family and the future of china one birth policy, education, and healthcare
TRANSCRIPT
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Family and the Future of China
One Birth Policy, Education, and Healthcare
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Demographic Info
• 90% of China’s pop lives on just 1/5th of the land.
• The 2000 census was 1.29 billion!!
• They increase annually by about 15M.
• <10% of the world’s agrarian areas are in China.
• For every 1,000 people, there are 21 births, and only 6 deaths.
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One Birth Policy
• No longer called one child in order to allow for multiples at birth.
• This policy actually began in 1950, but was abandoned from 1960 to 1976. The Communist mantra of that time was “more people, more power.” Very similar to Soviet policy.
• By 1978, it was again a part of economic planning.
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One Birth
• Penalties for having a second child included: increased taxes, loss of job or home, and possible fines.
• 75% of the people adopted contraceptive use.
• Today, menstrual cycles are still kept as public record.
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Government Policy
• Raised the legal marriage age to promote fewer babies 20 for women, 22 men.
• Encourage women not to get pregnant until they are 25 or older.
• If the 1st baby is disabled by illness, one more child is permitted.
• If both parents are only children, they can have a second child after 5 years.
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Policy cont’d
• Farmers can have two children legally, 5 yrs apart.
• Men and women (especially) must carry ID cards and a local clinic monitors their cycles and fertility.
• The card is helpful for government planning and their census work.
• 2007 – reports that officials are forcing pregnant women without permission to give birth to have abortions and receive fines. Riots have resulted and some officials have been reportedly killed.
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Boys are PREFERRED!
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Liberation is slow…
• Families still desire boys..– They take care of the elderly.– They keep the family name.– 1953 M:F ratio 105:100; 1982 111:100; 2002
116-135: 100.– Today, it is becoming more acceptable to
have girls.– Married women keep their family name. They
are equal.– Women legal marriage age is 20, men 22.
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Interesting Facts
• Once in China there were 12,000 surnames, today there are only 3,000.
• 90% of Chinese use just 100 surnames. Li is the world’s most common surname, 90M share this name.
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Marketing to Promote 1 Child
Poster of Chinese birth control policy under the slogan “Sweet Achievement.”
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Education in China
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History
• Before 1949, only the rich were educated.• Today, there are 9 years of compulsory
education. Children begin at age 6.• 6 Years Elementary; 3 Years Middle
School, and 3 Years of Senior School.• Options for Six Years at the University.• A variety of technical and vocational
schools are available.• Sec School Enrollment: 69%F, 71%M
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Program
• Students must pay for paper and pencils.
• Classes are M-F: 4 AM to 2PM; Lunch 2-2:30 PM; 2:30- 4 PM.
• Today, students begin learning English in Middle School. It used to be Russian.
• Students must pass to go to High School.
• Summer vacation is July to September and winter vacation lasts 20 days.
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More…
• Cost approximates 10,000 Yuan/semester.
• University is fee based.
• There are many famous universities in Beijing.
• Project 211– developing 100 major universities.
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Facts
• 20-27% of China is illiterate.
• Teachers salary in year one. $1500-$2000 a year and health insurance.
• China has 1426 special education schools for blind, deaf and mentally retarded children. ½ M special ed students go to ordinary schools. There is also vocational training for the disabled.
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Additional Resources
• Asianinfo.org
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Healthcare Today
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Statistics
• Life Expectancy: 72 T, 71 M, 74 F• Infant Mortality Rate: 27/1,000 low for DC• Contraceptive Use: 85%+, most IUD• Population Using Adequate Sanitation:
38% Tot• HIV Infected Adults Who are Women: 23%• Aids now 3rd most deadly disease • 30% of children suffer diarrhea
Source: www.prb.org
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10 Leading Causes of Death
• Cerebrovascular 17.9%• Pulmonary (obstructive) 13.9%• Ischemic heart 7.6%• Stomach cancer 4.5%• Liver cancer 3.6%• Lung cancer 3.5%• Perinatal conditions 3.2%• Respiratory Infections 3.0%• Self-inflicted injury 3.0%• TB 3.0%
% of Total deaths
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Major Diseases
• Tuberculosis, No1 infectious killer in 2005• Rabies, No2• AIDS, No3
• TB, Rabies, AIDS, HepB and Tetanus in newborns were the top five killers 89.4% of the total
• Estimates are as high as 1 in 10 carry HepB
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Other
• Unintentional injury causes 40% of child deaths
• Immunization has helped to curb significant childhood disease.
• Infectious disease is decreasing, congenital is increasing.
• Fecal borne disease like dysentery, hep, and ascariasis cause death.
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More
• The second most common cause of child mortality in China is diarrhea. The #1 killer in the world.
• % as high as 20 in some counties and may even be higher due to underreporting.
• Children under age 5 have 2 to 20 incidents a year.
• Most are believed to be related to water supply.
See also the document on China’s Report on Child Development
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Western v. Eastern
• Surgery• Drugs• Psychotherapy• Diet
• Herbal• Diet• Acupuncture• Moxibustion• Exercise