.7 percent in April, remainsworse than in any previous post-war recession. The rate wouldhave been higher had it not beenfor data-collection issues.

Nonetheless, after weeks ofdata depicting enormous eco-nomic destruction, Friday’s re-port from the Labor Departmentoffered a glint of hope. Employersadded 2.5 million jobs in May, de-fying economists’ expectations offurther losses and holding theprospect that the rebound fromthe economic crisis could be fasterthan forecast.

Job growth was concentrated inindustries hit hardest early in thecrisis, like leisure, hospitality andretail work. But manufacturing,health care and professional serv-ices added jobs as well, possiblysignaling that the damage did notspread as deeply into the econ-omy as many feared.

Major stock indexes surged onthe news, and President Trumphailed the report in remarks out-side the White House, saying therebound “leads us onto a long pe-riod of growth.”

“We will go back to having thegreatest economy anywhere inthe world, nothing close, and Ithink we’re going to have a verygood upcoming few months,” Mr.Trump said.

All the same, economists warnthat it will take far longer for theeconomy to climb out of the holethan it did to fall into it.

And even as the economyshows signs of revival, the UnitedStates is confirming more than20,000 new coronavirus cases aday, with counts rising in particu-lar in the South and the West.

While employers recalled tem-porarily laid-off or furloughedworkers in May, the number of

JOBLESS RATE DIPS,DEFYING OUTLOOK;

U.S. STOCKS SURGEEmployers Call Back

Workers in Rangeof Industries

By BEN CASSELMAN

Continued on Page A6

Tourist trails helped push elephants totheir deaths at a Thai nature preserve.Now they roam freely again. PAGE A9

INTERNATIONAL A9-11

Quarantine Liberates Thai ParkAcross the country, artists have createdportraits of George Floyd, AmadouDiallo, Eric Garner and others killed inpolice encounters. PAGE C1

ARTS C1-7

Murals of Anguish and Loss

The outbreak has some analysts askingwhether an agreement with the E.U.even makes sense for Britain. PAGE A10

No-Deal Brexit and the Virus

Some of the teams that will not be partof the league’s return at Walt DisneyWorld have sunnier outlooks for nextseason than others (such as theKnicks), Sopan Deb writes. PAGE B10

The N.B.A.’s Stay-at-Home 8Americans traditionally have looked tothe president for empathy in a crisis.Now they turn to their phones andelsewhere. Critic’s Notebook. PAGE A14

Searching for Empathy

Mariann Edgar Budde PAGE A21

EDITORIAL, OP-ED A20-21A rare stock tweak could bring GregoryJ. Hayes $12.5 million, even as workers’pay was cut 10 percent. PAGE B1

Raytheon C.E.O.’s Bonanza

FENCED The White House isresembling Iraq’s Green Zone.White House Memo. PAGE A12

Gen. Mark A. Milley, chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, accompanied thepresident to his church photo op, andinto a raging political battle. PAGE A13

NATIONAL A12-19

Top General Walks Into a Fire

Objections by Senator Rand Paul haveheld up legislation to make lynching afederal crime, infuriating and frustrat-ing fellow lawmakers. PAGE A18

Hurdle to Anti-Lynching Bill

African-American and Latino workersare especially vulnerable to job lossesin the pandemic. PAGE B1

BUSINESS B1-7

A Stalled Financial Recovery

Late Edition

VOL. CLXIX . . . . No. 58,716 © 2020 The New York Times Company NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JUNE 6, 2020

As President Trump re-entered thefight over athletes kneeling during thenational anthem, the N.F.L. commis-sioner said the league would supportplayers’ right to protest. PAGE B8

SPORTSSATURDAY B8-11

Goodell Sides With Players

Today, very warm, humid, sun-ny.Afternoon showers or thunder-storms, high 86. Tonight, cooler, low62. Tomorrow, cooler, less humid,high 77. Weather map is on Page C8.

$3.00