family law fall 2014 - mossman (long summary)

7/24/2019 Family Law Fall 2014 - Mossman (Long Summary)

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PART I: LAW AND FAMILY FORMATION_________________________________________35

“Families” and “Law”____________________________________________________________35

Parens patriae______________________________________________________________________35

Sef!n "!ldin#s $ %ai&ns____________________________________________________35

'()**+ , FLR (-) ./n# %A %i$ Di$0___________________________________________35Rai!: T1e definii!n !f 2famil2 &e4i&es a 6&!adl &e7!#nisa6le de fa7! familial ne8s

1&!#1 ma&&ia#e9 ad!i!n !f a min!& .de ;&e !& de fa7!09 !& w1e&e 1e lin< is 2se29 !&

w1e&e 1e lin< is 2in=law2 6 ma&&ia#e> Tw! s&an#e&s 7ann! a&ifi7iall esa6lis1 fam ne8s

35?ane D!e $ Al6e&a .,--@0 35 RFL .10 ,5 .Ala %A0___________________________3

Rai!: A d!m B 1a indemnifies a&ne& !f a a&en in an inimae &elai!ns1i a#ains

a&enal !& s!& !6li#ai!ns in &e: ! a 71ild 1a a&ne& did n! 6i! a&en nenf!&7ea6le

if n! in CI%> 3

%&ii4e !f ?ane D!e 3

"is!& !f Le#al Ine&$eni!nn in Fams: 6li7 !li7 f!se&in# le#al ine&$eni!n 3

Residenial s71!!l ss__________________________________________________________3

%1inese immi#&ans =__________________________________________________________3

()(- le#_____________________________________________________________________3

?aanese ine&nmen 7ams____________________________________________________3

%!n&a7al d!mesi7 w!&<e&s__________________________________________________3

la7< !f &e7!#nii!n !f #a and les6ian famil &elai!ns1is___________________________3%anada .A!&ne ene&al0 $ M!ss! 3

'())3+ S%R 3

"eld: SSP was n! eniled ! s!sal 6e&ea$emen_________________________________3

Famil Law E Is P&!7esses: T1e %!nsii!n9 Le#isla!&s E ?d#es E %liens____________3@

O1e& ;&isdi7i!ns_________________________________________________________3@

B G nia& ;&isdi7i!n9 As&alia: Fede&al #!$H le#islaes &e: FL________________3@

A77ess ! ;si7e E 7lien sense !f ;si7e_______________________________________3@

ADR P&!7esses____________________________________________________________3@

Law Ref!&m !f Adl &elai!ns1is : T1e L%% &e!& .,--(0______________________3@

Marriage in the Context of Cohabitation__________________________________________________38

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%!nsii!nal and le#islai$e a1!&i &e ma&&ia#e 3*

Fede&al G le#islai$e a1!&i w& ! ma&&ia#e .i>e> in1e&en 7aa7i ! ma&&0 E

di$!&7e .s )(.,0 !f %A0 in7l 7!&!lla& mae&s .%S9 SS0__________________________3*

Le#islai$e a1 w& ! s!lemniies and f!&maliies .S ),.(,0 E ),.(50 P&! E 7i$il

&i#1s____________________________________________________________________3*

alidi Re4i&emens f!& Ma&&ia#e__________________________________________3*

Sa!&_________________________________________________________________3*

%ML G Pa&liamen 1as n! le#islaed &e: &e4i&emens e87e f!& e&s!ns9 &!1i6ied

de#&ees and a#e____________________________________________________________3*

Fede&al .S6sani$e0_______________________________________________________3*Le#islai$e F!&maliies.P&!$0________________________________________________3*

(> 6e J, e&s!nsJ = "de n! l!n#e& alies 3*

,> 1a$e 7aa7i ! 7!nsen ! 1e ma&&ia#e9 i>e> = ! nde&sand9 ! 6e f&ee f&!m d&ess E

wK! a<in# a77!n !f &ese&$ai!ns a6! !& limied &!ses !f ma&&ia#e> 3*

3> 1a$e 7aa7i ! 7!nsmmae 1e ma&&ia#e> 3*

> n! 6e wKin &!1i6ied de#&ees !f 7!nsan#ini and affini .as defined 6 sae see lef0

3*

5> ms n! 6e a a&ne& ! an e8isin# $alid ma&&ia#e > 3*

> T1e a&ies ms 1a$e aained 1e a#e &e4i&ed f!& a $alid ma&&ia#e 3*

.D71 $ D71 .()@@0 %ML ma&&ia#e d!es n! 1a$e le#al im!& e87e as defined in

s!me saes0 6 ma e8is w1e&e A6!&i#inal e!les ma&& in a77!&din# !

7s!ma& &a7i7es 6 wK! 7!mlin# wi1 sa!& &e4i&emens_______________3*

.Be&& $ Be&& A !f AC $ nde&w!!d S%R0 P&!$ a1 e8ends ! le#islain# a

&e4i&emen !f a&enal 7!nsen as s!lemniai!n &e4>___________________________3*

Annlmen G ma&&ia#e ne$e& e8ised a6sen !ne !& m!&e &e4isie 7&ie&ia a6!$e

.i7all s!#1 ! a$!id &eli#i!s &!6lems0___________________________________3*

Di$!&7e G diss!li!n !f e8isin# $alid ma&&ia#e !_______________________________3*

esa6lis1 a di$!&7e a7i!n9 !ne ms &!$e Jma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wnJ nde& DA_______3*SS ma&&ia#e G Pa&liamena& &ef!&m !f !!sie se8 &e4i&emen 3*

"ale&n $ %anada .A0 .,--,0__________________________________________________3*

SS Refe&en7e_________________________________________________________________3)

%!nfli7in# Laws SS Ma&&ia#e 3)

S 5.(0 desi#ned ! e&mi 7!les .mainl SS 7!les0 w1! ma&&ied in a %anadian &!$in7e! !6ain a di$!&7e in 1a same &!$in7e .S 5.,00&e&!a7i$e________________________3)

S @.(0 SS a&ies 7an al f!& di$!&7e ;!inl !& !ne s!se w 7!nsen !f !1e& a& nde&

%MA if sea&ae and aa& in 1ei& 1!me ;&isdi7i!n.s0 f!& !ne ea& .s> @.(00__________3)

DA d!es n! al ! 7!les di$!&7e nde& %i$il Ma&&ia#e A7 .s *0 in %DA____________3)

%&ii4e = n! &!$isi!n f!& !&de&s f!& 7!&!lla& &elief in &elai!n ! a di$!&7e9 lea$in# 1ese

isses ! 6e ne#!iaed a77!&din# ! ;&isdi7i!n !f 1e a&iesH d!mi7ile>_______________3)

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%&ii4e_____________________________________________________________________3)

Isses a6! 7aa7i ! 7!nsen ! ma&&ia#e :__________________________________3)

A#e9 ma&i9 and em!i!nal sae E $lne&a6ili !f a& in 4esi!n 3)

%!nsmmai!n !f ma&&ia#e9 7!1a6iai!n 6Kw a&ies 3)

Time e&i!d 6Kw .(0 7!nd7 alle#ed as d&ess E ma&&ia#e 7e&em!n9 .,0 ma&&ia#e E

annlmen &e4es 3)

P1si7al f!&7e !& 1&ea !f 1si7al f!&7e is n! &e4i&ed 3)

%aselaw G Menal %aa7i _________________________________________________3) Durham v Durham (1995) _______________________________________________________3)

Webb v Webb (1968) ____________________________________________________________3) Banton v Banton (1998) ________________________________________________________3)

re Sung Estate (2004) __________________________________________________________3)

%aselaw= %aa7i ! 7!nsen in &elai!n ! nde inflen7e and d&ess____________- Scott v Sebrght _______________________________________________________________-

!oo"er v !rane _______________________________________________________________-

Buc#$an% v Buc#$an% __________________________________________________________-

&ascu'' v &ascu'' 1955 ______________________________________________________-

*hom"son v *hom"son+ 19,1 ____________________________________________________-

-.ran v -ran 1982 / !A _____________________________________________________-

ote on arrange% vs orce% marrages _____________________________________________-

Re4i&emens G 7!nsmmai!n9 n! &i!& s6sisin# ma&&ia#e &!1i6ied de#&ees !f

7!nsan#ini9 a#e 9________________________________________________________-

%aa7i ! 7!nsmmae 1e ma&&ia#e = es n! l!n#e& alied9 in7!nsisen w m!de&n

%DN law -

P&!1i6ied de#&ees !f 7!nsan#ini .see P&!1i6ied De#&ees A70 = Pe&s!ns n!w

e&mied ! ma&& &elai$es = an9 n7le9 nie7e9 ne1ew &elai!ns1is !f affini = ma

ma&& fam mem6e&s !f a di$ s!se9 se=&elai!ns1is-

N! &i!& s6sisin# ma&&ia#e -

in 7ase !f s!se disaea&in#9 S 7an 6e de7la&ed as dead f!& &!ses !f &ema&&in# =

(Dec$aratons o Death Act) _____________________________________________________-

P!l#am %%9 s ,)3_______________________________________________________-

A#e and $alidi !f ma&&ia#e = Mae& !f f!&mali9 wi1in &!$in7ial a1!&i______-

3egebe#o v 3egebo#o ________________________________________________________-

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A$s"ector v A$s"ector 195, _____________________________________________________-

Debora v Debora (1999) !A __________________________________________________-

.sse v Sa% 2012+ !A ________________________________________________________-

T&ans#ende& ma&&ia#e______________________________________________________(

.Re Be$in in As&alia 0 (

.%!&6e $ %!&6e0 (

Parent/Child Relationships re Family Formation___________________________________________41

nemans "ro"osa$ 7 to ma#e the mother7ch$% bon% the "rmar bass or am$

status: n $a; ______________________________________________________________(Ci&1 &e#is&ai!n = fa1e& 1as &i#1s ! name in 6i&1 &e#is&ai!n f!&ms________(T&!7i< $ C&iis1 %!lm6ia .A!&ne ene&al0 ',--3+ ( S%R *35 .s!&s a!n!m0

7aa7i ! ma<e de7isi!n a6! 1!w !ne meanin#fll a&i7iaes in 1e life !f !ne2s !wn

71ild (

De7isi!n_____________________________________________________________________(

"eld: Fa1e& is eniled ! &e#ise& 1is name as fa1e& !n 6i&1 &e#is&ai!n f!&ms9 new &ial

! dee&mine name 71an#e .71ild&en al&ead <n!w 1ei& name9 n! ne7essa&il in CI%0___(

S 3.(0.60 and 3.0.60 we&e in$alid 6K7 1e inf&in#ed s (59 n! sa$ed 6 s ( 9 d&awin# e8li7i

disin7i!n !n enme&aed #&!nd !f se8 and 1a 1is disin7i!n #i$es &ise ! diffe&enial

&eamen 71ild&enHs name n! 71an#ed9 7!n&a& ! CI%___________________________(

%&ii4e_____________________________________________________________________(

<a$$ant v 3e;s 2008 S! G PP? is in$!<ed ! #&an ali7ai!n !f fa1e& ! 11enae71ild&enHs las name ! in7lde 1is 6K7 7!nside&ed ! 6e in CI%> nli<e T&!7i<9 dad e8e&7ised

a77ess dail (

/S $ DL% ,--5 SB= %A denies a77ess !&de& 6K7 1e is n! a a&en> T%Hs de7isi!n

nde&inned 6 assmi!ns a6! a #!!d dad9 i>e> n!n &adii!nal famil ni (

Ad!i!n and “6es ine&ess”________________________________________________,%!ne8 ,

%&&en a&!a71 ,

P&!7ess ,

%!nsen ,

%FSA9 s (5 ,.60 E (5@.(0 G %!nsen E P!li7 #!als ,

Sa!& Re#ime ,

s (3@: %!nsen ! ad! .and definii!n !f “a&en” f!& 7!nsen &!ses0___________,%!nsen !f 71ildHs m!1e& e8&essl in7lded !& !f fa1e& if nde& %LRA *.(0 .7!ied in!

sa!& &!$isi!ns0 if fa1e& d!es n! fall in! s *.(0 1en NO &i#1 ! #i$e 7!nsen______,

s (3.,0 T1e “6es ine&ess !f 1e 71ild” es f!& ad!i!n__________________________,

s (3.30 T1e “6es ine&ess !f 1e 71ild” es f!& ad!i!n !f an A6!&i#inal 71ild_______,

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s (3 Te&minai!n !f a77ess !&de&s f!& an ad!ed 71ild__________________________,

s (5* Sas !f an ad!ed 71ild and ad!i$e a&ens___________________________,

s (5>(.30 Dis7l!s&e a&&an#emens: “!enness”__________________________________,

Re A!&ne ene&al !f Ona&i! and Ne$ins .()**0 OR .,d0 3(( ."%0 ,

Rai!________________________________________________________________________,

T1e&e ms 6e 7lea& e$iden7e 1a male w1! wans ! 6e in$!l$ed in ma<in# de7isi!ns ms

fi in! 1e e8isin# 7&ie&ia nde& s (3@.(09 !1e&wise 1e 7ann! 7laim 1is 7!nsen I

s&e4i&ed>____________________________________________________________________,

Re SS .,--)0 O? N! ((* .% ?0 ,

=ato ________________________________________________________________________3

A%o"ton or%er a$$o;e%> 3a; %oes not re?ure the bo mum to no bo ather o "regnanc+

brth o the ch$% or the a%o"ton+ even #no;n an% eas$ oun%@ S 1, ec$u%es _________3

bo ather athers un$ess the have marre%Ccohabte% ; mother or "arent+ or other;se

%emonstrate% res"onsb$t or the ch$% ___________________________________________3

ADOPTION R/%ORDS AND DISL%OSR/__________________________________3P!li7 71allen#es 3

Re7en dis7l!s&e amendmens in Ona&i! le#islai!n 3

Ad!i!n in &elai!n ! &a7e and 7l&e_______________________________________3ANR E S%R $ LW? .()*30 3 RFL ,d ( .S%%0 G CI% la wi1 de fa7! ad!i$e a&ens

&a1e& 1an Indian 6i&1 m!1e&9 d&ai!n E s&en#1 !f &elai!ns1i wi1 1em &med

71ildHs &a7e E 1e&ia#e 3

" $ M '()))+ S%R ( S%R 3,* G S%% awa&ded 7s!d !f FN 71ild ! ad!i$e a&ens !f 1is6i&1 m!1e& 9 &e$e&sin# T? de7isi!n9 7!n7ldin# 1a %A s1!ld n! ine&fe&e wi1 T? findin#

nless !$e&&idin# E ala6le e&&!& 3

Assised Re&!d7i!n and Pa&en1!!d________________________________________%!ma&in# ad!i!n E AR_____________________________________________________

OLR% &e!&_________________________________________________________________

()** Ca6 M_________________________________________________________________

)39 R!al %!mmissi!n_________________________________________________________

,--9 ,-(( A"RA9 la&#e a& !f A7 in$alid________________________________________

,--) &e!&9 ON______________________________________________________________

D!n!&s______________________________________________________________________

C% FLA_____________________________________________________________________

P&!e& andK!& 7!n&a7 a&!a71es:_________________________________________?%M $ ANA ,-(, C%S% 5* : Re&!d7i$e mae&ial li<e se&m s&aws 7an 6e 7!nside&ed

&!e& f!& &!ses !f &!e& s1a&in#Kdi$isi!n a &elai!ns1i 6&ea<d!wn>

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WW $ QQ .7ase seled 0 B w!ld &!6a6l n! 1a$e 6een enf!&7ea6le a6sen ILA9 n!

&!&iea& ine&es in se&m #&ai!sl &!$ided> %!n&a& ! CI%.?ane D!e /S0

A "man Ri#1s %!de 71allen#e: ill $ M&&a ',--(+ C%"RTD !> 3 .OL0 5

Rai!________________________________________________________________________5

Pa&ne&s !f 6i&1 m!1e&s in a 7!=1a6iin# &elai!ns1i a&e eniled ! 6e &e#ise&ed as

a&ens !f 71ild&en 6!&n ! 1ei& a&ne& wi1! 6ein# &e4i&ed ! &!$e a 6i!l!#i7al

7!nne7i!n ! 1e infan 71ild>___________________________________________________5

A %1a&e& 71allen#e: R1e&f!&d $ Ona&i! .,--0 ONS% 5

=ato ________________________________________________________________________5

*he %enton o "arent un%er SA or "ur"oses o regsterng ch$%rens "arentage

contravenes !harter@ !h$%s "arents at brth nee% not be ts bo "arents@ _________________5

A sa and PP 71allen#e: AA $ CC and %% .,--@0 35 RFL .10 (9 ON%A 5

Rai!________________________________________________________________________5

%!&s ma in$!<e PP ;&isdi7i!n ! ma<e a dee&minai!n in 1e 6es ine&ess !f 1e

71ild w1e&e 1e&e is a le#islai$e #a and ma d! s! ! &e7!#nie a 3&d a&en !f 71ild in

7!ne8 !f AR !& fam w 1&ee a&ens>____________________________________________5

%.MA0 $ B.M0 9 ,--) ON%? (* = Re1in<in# Pa&enal Sas in &elai!n ! Ad!i!n 5

Rai!________________________________________________________________________

Fa1e&2s &i#1 ! 7!nsen nde& s (5* will n! 6e disensed wi1 if n! in CI% ! se$e& 6i!

P%R &elai!ns1i .in 7!ne8 !f 3 a&en famil09 d!m B n! enf!&7ed &e: a&6i&ai!n_____

Dis7l!s&e $e&ss an!nmi in assised &e&!d7i!n____________________________P&aen ,-((9 C%%A = !enness in AR 9 w!man 7!n7ei$ed sin# an!nm!s se&m E OS

7!le

PART II: LAW AND “INTA%T” FAMILI/S_________________________________________@

Child Care CC is a pri!ate matter" defi#ient state inter!ention________________________________4$

Sa______________________________________________________________________@

%1ild7a&e P!li7ies G a &i$ae 7!n7e&n_________________________________________@

ende&ed ima7 !f %% defi7i ______________________________________________@

Child Prote#tion% legal inter!ention" primary goal is to paramo&nt#y of '(C )hen #hildren are at ris* of

harm !s+ s&bsidiary goal of promoting pri!a#y" integrity and a&tonomy of inta#t family &nit_________4$

Finan7ial &es!&7es_________________________________________________________@

A6!&i#inal 71ild&en________________________________________________________@

%P E di$!&7e______________________________________________________________@

%FSA G Sae____________________________________________________________@%FSA9 s (.(0 Pa&am!n &!se @

ther "ur"oses s 1(2) ____________________________________________________________47

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%1ild &!e7i!n9 s 3@ .,0 @s ,(2)F Denng a ch$% n nee% o "rotecton: ______________________________________47

s ,()F B.! o a ch$% 7 man%ator actors or cons%eraton+ nc$u%ng an other re$evant

crcumstance: _________________________________________________________________47

s [email protected] G W1e&e %1ild an Indian !& Nai$e e&s!n .n! dee&minai$e9 ANR0 *

Winnie# S!1 %FS A#en7 $ S .DD0 .())-0 .Man C0 .Fam Di$09 s 3@.,0.f0.$0__*1. Winess 7&edi6ili a fa7!&_______________________________________________*

2. "!me !f na&al a&ens E 6es ine&ess____________________________________*

3. P&esmi$e &i#1 !f na&al a&ens ! 7a&e f!& 1ei& 71ild&en__________________*

4. *em" or%ers+ ece"tona$ __________________________________________________*

6@ .t s sucent there be a reasonab$e a""rehenson that "hsca$ nGur ma occur+ the

court shou$% nterere beore t has ha""ene% _______________________________________*

A6se and i!len7e in Inimae Relai!ns1is = &elai$el 7lea& = w1e&e 1e&e is s!sal

a6se9 es7alaes a 1e ;n7&e !f famil______________________________________)A6sed w!men E disad$ana#ed 7!mmniies_____________________________________)

ID_________________________________________________________________________)

%&ii4e_____________________________________________________________________)

T!&s &e S!sal i!len7e_______________________________________________________)

*he Behren%t case )

Fa7s________________________________________________________________________)

Wife 7laims "2s ani=s!7ial 6e1a$i!&9 w1! sffe&ed f&!m menal 1eal1 isses9 7&eaed

s71!l!#i7al $i!len7e9 als! in7idens !f $i!len7e !wa&ds ( !f da#1e& li$in# 1!me> 3m!n1s afe& 7!& &e;e7ed a9 " m&de&ed wife E !!< 1is !wn life> We $e% a"" or

nterm ec$usve "ossesson un%er 24 o 3A H or %vorce @ __________________________)

Analsis_____________________________________________________________________)

T1e na&e !f 1e alle#ai!ns9 1e 7!n&adi7!& $iew &esened 6 !ne !f 1e 71ild&en E1e

a#e !f 1e 71ild&en li$in# in 1e 1!me all miliae a#ains #&anin# !&de&> Pa&ies a&e

ma<in# 7!mleel diffe&en asse&i!ns 6ased !n e$iden7e9 diffi7l f!& a&ies ! li$e nde&

same &!!f____________________________________________________________________)

"K%_________________________________________________________________________)

Mae&ial &esened d!es n! wa&&an #&anin# e87lsi$e !ssessi!n M" ! M&s> C %!&

s1!ld !nl e8e&7ise is !we& ! ma<e s71 an !&de& wi1 #&ea 7a&e> N! li$e esim!n9

7!& s1!ld ! dela ad;di7ai!n nil &ial>______________________________________)

P&!e7i!n f!& lne&a6le /lde&s_____________________________________________5- De _________________________________________________________________________5-

an vo$ent C abusve harm %one to an or%er "erson+ cause b a "erson ;ho has contro$ over

that "erson (s"ouses+ ch$%ren+ other caregvers)+ man e$%er "ersons are at rs# or vo$ence _5-

&hsca$ abuse ("hsca$ assau$t+ seua$ assau$t+ orce% connement) ___________________5-

nanca$ abuse (orce% sa$es stea$ng "ossessons or mone+ rau%+ orger+ etorton an%

;rongu$ use o a &A) _________________________________________________________5-

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eg$ect (aban%onment or ;thho$%ng o oo% or hea$th servces a$ng to gve a %e" "erson

;hat the nee%)> an% ___________________________________________________________5-

Ienta$ abuse (hum$aton+ nsu$ts+ threats+ or treatng an o$%er "erson $#e a ch$%) ________5-

Iost "reva$ent ________________________________________________________________5-

*as# orce n%ngs ____________________________________________________________5-

PART III: LAW E FAMILY DISSOLTION________________________________________5-

,he Context for Family -issol&tion_____________________________________________________5.

Di$!&7e as a “7!mle8” le#al &!7ess__________________________________________5-

Law 7&eaes !s=di$!&7eKsea&ai!n famil ni 1a is e7!n!mi7all ied 6 !n#!in#finan7ial !6li#ai!ns f!& 1ei& f!&me& s!ses> 5-

Di$!&7e as a s!7ial &!7ess E Saisi7s 5-

*he rate o %vorce n !ana%a s 8J740J+ _________________________________________5-

T1e Le#al Re#ime f!& Di$!&7e_______________________________________________5-S1a&ed 7!nsii!nal a1!&i Sa!& &!$s .e8am0 5-

Di$!&7e A79 ()*5 RS%_________________________________________________________5(

s 3: Residen7e &e4i&emen_____________________________________________________5(

s *: N! fal “&!nd” f!& di$!&7e sea&ae and aa& f!& !ne ea&9 7&el9 adle&

“;!in” ali7ai!ns and “des<!” di$!&7es ______________________________________5(

Ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn as s!le #&!nd f!& di$ S * .,0 &!nds f!& ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn____5(

S *.,0.60.ii0__________________________________________________________________5(

S *.30 e87ldes s1!& e&i!ds !f &e7!n7iliai!n f&!m sea&ae and aa& 7al7lai!n______5(ss ) =(-: Re7!n7iliai!n !6li#ai!ns f!& lawe&s and ;d#es___________________________5(

ss (( and ,(>(: Ca&s ! di$!&7e__________________________________________________5(

%!mmen7emen !f , simila& &!7eedin#s D!7&ine !f a&am!n7___________________5(

Famil Law A79 s 3 %LRA s ,@_______________________________________________5(

%1ild&enHs Law Ref!&m A79 s ,@________________________________________________5(

FLA &!7eedin#s !& %LRA &!7eedin# will 6e saed>_______________________________5(

T1e “&!nd” f!& Di$!&7e .n!e &e4isie elemen 1a ma&&ia#e ms 6e $alid0_____5(

N!e: I is ne7essa& ! esa6lis1 &!nd f!& Di$!&7e: Ma&&ia#e C&ea<d!wn_________5(Ine&&ein# Sea&ae and aa& 5(

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=ushton v =ushton (1968) 66 WW= ,64 (BSS!) K Circumstances where parties are living

physically separated in same HH and abstain from conjugal relations falls w/in meaning of sep &

apart under s s 2a!" #eparate and apart re$uires i! withdrawal from matrimonial obligation w

intention of destroying matrimonial consortium% ii! physical separation_____________________'

- ____________________________________________________________________________'

&E entt$e% to reme% un%er the Dvorce Act _________________________________________'

Du"ere v Du"ere (19,4) 19 =3 2,0 (BS! (LB) K Gu%ca$ a""roach o am$a$sm K .

"artes are $vng n the same -- an% have ch$%ren+ t s more %cu$t to use se"H a"art

groun% as reason or marrage brea#%o;n __________________________________________'

(!oo"er v !oo"er) S"ouses ;ere $vng se" an% a"art ;here crcumstances ;here the o$$o;ng

crcumstances ;ere "resent+ not necessar to estab$sh a$$ s e$ements n each case+ %e"en%s on acts o case ___________________________________________________________________2

S"ouses occu"ng se" be%rooms __________________________________________________2

Absence o seua$ re$atons _______________________________________________________2

3tt$e an comm bet;een s"ouses ________________________________________________2

We "rov%ng no %om servces or her husban% ______________________________________2

Eatng mea$s se"arate$ __________________________________________________________2

o soca$ actvtes together _______________________________________________________2

S"ouses not share $vng room an% recreatona$ ac$tes together+ such as * ______________2

!a$vert v !a$vert ______________________________________________________________5, =ato _________________________________________________________________________2

*hree ca"actes re$evant to a %vorce "rocee%ng+ that &C= must %emonstrate n or%er to be he$%

to have _______________________________________________________________________2

(1) !a"act to se"arate 7 sm"$est __________________________________________________2

(2) !a"act to %vorce 7 re? more un%erstan%ng _____________________________________2

()!a"act to nstruct counse$ ____________________________________________________2

ote t s not necessar$ to "rove ca"act at each "ont beon% the above _________________2

Adle& E %&el as &!!f !f ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn9 7an !nl 6e sed 6 inn!7en s!se9 is

sed inf&e4enl 5,

O&f!&d $ O&f!&d .(),(0 5* DLR ,5( .On "%0- adle& 6 a w!man in$!l$es 1e

!ssi6ili !f in&!d7in# in! 1e fam !f 1e 1s6and a false s&ain !f 6l!!d> And 1a !n

#&!nds !f 6li7 !li79 d!n!& inseminai!n 7!nsied adle& in law_______________5,

Ma7lennan $ Ma7lennan9 '()5*+ sess %as (-5 .S7!land % Sess09 d!n!& inseminai!n did

n! 7!nsie adle&l in law___________________________________________________5,

*hebeau v *heubau (2006) 2, =3 (6thM 40 (B LB) 7 in$!<es s (5 !f %1a&e& = e!le a&e

e4al and s1!ld 6e &eaed e4all> Def !f adle& in DA in7l SS a7s !side !f 1ema&&ia#e____________________________________________________________________53

&(SE) v & (DD) (2005)+ 259 D3= (4thM 58 (B!S!)7 A 1s6andHs 1!m!se8al a7s wi1

an!1e& man !side !f 1e ma&&ia#e 7!nsies adle&>___________________________53 =ato _________________________________________________________________________(

.ntmate seua$ actvt outs%e o marrage ma re"resent a vo$aton o the marta$ bon% H be

%evastatng to the s"ouse Hmarta$ bon% regar%$ess o the s"ecc nature o the seua$ act

"erorme%@ ____________________________________________________________________(

&roo o A%u$terF Burbage v Burbage (1985 ) 46 =3 (2%) 22 (nt -!)7 1!w 7!&s

dee&mine adle& 1as a<en la7e______________________________________________53

9 | P a g e



=ato _________________________________________________________________________(

&rma ace case o a%u$t s estab$she% ;here there s (1) ev%ence o o""ortunt (here

overnght stas)+ (2) ev%ence o nc$naton (= an% !o7= agree to be goo% ren%s)+ an% onus

moves to other "art rebut ths "resum"ton on sucent ev%ence (/n%er no $eg+ test ;ou$% not

be a""$e% n same ;a+ no au$t %vorce) ____________________________________________(

%&el in Ma&&ia#e G Casis f!& Ma&&ia#e C&ea<d!wn 53

(no$$ v no$$) ________________________________________________________________53

Sa!& Ca&s ! Di$!&7e .e&mi 7!& ! den di$!&7e e$en 1!#1 di$ #&!nds

&!$ided0_________________________________________________________________53%!llsi!n = .s((.(0.a09 a6s!le 6a& ! di$9 defined in s ((.09 als! alies ! immi#&ai!n

ma&&ia#e .?!1ns!n $ A1med0 53

%!nd!nai!n and 7!nni$an7e .s ((.(0.7053

A6sen7e !f &eas!na6le a&&an#emens f!& 1e s!& !f 71ild&en !f 1e ma&&ia#e .s((.(0.C00 =

ade4ae 71ild 7a&e a&&an#emens 1a$e 6een made in a77!&dan7e wi1 71ild s!&

#idelines9 7!& ms sa #&anin# a di$ if s71 a&&an#emens 1a$e n! 6een made 53

Reli#i!s Ca&s ! Di$!&7e S ,(>( e&mis 7!& ! a<e a7i!n in a 7!ne8 w1e&e !ne s!se

&efses ! &em!$e &eli#i!s 6a&&ie&s ! 1e &ema&&ia#e !f 1e s!se as a& 1ei& di$

ne#!iai!ns nde& s>,(>(.30.70.d0 5

/7!n!mi7 %!nse4en7es !f Di$!&7e and Sea&ai!n and ene&al T&ends= FL9 in

&in7ile9 is in7aa6le !f s!l$in# 1e &!6lem !f !$e& !f w!men and 71ild&en> We2$e

m!$ed f&!m a&ia&71 ! indi$idal &es!nsi6ili m!del> T1e lae& is &emised !n

#ende& e4ali____________________________________________________________5Assessin# m!dels .indi$idal and s!7ial0 f!& alle$iain# e7!n!mi7 deenden7 !f famil

mem6e&s !s sea&ai!n: 5

n%v%ua$ res"onsb$t: mo%e$ __________________________________________________5

Soca$ res"onsb$t mo%e$ (Ech$er) ______________________________________________5

-o; %oes ntactness o am mas# %e"en%encN ______________________________________5

3 reorm an% mutua$ consent ___________________________________________________5

Famil Diss!li!n: Lii#ai!n and is “Ale&nai$es” G deends !n si#nifi7an am!ns

!f FL 6a&#ainin#___________________________________________________________55Famil law 7!&s .and ;&isdi7i!ns0 55

S%? = fede&all a!in ;d#es . s )0____________________________________________55

?&isdi7i!n = Di$!&7e and P&!e&9 %s!d9 A77ess9 S!sal and %1ild S!& .if a& !f

a di$!&7e de7&ee0______________________________________________________________55P&san ! 1e 7!nsii!n s> )9 wi1 fede&all=a!ined ;d#es____________________55

ON%? .&!$in7iall a!ined ;d#es0____________________________________________55

?&isdi7i!n: %s!d and A77ess9 S!sal E %S9 .if n! a& !f di$!&7e ali7ai!n9 !& &e

sea&ai!n !f 7!1a6iees09 enf!&7emen !f s!&9 71ild &!e7i!n9 and ad!i!n_______55

nified Famil %!&: ;d#es a!ined ;!inl 6 6!1 #!$e&nmen__________________55

?&isdi7i!n: All famil law mae&s &e sea&ai!n and di$!&7e f!& ma&&ied and 7!1a6iin#

7!les______________________________________________________________________55

?d#es !fen FL e8e&s9 !li7 &e!&s 1a$e &e7!mmended 1ei& e8ansi!n9 6

&e7!mmendai!ns 1a$e n! 6een imlemened_____________________________________55

Ca&&ie&s ! e8ansi!n !f F% G &es!&7in# isses f!& &em!e l!7ai!ns !side me&!!lian

7en&es______________________________________________________________________55

Lii#ai!n P&!7esses: T1e FL &les .defal G )* 7ases a&e seled $ia FL 6a&#ainin#9 7!&send ! defe& ! &i$ae a#&eemens a6sen isses &elain# ! !we& ine4ali !& d!mesi7

$i!len7e055

10 | P a g e



!als_______________________________________________________________________55 Beore moton+ !ase !onerence __________________________________________________

Sett$ement conerence ___________________________________________________________

*ra$ negotaton _______________________________________________________________

A Sea&ai!n9 Ine&im M!i!ns_________________________________________________55

Aendan7e a Manda!& Inf!&mai!n P&!#&am ! &se di$!&7e &!7eedin#__________55

Isses a6! le#al &e&esenai!n________________________________________________55

nde&lin# !li7 &ai!nales !f FL 6a&#ainin#_____________________________________55

FL mae&s E &i$a7 mae&s___________________________________________________55

%ML !& !f in$asi!n !f &i$a7_________________________________________________55

Ale&nai$e FL P&!7esses 5

Ne#!iai!n__________________________________________________________________5

%!lla6!&ai$e law_____________________________________________________________5

Mediai!n .TP0_______________________________________________________________5)* gov+t project streams relationship brea,down out of negotiation into mediation____________-

A&6i&ai!n .FLA9 ss 5)>( ! >*0__________________________________________________5

P&!7ess f!& Res!l$in# %s!d and A77ess 7laims s 3(9 %LRA .&e7all ss ).(=,09 DA E ADR0

5

Famil Law Ca&#ainin# G FLA ,.(-0 A d!m B dealin# wi1 a mae& 1a is als! deal

wi1 in 1is A7 &e$ails nless 1is A7 &!$ides !1e&wise .a77!&ded s6sanial

a1!&i0________________________________________________________________5@Calf!& $ Calf!&: At !I3 %om not $ega$$ bn%ng@ *he are no; statutor$ enorce%@

5@ .n what circumstances will a court set aside a separation or marriage agreement____________7

Pa& I9 s 5( .FL Bs0___________________________________________________________5@ stat def incls Cohabitation % 0rbitration 1arriage% #eparation agreement% 1arriage% aternity__7

SS 5,9595) = le#al s7!e f!& d!m Bs_____________________________________________5@ S 52F definitions of marriages 3#___________________________________________________7

S 54F identify rights and obligations about which spouses may 3__________________________7

S 59@1 to 8 detailed provs re content and procedures for negotiating family arbitration awards!_7

SS 55=5@ G f!&maliies9 ;di7ial &e$iew9 #&!nds f!& sein# aside B____________________5@

11 | P a g e



s 55(1) orma$tes F 5nforceable dom 3 must be in writing% signed by parties% witnessed 6

arties are not re$uired to receive .0 prior to 3 signing% other than fam arbitration awards____7

s 55(2) 8 minor has capacity subject to approval of court________________________________7

s 56(1)F Ou%ca$ reve; re provs respecting child incl moral training% custody% access 9.C and

see s6 -'6'! re child support arrangements!_________________________________________7

s@ 56(4)F Ou%ca$ reve; r e failure to a! disclose significant assets and debts" b! understanding

nature and conse$uences of % encourages .0 c! according to law of 3 misrepresentation%

lac, of consideration% undue influence% duress% coercion% unconscionability% illegality!_________7

s@ 56(5): Court may set aside 3 if barrier to remarriage used as bargaining chip in negotiations_7

s@ (4)F court may set aside 3 provisions re support if prov is unconscionable% if it results in a

dependent $ualifying for public support% or if there is default in payment of support pursuant to 36 _____________________________________________________________________________7

S 56(4)(c)+ Dochu# v Dochu# (1999) _______________________________________________7 court upheld validity of 3 provs where there was evidence that husband had wilfully failed to disclose

relevant info b/c it would not have affected the wife;s decision to sign the 3" < of factors court must

consider when being as,ed to e=ercise discretion under s -4!_____________________________7

>hether there had been concealment of asset or material misrepresentation___________________7 >hether there had been duress or unconscionable circumstances____________________________7

>hether petitioning party neglected to pursue full legal disclosure arty must do the as, for

information and pursue it!___________________________________________________________7

>hether she moved e=peditiously to have agreement set aside______________________________7 >hether she received substantial benefit under agreement_________________________________7

>hether other party had fulfilled his or her obligations under agreement______________________7

.t s %esrab$e that "artes shou$% sett$e ther o;n aars "ossb$eC .n %ong so "artes shou$%#no; that the terms o such sett$ement ;$$ be bn%ng an% recogn'e%@ *he !A ;as c$ear that

a""roach s * a""$cab$e to s that are unconsconab$e@ _______________________________7

S 56(4)(b)+ =osen v =osen ________________________________________________________7 .0 not re$uired in )*% 3 provs may be set aside if either party did not understand nature and

conse$uences of 36 However% court will decline to set aside provs of 3 where party see,ing to set

aside 3 refused or decline .0 unless terms are unconscionable @ !ourt here conc$u%e% that ______7 W ha% acte% vo$untar$ n %ec%ng not to obtan $ega$ a%vce b4 sgnng a se" agreement@ !ourt

a$so %etermne% no ne?ua$t n barganng "o;er ______________________________________7

S 56(4)(c) !$ams about %uress an% vu$nerab$t _____________________________________7 Courts may set aside 3 if party see,ing remedial action can demonstrate circumstances surrounding

negotiation of 3 disclose consider unconscionability% duress% undue influence% fraud%

misrepresentation and mista,e_______________________________________________________7

&uo"o$o v &uo"o$o 7 -e$%F Ct e=pressed concern about such legal advice that > may be able to setaside 3 in future6 Court held > was not under duress when she signed agreement6 .t was her wish to

buy peace w/ her husband and there was no basis for setting aside the 3______________________7

Sau$ v -me$ (1989) 8 Crt upheld a sep agreement even though H claimed misrep & nondisclosurere provs for supporting a child of whom H was not bio father6 Crt decided that he had been aware ?

time of negotiating agreement% that he might not be bio father6 > had no duty to disclose facts_____@

Barton v SauvP (2010 S!) + cohabtaton agreement 7 Court e=amined cohabitation agreement in

detail% rejecting all grounds for setting it aside 6resence of vulnerability alone will not justify ctintervention > had no .0!_________________________________________________________@

S (4) H su""ort "rovs Sa$onen v Sa$onen (1986) ___________________________________@ -e$%F Court upheld sep agreement% although it meant > & children would re$uire social assistance6

Aacts of this case: #ep agreement re$uired H to ta,e responsibility for all couple+s debts% so he was

not able to pay much C# or ##6_______________________________________________________@

S 56(5) H remova$ o barrers to remarrage _________________________________________@#imilar to s 2'6' of Bivorce 0ct% offers assistance to parties who cannot access Bivorce 0ct_______@

12 | P a g e



Famil law 6a&#ainin#: %ase sdies !f ma&&ia#e 7!n&a7s 5*

-artshorne v -artshorne 2004 1 S!= 550 (avours !hoceCAutonom)7 e"$ct use o arness

n stat $ang 5*

=u$e ________________________________________________________________________5*

%!& s1!ld defe& ! d!m 1a s!ses ma<e f!& di$isi!n !f 1ei& !n 1e 6&ea<d!wn

!f 1ei& &elai!ns1i9 nless f!nd ! 6e nfai& afe& 7!nside&in# s 5 fa7!&s !f FLA_____5*

Analsis = %en&al ! an analsis nde& s 5.(0 !f FRA is .(0 a77&a7 !f a&iesH

7!nemlai!n a ime !f B f!&mai!n9 !f 1ei& 7i&7msan7es a ime !f dis&i6i!n9 .,0

w1e1e& 1e 7!nside&ed 1e ima7 !f 1ei& de7isi!n9 and9 .30 w1e1e& a&ies s6se4enl

ad;sed B ! mee demands !f a 71an#e in 7i&7msan7es !&9 !& imli7ai!ns inade4ael

add&essedKn &ealisi7__________________________________________________________5* atio_________________________________________________________________________D

Eo determine whether a marriage agreement operates unfairly:___________________________D

a) A""$ the agreement+ assess an% a;ar% nanca$ entt$ements provided to each spouse

under agreement% & other entitlements incl C# & ##____________________________________D

b) Were there an "roce%ura$ rregu$artes that might be reason to set it aside" >ere parties

aware of substantive entitlements% and sign 3 anyway__________________________________D

c) !ons%er acts n $ght o stat "rovs % determine whether 3 is unfair having regard to personal

and financial circumstances& how they evolved over time_______________________________D

%) Bid parties ,now their lives unfold in way it would________________________________D

e) +s onus is heavier current crcumstances ;ere ;thn contem"$aton o "artes at tme

ormaton % and circumstances surrounding it reflect consideration and response to those

circumstances%_________________________________________________________________D Holding_______________________________________________________________________D

1arriage agreement was fair at time of triggering event considering all circumstances% and s -

factors________________________________________________________________________D Dss ____________________________________________________________________________D

3ean v 3ean (nt !A 2008)(*O %ecson u"he$%F set as%e)S 56(4) *ES* 5) 0nalysis______________________________________________________________________D

> did not receive effective .0% did not understand nature and conse$uences of 13% H

misrepresented nature and terms of 13 to >% H;s failure to disclose was deliberate% H had

interfered with wife;s receipt of legal assistance from ' st 8 breach of set -4!0! & 9! 9 at part

two application!________________________________________________________________D

atio_________________________________________________________________________D

Betermine whether claimant has met s -4! 2! Betermine whether it is appropriate to e=ercise

discretion to set aside fairness having regard to fairness of 3 %overall circumstances such asintention% is breach such that it counteracts objectives of underlying policies_________________D

rc v B$ar !A 2014 nless 1e&e is &!e& ILA and fll finan7ial dis7l!s&e9 1e d!m B

ma 6e se aside nde& s 5.0> T1e&e is n! d !n a s!se ! in$esi#ae $e&a7i !f

finan7ial dis7l!s&e made 6 !1e& s!se> T1e fa7 1a W <new B was n! in 6es ine&ess

is n! sffi7ien ! find 1a s!se d!es n! nde&sand na&e and 7!nse4en7es !f B>

.De7isi!n 1e&e: new &ial !&de&ed0_______________________________________________5)

Ic!an v Ic!an (2012) S! ,44 (S!O)(marrage agreement) 5)

T1e 7i&7msan7es &e#a&din# is e8e7i!n9 1e im&!$iden &esl f!& 1e Wife and 1e

e8en !f 1e "s6andHs n!w weal19 a&e sffi7ien ! 1a$e 1e s!sal s!& &!$isi!ns !f

1e %!n&a7 se aside> Ca&#ain was na77ea6le in l!n#e& e&m ma&&ia#e !f (5 ea&s afe&

B was si#ned9 did n! &!$ide f!& "Hs f&e ea&nin#s &!;e7i!ns> %i&7msan7es

s&&!ndin# B f!&mai!n in7l s71!l!#i7al d&ess9 minimal dis7l!s&e>_______________5) Iarrage contracts an% the enorcement o re$gous ob$gatonsF (enorceab$t o Iahr has

been u"he$% n B! cases)@ *he courts ten% to enorce re$gous ob$gatons n I un$ess

nconsstent ;th $a;@ _______________________________________________________-

a%%oura v a%%oura> _________________________________________________________- 1ahr was unenforceable obligation pursuant to )* law___________________________________-F

Hermann v Charlesworth 7 Iahr is a religious matter so the resolution of any dispute relating to it

are religious in conte=t and conte=t6 i,e Ba$our v Ba$our % contracts of affection and love are not

binding__________________________________________________________________________-F

13 | P a g e



han v han _________________________________________________________________-)* court upheld validity of a ni,a namma13! of a,istan as a domestic 3 pursuant to )*;s A06

Court upheld 1uslim marriage 3% but did not enforce >+s waiver of ## right__________________-F

Qahr v Qahr ___________________________________________________________________- .ssues of evidence are complicated and often a need for e=pert evidence to be able to litigate them_-F

*he Oe;sh getF Bru#er v Iarcovt' S!! u"he$% !A %ecson@ - =ato _________________________________________________________________________-F

0n agreement between spouses to ta,e necessary steps to permit each of them to remarry in

accordance with their religious beliefs constitute a valid and binding agreement that did not

represent a harm to the husband;s religious freedom by re$uiring damages__________________-F

Ana$ss ______________________________________________________________________-F• .nternational law use of damages as compensation for spouse whose spouse has refused to

provide a get B v Arance!________________________________________________________-F

• &ub$c nterest in protecting e$uality rights% dignity of Gewish women in their inability to div

and remarry% as well as public benefit in enforcing valid and binding contractual obligations are

among interests and values outweighing 1arcovit; claim that enforcing para '2 of Consent would

interfere with his religious freedom____________________________________________________-F

%!$enan ma&&ia#e and .less0 a77ess ! di$!&7e .SA0= If a&ies we&e ma&&ied in LAKA9

d!mi7iled in %A9 7!&s w!ld &!6a6l #&an 7i$il di$!&7e9 6 7!nfli7 !f laws &in7iles

ma al .l!!< f!& &ef!&m ideas 1e&e0___________________________________________-

FAMILY PROP/RTY____________________________________________________________-

T1e Le#al and S!7ial %!ne8 !f Famil P&!e&_______________________________-M&d!71 $ M&d!71 .()@09 1e 7aals ! le#islai$e &ef!&m -

W1! is a S!se f!& P&!ses !f P&!e& S1a&in# .s (=,9 FLA0___________________( S 2 7 &o$gamous marrages _____________________________________________________(

N!$a S7!ia $ Wals1 .S%% ,--,0 .Wals1 $ C!na09 and 7!nsii!nali !f def s!se f!&

s1a&in# (

Rai!________________________________________________________________________(

T1e definii!n !f s!se is 7!nfined ! ma&&ied s!ses f!& &!ses !f &!$in7ial ma&ial

saes and 7!mlies wi1 s (5 !f 1e !harter _________________________________(

Diss9 L"D___________________________________________________________________(

a0 Pe&7ei!n !f “71!i7e” f!7s !n 1e f!&mai!n !f &elai!ns1is__________________(

60 a 7!leHs iniial ineni!ns a&e n! &ele$an a 1e end !f an ine&deenden

e7!n!mi7 &elai!ns1i_________________________________________________________(

70 6!1 a&ne&s ms 71!!se ! ma&&9 s! 1a i is n! a mae& !f indi$idal 71!i7e>

&es!nsi6ili f!& !s sea&ai!n deenden7 s1!ld 6e assi#ned ! f!&me& famil

mem6e&s9 &a1e& 1an 1e sae>_________________________________________________(

d0 S%% &e;e7ed 1e a&#men 1a 7!1a6iai!n was mainl 1e &esl !f a 71!i7e in_ _(

e0 9 ma&ial sas !fen lies 6e!nd 1e indi$idal2s effe7i$e 7!n&!l .a&a (530________(

T1e !li7 &e7!mmendai!n = OLR% &e!& &e7!mmend 7!=1a6iin# 7!les s1!ld 1a$e

a77ess ! &e#ime nde& FLA> Desie 7ases and LI9 &e7!mmendai!ns 1a$e n! 6een

imlemened (

Luebec v A 201 S!O o 5 G %laimanHs 7!nsii!nal 71allen#e w& ! 1e& e87lsi!n nde&

% %i$il %!de is &e;e7ed> S%% 1eld 1a s1e was eniled ! w1a 1e d!m B !ffe&ed ,

14 | P a g e



Rai!________________________________________________________________________,

%Hs %i$il %!de enilemens d! n! al ! nma&&ied s!ses9 and d!es n! 7!n&a$ene

s (5 !f %1a&e&> T1e&ef!&e9 nma&&ied s!ses 7ann! 7laim sa &i#1s nde& %i$il

%!de .5=0___________________________________________________________________,

Dissenin#___________________________________________________________________,

T1!ms!n %&ii4e___________________________________________________________,

I is lawfl ! e87lde 7!1a6iin# 7!les f&!m a77ess ! 1e s1a&in# &e#ime a

&elai!ns1i 6&ea<d!wn De7isi!n ma&<s 1e end !f e&a in FL> > A f!&malisi7 $s> fn7i!nal

a&!a71 was a<en sa$e f!& A6ella ? w1! sed fn7i!nal a&!a71 ! 7!n7lde 1a a77ess

s1!ld 6e e8ended !n 6asis 1a w1a mae&s is n! 71!i7e !& 7!nsen9 6 w1a 1e

famil d!es a se_____________________________________________________________,

Le#islai$e Re#imes f!& P&!e&=S1a&in# a Ma&&ia#e C&ea<d!wn________________,W1a is 1e nde&lin# &ai!nale f!& &!e& s1a&in# : a &esmi!n !f e4al

7!n&i6i!ns ! a74isii!n E mainenan7e !f fam asses ,

S 5 G P!li7 F&amew!&<,

ON FLA definii!ns !f “s!se”:________________________________________________,

Pa&s I and II .s (0 &e : “ma&&ied s!ses” ONLY___________________________________,

Pa& III .s ,)0 &e SS“e8anded definii!n !f Us!seH ! in7lde 7!1a6iin# s!ses”______,

Le#islai$e !6;e7_____________________________________________________________,

/a71 s!se s1a&es e4all in e7!n!mi7 weal1 !f ma&&ia#e V 6&ea<d!wn9 ;thout an

change n ""t o;nersh" _______________________________________________________,

Se7i!n 5.@0__________________________________________________________________,

P&!se !f e4aliai!n &e#ime__________________________________________________,

(1) ! &e7!#nie 1a 71ild 7a&e9 1!se1!ld mana#emen and finan7ial &!$isi!n a&e 1e

;!in &es!nsi6iliies !f 1e s!ses + (2) and 1a in1e&en in 1e ma&ial &elai!ns1i 1e&e

is e?ua$ contrbuton9 w1e1e& finan7ial !& !1e&wise9 6 1e s!ses ! 1e assmi!n !f

1ese &es!nsi6iliies9 () enilin# ea71 s!se ! 1e e4aliai!n !f 1e NFPs .0 s6;e7

!nl ! 1e e4ia6le 7!nside&ai!ns se ! s6 .0__________________________________,

Se7i!n 5.0 and !li7 7!nside&ai!ns____________________________________________3

“n7!ns7i!na6ili” es and se7ifi7 fa7!&s e&mis a 7!& ! awa&d s!me1in# m!&e !&

less 1an 1e e4aliai!n amen>______________________________________________3 olicy rationale________________________________________________________________-(

ractical benefits_______________________________________________________________-(

Bisadvantages_________________________________________________________________-(

3=! ________________________________________________________________________-( =ecommen%atons _________________________________________________________________-(

B! ""t sharng regme __________________________________________________________-(

Defal Re#ime = T1e /4aliai!n P&!7ess in Ona&i! .FLA9 Pa& I .()*00 G N!e9

a&ies 7an B ! !f FLA9 s ,.(-09 s6;e7 ! 5,.,0_______________________________3S ,.(-0 G Oin# ! 3

S 5,.,0 n! B &e M" &i#1s 3

15 | P a g e



Defal Re#ime = Definii!ns s .9 FLA0________________________________________alai!n dae : .s 09 ea&lies !f fi$e daes_________________________________________

Isually! date the spouses separate and there is no reasonable prospect that they will resume

cohabitation___________________________________________________________________-4

C&!adl ine&&eed9 ______________________________________________________any interest% present or future% vested or contingent% real or personal! as encompassing both

e$uitable and legal interests% e=cludes professional licences (!aratun)+ includes a negative

balance (Ienage) ______________________________________________________________-4

/87lded .s .,00_________________________________________________________

NFP9 s .(0___________________________________________________________________Jalue of all the property% that a spouse owns on Jday% e=cept property described in subsection

2!% after deducting %ebts H other $ab$tes not re$ate% to %rect$ to ac?uston or sgncant

m"rovement o I- : an% "re7marrage "ro"ert K not I-+ o;ne% at %ate o marrage+

ca$cu$ate% at %ate o marrage : ___________________________________________________-4

# 4! .f a spouse;s *A results ina negative value% deemed to be F________________________-4

Ses !f Analsis___________________________________________________________(> Dee&mine =da !& $alai!n dae .7 ma e8e&7ise dis7&ei!n if fa7al 7!ne8 is n7lea& 0

s;e$$ v s;e$$ (1992) ______________________________________________________

!aratun v !aratun (198,) = =da &efe&s ! dae w1en 1e&e was n! &eas!na6le

&!se7 !f &esmi!n !f 7!1a6iai!n9 w1en " lef wi1 n! ineni!n ! &e&n .wife2s

e8e7ai!n !f &e7!n7iliai!n was n! &eas!na6le in 7i&7msan7es0____________________

=a;$u# v =a;$u# __________________________________________________________

,> Dee&mine w1a was !wned 6 ea71 s!se !n da .If 1e&e is a 6enefi7ial ine&es

#i$in# &ise ! R%T f!& R 7laim9 en#a#e 1e&e FIRST0_______________________________

/87ldes &!fessi!nal li7en7es9 %T 7an 6e aa71ed ! li7en7e 6K7 is n!

(!aratun)+ ____________________________________________________________________

If ali7a6le9 al &s &in7iles ! dee&mine 6enefi7ial !wne&s1i .6K7 7ann!

6e e87lded if 6enefi7iall !wned 6 s!me!ne else0 (Icamee>=a;$u#) ________________

3> Dee&mine w1e1e& an 7!nsies e87lded .s .,0 and n!e &a7in# in s .,009

and is ded7ed f&!m NFP______________________________________________________5

P!s= da In7&ease in $ale !f e87l &eal !& e&s!nal n! in7lde in NFP

7al7lai!n___________________________________________________________________5

S$verberg v S$verberg : S ma n! 71an#e a &e&esened 71a&a7e&iai!n !f > M&s Sells 1e& " 1a 6!ss #a$e 1e& ;ewelle& in lie !f wa#es9 lae& a&#es i was a #if9 was

in7lded in NFP>______________________________________________________________5

3eevre v 3eevreF ifs !& fnds .!1e&wise eniled ! 6e e87lded0sed f!& &71ase

!f M" ma 6e in7lded in s!seHs NFP 7al7lai!n9 if &a7ed ! !f M" a =da___5

-arrngton v -arrngtonF Sanda&d f!& meein# s .30 !ns = COP_________________5

!arter v !arterF W1en a s!se &ansfe&s #ifed !& in1e&ied in! ;!in names9

7!nfe&&in# an ine&es in 1e !1e& s!se9 1e &ansfe&&in# s!se l!ses 1e e87lsi!n

ONLY ! 1e e8en !f 1e #if 1e !& s1e made ! 1e !1e& s!se9 &!$ided 1a 1e &esl

inended 6 1e &ansfe& is ;!in !wne&s1i________________________________________5

> Assi#n $ale ! 1e &!e& .in$!l$es ;di7ial dis7&ei!n if 1e&e a&e 7!mein# 7laims

a6! $ale0__________________________________________________________________5

Iontague v Iontague : 7!& assi#ns - $ale ! a 1a was s! !lled9 7lean 7!s

e87eeds in1e&en $ale !f ___________________________________________________5

s;e$$ v s;e$$ :%!& e8e&7ises dis7&ei!n ! dee&mine w1i71 $alai!n meas&e !

se in $alin# W2s f&s and ;ewelle& = fai& ma&<e $ale a da Rela7emen $ale

Wea& E ea&________________________________________________________________5

5> F&!m !al $ale9 ded7 (0 .an 7!nin#en a80 de6s E lia6iliies !f !wned a

=da9 AND ,0 &e=ma&&ia#e $ale !f asses s!se 7al7laed a dae !f ma&&ia#e

.e$en if s!ld afe& ma&&ia#e9 diffi7lies !f &!!f0___________________________________5

16 | P a g e



M" = S 7ann! ded7 &e=ma&&ia#e $ale !f M"9 e$en if !wned a dae !f

ma&&ia#e !& $ale9 de6s and lia6iliies !f M"9 in7l 1!se &elaed ! a74isii!nKsi#

im&!$emen_________________________________________________________________5

Sengmu$$er v Sengmu$$er = N!n=se7lai$e9 a7al dis!sii!n 7!ss if s!&ed 6

e$iden7e !f a lan f!& dis!sii!n9 T/ST : .(0 al !$e&&idin# &in7ile !f fai&ness9 ,0

7ase=6=7ase__________________________________________________________________5

Raare$$a v Raare$$a 201+ !A G P&esmi!n = SHs de6s a dae !f ma&&ia#e will

affe7 1a s!seHs enilemen in 1e e4aliai!n 7al7lai!n9 nless e$iden7e ! 1e

7!n&a& 9 f&s&aes !li7 !6;e7i$es____________________________________________5

Sten v Sten S!! : 7!nin#en a8 lia6iliies 7!nsie lia6iliies in &elai!n ! NFP___5

" &eained 6siness ine&ess W a74i&ed M"9 and 7!nin#en a8 lia6iliies ded7ed

5

A6ella ?9 dissenin# = nfai& ! ma<e ded7i!n de ! manifes nfai&ness &eslin#

f&!m ine4ali 7&eaed 6 di$isi!n 6Kw 6!1 a&ies_______________________________5

o$ga v o$ga if s!se2s asse n! M" a da9 1!#1 !n7e was9 1en s!se ma

&edeem &i#1 ! ded7 &e ma&&ia#e $ale________________________________________5

Se = %al7lae ea71 s!se2s NFP 9 dee&mine am!n 1a is (K, 1e diffe&en7e 6Kw

#&eae& and lesse& .S 5.(00 = &e&esens a de6 !win#9 n! an enilemen ! &!e& ne#

NFP s1all 6e J-J .s .500_______________________________________________________5

Ienage = A s!se2s inde6edness9 ne#ai$e 6alan7es9 is added ! a s!se2s asses a

da 5

W1e&e a PM is a ne#ai$e am!n9 i 6e7!mes a !sii$e am!n9 1a is added !

$ale !f NFP_________________________________________________________________5

Se @= Assess an 7laim f!& enilemen ! m!&e 1an !ne 1alf 1e diffe&en7e .s 5.00

e&mis 7!& ! e8e&7ise dis7&ei!n ! awa&d an am!n 1a is XK= 1an (K, diffe&en7e 6Kw

NFP IF 7!& is !f !ini!n 1a e4aliin# NFPs w!ld 6e n7!ns7i!na6le G 1i#1e&

1&es1!ld 1an ine4ia6le______________________________________________________5

Se @ 7!nined wi1 7ase law Jn7!ns7i!na6le &e&esens 1i#1e& 1&es1!ld 1an

ine4ia6le In 1is 7ase e4al s1a&in# w!ld 6e #&!ssl nfai&9 n&eas!na6le9 &e#nan !

an!ne2s sense !f ;si7e ! 1e le$el !f n7!ns7i!na6iliJ (Braas#ma) _________________

(Waters v Waters) %eeme% e4ali !f 7!n&i6i!n = As a mae& !f 6li7 !li79

7!n&i6i!ns a&e deemed e4al .e$en w1en 1e a&e n!0 = U7!mellin# 6li7 !li7

&eas!n 6 dea&&e f&!m e4ali s1!ld 6e n7!mm!n> %!& 7!n7lded 1e&e 1e&e wasn! 6asis f!& &e$isin# / 7laim___________________________________________________

S#rG v S#rGF =ec#$ess %e"$eton o & (s 5(6)(h) % awa&ds ne4al s1a&in# !n 6asis

1a " !!< 933- m!&e 1an W f&!m ;!in a77!n> (K, !f 1a am!n awa&d ! W2s /

amen_____________________________________________________________________

(Su$$van v Su$$van) % &ese&$ed 6siness as asse f!& wife and 1e& f&e a6ili !

s!& 1e&self E 71ild&en Jaenl E #&!ssl nfai&: ! e&mi " ! s1a&e in e4i !f

1is 6s 2dismal J_____________________________________________________________

(3eB$anc v 3eb$anc) W awa&ded ne4al s1a&e9 1e& 7!n&i6i!ns e8ensi$e9 1is

ne#li#i6le____________________________________________________________________

(uta)I w!ld 6e n7!ns7i!na6le f!& Peii!ne& ! &e7ei$e an e4al di$isi!n w1en s1e

7!n&i6ed $i&all n!1in# ! a74isii!n !f M" w1!se $ale in7&eased s6saniall

6Kw &71ase dae E dae !f se S1!& ma&&ia#e 6K7 s!se 7laims !1e& s!se wasa6si$e % awa&ded ne4al s1a&e ! &es!nded e$en 1!#1 P a&#ed R2s 7&el was

&eas!n f!& d&ai!n !f s1!& ma&&ia#e____________________________________________

(Iacne$$)5(6)(e)%!1a6iai!n e&i!d ine&&eed ! in7lde &e=ma&ial X ma&ial

7!1a6iai!n e&i!ds___________________________________________________________ Serra v Serra+ nter"retng s 5(6)(h)+ nc$u%es s"ousa$ mscon%uct an% unconsconab$e resu$ts

o the EL "rocess High unconscionability threshold does not preclude ct from ta,ing into account

a post separation date change in value of spouse;s assets and the circumstances surrounding for

purposes of s -!h!_____________________________________________________________--

17 | P a g e



• *ES* Ct should only award an une$ual division if i! circumstances giving rise to change in

value relate to the ac$uisition% disposition% preservation maintenance of improvement of ppty%

AD ii! where e$ualiing *A would be unconscionable% having regard to those circumstances

alone or in conjunction w -! factors!_____________________________________________--

• (Serra Se"araton+ -s "rnc"a$ asset %ecease% rom 11 m$$on to 2) court decreased 5K

payment permits a focus on result of 5K process of s '!" distinguished that mar,et driven

decline *)E related to economic downturn% not sufficient w/o more to award une$ual sharing___--

• (ean v !$aus) Inconscionable result for wife to have to bear entire burden of a decrease in

asset value created at instigation of H% for purpose of maintaining 1H% out of e$uity of 1H% and

largely managed by H____________________________________________________________--

/4aliai!n a dea1 !& di$!&7e .s!sal &i#1s &e ma&ial 7!nsie enf!&7ea6le le#al

!6li#ai!ns0__________________________________________________________________

Stone v Stone (1999) 46 = (%) 1 ___________________________________________

F: weal1 1s6and w1! <new 1e was faall ill &ansfe&&ed asses w!&1 (>3 milli!n

! 71ild&en ! a$!id e4aliai!n w wife V 1is dea1> F!ll!win# dea19 wid!w s77essfll

71allen#ed &ansfe&s as 7!n&a& ! F&adlen %!n$ean7es A79 RSO9 ())-___________ =atoF 3A create% a cre%tor %ebtor re$atonsh" ;hch ta#es orm o an o"en or runnng account

;hch becomes a sett$e% account on se"araton or %eath > consstent ;th goa$ o s"ouses sharng

ther net accreton n ;ea$th %urng marrage __________________________________________--

P&!e& E P&!fessi!nal De#&ees G s!sal 7!n&i6i!ns ! PPDs 7an 6e 7!mensaed $ia

SS awa&ds___________________________________________________________________!or$ess v !or$ess _______________________________________________________________--

!aratun v !aratrunF ____________________________________________________________--

Le#al dae: Definin# “&!e&” ?%M $ ANA ,-(, C%S% 5* = D!n!& se&m s&aws s1!ld

6e &eaed as &!e& f!& 1e &!ses !f di$idin# 1em !n 1e diss!li!n !f 1e s!sal

&elai!ns1i>

"eld: C% 7!& di$ided se&m s&aws 9 @ and > ?%M aed (,5 $ale ! ANA f!&

e8&a s&aw &e7ei$ed>__________________________________________________________

ills&aes diffi7l !f s1a&in# $> di$isi!n_____________________________

ON 7!& ma in$!<e s ).(0.a0 ! 1a$e ?%M a !& ANA !& .d.ii0 ! a&ii!n 1e

&!e& if ( s!se ma<es a s @ ali7ai!n &e4es d7!& dee&mine s!sesH enilemen

! se&m s&aws in 4esi!n_____________________________________________________

P E 6enefi7ial .e4ia6le0 !wne&s1i9 =a;$u# v =a;$u# (s 4 2+ 3A)7 If 7laiman 7an

esa6lis1 R%T f!& R 7laim9 1en % will 6e eniled ! s1a&e in $ale a dae !f &ial9 n! da> T1e 7!nside&ai!n !f R%T 7laim f!& R !77&s 6ef!&e dee&minai!n !f NFP and

6ef!&e /___________________________________________________________________@ atio_________________________________________________________________________-7

#pouses are not precluded from CE remedy for I claim6 # 4 is includes beneficial e$uitable!

ownership6 '! Court must consider trust principles to determine whether claimant has beneficial

ownership at first step of determining *A of each spouse 2! court must perform e$ualiation

calculations6 Ehird% court assesses whether given facts of particular case% e$ualiation is

unconscionable & may e=ercise discretion____________________________________________-7

S 4() Denton o gt+ Icamee vs@ Icamee K affirms awlu, analysis remains significant"

#hares were a gift in law & e=cluded from H;s *A6 Ehe conditions imposed on transfer of gift

were invalid b/c donee accepted a gift on the assumption there were no conds attached6 However%

>+s alternative claim of CE for I in relation to gift of shares re$uired a new trial 9C EC did

not hear evidence re: >;s claim____________________________________________________-7 a$uaton o "ensons+ s 4(1)(c) ____________________________________________________-7

3 Stat Amen%ment ts 2009 ______________________________________________________-7

P&!e& and ensi!nsGs .(0.70 FLA 9 s def in7ls Ja s!se2s &i#1s nde& a PP 1a

1a$e $esed>__________________________________________________________________@

T1e Ma&im!nial "!me: FLA Pa&s I and II *

Wa&d $ Wa&d9 ',-((+ O? N!> 39 ONS% 5@- .On S % ?0 G %A affi&med T? de7isi!n !

e&mi ne4al s1a&in# and awa&ded wife / amen !f )-B !n 6asis !f s 5.0.70.10>

n7!ns7i!na6le &esl in awa&d !f e4al s1a&in# in$!<ed s 5.0_______________________* =u$e(s) _______________________________________________________________________-@

18 | P a g e



Courts should not deviate from presumption of e$uality of contribution unless award of e$ual

sharing would shoc, the ct;s conscience" C0 should not intervene in a EG discretionary decisions

Lunless there is an error of law or an egregious error of fact6M____________________________-@

S"encer v =esberr+ ',-(,+ ON%A (*0 G A F" 1a is a &s asse ma n! 4alif as a

M"9________________________________________________________________________* atio_________________________________________________________________________-@

0 spouse;s beneficial interest in a family trust does not constitute a 1H where spouse has no ppty

interest in any specific trust asset % and an interest in the trust alonedistinct from the conte=t of a

corporation% where a trust ppty is can be trusted bac, to sole sharedholder who is spouse in a

marriage Debora !_____________________________________________________________-@

Sa!& P&!$isi!ns___________________________________________________________)S7!e_______________________________________________________________________)

Pa&s I and II !f 1e FLA d! n! al ! 7!1a6iees9 S!ses ma B ! !f Pa& defal

s1a&in# &e#ime9 6 ma n! B ! limi a s!se2s !ssess!& &i#1s in 1e M": FLA s

5,.,0________________________________________________________________________)#ection '@'!__________________________________________________________________-D

'! 5very property in which a person has an interest and that is or% if the spouses have separated%

2! was at the time of separation ordinarily occupied by the person and his or her spouse as their

family residence is 1H at Jday!__________________________________________________-D!ase$a; re S (18(1)) _______________________________________________________________-D

ahatche;t' K H owned a home at time of marriage% H& > lived in it for some time6 H went

away% and then H sold it6 arties separated6 1H was not Lordinarily occupied by the spouses as

their family residenceM at separation JBay!% it was not a 1H% and thus H was entitled to deductit as 1J6_____________________________________________________________________-D

Da!osta : H received an inheritance of money after his marriage% used it to purchase Cedar Bee

Aarm in part6 Court traced the funds to the farm6 Held: H was entitled to e=clude the inheritance

value from *A total b/c it was not considered a 1H the court held that > did not spend time at

the farm to meet s '@ test6_________________________________________________________-D

Ec$usons H De%uctons ________________________________________________________-D S 4(1)(b !Beductions on 1H .f pre marriage property is a house that is the matrimonial home at J

day% it cannot be deducted6__________________________________________________________-D

S4(2)T1 roperty% other than a 1H% that was ac$uired by gift or inheritance% from a third person%

after the date of the marriage______________________________________________________-D

S 19 __________________________________________________________________________-D

&ossessor =ghts K re?uste e$ement o entt$ement s s 18(1) ___________________________-D

#pouses have e$ual rights to possession% regardless of title potentially to a nontitled spouse!: it is a personal right% not enforceable against E______________________________________________-D

S 24 __________________________________________________________________________-D Secton 24(1)(b)F __________________________________________________________________-D

S 24( ! interim order for e=clusive possession% usually a timelimited order6 #tatute is silent about

how much weight to accord each factor @:.n %etermnng ;hether to ma#e an or%er or ec$usve

"ossesson+ the court sha$$ cons%er+: _______________________________________________-Da0 the best interests of the #hildren affe#ted in#l&des psy#hologi#al stresses and strains affe#ted

by separation of parents arising o&t of daily fri#tions bt/) parents" prote#tion of #hildren may

o&t)eigh finan#ial iss&es % &er 0___________________________________________________2

b0 any existing orders &nder Part ( Family Property0 and any existing s&pport orders or otherenfor#eable s&pport obligations_____________________________________________________2

#0 the finan#ial position of both spo&ses =osentha$ % typi#al" left home #annot s&pport and

*ids in M and himself 6 same time" )ants e!erything to stay the same )itho&t any #hangesW$son0________________________________________________________________________2d0 any )ritten agreement bet)een the parties_________________________________________2

e0 the a!ailability of other s&itable and affordable a##ommodation and_____________________2

f0 any !iolen#e #ommitted by a spo&se against the other spo&se or the #hildren in#l psy#hologi#al

!iolen#e" )arfare % Hill 0___________________________________________________________2 Secton 24(4)F Befinition of 9.C for applications for e=clusive possession of the 1H6__________-D

a! the possible disruptive effects on the child of a move to other accommodation" and___________-D

b! the child+s views and preferences% if they can reasonably be ascertained6___________________-D

Ev%entar cons%eraton un%er s 24() K e"ert H *& _________________________________-D

nanca$ resources H s 24() _____________________________________________________7F

19 | P a g e



W$son v W$son 8 ,ey factor in granting interim e=cl possession to wife 8 BJ% drin,ing problem on

part of H% 9.C% affordable accommodation___________________________________________7F

Ali7ai!ns f!& e87lsi$e !ssessi!n !f M" = %aselaw @-

R!sen1al $ R!sen1al .()*0 3 FL .3d0 (, .On "%0 G S , ali7ai!n &efsed________@-24()(c) er financial statements filed by both parties% apparent that there are not sufficient funds

to continue occupation of marital home% " it is in best interests of both parties that 1H be sold for

best price available% and e=cess moneys to be divided bt/w them and form a portion of each *A_7F

S 24()(a) !h$%s best nterests *o legal obligation upon to maintain two older sons in a style

to which they are accustomed " each of the ( boys owns and operates a motor vehicle__________7F

&er v &er (1986) 3 (%) 16, (nt Dst@ !t)= Ali7ai!n #&aned G Fal 6ased 7!nd79

1ea$in# d&in<in# and !6a77! 7!nsmi!n9 TP e$iden7e !f RHs 6e1a$i!&9 CI% affe7ed 6a&enal f&i7i!n______________________________________________________________@-

-$$ v -$$ (198,)7 _____________________________________________________________@-

Cohabiting Co&ples and the 7se of ,r&st -o#trine Pett*&s ! 'e#*er Peter ! 'eblo)" err !

'arano) 9anasse :eg&in0____________________________________________________________$1

R &in7ile .Pe<s0 !ns !n PL____________________________________________@((0 S6sanial 6enefi 7!nfe&&ed !n &es!ndin# a& 6 7!n&i6i!ns !f 7laiman

&elain# ! mainenan7e !& a74isii!n ! in 4esi!n @(

,0 %!&&es!ndin# de&i$ai!n sffe&ed 6 7laiman f!& w1i71 n! 7!mensai!n was

&e7ei$ed @(

30 A6sen7e !f ;&isi7 &eas!n &e6a6le 6 e$iden7e !n a& !f D ! s1!w w1 en&i71men

s1!ld 6e &eained .&eas!na6le e8e7ai!ns 7!nside&ed 1e&e .Be&& anasse0 @(0 Dee&mine 7!&&es!ndin# &emed G 3 #&adai!ns: M.$ale &e7ei$ed0 R%T.$ale

s&$i$ed09 ? .$ale &e7ei$ed NWS $ale s&$i$ed0 @(

(Beb$o;)Ons !n PL ! s1!w 1a M w!ld n! a&!&iael 7!mensae e&s!n f!& f!&

se&$i7es &ende&ed 6 7laimain in 1e 7i&7msan7es (Sansome) If Y G 1en M awa&ded>

%!nside& &!6a6ili !f awa&d 6ein# aid> Res!ndin# a& will aem ! s1!w iHs

a&!&iae G 6a&#ain9 &eas!na6le e8e7ai!ns____________________________________@(

I> If N!9 1en %T dee&minai!n = Is 1e&e a ne8s 6eween 7laiman2s 7!n&i6i!ns and

a74isii!n !f in 4esi!n wKin w1i71 7laiman see<s &!&iea& ine&es A di&e7

7!n&i6i!n is n! &e4i&ed (Sorochan) (=a;$u#+ Ic3ach$n O n &eter v Beb$o;) ________@(

II> If Yes9 1en %T and dee&mine awa&d> If N!9 &!7eed ! ?>_____________________@(

III> IF9 %T9 ine&es awa&ded9 dee&mine !&i!n !f $ale !f in 4esi!n 1a is

a&i6a6le ! ! di&e7 !& indi&e7 7!n&i6i!ns !f 7laiman> A7al $ale 7!nfe&&ed 6 %is i&&ele$an> W1e&e 7!n&i6i!n is ne4al9 s1a&es a&e ne4al>_____________________@(

I> (err>anasse) If ?9 w1i719 d!es n! mandae a &esmi!n !f e4al s1a&in#9 1en

7laiman ms dem!ns&ae .(0 a&ies 1a$e 6een en#a#ed in ? G ;!in eff!&s !f a&ies E

a77mlai!n !f famil asses !& weal1 .,0 1a &es!ndin# a& 1as &eained an

ina&!&iael dis&!!&i!nae am!n !f weal1 .30 a 7!n&i6i!n ! 1e a77mlai!n

!f famil asses !& weal1 G 7!nside&ai!n !f:______________________________________@(a! IE pooling of effort & team wor, Becision to raise children together ength of

relationship_____________________________________________________________________7'

b! E. the more e=tensive the integration of couple;s finances the more li,ely a GJ will be found_7'

c! Actua$ ntent+ subGectve stan%ar% e=press or inferred " whether they held themselves asmarried% joint title to ppty__________________________________________________________7'

d! & Have parties acted on shared assumptions or understandings for the future% e=press or

impliedly foregoing career or educational advancement for fam benefit% acceptingunderemployment to balance dom and financial needs_____________________________________7'

If ? esa6lis1ed9 awa&d s1!ld 6e &!!&i!n ! a77mlai!n !f famil asses and

7!mensai!n &e7ei$ed s1!ld 6e dis7!ned f&!m !$e&all awa&d> @(

Pe<s $ Ce7<e& '()*-+ , S%R 3@= R%T f!& R 7laim is a$aila6le ! 7!1a6iin# s!ses

a &elai!ns1i 6&ea<d!wn___________________________________________________@,

S!&!71an $ S!&!71an'()*+ , S%R G A 7laiman ma esa6lis1 R%T 6 R 1&!#1

dem!ns&ain# a ne8s 6Kw 7!n&i6i!n and in 4esi!n a 7!n&i6i!n ! a7al

a74isii!n is n! &e4i&ed___________________________________________________@,

20 | P a g e



M!nea& &emed .anm me&i0 = e!&#e $ "assanali .()*)0 .On "%0_________@,Rai! @,

P ma 6e eniled ! m!nea& awa&d w1e&e R is esa6lis1ed9 6 is n! a&!&iae !

awa&d &emed !f %T9 and ma im!se %T nil m!nea& awa&d is aid in fll @,

Pee& $ Ce6l!w'())3+ ( S%R )*- G e8ands 1e s7!e !f w!&< &e4i&ed nde& %T____@,

?!in Famil en&e = Be&& $ Ca&an!w anasse $ Se#in_______________________@3asi S!sal Relai!ns1is : N!well $ T!wn /sae '())@+ ON%A @3

Rai!________________________________________________________________________@3

A 7laiman in a 4asi=s!sal &elai!ns1i 1a esa6lis1es R 7laim ma 6e eniled !

.M0_______________________________________________________________________@3 &e$echat S LB ______________________________________________________________@3

PL awa&ded %T !f ,- ine&es in DHs 1!se E 1e 1!me in w1i71 s1e li$ed> R and %T

ma 6e a$aila6le ! 7!les w1! a&e n! J7!1a6iin#J_______________________________@3

PL E de7eased in (@ ea& &elai!ns1i> D &71ased a 1!se f!& PL ! li$e in9 71a&#ed 1e&

&en and 1e li$ed sea&ael> PLHs 7!n&i6i!ns in7l 7!!<in# dinne& &e#la&l f!& D9 ""

se&$i7es !f de7easedHs 1!ses> PL 7laimed D saed s1e w!ld ne$e& 1a$e ! w!&& a6! 1e

1!se in w1i71 s1e li$ed>_______________________________________________________@3

no$$ S _____________________________________________________________________@3

% denied 7laim 9 &elin# !n &enial a#&eemen 6a&&in# 1e& f&!m ma<in# 7laims a#ains

"Hs esae E e8&a &es!nsi6ili aa71ed ! an ill s!se9 is a ma&ial nde&a<in# ! !f

l!$e E affe7i!n_______________________________________________________________@3

R E SS Relai!ns1is @orrest v &rce (1992) B!S! ____________________________________________________@ was entitled to remedial CE% given history of relationship and B;s assurances throughout%

reasonably e=pected to receive an actual interest in various ppties & B either was or ought to have

been cogniant of that e=pectation considered B;s debts% increase of value of ppty since sep%

process for ppty sale!____________________________________________________________74

Bust v <reaves 199, O o@ 2646 (<en Dv) ______________________________________@ artner that was the lawyer brought an I claim6 >hich was rejected by reason that there wasn;t

sufficient evidence of deprivation by absence of juristic reason6 1s 9 was not worse off personally

or professionally due to relationship________________________________________________74

!oh;%hur v Argent Estate+ 200, B!S! __________________________________________@ ;s claim for remedial CE failed6 found to have made no contribution of value to B;s home%

either in money or services % claim that had Ncontributed to 1 0;s happiness & made him

joyful was irrelevantN____________________________________________________________74 Iartn v Sansome 2014 !A K %RT f!& R 7laim &e ! ma&&ied 7!les : If 7laiman

see<s R 7laim &emed9 7!& ms 7!nside& if awa&d !f 1i#1e& / amen nde& s 5.0

&ed&esses &emed 6ef!&e en#a#in# in R%T analsis_________________________________@

SPOSAL SPPORT____________________________________________________________@5

;:po&ses; in pro!in#ial legislation in relation to s&pport_____________________________________$5

DA______________________________________________________________________@5

FLA9 III__________________________________________________________________@5

s ,)9 def !f s!se__________________________________________________________@5deendan: a e&s!n ! w1!m an!1e& 1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!& @5

s!se: (.(0 ei1e& !f , e&s!nsKnma&&ied E 1a$e 7!1a6ied .! li$e !#e1e& wKin a 7!n;#al

&elai!ns1i9 inside !& !side ma&&ia#e09 .a0 7!nin!sl f!& a e&i!d !f 3 ea&s !& a&e .60

na&al !& ad!i$e a&ens !f a 71ild in &elai!ns1i !f s!me e&manen7e @5

S 3_____________________________________________________________________@5Pa&am!n7 @5

S, .(-0___________________________________________________________________@5

Ine&&ein# S ,).a0: %!nin!s and 7!n;#ali_______________________________@5 Io$%o;ch G fa7!&s ! dee&mine w1e1e& , a&ies a&e in 7!1a6iin# &elai!ns1i_______@5

• She$ter a!Bid parties live under the same roof b! >hat were the sleeping arrangements

c!Bid anyone else occupy or share the available accommodations________________________7

21 | P a g e



• Seua$ an% &ersona$ Behavour (a) se=ual relations .f not% why not (b) attitudes of fidelity

(c) feelings towards each other%(%)communicated on a personal level______________________7

• (e)ate meals together () Bid they do anything assist each other w/probs or illness (g) Bid

they buy gifts for each other on special occasions______________________________________7

• Servces 7 (a) >hat was the conduct of the parties in relation to: a!preparation of meals% b)

washing and mending clothes% c) shopping% %) household maintenance% and e) any other domestic

services _____________________________________________________________________7

• Soca$ 7 (a) Bid parties participate together or separately in neighbourhood and community

activities (b)>hat was the relationship and conduct of each of them toward members of their

respective fams and how did such fams behave toward the parties________________________7• Soceta$ 7>hat was the attitude & conduct of the comm toward each& as a couple_______7

• Su""ort economic!: >hat were arrangements re a!food% clothing% shelter% recreation%b!

ac$uisition of ownership of ppty% c! as to determinant of overall relationship________________7

• !h$%ren >hat was attitude & conduct of parties concerning children________________7

Slli$an $ Leni< @5

W1e1e& 7!les a&e sea&aed is a mae& !f inen9 n! #e!#&a1> .We2&e n! l!!<in# a

#e!#&a1i7al l!7ai!n9 7!=&esiden7e9 6 &a1e& ineni!n !f a&ies0___________________@5

Sande&s!n $ Rssell @5

In s!me 7ases 1e es s1!ld 6e &ealisi7 and fle8i6le en!#1 ! &e7!#nie 1a a 6&ief

7!!lin# !ff e&i!d d!es n! 6&in# 1e &elai!ns1i ! an end> S71 7!nd7 d!es n!

7!n$in7in#l dem!ns&ae >>> 1a 1e &elai!ns1i is a an end________________________@5

Ine&&ein# S ,).60: A !71 !f e&manen7e___________________________________@5Ma1!ne $ Bin# @5

An inimae &elai!ns1i in w1i71 !ne a& is ma&&ied9 and s!ses a&e li$in# aa&9 ma

7!nsie a &elai!ns1i !f s!me e&manen7e______________________________________@

": A eniled ! SS9 falls nde& def !f s!se nde& s ,).60___________________________@

La66e $ M7%ll!#1 @

C&e6i7 $ Ni<si7 @

<egislati!e Prin#iples________________________________________________________________$2

1is!& !f SS @

SS m!dels @

SS ! &!$ide in7!me se7&i f!& a deenden s!se .“need”0 @

%!mensa!& f!& e7!n l!ss d&in# MK%O" @@

SS as .7lean 6&ea<0 @@/$!li!n !f Le#islai$e P&in7iles A6! S!sal S!& @@

f!&me& &in7ile______________________________________________________________@@

DA9 ()* (.(09 s!sal s!& !&de&ed !n 6asis !f:_________________________________@@

7!nd79 7!ndii!n9 means and !1e& 7i&7msan7es '!f 1e a&ies+____________________@@

W1! 6ea&s !6li#ai!n !f &!$idin# finan7ial s!&_______________________________@@

22 | P a g e



Iesser v De$age 198 2 S!= 401 _______________________________________________@@ atio: 0 divorced man bears the responsibility of supporting a former > who cannot provide for

her own needs 6 Held: H must pay reduced ## indefinitely to former #6 #CC upheld C0_________77

&e$ech *ro$og _______________________________________________________________@@

(se" s) ______________________________________________________________________@@ =ato: Ehe state bears the responsibility to support former spouses post separation% not former

spouses% unless applicant can demonstrate causal connection economic disadvantage & marriage

brea,down b! designed to promote certainty & to facilitate clean brea," c! focus on individual

autonomy% d! respect for 3s" -e$% state should pay social assistance to support applicant wife in

all ( cases_____________________________________________________________________77

Famil Law A79 RSO ()*__________________________________________________@@s 3- @@

s 33 @@

s 33.3 @@

ss 33.0 @*

s 5.0 @* Settng as%e %omestc re a!unconscionability% b!dependant who waivers ## and $ualifies for

welfare_______________________________________________________________________7@

Schee$ v -en#e$man+ !A)@ _____________________________________________________7@

S 33.*0 @*

s 33.)0 @*

33.(-0 @*

s 3 @*s 3@ @*

Di$!&7e A7 9 RS% ()*5 G S (5>,9 (5>3.(09 s(@___________________________________@*s(5>,.(0 @*

s(5>,.,0 @*

s(5>,.30 @*

s(5>,.0 @*

.dis7&ei!n0 fa7!&s 7!& ms 7!nside& needs9 means and !1e& 7i&7msan7es !f ea71 s!se

in7l: .a0len#1 !f ime9 .60fn7i!ns e&f!&med 6 ea71 s!se d&in# 7!1a6iai!n9 .70 an

!&de&9 a#&eemen !& a&&an#emen &elain# ! s!& !f ei1e& s!se @*

s(5>,.50 @*

S(5>,.0 .&efle7s R!#e&s!nm!dels0 @*

O6;e7i$es !f SS !&de&s G need9 7!mensai!n and self sffi7ien7____________________@*

23 | P a g e



Criti$ue crt cannot accomplish all goals% ma,es factually driven choices% wide e=ercise of

discretion_____________________________________________________________________7@

s (5>3.(0 @*

s (@ @*

SSA @*

P&in7iles !f SS9 ?di7ial iews !f DA9 ()*5 9 SS as 7!mensai!n @)

M!#e $ M!#e E s (@ a=d .6&!adens 6asis f!& SS ! in7l 7!mensa!&0 @)

Rai! = %!&s 1a$e an !$e&&idin# dis7&ei!n w1en ma<in# SSO9 and will 6e e8e&7ised

a77!&din# ! 1e a&i7la& fa7!&s !f ea71 7ase9 1a$in# &e#a&d ! fa7!&s and !6;e7i$es in

D_________________________________________________________________________@)

i0 T1e 7lean=6&ea< !6;e7i$e is n! &e=eminen9 aenaed9 in dee&minai!n !f SSO 9

ii07!mensa!& m!del ad!ed 6 Pa&liamen aems ! ens&e e4ia6le s1a&in# !f e7!

7!nse4en7e a ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn iii0_________________________________________@)

7!nside& s1!& e&m $s> l!n# e&m ma&&ia#es 71ildless ma&&ia#e , in7!me 1!se1!ld___@)

east v east .!aratun> 3nton) isse !f s1a&in# &!f de#&ees &es!l$ed 1&!#1 7!mensa!&

s!& &a1e& &!$isi!ns0 @)

Rai!: SSO 7an 6e sed ! 7!mensae a s!se2s eff!&s !wa&ds 1e !1e& s!se2s &!fl

de#&ee_______________________________________________________________________@)

Se$ens $ Se$ens ,-(, ONS% @- @)

Rai!: &eaffi&ms M!#e >>> e7!n!mi7 7!nse4en7es !f ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn ms 6e s1a&ed

e4all9 #i$en 1a w!&< inside 1e 1!me 1as an ndenia6le $ale>____________________@)

C&a7<l!w .SS as s!7ial !6li#ai!n9 &e7!#nies 3 m!dels !f ma&&ia#e Gs!7ial9 indeenden9

mal9 s (5>,.0.d0 is a sa limiai!n !n 1e !6li#ai!n ! 6e7!me self sffi7ien0 @)

Rai!: Law &e7!#nies 3 7!n7eal #&!nds f!& enilemen ! SS: .(0 7!mensa!&9 .,0

Bal9 .30 n!n=7!mensa!& T1s9 A a!& s!se ma 6e 1eld ! 6ea& a s!7ial !6li#ai!n

! s!& a f!&me& s!se 6e!nd 7!mensai!n f!& l!ss in7&&ed as a &esl !f ma&&ia#e

and is 6&ea<d!wn____________________________________________________________@)

/8andin# &ai!nale f!& SS !6li#ai!ns = n!n 7!mensa!& s!& *-

Fal and SS .DA9 s(5>,.500__________________________________________________*-

%!& is &e7lded f&!m &elin# !n s!sal mis7!nd79 ma l!!< ! ima7 !f s!sal

mis7!nd7_______________________________________________________________*-Les<n $ Les<n ',--+ ( S%R ),- *-

Rai!: ./m!0 %!nse4en7es !f s!sal .mis07!nd7 ma 6e 7!nside&ed in l!!<in# a needs

and 7i&7msan7es ! dee&mine enilemen ! SS> "e&e de SHs fail&e ! a71ie$eeml!men in a& de ! em!i!nal de$asai!n 7ased 6 e8="Hs s!sal mis7!nd79

wifeHs a#e9 !!& 1eal1>_________________________________________________________*-

n#e&e& $ n#e&e& .())*0 *-

Rai!: S!sal mis7!nd7 ma esa6lis1 an ali7ai!n f!& an !&de& ! e&minae SS if

mis7!nd7 alle#ed is !f s71 a m!&all &e#nan na&e9 as w!ld 7ase a RP ! sa S is

n! l!n#e& eniled ! s!& !f e8=" !& ! ;di7ial assisan7e in 7!mellin# " ! a "eld9

SS e&minaed ea&s afe& di$!&7e>______________________________________________*-

Sewa& $ Sewa& ,--- NSS% *-

Rai!: A deendan !& a!& s!seHs a6si$e !s=sea&ai!n 7!nd79 d!es n! fall nde&

7!nd7 in &elai!n ! ma&&ia#e9 and 1s is a fa7!& in dee&minin# w1e1e& ! den9 #&an

!& $a& an !&de& f!& SS________________________________________________________*-

FLA P&!$isi!ns a6! 7!nd7 and SS .s 33.(-0_________________________________*-M!&e $ M!&e .()@)0 , OR fa7!&s &ele$an ! dee&minin# a s!se was diseniled ! SS

!n 6asis !f 7!nd7 1a 7!nsied n7!ns7i!na6ili = as an !6$i!s and #&!ss &ediai!n

!f &elai!ns1i9 7laiman ms s1!w *-

.a0 e87ei!nall 6ad 7!nd7___________________________________________________*-

24 | P a g e



.60 7!nd7 &eas!na6l e8e7ed ! des&! ma&&ia#e_______________________________*-

.70 7!nd7 ms 1a$e e&sised in 1e fa7e !f inn!7en7e E $i&al 6lamelessness !n a& !f

!1e& s!se9_________________________________________________________________*-

.d0 7!mmissi!n !f s!=7alled ma&im!nial !ffen7e n! ne7essa&il sffi7ien_____________*-

.e0a& &aisin# isse !f &ele$an 7!nd7 s1!ld 6e &ea&ed ! nde&a<e 1a 1e&e is a

6!na fide 6elief 1a 1e es >>7an 6e saisfied 'w &is<s !f nii$e 7!ss if 7& finds isse is

f&i$!l!s+ and________________________________________________________________*-

.f0leadin#s>>>s1!ld se ! a smma& !f 7!nd7 &elied !n ! mee 1e es>>>__________*-

Rai!: S 33.(-0 Jn7!ns7i!na6le 7!nd7J ine&&eed ! in7lde !s=sea&ai!n 7!nd79

E &elai!ns1i in7l 7!=a&en &elai!ns1i9 1e&ef!&e !s=sea&ai!n mis7!nd7 is a 6asis

f!& e&minai!n !f SS !&de& %!n7lsi!n: FWHs 7!nd7 &efle7s inen ! des&! fa1e&=

da#1e& &elai!ns1i9 am!ns ! 1ide!s &ediai!n !f &elai!ns1i 6Kw f!&me& s!ses

as 7!=a&ens f!& da#1e&> M!1e&2s alienai!n !f da#1e& and F" ms 6e

7!ndemned 9made effe7i$e 6 wa !f e&minain# SS_______________________________*(

Re1in<in# Pele71 E 1e R!le !f Famil A#&eemens9 Mi#lin $ Mi#lin ,-- 9S%% *,

A6ella9 ?A________________________________________________________________*,

%A______________________________________________________________________*,

A#&eemens is n! a &e=eminen s (5>, fa7!&> %!&s s1!ld &ea se a#&eemens E

7& !&de&s e4all> "i#1e& 1&es1!ld s1!ld n! 6e &e4i&ed ! wa&&an ;di7ial

ine&$eni!n in sein# aside se a#&eemen $s> a SS !&de&> A SS !&de& dee&minai!n

s1!ld 6e made w &e#a&d ! J!$e&all s71eme E s!& &!$sJ 7!nside&in# 1e&e is n!

sa di&e7i!n &e: a#&eemens_________________________________________________*,Rai!.s0 *,

DA9 s (5>,.(0 Sa!& !6;e7i$es: .(0 7e&ain9 .,0 finali9 .30 a!n!m9 .30 e4ia6le

!f s1a&in# !f e7!n!mi7 7!nse4en7es fl!win# f&!m ma&&ia#e 6&ea<d!wn *,

T1e 7!& is ! &ea famil a#&eemens as “Bs n!ne1eless” 9nli<el ! ine&$ene ! se

aside a sea&ai!n a#&eemen a6sen e8&a!&dina& 7i&7msan7es li<e illness !& disa6ili !f

a 71ild .ma&<e f!&7es9 ;!6 l!ss9 1eal1 isses9 1!se &i7in# fl7ai!ns d! n! 4ali9

failin# 6sinesses !& &ema&&ia#e0 .a&a *)0 *,

Pele71 es dead n! l!n#e& a&!&iae f!& ine&fe&in# wi1 a &e=e8isin# a#&eemen

*,

Tw!=sa#e es ! 6e sed ! dee&mine w1e1e& a 7!& will 1!ld an a#&eemen 1a

limisKwai$es a a&Hs SS &i#1s nde& s (5>,.(0> .(0 L!!< a 7i&7msan7es in w1i71

a#&eemen was ne#!iaed9 and see w1e1e& i s1!ld 6e dis7!ned in 1!se 7i&7msan7es

.&eas!ns li<e $lne&a6iliies !& !&essi!nK&ess&e9 d&ai!n !f ne#!iai!n9 le#al

&e&esenai!n0 9 .60 1e&e was &ess&e !n 1e si#n!& !& was ( a& $lne&a6le .,0 If n!9

asses9 w1e1e& 1e a#&eemen sill &efle7s 1e !&i#inal ineni!n !f 1e a&ies and 1e e8en

! w1i71 i is sill in s6sanial 7!mlian7e wi1 1e !6;e7i$es !f DA *,

AnalsisK% *,

Be Pa&as *,

Dissenin# Pa&as______________________________________________________________*,

Le#a7 !f Mi#lin___________________________________________________________*3!oo"er v !oo"er K Q ___________________________________________________________*3

Held" Aollows 1igliin to deny >+s application for ## in conte=t of sep agreement66 arties

negotiated a fair settlement% change n crcumstances % it did not result in agreement being unfair

pursuant tos '62-!%B0__________________________________________________________@(

=c# v Bran%sema2009 S!! K _________________________________________________*3

&elies !n %ML n7!ns> $s> ON9 a le# &in7ile______________________________________*3 =ato : Ehe settlement agreement must ensure a fair distribution of assets% and the absence of

e=ploitation within the singularly emotional environment in which family bargaining ta,es place_@(

=easonngF Bistinguished from 1iglin #tarting point is not s D or '62% but C1 principle of

e$uity% Corollary to the finality of separation agreement in Ig$n+ that there be a duty to ma,e full

disclosure & not to ta,e advantage of other spouse;s vulnerabilities 6 .n evan% > as under

pressure to sign 3% here > suffered from mental instability % note mental vulnerability is a factor_@(

25 | P a g e



S (@ Isse: a&iai!n *3

3I& v .S 2011 S!! 647 _______________________________________________________*3 -e$%C!F A""ea$ a$$o;e% 6 Consent judgement treated as order6 EG erred to consider material

change in circumstances% so there was no basis for change in variation6 0pplications refused% ##

reinstated6_____________________________________________________________________@(

=ato: 1iglin principles apply to an application for ## under s '6 Betermination of an

application under # '7 orders for variation on e=isting ## order engages a diff treatment of

agreements in light of statutory lang% Lagreement% order% arrangementM% not used in s '7_______@(

Bhu"a$ v Bhu"a$ (2009)= ______________________________________________________*3F 5=H applied to vary obligation to pay on basis that > had remarried% close friend of e=H6

1inutes of settlement provided for review of ## obligations in years or based on Lmaterialchange in circumM______________________________________________________________@(

-e$%F C0 upheld EG decision that remarriage did not constitute change in circumstances b/c at

time of signing minutes of settlement% H ,new > was in new and serious relationship as supported

by evidence____________________________________________________________________@(

Ref!&m Iniiai$es: 1e S!sal S!& Ad$is!& idelines *3

P&!se_____________________________________________________________________*

%!nen_____________________________________________________________________*

O6;e7i$es___________________________________________________________________*

R!le in 7!&&!!m_____________________________________________________________*

=esman v =esman + !A 2014 ________________________________________________* =easonng 29F a! long marriage: it lasted 2F years6 b! > primarily responsible for

maintaining the household and raising the children6 ObP > has not been employed AE since beforebirth of children6 c! d! marital #tandard of living 8 lived% well" L did not worry about income% e!

>ife will be - when ## order ends_________________________________________________@4

-e$%F C0 removed impose time limit of 'F years% and change to of indefinite duration6 ##0Q#

support this view% guideline that duration for marriages of 2FR years should be LindefiniteM____@4

3mtatons ___________________________________________________________________*

P&i$aiin# Res!nsi6iliies f!& Deenden7 P!s=Sea&ai!n *

O6li#ai!n 71ild ! s!& a&en *

S 3, FLA /$e& 71ild w1! is n! a min!& 1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!&9 in

a77!&dan7e wi1 need9 f!& 1is !& 1e& a&en w1! 1as 7a&ed f!& !& &!$ided s!& f!& 1e

71ild9 ! 1e e8en 1a 1e 71ild is 7aa6le !f d!in# s!______________________________*

S 33.(0 O&de& f!& s!& = A 7!& ma9 !n ali7ai!n9 !&de& a e&s!n ! &!$ide s!&

f!& 1is !& 1e& deendans and dee&mine 1e am!n !f s!& *S 33.)0 GDee&minai!n !f am!n f!& s!& !f a&ens9 s!se_____________________*

In dee&minin# 1e am!n and d&ai!n9 if an9 !f s!& f!& a s!se !& a&en in

&elai!n ! need9 1e 7!& s1all 7!nside& all 1e 7i&7msan7es !f 1e a&ies9 in7ldin#9__*

.a0 1e deendanHs and &es!ndenHs 7&&en asses and means .60 1e asses and means

1a 1e deendan and &es!nden a&e li<el ! 1a$e in 1e f&e .70 1e deendanHs

7aa7i ! 7!n&i6e ! 1is !& 1e& !wn s!& .d0 1e &es!ndenHs 7aa7i ! &!$ide

s!& .e0 1e deendanHs and &es!ndenHs a#e and 1si7al and menal 1eal1 .f0 1e

deendanHs needs9 in dee&minin# w1i71 1e 7!& s1all 1a$e &e#a&d ! 1e a77s!med

sanda&d !f li$in# w1ile 1e a&ies &esided !#e1e&________________________________*

.#0 1e meas&es a$aila6le f!& 1e deendan ! 6e7!me a6le ! &!$ide f!& 1is !& 1e& !wn

s!& and 1e len#1 !f ime and 7!s in$!l$ed ! ena6le 1e deendan ! a<e 1!se

meas&es____________________________________________________________________*

.10 an le#al !6li#ai!n !f 1e &es!nden !& deendan ! &!$ide s!& f!& an!1e&

e&s!n______________________________________________________________________*

.i0 1e desi&a6ili !f 1e deendan !& &es!nden &emainin# a 1!me ! 7a&e f!& a 71ild_*

.;0 a 7!n&i6i!n 6 1e deendan ! 1e &ealiai!n !f 1e &es!ndenHs 7a&ee& !enial

____________________________________________________________________________*

.m0 an !1e& le#al &i#1 !f 1e deendan ! s!&9 !1e& 1an ! !f 6li7 m!ne>___*

Dragu$n v Dragu$n ___________________________________________________________*

26 | P a g e



Rai!: S 3,: Pa&en ms 1a$e 7a&ed f!& OR &!$ided s!& .7!n;n7i$e es0 A7

in7ldes n! defen7e !f fal !& mis7!nd7 in awa&d !f a&enal s!&9 n!& d!es i

7!nside& na&e and 4ali !f 7&&en &elai!ns1i 6Kw a&en=71ild>_________________*5

S#r'"ac' ____________________________________________________________________*5 .mmigrant mother sought interim support from son6 0pp dismissed6 1other never primary

caregiver did not file any evidence as to support entitlement under sponsorship agreement6_____@

Children and Family -issol&tion_______________________________________________________85

T1e sa!& f&amew!&<___________________________________________________*5DA *5

Ma&&ied s!ses w1! iniiae a di$!&7e a7i!n .wi1 7!&!lla& &elief &san ! 1e Dvorce Act 0 and *5

%LRA *5

7!1a6iin# 7!les w1! sea&ae .and ma&&ied 7!les w1! d! n! iniiae di$!&7e09 w1!se

isses a6! 7s!d9 a77ess and 71ild s!& a&e dee&mined &san ! &!$in7ial

le#islai!n> *5

Fede&al ?&isdi7i!n 9 DA *

<enera$ authort s> (.(0_______________________________________________________*

Oont custo% (%screton) s> (.0 *he court ma ma#e an or%er un%er ths secton grantng

custo% o+ or access to+ an or a$$ ch$%ren o the marrage to an one or more "ersons@ ____*

Iamum contact (ren%$ "arent:) s> (.(-0the court sha$$ gve eect to the "rnc"$e that

a ch$% o the marrage shou$% have as much contact ;th each s"ouse as s consstent ;th

the best nterests o the ch$% an%+ or that "ur"ose+ sha$$ ta#e nto cons%eraton the;$$ngness o the "erson or ;hom custo% s sought to ac$tate such contact@ (not abso$ute

an% a$;as subGect to B.!+ <or%on) _______________________________________________*

*erms an% con%tons s> (.0 *he court ma ma#e an or%er un%er ths secton or a %ente

or n%ente "ero% or unt$ the ha""enng o a s"ece% event an% ma m"ose such other

terms+ con%tons or restrctons n connecton there;th as t thn#s t an% Gust@ ___________*

!hange o res%ence (,) Wthout $mtng the genera$t o subsecton (6)+ the court ma

nc$u%e n an or%er un%er ths secton a term re?urng an "erson ;ho has custo% o a ch$%

o the marrage an% ;ho nten%s to change the "$ace o res%ence o that ch$% to not+ at

$east thrt %as beore the change or ;thn such other "ero% beore the change as the court

ma s"ec+ an "erson ;ho s grante% access to that ch$% o the change+ the tme at ;hch

the change ;$$ be ma%e an% the ne; "$ace o res%ence o the ch$%@ ____________________*

actors (B.!7no %eta$s) s@ 16(8) court sha$$ ta#e nto cons%eraton on$ the best nterests othe ch$% o the marrage as %etermne% b reerence to the con%ton+ means+ nee%s an% other

crcumstances o the ch$%@ ______________________________________________________*

!on%ucts@ 16(9) .n ma#ng an or%er un%er ths secton+ the court sha$$ not ta#e nto

cons%eraton the "ast con%uct o an "erson un$ess the con%uct s re$evant to the ab$t o

that "erson to act as a "arent o a ch$%@ ____________________________________________*

araton S 1,(1) ______________________________________________________________*

Ona&i! le#islai!n: %1ild&en2s Law Ref!&m A79 s!le !& ;!in 7s!d a&&an#emens *@

s> ,-.(0 /4ali !f a&ens 1e fa1e& and 1e m!1e& !f a 71ild______________________*@

s> ,-.,0%s!dial &i#1s and dies_______________________________________________*@

s> ,-.30 ?!in &i#1s and dies__________________________________________________*@

s> ,-.0 Assmed 7s!dial &i#1s________________________________________________*@

s> ,-.50 A77ess________________________________________________________________*@s> ,-.@0 %!n&a7in# !________________________________________________________*@

%LRA 9 s ,(9 s ,.,0=.0 A77ess 7laims 6 Ps !& !1e&s G 7a&e lan9 7&iminal 71e7<9

affida$i_____________________________________________________________________*@

S ,(.,0Fa7!&s .CI%0__________________________________________________________*@

27 | P a g e



T1e 7!& s1all 7!nside& all 1e 71ildHs needs and 7i&7msan7es9 in7ldin#9_____________*@

.a0 1e l!$e9 affe7i!n and em!i!nal ies 6eween 1e 71ild and9_______________________*@

.i0 ea71 e&s!n eniled ! !& 7laimin# 7s!d !f !& a77ess ! 1e 71ild9_________________*@

.ii0 !1e& mem6e&s !f 1e 71ildHs famil w1! &eside wi1 1e 71ild9 and_________________*@

.iii0 e&s!ns in$!l$ed in 1e 71ildHs 7a&e and 6&in#in#____________________________*@

.60 1e 71ildHs $iews and &efe&en7es9 if 1e 7an &eas!na6l 6e as7e&ained____________*@

.70 1e len#1 !f ime 1e 71ild 1as li$ed in a sa6le 1!me en$i&!nmen________________*@

.d0 1e a6ili and willin#ness !f ea71 e&s!n alin# f!& 7s!d !f 1e 71ild ! &!$ide

1e 71ild wi1 #idan7e and ed7ai!n9 1e ne7essa&ies !f life and an se7ial needs !f 1e

71ild_______________________________________________________________________*@

.e0 1e lan &!!sed 6 ea71 e&s!n alin# f!& 7s!d !f !& a77ess ! 1e 71ild f!& 1e

71ildHs 7a&e and 6&in#in#____________________________________________________*@

.f0 1e e&manen7e and sa6ili !f 1e famil ni wi1 w1i71 i is &!!sed 1a 1e 71ild

will li$e_____________________________________________________________________*@

.#0 1e a6ili !f ea71 e&s!n alin# f!& 7s!d !f !& a77ess ! 1e 71ild ! a7 as a

a&en and__________________________________________________________________*@

.10 1e &elai!ns1i 6 6l!!d !& 1&!#1 an ad!i!n !&de& 6eween 1e 71ild and ea71

e&s!n w1! is a a& ! 1e ali7ai!n___________________________________________*@

s> ,.30 and .0Pas 7!nd7_____________________________________________________*@

S ,.0i!len7e and a6se______________________________________________________*@

Tes !f %s!d A&&an#emens______________________________________________**S ,-.,0 %s!dial a&en : le#al a1 ! de7ide a6! 71ild &e 1eal19 ed7ai!n and welfa&e

sall9 71!i7e !f &eli#i!n______________________________________________________**

S ,-.50 A77ess e&s!n__________________________________________________________**

?!in 7s!d: C!1 a&ens 1a$e le#al a1 ! ma<e de7isi!ns f!& 71ild&en &e 1eal19

ed7ai!n9welfa&e9 &eli#i!n______________________________________________________**

P1si7al 7s!d and 7a&e#i$in# &es!nsi6iliies Ma 6e ne#!iaed 9 and &efle7 a &an#e !f

&es!nsi6iliies_______________________________________________________________**

Pa&enin# lans: ICID_________________________________________________________**

Pa&allel a&enin# In7l deailed a&enin# lans E a1 f!& a&en wi1 1si7al 7s!d !

ma<e de7isi!ns a6! 71ild d&in# 1e ime 1a 71ild is in 1a a&en2s 7a&e !&de& ma

6e &e4i&edf!& a&ens ! 7!!e&ae_____________________________________________**

T1e Le#al P&in7ile: T1e “Ces Ine&ess !f 1e %1ild”___________________________**!arson v Watts 1998 = An a&!a71 a6! w1a de7isi!n will &esl in 1e leas 1a&m $s> 1e

CI% i7al analsis9 m!1e& was a77sed !f d&# se9 al7!1!l a6se9 fa1e&2s 7laim = s1e

messed !ne 71ild .n! e8e& e$iden7e &e4i&ed9 winess 7&edi6ili0 **

"eld: N! in CI !f Tea#e ! #&an s!le !& ;!in 7s!d ! M& %9 s6;e7ed ! life wK

7!n&!llin# &i#id ind9 s!le 7s!d ! mm9 w1! will ens&e and fa7iliae a77ess .f&iendl

a&en09 n! 7!nfiden M& % w!ld d! same wK aa71in# s&in#s ! e&eae em! a6se

s1e 1as end&ed______________________________________________________________**

Assessin# 6es ine&ess in &ial 7!& **

(-a%er v Ia$ach 1999 Sas# !A>&erron v &erron) 7 Aeal 7!&s will n! ine&$ene in

&elai!n ! 7s!d and a77ess de7isi!ns nless 1e&e is an e&&!& in &in7ile !& a 7lea& !&

fa7al e&&!& in a mae& !f si#nifi7an7e .@5)0 &eas!nin# !f e$iden7e in &elai!n ! fa7!&s

sed ! idenif 71ild2s 6es ine&ess_____________________________________________**

<erema v -arb 2008F %& ma ma<e an !&de& ! &e7lde ei1e& a&en f&!m7!mmen7in# f&1e& le#al &!7eedin#s wK! lea$e !f 7& 6K7 i2s in 1e CI% w1e&e saisfied

1a a e&s!n “1as e&sisenl and wi1! &eas!na6le #&!ndsinsies $e8ai!s

&!7eedin#s in an 7!& nde& s (-.(0 !f %!&s !f ?si7e A7 > T1e sea&aed in ,--(>

A ime !f di$!&7e !&de& ,--,9 7& awa&ded 7s!d ! m!1e&> ,--,=*> * diff ;d#es made a

leas , !&de&s9 Z !f 7!nem !&de&s>=____________________________________________**

28 | P a g e



!onventon on =ght o !h$% + Art = CI% s1all 6e a &ima& 7!nside&ai!n in all

a7i!ns 7!n7e&nin# 71ild&en9 7!nside&ed in Ca<e& s7!e f!& 71an#e w1en sed as an

ine&&ei$e #ide .sill indee&minae0___________________________________________**

CI E Ideni: Si# !f Ra7e *)

an %e &erre v E%;ar%s G w1i71 a&en will f!se& nde&sandin# !f 71ildHs 1e&ia#e f&!m

6!1 a&ens is a &ele$an 7!nside&ai!n in dee&minin# 7s!dial a&en_______________*) =ato _________________________________________________________________________@D

ace is not a critical factor in custody and access cases% and importance of this factor will depend

greatly on many factual considerations% determined w/discretion on a casebycase basis incl%

parental ability to foster racial identity pride% need to develop a means to deal w racism and need

to develop a positive racial identity_________________________________________________@D

=ace an% B. custo% cases 7 !ourts are attentve as to ;hch "arent ;$$ ensure ch$%s

contnung contact ;th raca$'e% hertage (rench>!amba v S"ar#s) __________________*)

CI E Ideni: Si# !f Reli#i!nK%l&e *)

3bbus v 3bbus K A 7!& ma a77!&d wei#1 ! a a&enin# lan 1a is s!&ed 6

e8e& e$iden7e9 m!1e& s6mied e8e& e$iden7e in 7ase 1a 7!& a77eed &e: isses !f

&eli#i!n______________________________________________________________________*) eason_______________________________________________________________________@D

.ssue to address is despite father;s efforts and intentions% whether Gewish identity of children can

be better fostered in present school or at a school in Ehornhill6 Eo successfully raise the children in

Gewish and as cultural Gews something more than strong fam values are needed6 Jalue is enhanced

especially as children get older not only by family but also from peers and wider comm6________@D

Ces Ine&ess E A77ess: A %1ild2s Ri#1_______________________________________*)Pa&enal a77ess is dee&mined 6 ali7ai!n !f CI% es N! &esmi$e enilemen !

a77ess A77ess ma 6e wi11eld if fa7s dis7l!se a&e1ensi!n !f 1a&m ! 71ild *)

!rag v Antone 198, nt &rov !t (,8475)7 fa1e& &efsed a77ess_______________________*)

N! sa!& &esmi!n !f enilemen ! a&enal a77ess f!& n!n=7s!dial a&en e8iss

w1e&e !ns falls !n !1e& a&en &esisin# a77ess ! &e6 1a &esmi!n> Dee&minai!n

!f a&enal a77ess made !n 6asis !f CI% .%!&s 7!nside& 7!nd7 !f ali7an !wa&ds

7s!dial a&en 71ild=a77ess a&en &elai!ns1i9 #ene&al lifesle in &elai!n ! 71ild____*)

A77ess is !fen ssended !& denied !f deemed 7!n&a& ! CI% !f 71ild (S v S+ <orgchu#)

____________________________________________________________________________*)

%s!d a77ess 7laims 6 n!n a&ens DA9 ss (.,0.30 *)

Arnn# v Arnn# 1999 &anda&ens we&e a&!&iae a&ies f!& &!ses !f 7s!d and

a77ess 7laims in di$!&7e &!7eedin#s 6eween s!ses_______________________________*) 3ega$ /"%ate+ <& access to !3=A ________________________________________________)-

A77ess E&eli#i!n )-

Bachor v 3echmann Bachor (2001 AB!A)%s!dial a&en2s a1 1as s!le and &ima&

&es!nsi6ili ! !$e&see all ase7s !f a 71ild2s dail life and l!n# e&m well 6ein# and is n!

s6;e7 ! a77ess______________________________________________________________)-

Qoung v Qoung S!!F es f!& dee&minin# if a77ess a&en 7an s1a&e &eli#i!n wi1 71ild is

CI%_________________________________________________________________________)-

A77ess and &el!7ai!n !f 1e 7s!dial a&en: le#al &in7iles and ;di7ial ine&&eai!n

)-

!arter v Broo#s 1990 !A _____________________________________________________)-

%s!dial a&en did n! 1a$e an in1e&en &i#1 ! m!$e> /a71 a&en 6ea&san e$idenial

6&den ! s1!w m!$e is in CI%> M!1e& was n! e&mied ! m!$e f&!m ON ! C%>_____)- Iac<ver v =char%s 1995 ______________________________________________________)-

%s ms 1a$e defe&en7e ! 7s!dial a&en2s de7isi!n ! &el!7ae a6sen e87ei!nal

7i&7msan7es li<e 6ad fai1 !& n&eas!na6leness .&elai!ns1i w 7s!dial a&en m!&e

im!&an 1a w n!n 7s!dial a&en 7!&s s1!ld a7<n!wled#e CI% E 7s a&ens2

ine&ess ine8&i7a6l lin<ed____________________________________________________)-

<or%on v <oert' _______________________________________________________________)-

29 | P a g e



M!1e& waned ! m!$e ! As&alia ! &se ed7ai!nal #!als9 w1ile a77ess fa1e&

&emained in SB_______________________________________________________________)-

P&in7iles ali7a6le ! &el!7ai!n 6 7s!dial a&ens in 7i&7msan7es w1e&e &el!7ai!n

ma affe7 a77ess a&en2s 7!na7 w 71ild &san ! s (@ !f Di$!&7e A7______________)-

A&!a71: 1&es1!ld &e4i&emen !f a mae&ial 71an#e in 7i&7msan7es ;d#e ms

em6a&< !n f&es1 in4i& f!7s is CI% in$!l$ed9 n! &i#1sKine&ess !f a&ens9 n!

&esmi!n f!& 7s a&en____________________________________________________)-

a ;d#e s1!ld 7!nside&: .a0 e8isin# 7s!d &elai!ns1i E 7s a&en=71ild &elai!ns1i

.60 e8isin# a77ess a&&an#emen and a77ess a&en=71ild &elai!ns1i .70 desi&a6ili !f

ma8imied 7!na7 6Kw 71ild E 6!1 a&ens .d0 $iews !f 1e 71ild .e0 7s a&ens2

&eas!ns f!& m!$in# !nl if &ele$an ! 7s a&en2s a6ili ! mee 71ild2s needs .f0

dis&i!n ! 1e 71ild !f a 71an#e in 7s!d .#0 dis&i!n ! 71ild 7!nse4en !n

&em!$al f&!m fam> s71!!ls and 7!mmni________________________________________)-

rtua$ access _________________________________________________________________)-

O2004 S! 7 m!1e& was all!wed ! m!$e ! %ali 6 fa1e& was eniled ! e8e&7ise

a77ess 1&!#1 nlimied ele1!ne9 email we67am and !s 7!mmni7ai!n V all

&eas!na6le 1!&sK Mm was !&de&ed ! &71ase ne7essa& e4imen and sl i ! 1e

fa1e&_______________________________________________________________________)-

3ega$ /"%ateF &erron v &erron K 7!nside& im!sin# 7s!d !&de& w 7!ndii!ns w1en

71ild&enHs lan#a#e !f ed7ai!n is en#a#ed_______________________________________)-

%!n7l______________________________________________________________________)(

I was an e&&!& nde& 1e 7i&7msan7es n! ! 7!nside& 1e !i!n !f !&de&in# F&en71=

lan#a#e s71!!lin# as a 7!ndii!n !f awa&din# s!le 7s!d ! 1e &es!nden> %1ild&en

1a$e 6een in F&en71 imme&si!n s71!!l f!& , &s n!w and w!ld n! 6e in CI% ! &e$ise

7s!d !&de&> As e& s> ,.,0.d0 %LRA9 1e 71ild&en2s lan#a#e !f ed7ai!n s1!ld 6e

a<en in! a77!n w1en 7!nside&in# CI%>________________________________________)(

Ine&&ein# and alin# 1e CI% es in &elai!n ! a6d7i!n9 a6se and alienai!n )(

%!n7lsi!n___________________________________________________________________)(

I was a&!&iae ! $a& e&ms !f se a#&eemen eliminain# fa1e&2s a77ess ! 1is

da#1e& E was in 1e& CI% 6K7 i was n! !ssi6le f!& da#1e& ! !$e&7!me 1e& se$e&e

alienai!n f&!m fa1e&_________________________________________________________)(

S1a&in# 7s!d and 7a&e: ;!in 7s!d9 a&enin# lans and “a&allel a&enin#” )(

Bust v <reaves9 &e7edes AA9 CC9 %%9 7!& 1!lds Sim!n 7an !nl 1a$e !ne le#al m!1e&>

%!& &e;e7s assessmen &e7!mmendai!n !f ;!in 7s!d in li#1 !f 1i#1 le$el !f 7!nfli7

6Kw a&ies9 e8a7e&6aed 6 lii#ai!n> "e #&ans Ms> Hs &el!7ai!n 7laim f&!m ON ! C%>

)(

P&!7esses f!& De7isi!n Ma<in# and Le#al A&&an#emens_________________________),s 3- %LRA G a1 7!& ! !&de& a a&enin# assessmen ),

%&ie&ia .(0 n! ! 6e !&de&ed in e$e& 7ase9 will n! de7ide w1a is in CI%9 7&s d! .,0 &!ine

!&de& i!f assessmens is dis7!&a#ed a6sen 7lini7al isses9 .30 &!le !f assess!& is n! mediae

6Kw a&ies ),

"ea&in# 71ild&enHs $!i7es in 7s!d and a77ess de7isi!ns ),

O%L : Sa A1),

!ourts o Oustce Act+ &!$ides f!& O%L ! assis 7!&: .S *).3>(0__________________),

7& ma !&de& O%L ! &!$ide le#al &e&esenai!n f!& a 71ild .end ! 6e limied0 and__),

.,09 S ((, O%L ma nde&a<e an in$esi#ai!n9 &e!& and ma<e &e7!mmendai!ns in a

7s!d and a77ess &!7eedin# .DA !& %LRA0_____________________________________),

!3 has %screton n ;hether to res"on% to a re?uest ________________________________),

;hen courts or%er !3 assstance+ crt must regar% $mts o resources + an% s "ermtte% to

ma#e a re?uest ________________________________________________________________),

JS1a&in# %s!d and 7a&eJ : ?!in %s!d9 Pa&enin# Plans9 Pa&allel Pa&enin#____)3Ca<e& $ Ca<e& : A &ealisi7 and &a7i7al a&!a71 was &e4i&ed in &es!li!n !f 7s!d

lii#ai!n and ;!in 7s!d s1!ld 6e !&de&ed !nl in e87ei!nal 7i&7msan7es w1i71 a&e

&a&el if e$e& &esen in 7ases !f dised 7s!d )3

30 | P a g e



ruger (Dss+ W$son OA) A$t ve;F !ourt shou$% or%er Gont custo% crcumstances ;here

t s n the best nterests o the ch$%ren short an% $ong term@ shou$% assess "reerab$ ;

"ro assstance+ ab$t o "arents to co7o"eratng n u"brngng !f 1ei& 71ild&en in li#1

!f 1a assessmen and ! 71!!se &an#e !f !i!ns f&!m i . !fen &efe&&ed ! w1en

ma<in# ?% !&de&0__________________________________________________________)3M!s %s!d and A77ess dises a&e lii#aed in &elai!n ! de7isi!n ma<in# a1 )3

;!in 7s!d = a&ens s1a&e a1 ! ma<e de7isi!ns a6! a 71ild in &elai!n ! 1eal19

ed7ai!n9 welfa&e in7l &eli#i!n ;!in 1si7al 7s!d = 71ild sends e4al am!ns !f

ime in 7a&e !f ea71 a&en9 !ssi6le ! als! 1a$e ;!in le#al 7s!d OR !ne a&en !

1a$e le#al 7s!d and !1e& 1a$e a77ess_______________________________________)3 a"$ans v a"$ans 2005 _______________________________________________________)3

Rai!: %!& ms dee&mine 7!&s ms assess a6ili !f a&ies ! 7!mmni7ae !

dee&mine w1e1e& ! ma<e a ;!in !&de& f!& 7s!d ?!in 7s!d is n! a&!&iae if

a&ies we&e na6le ! 7!mmni7aeK7!=!e&ae effe7i$el> T1e&e was e$iden7e 1e&e ! 1e

7!n&a&> .T? assmed 7!mm w!ld im&!$e0_____________________________________)3

%A "eld: all!wed aeal> New &ial !&de&ed> /$iden7e f!nd did n! add&ess 6!nds

6Kw 71ild and ea71 a&en and a6ili ! a&en 1e&9 fa1e&2s 7a&in# lans E 6enefis !f

s71 a&&an#emens T? e&&ed in !&de& f!& ;!in 7s!d and 7!nsellin# 6Kw a&ies9

n! se7 a1 6 le#________________________________________________________)3Pa&allel a&enin# !&de&s = 7&ii7s s<ei7al !f is ili ;d#es &emain en1siasi79 all!ws

f!& 6alan7in# )3in$!l$es de a&&an#emens f!& de7isi!n ma<in# 6 a&en in &e: ! 1e 71ild m!s

im!&an ! 1a a&en !n an !n#!in# 6asis !&de&ed 6 man 7!&s ! a$!id !n#!in#

lii#ai!n in 1i#1 7!nfli7 a&enal dises !s diss!li!n9 6!1 a&ens 1a$e e4al sas

6 e8e&7ise &i#1s E &es!nsi6iliies ass!7iaed wi1 7s!d indeendenl !f !ne an!1e&

____________________________________________________________________________)3

Child :&pport =P&bli#> and =Pri!ate> Responsibilities ? Context______________________________4

SMMARY OF ST/PS !f ANALYSIS )

Iniiae ali7ai!n nde& S 33.(0 FLA !& s (5>(.(0 deendin# !n w1e1e& ali7ai!n

a& !& di$!&7e &!7eedin# )

/nilemen = Dee&mine w1e1e& 71ild falls wKin sa!& meanin# nde& DA !& FLA

)

O6li#ai!n = Dee&mine w1e1e& a&en falls wi1in sa!& meanin# nde& DA !& FLA

.dem!ns&aed seled ineni!n G s!7ial a&en0 E %LRA .6i!l!#i7al a&en !& &esmi$e

ae&ni0 )

Dee&mine anm and D&ai!n 6 Refe&en7e ! %Ss )

Pa&as $ Pa&as ()@- On %A__________________________________________________)

%S s1!ld 6e se a a le$el 1a w!ld mainain 1e 71ild a .(01e &e=di$!&7e sanda&d

!f li$in# .,0and 1a 1e 7!ss !f a71ie$in# 1a sanda&ds s1!ld 6e a!&i!ned 6Kw

a&ens in &!!&i!n ! 1ei& &ese7i$e in7!mes________________________________)Se !& 6lended fams )

7&eaed afe& 1e dea1 !f a s!se9 afe& 1e diss!li!n !f ma&&ia#e !& 7!1a6iin#

&elai!ns1i9 a fam wi1 a leas ( 71ild f&!m a &e$ &elai!ns1i !f M !& F !& 6!19 X (

7&eaed in 7&&en &elai!ns1i sea&ens 1a$e 6een !&de&ed ! a %S f!ll!win#l!n#sandin# &elai!ns1is )

-etermining )hether a respondent is a parent for C: p&rposes" Parent @ Child -efs______________4

s> .,0(: DA________________________________________________________________)

“71ild !f 1e ma&&ia#e” = 71ild w! s!ses !& f!&me& s!ses w1!9 a 1e mae&ial

ime9_____________________________________________________________________).a0 is nde& 1e a#e !f ma;!&i and w1! 1as n! wi1d&awn f&!m 1ei& 71a&#e9 !& )

31 | P a g e



.60 is 1e a#e !f ma;!&i !& !$e& Ende& 1ei& 71a&#e 6 na6le9 6 &eas!n !f illness9

disa6ili !& !1e& 7ase .in7l !s=se7!nda& ed7ai!n09 ! wi1d&aw f&!m 1ei& 71a&#e !& !

!6ain ne7essa&ies !f life )

s ,.,0 .S!7ial a&ens0_______________________________________________________).,0 F!& 1e &!ses !f 1e definii!n “71ild !f 1e ma&&ia#e” in s6se7i!n .(09 a 71ild !f w!

s!ses !& f!&me& s!ses in7ldes .Pla7e !f a&en es %1a&ie&0 )

.a0 an 71ild f!& w1!m 1e 6!1 sand in 1e la7e !f a&ens and )

.60 an 71ild !f w1!m !ne is 1e a&en and f!& w1!m 1e !1e& sands in 1e la7e !f a

a&en> )

F<A "s 1" B -efinitions" parent" dependant" spo&se________________________________________5S (“a&en” in7ldes a e&s!n w1! 1as dem!ns&aed a seled ineni!n ! &ea a 71ild as a

71ild !f 1is !& 1e& famil9 e87e nde& an a&&an#emen w1e&e 1e 71ild is la7ed f!& $ala6le

7!nside&ai!n in a f!se& 1!me 6 a e&s!n 1a$in# lawfl 7s!d )5

S ,) deendan” means a e&s!n ! w1!m an!1e& 1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!&

nde& 1is Pa& )5

S ,) “s!se” means a s!se as defined in s6se7i!n ( .(09 and in addii!n in7ldes ei1e& !f

w! e&s!ns w1! a&e n! ma&&ied ! ea71 !1e& and 1a$e 7!1a6ied9 )5

.a0 7!nin!sl f!& a e&i!d !f n! less 1an 1&ee ea&s9 !& )5

.60 in a &elai!ns1i !f s!me e&manen7e9 if 1e a&e 1e na&al !& ad!i$e a&ens !f a

71ild )5

F<A s 3. bligation of spo&ses for s&pport_______________________________________________5

/$e& s!se 1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!& f!& 1imself !& 1e&self and f!& 1e !1e&

s!se9 in a77!&dan7e wi1 need9 ! 1e e8en 1a 1e !& s1e is 7aa6le !f d!in# s! )5

FLA s 3(9 O6li#ai!n !f a&en ! s!& 71ild_________________________________)53(> .(0 /$e& a&en 1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!& f!& 1is !& 1e& nma&&ied 71ild w1!

is a min!& !& is en&!lled in a fll ime &!#&am !f ed7ai!n9 ! 1e e8en 1a 1e a&en is

7aa6le !f d!in# s! )5

.,0 eliminaes a&enal !6li#ai!n ! s!& a 71ild ( X w1! 1as wi1d&awn f&!m a&enal

7!n&!l )5

FLA9 s 33 O&de& f!& s!&_________________________________________________)5A 7!& ma9 !n ali7ai!n9 !&de& a e&s!n ! &!$ide s!& f!& 1is !& 1e& deendans

and dee&mine 1e am!n !f s!&>____________________________________________)5

%LRA s (.(0 E (.,9 .09 s *__________________________________________________)5S (.(0 Rle !f Pa&ena#e S6;e7 ! s6 .,09 f!& all &!ses !f 1e law !f ON a e&s!n is 1e

71ild !f 1is !& 1e& na&al a&ens and 1is !& 1e& sas as 1ei& 71ild is indeenden !f

w1e1e& 1e 71ild is 6!&n wi1in !& !side ma&&ia#e> )5

S (.,_0 /87ei!n f!& ad!ed 71ild&en W1e&e an ad!i!n !&de& 1as 6een made9 se7i!n s

(5*K) !f %FSA !f alies and 1e 71ild is 1e 71ild !f 1e ad!in# a&ens as if 1e we&e 1e

na&al a&ens> )5

S (.0%!mm!n law disin7i!n !f le#iima7 a6!lis1ed = An disin7i!n a 7!mm!n law

6eween 1e sas !f 71ild&en 6!&n in wedl!7< and 6!&n ! !f wedl!7< is a6!lis1ed and 1e

&elai!ns1i !f a&en and 71ild and <ind&ed &elai!ns1is fl!win# 1e&ef&!m s1all 6e

dee&mined f!& 1e &!ses !f 1e 7!mm!n law in a77!&dan7e wi1 1is se7i!n )5

S *.(0 P&esmi!ns !f ae&ni = nless 1e 7!n&a& is &!$en !n COP9 1e&e is a

&esmi!n 1a a male e&s!n is9 and 1e s1all 6e &e7!#nied in law ! 6e9 1e fa1e& !f a71ild in an !ne !f 1e f!ll!win# 7i&7msan7es: )5

(> T1e e&s!n is ma&&ied ! 1e m!1e& !f 1e 71ild a 1e ime !f 1e 6i&1 !f 1e 71ild>

)5

,> T1e e&s!n was ma&&ied ! 1e m!1e& !f 1e 71ild 6 a ma&&ia#e 1a was e&minaed 6

dea1 !& ;d#men !f nlli wi1in 3-- das 6ef!&e 1e 6i&1 !f 1e 71ild !& 6 di$!&7e w1e&e

1e de7&ee ns was #&aned wi1in 3-- das 6ef!&e 1e 6i&1 !f 1e 71ild> )5

3> T1e e&s!n ma&&ies 1e m!1e& !f 1e 71ild afe& 1e 6i&1 !f 1e 71ild and a7<n!wled#es

1a 1e is 1e na&al fa1e&> )5

32 | P a g e



> T1e e&s!n was 7!1a6iin# wi1 1e m!1e& !f 1e 71ild in a &elai!ns1i !f s!me

e&manen7e a 1e ime !f 1e 6i&1 !f 1e 71ild !& 1e 71ild is 6!&n wi1in 3-- das afe& 1e

7eased ! 7!1a6i> )5

5> T1e e&s!n 1as 7e&ified 1e 71ildHs 6i&19 as 1e 71ildHs fa1e&9 nde& 1e ta$ Statstcs

Act !& a simila& A7 in an!1e& ;&isdi7i!n in %anada> )5

> T1e e&s!n 1as 6een f!nd !& &e7!#nied in 1is lifeime 6 a 7!& !f 7!meen

;&isdi7i!n in %anada ! 6e 1e fa1e& !f 1e 71ild> )5

Ima7 !f d!m Bs )5

Bs ene&ed in! 6 a&ens s1!ld n! &e7lde s6se4en ali7ai!ns f!& %S9 a leas in &e:

! 71ild&en aendin# !s=se7!nda& ed7ai!nal insii!ns %!& ma n! 1!ld a d!m

B &!$ in &elai!n ! a mae& affe7in# a 71ild if n! in CI% . Oane Doe> -%e> 3astman)

)5

-%e v 3ange 1996 ____________________________________________________________)

De7isi!n: T1e 7& #&aned s!& !n 1e 6asis 1a 1e 71ild was eniled ! s!&

&san ! s3(.(0> Sain# 1e FLA was &!!ed in deenden79 1e 7!& 1eld 1a 1e

71ild2s &i#1 ! s!& s1!ld n! 6e affe7ed 6 1e fa7 1a a&en did n! e8e&7ise

a77ess 9n!& f&!m an a&&an#emen ene&ed in! 6 1e& a&ens 1a 7!m&!mised 1e& &i#1

! s!&___________________________________________________________________)

3ous v 3astman 2002 !A ____________________________________________________)

": Aeal dismissed> Adl 71ild&en n! eniled ! &e&!a7i$e %S 6K7 !n 1e #&!nds 1a

R d!d 1a$e a FD ! ens&e 1e 4ali !f life !f 1is adl 6i!l!#i7al 71ild&en>____________)

F: Adl 71ild&en 6&in# an ali7ai!n f!& &e&!a7i$e 71ild s!& 6K7 1e did n! 1a$e

6enefi !f 6i! fa1e&2s weal1 w1ile #&!win# > M!1e& 1ad a &elai!ns1i f!& se$e&al ea&s

wi1 6i! fa1e& w1! was ma&&ied E 1ad w! !1e& 6!s> M!1e& si#ned a#&eemen &eleasin#

Lasman f&!m all !6li#ai!ns f!& amen> Ali7an male 71ild&en a&#ed 1a 1e&e was a

FD !n a& !f 6i! fa1e& ! ens&e 1ei& 1ei& 4ali !f life> T% denied 7laim>___________)

If ali7ai!n 1ad 6een 6&!#1 6ef!&e 6!s 7ame a#e !f ma;!&i9 a ma 1a$e s77eeded

____________________________________________________________________________)

&arsons v &arsons _____________________________________________________________)

(1996) _______________________________________________________________________)

ali !f P% &elai!ns1i is !ne !f man fa7!&s9 n! dee&minai$e in a ,.(0

dee&minai!n !f w1e1e& &es!nden is a a&en___________________________________)

"eld: Da#1e& was a J71ild !f 1e ma&&ia#eJ &san ! s ,.(0 !f 1e DA9 ()*59 and 1a

s1e 1ad n! diseniled ! 1e&self f&!m assisan7e> F was !&de&ed ! a %S ! wife !f --

f!& ( ea& f!& , & !ld da#1e&9 w1! 1ad n! !n#!in# &elai!ns1i wi1 1e& fa1e&>______)

Parent%Child Relationships ;:tanding in the Pla#e of Parent; or ;:ettled (ntent; Parents___________2

!harter v !harter 1999 1 S!= 242 )

A s!7ial a&en w1! Jsands in la7e !f a&en nde& s ,.,0 !f DA will 1a$e %S !6li#ai!ns9

7ann! e&minae P%R w1en 1e inimae &elai!ns1i wi1 71ild2s 6i! a&en ended> )

M!s ;d#es a77e 1a i i is a&!&iae ! ine&&e 1e DA and FLA )

Rai!: .N!e> Be 1a e&s!n sea&en f!&ms a new famil is <e fa7!& in d&awin#

infe&en7e0 W1e1e& a e&s!n sands in 1e la7e !f a a&en is a fa7s=6ased9 !6;e7i$e

dee&minai!n made 6 l!!<in# ! &ele$an fa7!&s 1a define P% &elai!ns1i9 am!n#

w1i71 is ineni!n9 e8&ess !& imlied9 in7lde 6 n! limied !______________________)

w1e1e& 1e 71ild a&i7iaes in 1e e8ended famil in 1e same wa as w!ld a 6i!

71ild_______________________________________________________________________)

w1e1e& 1e e&s!n &!$ides finan7iall f!& 1e 71ild .deends !n a6ili ! a0___)

w1e1e& 1e e&s!n dis7ilines 1e 71ild as a a&en____________________________)

w1e1e& 1e e&s!n &e&esens ! 1e 71ild9 1e famil> 1e w!&ld ei1e& e8li7il !&

imli7il 1a 1e !& s1e is &es!nsi6le as a a&en ! 1e 71ild_______________________)

1e na&e !& e8isen7e !f 1e 71ild2s &elai!ns1i w 1e a6sen 6i!a&en___________)

<ar%ner )

33 | P a g e



7!& less li<el ! im!se %S !6li#ai!ns !n s!& a&en f!& 71ild w disa6ili .if 6i!

a&en is in$!l$ed9 1e &es!nden is n! a &ima& 7a&e#i$e&9 1e&e 1e 71ild&en 1ad a nann0

)

" alied f!& de7la&ai!n 1a W s!!d in l!7! a&enis ! , s!ns .!ne 1ad 7e&e6&al als9

!1e& 1ad 6e1a$i!&al &!6lems0 f&!m &e$ &elai!ns1i "eld: W was n! l!7! a&enis

nde& s ,.,0 6K7 s1e w!ld 1en 7a&& s!& !6li#ai!ns f!& &es !f ( 71ild2s na&al life

)@

Ion#man v Beau$eu IB!A (cohabtng s"ouses)F -e$%+ In l!7! a&enis is 1e same 1&ased

sed 6 DA9 1e&ef!&e %1a&e& &in7iles al ! dee&minai!n !f w1e1e& &es!nden is in

l!7! a&enis> %& will n! se$e& P%R w1e&e i is 7!n&a& ! CI% in 4esi!n )@

!heng v !heng !AF FLA d!es n! e87lde PS as e&s!ns w1! mi#1 6e &es!nsi6le f!&

s!& !f 71ild&en9 assmin# 1e a&e si#nifi7anl in$!l$ed w 71ild&en9 and ma 6e ;!ined

! a f!& %S s!& )@

C<RA % ss+ 4" 5" 8" and s+ 1." Maternity and Paternity -e#larations____________________________8

PART II /STACLIS"M/NT OF PAR/NTA/________________________________)*S 3 = %!& nde& ss> ! @ T1e 7!& 1a$in# ;&isdi7i!n f!& 1e &!ses !f se7i!ns ! @ is9

)*

.a0 1e Famil %!&9 in 1e a&eas w1e&e i 1as ;&isdi7i!n nde& s6se7i!n ,(>( .0 !f

1e !ourts o Oustce Act .60 1e Se&i!& %!& !f ?si7e9 in 1e &es !f Ona&i!> )*

S .(0 G Pae&ni and mae&ni de7la&ai!ns An e&s!n 1a$in# an ine&es ma al ! a

7!& f!& a de7la&ai!n 1a a male e&s!n is &e7!#nied in law ! 6e 1e fa1e& !f a 71ild !&

1a a female e&s!n is 1e m!1e& !f a 71ild> .N!e AA CC %% G PP ma 6e in$!<ed !de7la&e a e&s!n a ,nd m!1e&0 )*

S .,0 De7la&ai!n !f ae&ni &e7!#nied a law = W1e&e 1e 7!& finds 1a a &esmi!n

!f ae&ni e8iss nde& se7i!n * and nless i is esa6lis1ed9 !n 1e 6alan7e !f &!6a6iliies9

1a 1e &esmed fa1e& is n! 1e fa1e& !f 1e 71ild9 1e 7!& s1all ma<e a de7la&a!&

!&de& 7!nfi&min# 1a 1e ae&ni is &e7!#nied in law> )*

S .30De7la&ai!n !f mae&ni = W1e&e 1e 7!& finds !n 1e 6alan7e !f &!6a6iliies 1a

1e &elai!ns1i !f m!1e& and 71ild 1as 6een esa6lis1ed9 1e 7!& ma ma<e a de7la&a!&

!&de& ! 1a effe7 )*

S .0 Idem = S6;e7 ! SS =@9 an !&de& made nde& 1is se7 s1all 6e &e7!#nied f!& all

&!ses> )*

S 5.(0 Ali7ai!n f!& de7la&ai!n !f ae&ni w1e&e n! &esmi!n W1e&e 1e&e is n!

e&s!n &e7!#nied in law nde& se7i!n * ! 6e 1e fa1e& !f a 71ild9 an e&s!n ma al !1e 7!& f!& a de7la&ai!n 1a a male e&s!n is 1is !& 1e& fa1e&9 !& an male e&s!n ma

al ! 1e 7!& f!& a de7la&ai!n 1a a e&s!n is 1is 71ild> )*

S 5.,0 Limiai!n = An ali7ai!n s1all n! 6e made nde& s6se7i!n .(0 nless 6!1 1e

e&s!ns w1!se &elai!ns1i is s!#1 ! 6e esa6lis1ed a&e li$in#> )*

S 5.30 De7la&a!& !&de& = W1e&e 1e 7!& finds !n 1e 6alan7e !f &!6a6iliies 1a 1e

&elai!ns1i !f fa1e& and 71ild 1as 6een esa6lis1ed9 1e 7!& ma ma<e a de7la&a!& !&de&

! 1a effe7 and9 s6;e7 ! se7i!ns and @9 1e !&de& s1all 6e &e7!#nied f!& all &!ses>

)*

s (-.(0 = Lea$e f!& 6l!!d ess and DNA = On 1e ali7ai!n !f a a& in a 7i$il &!7eedin# in

w1i71 1e 7!& is 7alled !n ! dee&mine a 71ildHs a&ena#e9 1e 7!& ma #i$e 1e a&

lea$e ! !6ain 6l!!d ess !& DNA ess !f 1e e&s!ns w1! a&e named in 1e !&de& #&anin#

lea$e and ! s6mi 1e &esls in e$iden7e> )*S (-.0 Infe&en7e f&!m &efsal If a e&s!n named in an !&de& nde& s6se7i!n .(0 &efses !

s6mi ! 1e 6l!!d es !& DNA es9 1e 7!& ma d&aw s71 infe&en7es as i 1in<s

a&!&iae )*

=e =han an% &nsonneau$t (19,9) = )*

Fa7!&s f!& 7!nside&ai!n in ma<in# a s (-.(0 dee&minai!n_________________________)*

We&e ali7an and &es!nden ma&&ied a ime 1e 71ild !& 71ild&en we&e 6!&n____)*

Did a&ies 7!1a6i in a %ML &elai!ns1i !f s!me d&ai!n w1i71 ime !& s1!&l

1e&eafe& a 71ild was 6!&n____________________________________________________)*

34 | P a g e



did R admi se8al ine&7!&se wi1 ali7an a !& nea& ime 7al7laed ! 6e !in !f

7!n7ei!n 6 n!w denies 1e is a7al fa1e& !f 71ild 6 alle#es an!1e& is____________)*

al1!#1 1e&e was n! a %ML ni!n9 did R admi ! an e8&ama&ial &elai!ns1i w

1e ali7an w1e&ein se8al ine&7!&se !77&&ed f&!m ime ! ime 1s ma<in# i

!ssi6le 1e is 1e ai$e fa1e&________________________________________________)*

C: and the C: D&idelines % :tat&tory Frame)or*__________________________________________

!S <u%e$nes a%o"t a mo%e$ usua$$ %etermnng !S amt b reerence to "aors ncome H T o

ch$%ren ))

FLA9 P&!se and dee&minai!n !f !&de& f!& %S_______________________________))S 33.@0 P&!ses !f 71ild s!& = %S s!& !&de& s1!ld9 .a0 &e7!#nie 1a ea71 a&en

1as an !6li#ai!n ! &!$ide s!& f!& 1e 71ild .60 a!&i!n 1e !6li#ai!n a77!&din# !

1e 71ild s!& #idelines ))

%S #idelines s 33.((0 ! .(50 ))

.((0 Ali7ai!n !f 71ild s!& #idelines = A 7!& ma<in# an !&de& f!& 1e s!& !f a

71ild s1all d! s! in a77!&dan7e w %S #idelines ))

.(,0/87ei!n: se7ial &!$isi!ns Desie s6se7i!n .((09 a 7!& ma awa&d an am!n 1a

is diffe&en f&!m 1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e w %S #idelines if 1e

7!& is saisfied9 ))

.a0 1a se7ial &!$isi!ns in an !&de& !& a w&ien a#&eemen &ese7in# 1e finan7ial

!6li#ai!ns !f 1e a&ens9 !& 1e di$isi!n !& &ansfe& !f 1ei& &!e&9 di&e7l !& indi&e7l

6enefi a 71ild9 !& 1a se7ial &!$isi!ns 1a$e !1e&wise 6een made f!& 1e 6enefi !f a 71ild

and )).60 1a 1e ali7ai!n !f 1e 71ild s!& #idelines w!ld &esl in an am!n !f 71ild

s!& 1a is ine4ia6le #i$en 1!se se7ial &!$isi!ns> ))

.(30 Reas!ns W1e&e 1e 7!& awa&ds9 nde& s6se7i!n .(,09 an am!n 1a is diffe&en

f&!m 1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e 71ild s!& #idelines9

1e 7!& s1all &e7!&d is &eas!ns f!& d!in# s!> ))

.(0 /87ei!n: 7!nsen !&de&s ))

Desie s6se7i!n .((09 a 7!& ma awa&d an am!n 1a is diffe&en f&!m 1e am!n 1a

w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e %S #idelines !n 1e 7!nsen !f 6!1 a&ens if

1e 7!& is saisfied 1a9 ))

.a0 &eas!na6le a&&an#emens 1a$e 6een made f!& 1e s!& !f 1e 71ild ! w1!m 1e !&de&

&elaes and ))

. 60 w1e&e s!& f!& 1e 71ild is aa6le ! !f 6li7 m!ne9 1e a&&an#emens d! n!&!$ide f!& an am!n less 1an 1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e w %S

#idelines ))

.(50 Reas!na6le a&&an#emens .dee&minin# w1e1e& a&&an#emens a&e &eas!na6le0 ))

F!& 1e &!ses !f 7lase .(0 .a09 in dee&minin# w1e1e& &eas!na6le a&&an#emens 1a$e

6een made f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild9 1e 7!&s s1all ))

.a0 1a$e &e#a&d ! 1e 71ild s!& #idelines E .60 7!& s1all n! 7!nside& 1e

a&&an#emens ! 6e n&eas!na6le s!lel 6e7ase 1e am!n !f s!& a#&eed ! is n! 1e

same as 1e am!n 1a w!ld !1e&wise 1a$e 6een dee&mined in a77!&dan7e w %S

#idelines ))

DA9 %S &in7iles9 s (5>(___________________________________________________(--S ((.(0.60 Ca& ! di$!&7e G fail&e ! saisf 1e 7!& 1a &eas!na6le a&&an#emens 1a$e

6een made f!& %S f!& 71ild&en !f 1e ma&&ia#e9 1a$in# &e#a&d ! 1e ali7a6le #idelines(--

s> (5>(.(0 %S !&de& = A 7!& !f 7!meen ;&isdi7i!n ma9 !n ali7ai!n 6 ei1e& !& 6!1

s!ses9 ma<e an !&de& &e4i&in# a s!se ! a f!& 1e s!& !f an !& all 71ild&en !f 1e

ma&&ia#e> (--

.,0 Ine&im !&de& = W1e&e an ali7ai!n is made nde& s6se7i!n .(09 1e 7!& ma9 !n

ali7ai!n 6 ei1e& !& 6!1 s!ses9 ma<e an ine&im !&de& &e4i&in# a s!se ! a f!&

1e s!& !f an !& all 71ild&en !f 1e ma&&ia#e9 endin# 1e dee&minai!n !f 1e

ali7ai!n nde& s6se7i!n .(0> (--

35 | P a g e



.30 idelines al A 7!& ma<in# an !&de& nde& s6se7i!n .(0 !& an ine&im !&de& nde&

s6se7i!n .,0 s1all d! s! in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e ali7a6le #idelines> (--

.0 Te&ms and 7!ndii!ns = T1e 7!& ma ma<e an !&de& nde& s6se7i!n .(0 !& an ine&im

!&de& nde& s6se7i!n .,0 f!& a definie !& indefinie e&i!d !& nil a se7ified e$en !77&s9

and ma im!se e&ms9 7!ndii!ns !& &es&i7i!ns in 7!nne7i!n wi1 1e !&de& !& ine&im

!&de& as i 1in<s fi and ;s> (--

.50 %!& ma a<e a#&eemen9 e7>9 in! a77!n = NWS s6se7i!n .309 a 7!& ma awa&d an

am!n 1a is diffe&en f&!m 1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e

ali7a6le #idelines if 1e 7!& is saisfied (--

.a0 1a se7ial &!$isi!ns in an !&de&9 a ;d#men !& a w&ien a#&eemen &ese7in# 1e

finan7ial !6li#ai!ns !f 1e s!ses9 !& 1e di$isi!n !& &ansfe& !f 1ei& &!e&9 di&e7l !&

indi&e7l 6enefi a 71ild9 !& 1a se7ial &!$isi!ns 1a$e !1e&wise 6een made f!& 1e 6enefi

!f a 71ild and (--

.60 1a 1e ali7ai!n !f 1e ali7a6le #idelines w!ld &esl in an am!n !f 71ild

s!& 1a is ine4ia6le #i$en 1!se se7ial &!$isi!ns> (--

.0 Reas!ns = W1e&e 1e 7!& awa&ds9 &san ! s6se7i!n .509 an am!n 1a is diffe&en

f&!m 1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e ali7a6le #idelines9 1e

7!& s1all &e7!&d is &eas!ns f!& 1a$in# d!ne s!> (--

%!nsen !&de&s .@0 NWS s6se7i!n .309 a 7!& ma awa&d an am!n 1a is diffe&en f&!m

1e am!n 1a w!ld 6e dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e ali7a6le #idelines !n 1e

7!nsen !f 6!1 s!ses if i is saisfied 1a &eas!na6le a&&an#emens 1a$e 6een made f!& 1e

s!& !f 1e 71ild ! w1!m 1e !&de& &elaes> (--

.*0 Reas!na6le a&&an#emens = F!& 1e &!ses !f s6se7i!n .@09 in dee&minin# w1e1e&

&eas!na6le a&&an#emens 1a$e 6een made f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild9 1e 7!& s1all 1a$e

&e#a&d ! 1e ali7a6le #idelines> "!we$e&9 1e 7!& s1all n! 7!nside& 1e a&&an#emens

! 6e n&eas!na6le s!lel 6e7ase 1e am!n !f s!& a#&eed ! is n! 1e same as 1e

am!n 1a w!ld !1e&wise 1a$e 6een dee&mined in a77!&dan7e wi1 1e ali7a6le

#idelines> (--

(5>3 .(0 P&i!&i ! %S = W1e&e a 7!& is 7!nside&in# an ali7ai!n f!& a %S !&de& and an

ali7ai!n f!& a SS !&de&9 1e 7!& s1all #i$e &i!&i ! 71ild s!& in dee&minin# 1e

ali7ai!ns> (--

.,0 Reas!ns = W1e&e9 as a &esl !f #i$in# &i!&i ! 71ild s!&9 1e 7!& is na6le !

ma<e a s!sal s!& !&de& !& 1e 7!& ma<es a s!sal s!& !&de& in an am!n 1a

is less 1an i !1e&wise w!ld 1a$e 6een9 1e 7!& s1all &e7!&d is &eas!ns f!& 1a$in# d!ne

s!> (--

.30 %!nse4en7es !f &ed7i!n !& e&minai!n !f 71ild s!& !&de&= W1e&e9 as a &esl !f

#i$in# &i!&i ! 71ild s!&9 a s!sal s!& !&de& was n! made9 !& 1e am!n !f a

s!sal s!& !&de& is less 1an i !1e&wise w!ld 1a$e 6een9 an s6se4en &ed7i!n !&

e&minai!n !f 1a 71ild s!& 7!nsies a 71an#e !f 7i&7msan7es f!& 1e &!ses !f

alin# f!& a s!sal s!& !&de&9 !& a $a&iai!n !&de& in &ese7 !f 1e s!sal s!&

!&de&9 as 1e 7ase ma 6e (--

:teps of Analysis___________________________________________________________________1.1

Se (: =s> 3: sin# a6les !f annal “#&!ss in7!me”9 dee&mine a6le am!n: '%Ss &!$s

1a e&mi a 7!& ! dee&mine “a ae&n !f in7!me” .s (@09 ! in7l 7!&!&ae in7!me .s (*0

E ! ime in7!me .s ()0 (-(

Se ,: Ad;smens f!& se7ial e8enses: ss @.(0 and @.(>(0 (-(71ild7a&e9 medi7al and denal ins&an7e &emims9 1eal1=&elaed e8enses “e8&a!&dina&

e8enses” ! mee ed7ai!nal needs 9 !s=se7!nda& ed7ai!n . 3e; v 3e; 0 “e8&a!&dina&

e8enses” f!& e8&a7&&i7la& a7i$iies:.definii!n in s> @ .(>(0 (-(

Se 3: Se7ial 7!nside&ai!ns .n!e ;di7ial dis7&ei!n0 (-(

s> 5 “Sandin# in la7e !f a a&en” .Wrght v Raver and !orne$o v !orne$o0 (-(

s> * Sli 7s!d (-(

EEE ,he Child :&pport D&idelines% Reg 31/$ :&pport D&idelines_________________________1.B

!S< obGectves (-,

36 | P a g e



.a0 ! esa6lis1 a fai& sanda&d !f s!& f!& 71ild&en 1a ens&es 1a 1e 6enefi f&!m 1e

finan7ial means !f 1ei& a&ens and9 in 1e 7ase !f di$!&7e9 f&!m 1e finan7ial means !f 6!1

s!ses afe& sea&ai!n (-,

.60 ! &ed7e 7!nfli7 and ensi!n 6eween a&ens !& s!ses 6 ma<in# 1e 7al7lai!n !f

71ild s!& m!&e !6;e7i$e (-,

.70 ! im&!$e 1e effi7ien7 !f 1e le#al &!7ess 6 #i$in# 7!&s9 and a&ens and s!ses9

#idan7e in sein# 1e le$els !f 71ild s!& and en7!&a#in# selemen and (-,

Am!n !f %1ild S!&__________________________________________________(-,s 3.(0P&esmi$e &le nless !1e&wise &!$ided nde& 1ese #idelines9 1e am!n !f an

!&de& f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild f!& 71ild&en nde& 1e a#e !f ma;!&i is9______________(-,(a) the amount set out n the a""$cab$e tab$e+ accor%ng to the number o ch$%ren un%er the

age o maGort to ;hom the or%er re$ates an% the ncome o the "arent or s"ouse aganst

;hom the or%er s sought> an% __________________________________________________(-,

(b) the amount+ an+ %etermne% un%er secton ,@ _________________________________(-,

S 3.,0%1ild 1e a#e !f ma;!&i !& !$e&__________________________________________(-,

nless !1e&wise &!$ided nde& 1ese #idelines9 w1e&e a 71ild ! w1!m an !&de& f!& 1e

s!& !f a 71ild &elaes is 1e a#e !f ma;!&i !& !$e&9 1e am!n !f an !&de& f!& 1e

s!& !f a 71ild is9__________________________________________________________(-,

.a0 1e am!n dee&mined 6 alin# 1ese #idelines as if 1e 71ild we&e nde& 1e a#e

!f ma;!&i !&_______________________________________________________________(-,

.60 if 1e 7!& 7!nside&s 1a a&!a71 ! 6e ina&!&iae9 1e am!n 1a i

7!nside&s a&!&iae9 1a$in# &e#a&d ! 1e 7!ndii!n9 means9 needs and !1e&7i&7msan7es !f 1e 71ild and 1e finan7ial a6ili !f ea71 a&en !& s!se !

7!n&i6e ! 1e s!& !f 1e 71ild_________________________________________(-,s 5 = S!se in la7e !f a a&en .alies w1e&e m!&e 1an ( e&s!n ma 1a$e !6li#ai!n !

a9 &ima& !6li#ai!n !f 6i! a&en0 (-,

W1e&e 1e s!se a#ains w1!m an !&de& f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild is s!#1 sands in 1e

la7e !f a a&en f!& a 71ild !& 1e a&en is n! a na&al !& ad!i$e a&en !f 1e 71ild9

1e am!n !f 1e !&de& is9 in &ese7 !f 1a a&en !& s!se9 s71 am!n as 1e 7!&

7!nside&s___________________________________________________________________(-,

• Wrght v Raver 2002 !A # does not diminish a bio father;s obligation for C#6 #

focuses on person who stands in place of parent Ehe obligation to pay C# is not related to the

right access & must be determined according to 9.C" Bomestic 3 can be set aside in relation to

C# obligations if not in 9.C6______________________________________________________'F2• !orne$o v !orne$o 2008 S! : relies on Gane Boe " Ehe mista,en belief must be balanced

w 9.C " 1ista,en belief as to being a biological father of a child does not negate a finding that the

party has demonstrated a settled intention to be a parent6______________________________'F2

• BB v B!& 2005 (3A s 1) Betermination of settled intent turns on whether the relationship

that e=ist ? time that the fam was functioning as a unit to separation was one in which father

treated child as his own_________________________________________________________'F2

• =ght to !S s the rght o a ch$% an% s n%e"en%ent o a "arents o;n con%uct % whether it

be delay in pursuing support% an attempt to 3 out of support Gane Boe!or the failure to disclose

an e=tramarital affair that may have led to the conception of the child6 Aather is a social parent%

demonstrated settled intention____________________________________________________'F2

S @ G Se7ial !& e8&a!&dina& e8enses (great %ea$ o ev%ence an% $tgaton or ;ea$ther

am$es) (-,@.(0 In an !&de& f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild9 1e 7!& ma9 !n 1e &e4es !f ei1e& a&en !&

s!se !& !f an ali7an nde& se7i!n 33 !f 1e A79 &!$ide f!& an am!n ! 7!$e& all !&

an !&i!n !f 1e f!ll!win# e8enses9 w1i71 e8enses ma 6e esimaed9 a<in# in!

a77!n 1e ne7essi !f 1e e8ense in &elai!n ! 1e 71ildHs 6es ine&ess and 1e

&eas!na6leness !f 1e e8ense in &elai!n ! 1e means !f 1e a&ens !& s!ses and 1!se

!f 1e 71ild and ! 1e sendin# ae&n !f 1e a&ens !& s!ses in &ese7 !f 1e 71ild

d&in# 7!1a6iai!n:__________________________________________________________(-3

.a0 71ild 7a&e e8enses in7&&ed as a &esl !f 1e 7s!dial a&enHs eml!men9 illness9

disa6ili !& ed7ai!n !& &ainin# f!& eml!men________________________________(-3

37 | P a g e



.60 1a !&i!n !f 1e medi7al and denal ins&an7e &emims a&i6a6le ! 1e 71ild_(-3

.70 1eal1=&elaed e8enses 1a e87eed ins&an7e &eim6&semen 6 a leas (-- annall9

in7ldin# !&1!d!ni7 &eamen9 &!fessi!nal 7!nsellin# &!$ided 6 a s71!l!#is9 s!7ial

w!&<e&9 s71ia&is !& an !1e& e&s!n9 1si!1e&a9 !77ai!nal 1e&a9 see71

1e&a9 &es7&ii!n d&#s9 1ea&in# aids9 #lasses and 7!na7 lenses_________________(-3

.d0 e8&a!&dina& e8enses f!& &ima& !& se7!nda& s71!!l ed7ai!n !& f!& an !1e&

ed7ai!nal &!#&ams 1a mee 1e 71ildHs a&i7la& needs________________________(-3

.e0 e8enses f!& !s=se7!nda& ed7ai!n and___________________________________(-3

.f0 e8&a!&dina& e8enses f!& e8&a7&&i7la& a7i$iies>____________________________(-3

Definii!n9 “e8&a!&dina& e8enses”____________________________________________(-3

F!& 1e &!ses !f 7lases .(0 .d0 and .f09________________________________________(-3

“e8&a!&dina& e8enses” means_______________________________________________(-3

.a0 e8enses 1a e87eed 1!se 1a 1e a&en !& s!se &e4esin# an am!n f!& 1e

e8&a!&dina& e8enses 7an &eas!na6l 7!$e&9 a<in# in! a77!n 1a a&enHs !& s!seHs

in7!me and 1e am!n 1a 1e a&en !& s!se w!ld &e7ei$e nde& 1e ali7a6le a6le

!&9 w1e&e 1e 7!& 1as dee&mined 1a 1e a6le am!n is ina&!&iae9 1e am!n 1a

1e 7!& 1as !1e&wise dee&mined is a&!&iae9 !&______________________________(-3

.60 ;here c$ause (a) s not a""$cab$e9 e8enses 1a 1e 7!& 7!nside&s a&e e8&a!&dina&

a<in# in! a77!n9__________________________________________________________(-3

.i0 1e am!n !f 1e e8ense in &elai!n ! 1e in7!me !f 1e a&en !& s!se &e4esin#

1e am!n9 in7ldin# 1e am!n 1a 1e a&en !& s!se w!ld &e7ei$e nde& 1e

ali7a6le a6le !&9 w1e&e 1e 7!& 1as dee&mined 1a 1e a6le am!n is ina&!&iae9

1e am!n 1a 1e 7!& 1as !1e&wise dee&mined is a&!&iae9__________________(-3

.ii0 1e na&e and nm6e& !f 1e ed7ai!nal &!#&ams and e8&a7&&i7la& a7i$iies9__(-3

.iii0 an se7ial needs and alens !f 1e 71ild9_____________________________________(-3

.i$0 1e !$e&all 7!s !f 1e &!#&ams and a7i$iies9 and_____________________________(-3

.$0 an !1e& simila& fa7!&s 1a 1e 7!& 7!nside&s &ele$an_______________________(-3

.,0S1a&in# !f e8ense_________________________________________________________(-3

T1e #idin# &in7ile in dee&minin# 1e am!n !f an e8ense &efe&&ed ! in s6se7i!n

.(0 is 1a 1e e8ense is s1a&ed 6 1e a&ens !& s!ses in &!!&i!n ! 1ei& &ese7i$e

in7!mes afe& ded7in# f&!m 1e e8ense9 1e 7!n&i6i!n9 if an9 f&!m 1e 71ild>______(-3

.30S6sidies9 a8 ded7i!ns9 e7> e87e %%C in .0______________________________(-3

S6;e7 ! s6se7i!n .09 in dee&minin# 1e am!n !f an e8ense &efe&&ed ! in

s6se7i!n .(09 1e 7!& ms a<e in! a77!n an s6sidies9 6enefis !& in7!me a8

ded7i!ns !& 7&edis &elain# ! 1e e8ense9 and an eli#i6ili ! 7laim a s6sid9 6enefi

!& in7!me a8 ded7i!n !& 7&edi &elain# ! 1e e8ense9___________________________(-3

.0ni$e&sal 71ild 7a&e 6enefi_________________________________________________(-3

In dee&minin# 1e am!n !f an e8ense &efe&&ed ! in s6se7i!n .(09 1e 7!& s1all n!

a<e in! a77!n an ni$e&sal 71ild 7a&e 6enefi !& an eli#i6ili ! 7laim 1a 6enefi_(-3

S * G Sli 7s!d .!S amount s oset+ @e@ % bet;een !S< %etermnatons or each s"ouse+

$ess than 40J o tme) (-3

W1e&e ea71 a&en !& s!se 1as 7s!d !f !ne !& m!&e 71ild&en9 1e am!n !f an !&de&

f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild is 1e diffe&en7e 6eween 1e am!n 1a ea71 a&en !& s!se

w!ld !1e&wise a if s71 an !&de& we&e s!#1 a#ains ea71 !f 1e a&ens !& s!ses>

___________________________________________________________________________(-3

S ) G s1a&ed 7s!d (-

W1e&e a a&en !& s!se e8e&7ises a &i#1 !f a77ess !9 !& 1as 1si7al 7s!d !f9 a 71ildf!& n! less 1an - e& 7en !f 1e ime !$e& 1e 7!&se !f a ea&9 1e am!n !f 1e !&de&

f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild ms 6e dee&mined 6 a<in# in! a77!n9________________(-

.a0 1e am!ns se ! in 1e ali7a6le a6les f!& ea71 !f 1e a&ens !& s!ses______(-

.60 1e in7&eased 7!ss !f s1a&ed 7s!d a&&an#emens and________________________(-

.70 1e 7!ndii!n9 means9 needs and !1e& 7i&7msan7es !f ea71 a&en !& s!se and !f

an 71ild f!& w1!m s!& is s!#1>___________________________________________(-

38 | P a g e



• 33 v !! F Ehe court held that when deciding C# obligations% the hours spent in care of each

parent should be considered% not minutes &seconds6 Aather payer did not meet 4FS threshold% so

was re$uired to pay amount according to tables 6# D only ta,es effect w shared parenting if parent

has child for 4FS of the time6_____________________________________________________'F4

• B$$ar# v B$$ar# 1998F school and sleep time may be e=cluded from calculation_________'F4

• =osat v De$$a"enta (199,)F in determining calculation% court may have prefer to nature &

$uality of time spent by each parent________________________________________________'F4

• 3eone$$7!ontno v !onto 2005 S!= 21: how to assess s D support obligations:_______'F4

'! Determne sm"$e set o amt under s D0! of each parent;s table amount for < of child involved

in shared custody arrangement"___________________________________________________'F42! =eve; !h$% E"ense Bu%gets: crts must loo, at all e=penses of both parents based upon

child e=pense budgets6 "_________________________________________________________'F4

(! !ons%er ab$t o each "arent to bear increased costs of shared custy & standard of living for

children in each house crt should consider income levels of each parent% disparities in income%

assets and liability of each "______________________________________________________'F4

4! Dstngush btC; .nta$ r%ers or Agreements H aratons 7 b/c recipient parent may have

validly incurred e=penses based on leg e=pectations about how much child support would be

provided_____________________________________________________________________'F4

S (- nde 1a&ds1i_________________________________________________________(-

(-> .(0 On 1e ali7ai!n !f ei1e& s!se !& an ali7an nde& se7i!n 33 !f 1e A79 a

7!& ma awa&d an am!n !f 71ild s!& 1a is diffe&en f&!m 1e am!n dee&mined

nde& an !f se7i!ns 3 ! 59 * !& ) if 1e 7!& finds 1a 1e a&en !& s!se ma<in# 1e

&e4es9 !& a 71ild in &ese7 !f w1!m 1e &e4es is made9 w!ld !1e&wise sffe& nde1a&ds1i>___________________________________________________________________(-

.,0%i&7msan7es 1a ma 7ase a a&en9 s!se !& 71ild ! sffe& nde 1a&ds1i

in7lde9_____________________________________________________________________(-

.a0 1e a&en !& s!se 1as &es!nsi6ili f!& an nsall 1i#1 le$el !f de6s &eas!na6l

in7&&ed ! s!& 1e a&ens !& s!ses and 1ei& 71ild&en d&in# 7!1a6iai!n !& !

ea&n a li$in#________________________________________________________________(-

.60 1e a&en !& s!se 1as nsall 1i#1 e8enses in &elai!n ! e8e&7isin# a77ess ! a

71ild______________________________________________________________________(-

.70 1e a&en !& s!se 1as a le#al d nde& a ;d#men9 !&de& !& w&ien sea&ai!n

a#&eemen ! s!& an e&s!n______________________________________________(-

.d0 1e s!se 1as a le#al d ! s!& a 71ild9 !1e& 1an a 71ild !f 1e ma&&ia#e9 w1!

is9_________________________________________________________________________(-.i0 nde& 1e a#e !f ma;!&i9 !&________________________________________________(-

.ii0 1e a#e !f ma;!&i !& !$e& 6 is na6le9 6 &eas!n !f illness9 disa6ili !& !1e& 7ase9

! !6ain 1e ne7essa&ies !f life_________________________________________________(-

.e0 1e a&en 1as a le#al d ! s!& a 71ild9 !1e& 1an 1e 71ild w1! is 1e s6;e7 !f

1is ali7ai!n9 w1! is nde& 1e a#e !f ma;!&i !& w1! is en&!lled in a fll ime 7!&se !f

ed7ai!n__________________________________________________________________(-

.f0 1e a&en !& s!se 1as a le#al d ! s!& an e&s!n w1! is na6le ! !6ain 1e

ne7essa&ies !f life de ! an illness !& disa6ili____________________________________(-

.30Sanda&ds !f li$in# ms 6e 7!nside&ed________________________________________(-

.30 Desie a dee&minai!n !f nde 1a&ds1i nde& s6se7i!n .(09 an ali7ai!n nde&

1a s6se7i!n ms 6e denied 6 1e 7!& if i is !f 1e !ini!n 1a 1e 1!se1!ld !f 1e

a&en !& s!se w1! 7laims nde 1a&ds1i w!ld9 afe& dee&minin# 1e am!n !f 71ilds!& nde& an !f se7i!ns 3 ! 59 * !& )9 1a$e a 1i#1e& sanda&d !f li$in# 1an 1e

1!se1!ld !f 1e !1e& a&en !& s!se>_________________________________________(-

.0Sanda&ds !f li$in# es_____________________________________________________(-

.0 In 7!ma&in# sanda&ds !f li$in# f!& 1e &!se !f s6se7i!n .309 1e 7!& ma se

1e 7!ma&is!n !f 1!se1!ld sanda&ds !f li$in# es se ! in S71edle II>____________(-5

Reas!na6le ime_____________________________________________________________(-5

39 | P a g e



.50 W1e&e 1e 7!& awa&ds a diffe&en am!n !f 71ild s!& nde& s6se7i!n .(09 i

ma se7if9 in 1e !&de& f!& 71ild s!&9 a &eas!na6le ime f!& 1e saisfa7i!n !f an

!6li#ai!n a&isin# f&!m 7i&7msan7es 1a 7ase nde 1a&ds1i and 1e am!n aa6le

a 1e end !f 1a ime> O> Re#> 3)(K)@9 s> (- .50>___________________________________(-5

Reas!ns .0_________________________________________________________________(-5

W1e&e 1e 7!& ma<es an !&de& f!& 1e s!& !f a 71ild in a diffe&en am!n nde& 1is

se7i!n9 i ms &e7!&d is &eas!ns f!& d!in# s!____________________________________(-5 Schm% v Smth 1999 S! : Crt dismisses application b/c he finds HH ratio of > is lower than

that of H applicant H supports ' child% has 5 vehicle not incl in income" > has to support 2

children!_____________________________________________________________________'F

s () imed in7!me= e&mis e8e&7ise !f ;di7ial dis7&ei!n ! ime in7!me ! a %S

a!&9 7&eaes 1#e ensi!ns___________________________________________________(-5

().(0.a0w1e&e a&en Jis ineni!nall nde& eml!ed !& neml!ed_______________(-5

• Drga$aF .ntentionally refers to voluntary where parent chooses to earn less than capable of

earning% e=cludes situations where spouses are laid off% terminated% given reduced hrs of wor,__'F

• I%%$eton v Iac&herson crt struggled to determine what payor;s income.t is not e$uitable

to impute income to > e$ual to that of H were > is upgrading educational $ualifications6 .ncome/

C# obligation should change as income changes here > was ta,ing up internship which would

temporarily reduce income earnings!_______________________________________________'F

• =e$ v -o$$an% (200) ayor chose to cease wor,ing as an independent electrical 3or% and

ta,e a salaried position instead )*C0 appeal court confirmed EG;s determination to impute the

prev higher income to him for puporses of determining his C# obligations ss '7'D!_________'F

• A v A (1999 45 =3 (4th) 5 (A$ta LB) Ehe payor won ' million dollars% in lottery% cease to

wor, and earn income% an 09 court imputed both employment and investment income to him___'F

• %en%ah$ v Bur$e (1999) Crt imputed overtime income to payor for purp of determining C#

support______________________________________________________________________'F

• Ba$%n v Ba$%n : payor was dismissed from employment for cause% 9C court imputed his

income to him_________________________________________________________________'F

• Ba# v Dobe$$ !A payments made by father to disabed son did not count as income for

purposes of determining son;s C# obligation to this children_____________________________'F

40 | P a g e



PART I: LAW AND FAMILY FORMATION“Families” and “Law”Parenspatriae

it refers to the public policy power of state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parentlegal guar!ian or infor"al careta#er an! to act as the parent of any chil! or in!ivi!ual who is innee! of protection

Seftn

!ldin"s#$airns

%&'(() *FLR&+'

,-n"$A$i#Di#.

$a"ilial approach what fa" ought to be% &f she is vulnerable she shoul! be supporte! by the'tate% (onse)uences of the !ecision not consi!ere! in *u!icial analysis

$acts+ P is lan!lor! of the pre"ises at issue who lease! it to a ,r - bt.w 1939/41 an! ,r - !ie!in 1965% is !aughter !a succee!e! to tenancy in 1965 who !ie! in 1986% ,s ( ca"e tolive w - fa"ily in 1941 at 23 years of age% er bf ha! !ie! in the war an! both her parents ha!!ie!% ,r ,rs - treate! P as their own !aughter who calle! the" ,o an! Pop% fter !a !ie! Pserve! ! with notice to )uit% clai"s she is entitle! to re"ain on in house as stat tenant

Issue+ &s a statutory tenant un!er governing statute hat is stat "eaning of fa"ily hereRati: T/e de0nitin f 1famil21 re34ires a 5radl2 re6"nisa5le defa6t familial ne74s t/r4"/ marria"e8 adptin f a minr ,de 94re rde fa6t.8 r w/ere t/e lin is 1step18 r w/ere t/e lin is 1in;law1 52marria"e< Tw stran"ers 6annt arti06iall2 esta5lis/ fam ne74sAnalysis+ !a an! regar!e! each other as sisters but is legally a strange% % cannot beregar!e! as being a "e"ber by !e facto a!option b.c )uestion is whether she was "e"ber of

!as fa" not -s fa"% o prece!ent of ent ct protecting a!ult a!option Conclusion+ ppealallowe! ,rs ( is not a stat tenant b.c she !oes not fall w. stat "eaning of fa"

41 | P a g e



=ane De#Al5erta,*++>.?@RFL,t/.*@,Alta$A.

Familial approach -Facts+ , an! $ cohabitees enter into !o" stipulating that P has neither parental rights nor anyobligation to support chil! of who" he is not the bio father% : i"pregnate! via &%Issue+ &s !o" legally enforceable

Rati: A dm B t/at indemni0es partner f a parent in an intimaterelatins/ip a"ainst parental r s4pprt 5li"atins in re: t a 6/ildt/at partner did nt 5i parent 4nenfr6ea5le if nt in CI$<Analysis+ (a) s challenge constitutionality of ss 53 85/6 of $; ct which per"its a court tooverri!e agree"ents entere! into w regar! to parenting incl (s obligations(b) not legally enforceable b.c ,s e<press intention is not !ispositive is "erely a factor to

!eter"ine if he is in loco parentis% =c> '' !o not engage s 7 b.c s 7 !oes not apply to purelyecono"ic rights? not a personal fun!a"ental right which is what s 7 protects ,() ' 48 !ef ofparent incls person stan!ing in place of a parentif person was in a relationship of inter!epen!ence of so"e per"anence w "other%%%of chil! an has !e"onstrate! a settle! intention to treat chil! as person@s own chil!>% (e) applies Chartieranalysis A ,s sub*ective intent not to assu"e a parental role will inevitably yiel! to the nee!s=not "erely the physical nee!s> of the chil! in the sa"e househol! otherwise chil! woul! li#elysuffer har" perception of parental figure is a s 48 factor (!) Public policy arguably !oes notenforceability of !o" in light of B&( ,("> chil!s interests not represente!

$riti34e f=ane De

o assess"ent of relationship bt.w :ohn oe an! chil!ights an! responsibilities in relation to the chil! an! new partner "ay still arise !espite clearevi!ence of intention to abstain fro" !efault i"position of rights an! responsibilitiesPolicy i"plications A people hesitate to for" new relations where new partner has a chil! %C:

any "other li#e her / woul! be at ris# of losing her e<clusive parental rights si"ply by virtue ofcohabiting with a partner regar!less nature of relationship bt. hi" chil!%

!istr2 fLe"alInter#entinn inFams:p45li6pli62fsterin"le"alinter#enti

n

Residential s6/l s2s A e"oving $ chil!ren fro" fa"ilies an! placing into e!uinstituions$/inese immi"rants ; prohibitively e<pensive1885 hea! ta< i"pose! on (hinesei""igrants so "any "en i""igrating left their wives behin! in (hina&'&+ le" A re)uiring every ' i""igrant have su" of D200 an! therefore !isrupte! fa"s

=apanese internment 6amps whereby "en an! ol!er boys were separate! in wor#ca"ps fro" wo"en an! chil!ren were relocate! to !ifferent enca"p"ents$ntra6t4al dmesti6 wrers per"itte! to i""igrate to (ana!a an! leavingfa"ilies in ho"e countries for "any years =Blac# (aribbean an! $ilipina wo"en>la6 f re6"nitin f "a2 and les5ian famil2 relatins/ips until late 20th century

$anada,Attrne2eneral. #Mssp%&''?) S$R

&ssue+ &s '' partner entitle! to EspousalE bereave"ent leave to atten! the funeral of his partner@sfather!eld: SSP was not entitled to spousal bereavement In order to define "family status", it is no error to examine the underlying families so that ...actual families, rather than theoretical stereotypes, may enjoy their protected status" (Lisa R Zimmer)

42 | P a g e



Marria"e in t/e $nte7t f $/a5itatin$nstit4tinal and le"islati#e a4t/rit2 re marria"e

Federal G le"islati#e a4t/rit2wrp t marria"e ,i<e<in/erent 6apa6it2 tmarr2. E di#r6e ,s '&,*.f $A. in6l 6rllar2matters ,$S8 SS.

Le"islati#e a4t/ wrp t slemnitiesand frmalities ,S '*,&*. E'*,&@. Prp E 6i#il ri"/ts

alidit2 Re34irements fr Marria"eStat4tr2 $ML G Parliament /as ntle"islated re: re34irementse76ept fr persns8pr/i5ited de"rees anda"e

Federal,S45stanti#e.

Le"islati#eFrmalities,Pr#.

(ivil ,arriage ct '(=2 persons ss 1/4 48>

1> (onsent+2> (apacity free fro"

!uress unli"ite!purpose

Prohibite! egrees ct3> Parties "ust not be

w.in prohibite!!egrees ofconsanguinity affinity =lineallyrelate!=half>siblings incl bya!option>

4> (apacity toconsu""ate

5> o prior e<istingvali! "arriage

6> ge

,arriage ct 'F1> '4+ ;icence2> ' 5/6+ ge3> ' 7+ ,ental capacity4> ' 17 Banns5> ' 20/24 'ole"niGation6> ' 25 itnesses7> ' 31 (urative

provisions8> 'ole"niGation via

religious cere"ony9> egistration of

"arriage certificate"arriage by officer withauthority

vali! "arriage re)uires that the parties "eetthe following si< (,; criteria accor!ing to theseco""on law re)uire"ents =as a"en!e! byParlia"ent> F the provincial sole"niGationre)uire"ents parties "ust+

&< 5e J* persnsJ ; !2de n

ln"er applies*< /a#e 6apa6it2 t 6nsent tt/e marria"e8 i<e< ; t4nderstand8 t 5e free frmd4ress E wK tain" a664ntf reser#atins a54t rlimited p4rpses fmarria"e<

?< /a#e 6apa6it2 t6ns4mmate t/e marria"e<

< nt 5e wKin pr/i5itedde"rees f 6nsan"4init2

and anit2 ,as de0ned 5stat4te see left.@< m4st nt 5e a partner t an

e7istin" #alid marria"e < < T/e parties m4st /a#e

attained t/e a"e re34iredfr a #alid marria"e

44 | P a g e



,D4t6/ # D4t6/ ,&'>>. $MLmarria"e des nt /a#ele"al imprt e76ept asde0ned in sme stat4tes.54t ma2 e7ist w/ereA5ri"inal peples marr2in a66rdin" t 64stmar2pra6ti6es 54t wK6mpl2in" wit/ stat4tr2re34irements

,Berr # Berr A f AC # nderwdS$R. Pr# a4t/ e7tends tle"islatin" a re34irement fparental 6nsent asslemniatin re3<

Ann4lment G marria"e ne#ere7isted a5sent ne rmre re34isite 6riteriaa5#e ,t2pi6all2 s4"/t ta#id reli"i4s pr5lems.

Di#r6e G dissl4tin f e7istin" #alidmarria"e t

esta5lis/ a di#r6e a6tin8 ne m4stpr#e Jmarria"e 5readwnJ4nder DA

SS marria"e G Parliamentar2 refrm f ppsite se7 re34irement!alpern #

$anada

,A.,*++*.

Issue' oes (,; opposite se< re)uire"ent contravene s 15 of (harterCA+ clai"ants were the sub*ect of !ifferential treat"ent b.c (,; "arriage !ef creates afor"al !istinction bt.w opposite se< '' couples on the basis of orientation contravene!s 15 of (harter not save! by s 1

Important *uotes+Procreation is an untenable basis for institution of "arriage "arriage not !epen!ent uponthe presence of chil!ren? or incapacity or an unwillingness to have chil!ren nor is it a barto "arriage or a groun! for !ivorce%%% ,arriage is %characteriGe! by pivotal chil! rearing role %%% atten!ant obligations an!offerings of "utual care an! support of co"panionship an! shares social activities ofintellectual an! "oral an! faith base! sti"ulation as a couple of share! shelter econan! psychological inter!epen!ence A in!icia of purposes of "arriage in ( society

SSRef eren6e

'pea#s to anachronic !ef of "arriage in y!e(para 22)+y!e spo#e to a society of share! social values where "arriage religion werethought to be inseparable no longer the case% (ana!a is a pluralistic society% 'tate policyis "arriage is a civil institution% our (onstitution is a living tree which by way ofprogressive interpretation acco""o!ates an! a!!ress the realities of "o!ern lifeH(rejects frozen reasoning principle)

$ni6tin"Laws SSMarria"e

S 5(1) desi"ned t permit 64ples ,mainl2 SS 64ples. w/married in a $anadian pr#in6e t 5tain a di#r6e int/at same pr#in6e (S 5(2))retra6ti#e

S 7(1) SS parties 6an appl2 fr di#r6e 9intl2 r ne sp4se w6nsent f t/er part2 4nder $MA if separate and apartin t/eir /me 94risdi6tin,s. fr ne 2ear ,s< >,&..

DA does not apply to couples divorce under Civil Marriage Act (s ) inC!A

Criti"ue ; n pr#isin fr rders fr 6rllar2 relief in relatin ta di#r6e8 lea#in" t/ese iss4es t 5e ne"tiateda66rdin" t 94risdi6tin f t/e partiesH dmi6ile<

$riti34e•

By buying into this institution they lost the ability to re!efine inti"ate a!ult relationships• Iseful !evelop"ent for govern"ents that !o not want to provi!e support for fa"ily

responsibility• ;egal abstraction "ay invisibiliGe vulnerable classes

Iss4es a54t 6apa6it2 t 6nsent t marria"e : #ental capacity(implie unerlyin" presumption o! marria"e) party ill be consiere not toha$e capacity i! spouse has mental illness or iminishe mental capacity /est nus on partyassertin" that 1 spouse lac0s capacity test is person is capable o! unerstanin" the nature o!the uties responsibilities that it creates it

45 | P a g e



uress an! un!ue influence in relation to consent A onus lies on party see#ing annul"ent to establish onBFP that a party lac#s consent by showing if "in! of party in )uestion was so overco"e by oppressionso as to constitute an absence of free choice? (onsi!er all circu"stances

• A"e8 mat4rit28 and emtinal state E #4lnera5ilit2 f part2 in 34estin

• $ns4mmatin f marria"e8 6/a5itatin 5tKw parties Q

• Time perid 5tKw ,&. 6nd46t alle"ed as d4ress E marria"e 6eremn28 ,*.marria"e E ann4lment re34est

• P/2si6al fr6e r t/reat f p/2si6al fr6e is nt re34ired(onsent an! li"ite! purpose "arriage &f parties "arry for the li"ite! purpose of a non/citiGen ac)uiring

i""igration status in (ana!a they will be regar!e! as "arrie! for purposes of fa"ily law sub*ect toi""igrant sanctions =li#e !eportation>=&antsis v Papatheo!orou>

46 | P a g e



$aselaw G Mental $apa6it2

Durham v Dur ham

( 1995

)

sues for an annul"ent on groun! that "arriage was invali! b.c lac#e! capacity at ti"e ofprocee!ings hopelessly insane el!+ ha! capacity J ti"e of "arriage gave consent

Webb vW ebb(

1968

)

party "ay be consi!ere! to have proce!ural capacity to consent even absent capacity to!ischarge responsibilities flowing fro" "arriage? 2 schiGophrenic patients in ' hosp "arrie!an! per"anently separate! when year after chil! was born

Banton vBant on

( 1998)

Kl!erly "an an! young waitress in his nursing ho"e "arry% (hil!ren contest vali!ity of"arriage on basis of lac# of capacity el!erly "an ha! been !eclare! financially inco"petent%e ha! capacity to "arry but not "a#e will A ,una e<ercise! un!ue influence

re SungEst at

e( 2004

)

octor testifie! 'ung !i! not have capacity in Banton A sai! he probably !i! un!erstan!capacity of !ecision to "arry but no presu"ption of capacity to "a#e a will =reliance on e<pertevi!ence>

47 | P a g e



$aselaw; $apa6it2 t 6nsent in relatin t 4nd4e in4en6e andd4ress

Scott vSebrgh

t

nue in!luence test is subecti$e, not obecti$e% threatene! to shoot if she suggeste!at cere"ony she was not acting freely "arriage was annulle! few "onths later

!oo"er v!r ane

Lest is "i<e! ob*ective/sub*ective test? marria"e hel as $ali wo"an !i! not un!erstan!what she was !oing or that her powers of volition were paralyGe!%

Buc#$an%v Buc

#$an%

5el+ Consent $itiate by uress usban! agree! to "arriage b.c of his Mreasonablyentertaine!C fears reasonably entertaine!? arose fro" e<ternal circu"stances for which he wasnot responsible / Mfalsely charge!C for corrupting a "inor i"pregnate! of ,altese fa"ily

S(A) v. S(A)nonphysicalduress

5el' Consent o! au"hter, party see0in" annulment, o$erborne by pressure o! anonphysical nature that parents impose, ho sou"ht to obtain bene!it !rom marria"e =ha! left (ana!a an! they never consu""ate! "arriage>

48 | P a g e



&ascu'' v &ascu

' '

1955

5el' ife lac#e! capacity to consent strongly pressure! by s parents to "arry after havingse<ual relations ages 15 19 % er only ho"e at the ti"e was that of s

*hom"sonv * hom

"

son+19,1

5el' #arria"e as $ali, not vitiate! by pressure of "other an! urging of % ,arriage wasconsu""ate! reluctantly but P; => was not "e"ber of vulnerable class

-.ran v-r a

n1982/ !

A

5el' #arria"e as in$ali, Parents arrange! for to "arry in!u who ha! wante! to "arrya ,usli"% /est' 6arty lac0s capacity to consent here threats or pressure is such as toestroy the reality o! consent an o$erbears ill o! ini$iual

ote onarr

ange%v s o

ifference bt.w social cultural or parental pressures vs legal re)uire"ent of !uress + fearcause! by threat of i""e!iate !anger to life li"b or liberty

49 | P a g e



r ce%marr ag

es

Re34irements G 6ns4mmatin8 n prir s45sistin" marria"epr/i5ited de"rees f 6nsan"4init28 a"e 8

• $apa6it2 t 6ns4mmate t/e marria"e ; test n ln"er applied8

in6nsistent w mdern $DN law

• Pr/i5ited de"rees f 6nsan"4init2 ,see Pr/i5ited De"rees A6t. ;Persns nw permitted t marr2 relati#es ; a4nt8 4n6le8 nie6e8nep/ew relatins/ips f anit2 ; ma2 marr2 fam mem5ers f a di#sp4se8 step;relatins/ips

• N prir s45sistin" marria"e

• in case o# spouse disappearing8 S 6an 5e de6lared as dead fr p4rpses fremarr2in" ; (Dec$aratons o Death Act )

• Polygamy CC$ s 2%? G 6riminal en6e t /a#e a marria"e r 6n94"al 4ninw mre t/an & persn same time

A"e and #alidit2 f marria"e ; Matter f frmalit28 wit/in pr#in6iala4t/rit2

3egebe#ov3egebo#o

5el' #arria"e as $ali =long perio! of cohabitation> petitione! for annul"ent b.cshe was only 15 at the ti"e of religious cere"ony con!ucte!% ;ive! tog 16 yrs 3 #i!sen%

A$s"ector v A$s "ector195,

5el' 7eclaration o! marria"e $ali accorin" to s 31 #A. "arriage cere"onyre)uire"ents of :ewish faith but they !i! not obtain licence b.c they !i! not believe itwas necessary though was tol! it was re)uire!% Lheir intention was to live in &srael %Lhey live! in F for 7 years !ie! for trial inten!e! to live together in &srael%

Debora vDebor a(1999)

!A

5el' %* calculation !rom ate o! $ali marria"e. 6roceurally in$ali marria"e inot count, s 31. Parties "arrie! in cere"ony that they #new !i! not co"ply w ,% Lhey"arrie! 7 yrs later in vali! cere"ony% (re! )uestion

.sse v Sa%2012+!A

5el' 89s e$ience isclose intention to ha$e a $ali marria"e accorin" to la, thus a $ali marria"e pursuant to s 31 o! the Marriage Act . /he court alsohel that the parties ere :spouses; !or purposes o! the %* pro$s o! F<ABoth parties agree! to have an &sla"ic we!!ing cere"ony #nowingly w.o "arriagelicense that "arriage was not registere! in Fntario% ore tra! we!!ing !ress

50 | P a g e



Trans"ender marria"e• ,Re Be#in in A4stralia .;egal !efinition of "an incls post operative $ to , transse<ual an! is

recogniGe! for purposes of !eclaring vali!ity of "arriage =I' only recogniGe! opposite se< "arriages>• ,$r5ett # $r5ett. -en!er an! se< is !efine! at birth an! is unchangeable =overrule! in I per

K( 812>

ParentK$/ild Relatins/ips re Famil2 Frmatinparenthoo is !ore$er !or so lon" as parent an chil e&ist.for"ation of Mfa"iliesC in relation to the creation of parent/chil! relationships create! in the absence of arecogniGe! con*ugal relationship between two people

• Biological relationship• By operation of law fa" relationship create! bt.w a!optive chil! parent an! bio P( is

e<tinguishe!• ssiste! repro!uction arrange"ents / legal uncertainty in this area since

• neman7s "ro"osa$ to ma#e the motherch$% bon% the "rmar bassor :am$ status; n $a< v% the inti"ate a!ult relationship os not consi!er Malternative

fa"s where there is no E"otherE within a parent/chil! relationship =chil!/gran!father chil!/father.father>

Cirt/ re"istratin ; fat/er /as ri"/ts t p4t name in 5irt/re"istratin frms

Tr6i4 # Critis/ $l4m5ia ,Attrne2 eneral. %*++?) & S$R (?@ ,s4pprtsa4tnm2. 6apa6it2 t mae de6isin a54t /w ne meanin"f4ll2parti6ipates in t/e life f ne1s wn 6/ild

Familialapproach

Kngage! rights of the father with respect to giving consent for a!option so he is per"itte! to registerhis na"e reaffir"s P( Presu"ption / both parents involve! "ust be in B&(ote' Father rarely e&ercise ri"ht to access

$acts L K are parents of triplets% (hil!ren@s "other registere! the birth an! "ar#e! father asunac#nowle!ge! by the "other an! registere! their surna"e as hers alone% ' 3=6>=b> preclu!e!father fro" altering registration %(ouple cohabite! for short perio!s of ti"e beca"e estrange! afterchil!ren@s birth% L petitione !or ' orer to compel => irector to re"ister his name as !ather onbirth re"istration !orms, to chan"e surname o! chilren to %rnst-/orciu0, relyin" on 66, > 1?challen"e o! s 31 o! =>A on "rounso! se& iscrimination

nalysis Provs allow per" e<clusion of a father@s particulars for" birth registration if a "other for any or no

reason chooses to unac#nowle!ge! hi" an! preclu!e hi" fro" altering particulars thereby toe<clu!e hi" fro" process of !eter"ining surna"e of his chil!ren =no recourse provi!e! for father>

!ecision &eld' ater is entitled to register is name as #ater on birt registration #orms$new trial to determine name cange (cildren already *now teir name$not necessarily in +,C)

S -(1)(b) and -(.)(b) were invalid b/c tey in#ringed s 15$ not saved by s 1 $drawing e0plicit distinction on enumerated ground o# se0 and tat tisdistinction gives rise to dierential treatment cildren3s name notcanged$ contrary to +,C

Criti"ue ;oo#s at for"al vs substantive e)uality b.c "erely status if bio relationship is what establishes L as afather for purposes for being allowe! to put his na"e on the birth registration%(ase is si"ilar to scenario so"eone has contribute! genetic "aterial an! wants that geneticconnection to be recogniGe! at law%ature of relationship bt.w K L s "uch "ore co""on that '(( "ight have

Gallant v Lewis 2008 ONSC G PP= is in#ed t "rant appli6atin f fat/ert /2p/enate 6/ildrenHs last name t in6l4de /is 5K6 6nsidered t 5e inCI$< nlie Tr6i48 dad e7er6ised a66ess dail2%$+ ,u" registere! chil! in her own na"e% Parents !ate! in pr 2006 cohabite! in Fct 2006 separate!in ec chil! born in 2007% $ather continue! to e<ercise access !aily% ,other oppose! application on

51 | P a g e



basis she was pri"ary caregiver an! that chil! live! with her%

-S # DL$ *++@ SB; $A denies a66ess rder 5K6 /e is nt a parent< T$Hsde6isin 4nderpinned 52 ass4mptins a54t a "d dad8 i<e< nntraditinal famil2 4nit

$acts , not in an inti"ate relationship , refuses to provi!e sper" for wo"an for but "anpai! part of her treat"ent% tten!e! prenatal classes present when twins were born% Bio "othereventually !enies hi" access% , applies for access or!er

L( accepte! evi!ence that , twins constitute a non tra! fa" unit an! there was ane"otional benefit to chil!ren "aintaining relationship w. "an ,other appeale!

( ppeal allowe! "an was "ore than a babysitter "uch less than a parent

Adptin and “5est interests”$nte7t !option laws historically pre"ise! on co"plete eli"ination of biological P( e<t% fa"ily

!option statutes enacte! to + =1> avoi! stig"a of illegiti"acy =2>for chil!less couples =inclstepparents in blen!e! fa"s>

$4rrentappra6/

!option or!ers in B&( chil! pro"ote "ore openness =aly> ? ;egislation still contains highlysecret historical antece!ents har#en bac# to earlier for"s of a!option legislaiton

Pr6ess 1% In$oluntary aoption / flowing fro" (' re"oval% parents@ rights are eventuallye<tinguishe! chil! eligible for a!option

2% =oluntary / ,u" an! !a! "ust give infor"e! written consent a!option or!er e<tinguishesparental rights

$nsent $FSA8 s &@ *,5. E &@>,&. G $nsent E Pli62 "als6rimary "oal is the best interests protection an! well being of chil!rensubsiiary policy "oal A to #eep fa" unit together encourage parents to loo# after chil!ren onthe basis of "utual consent

Stat4tr2Re"ime

s 1-7' Consent to adopt (and de4nition o# parent6 #or consent purposes)Consent o# cild3s moter e0pressly included or o# #ater i# under C8A (1)

(copied into statutory provisions) i# #ater does not #all into s (1)ten 9: rigt to give consent

s 1-.(2) ;e best interests o# te cild6 test #or adoptions 1-.(-) ;e best interests o# te cild6 test #or adoption o# an Aboriginal

cilds 1<- ;ermination o# access orders #or an adopted cilds 15 Status o# an adopted cild and adoptive parentss 1<5=1(-) !isclosure arrangements' openness6

Re Attrne2 eneral f Ontari and Ne#ins ,&'((. OR ,*d. ?&& ,!$.

$ ,other gave consent to a!option or!er =then 139 now 137> swore by affi!avit that father was nonparent% Bio father !i! not contact bio "other so"e until *ust before a!option or!er% L: raisesconstitutionality issue of prov

& &s s 139 now s 137=1> of ('$ constitutionally vali! &s bio fathers consent re)uire! to e<ecutea!option or!er

' 138 &nclu!es all biological "others w.in !efinition of parent but e<clu!es biological fathers unless theyhave "arrie! or cohabite! with "other or ac#nowle!ge! parent or otherwise !e"onstrate!responsibility for the chil!

L: + violate! s 15=1> of (harter iv (t+ !i! not violate! s 15 if so save! by s 1

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L: conclusion !rawn fro" e<pert evi!ence / @s have ability to support infant through any i!entity crisisshe "ight face in teenage years% =usban! is ,Ntis>&n!ian heritage an! culture was an i"portant factor but !uration an! strength of her attach"ent to was "ore i"portantLhe closer the !eveloping bon! bt.w prospective parents the less i"portant race beco"es

! # M %&''') S$R & S$R ?*( G S$$ awarded 64std2 f FN 6/ild t adpti#eparents f /is 5irt/ mt/er 8 re#ersin" T= de6isin8 6n6l4din" t/at $A

s/4ld nt interfere wit/ T= 0ndin" 4nless #erridin" E palpa5le errr$acts !optive !aughter of white "erican parents was boriginal% 'he visite! her birth fa" in

Oancouver% fter chil!s birth she "ove! to Oan with son an! live! in ho"e of bio father an! otherfa" "e"bers A poor on social assistance% !optive parents initiate custo!y action for youngson% By ti"e case arrive! at '(( chil! ha! been with $ fa" for 4 years>

Lhe B&( principle "a!e the white a!optive parents the legal parents of the boriginal chil!

Assisted Reprd46tin and Parent/dComparing

adoption

> A8

• (reate non/biological parent relationships

• Aoption is a use!ul comparator law establishes non/biological P(s e<cept !istintivein cases of anony"ous !onors

•

A A process brings a chil! into e<istence ta#es place in "e!ical clinic involves s &vs% A legally regulate! chil! is alrea!y born sub*ect to investigaton• ee !or le"al re"ulation ffects parental autono"y nee! to regulate conflict at

brea#!own ? ;aw !oes not conte"plate situations involving two or "ore parents• A"ainst re"ulation / epro!uctive "aterial is so special that shoul! not be

co""o!itise! co""ercialiGe! or transferre! for consi!eration

:8C report Parties "ust enter into to use "ust be approve! by F to be enforceable%

1% +aby M • o"an believe! she coul! not gestate so her an! enter into of surrogacy with ,aryBeth hitehea!% t birth ,B refuses to give up chil!

• "eld (li#e Jane $oe) (ouple try to enforce % (ourt hel! is unenforceable but it is inB&( to chil! w wealthy couple vs% ,B =poor !rug a!!iction>

%-$ 8oyalCommission

eco""en!ations / cri"inaliGing co""ercial surrogacy arrange"ents no P' of eggsan! sper" gestational "other as "other for legal purposes approach re)uiring a!option

by intentional non/biological parent

2??<$ 2?11A&8A$largeparto#Actinvalid

o buying or selling sper" or eggs in (ana!a / illegalou can have surrogacy arrange"ents but cannot be pai! for / illegal

esearch / suggests that concerns that co""ercial surrogacy will lea! to co""o!ification e<ploitation that wo"en cannot give "eaningful consent to such arrange"ents havenot been realiGe! in countries where co""% surrogacy is lawful

2??% report$:9o legislation in F to fill in legislative gaps unli#e B Q( an! B(eport fin!ing / nee! to review Mthe process for establishing parentage to acco""o!ateassiste! repro!uction services%C

!onors %no&n v un#no&n is#s = ,arotta> vs% Benefits =#nowle!ge of i!entity healthhistory of !onor / coul! arrange for so"e care>

+C A 'tat !efinition of parent in !iff conte<tss 24(1) / !onor who provi!e! hu"an repro!uctive "aterial or an e"bryo for pro!uctionof chil! chil! is born the !onor Mis not by reason only of the !onation the chil!s parent%Cs 2B(2) provi!es that the chil!s birth "other is the chil!s parent%s 27=3> provi!es that a person "arrie! to or in a "arriage/li#e relationship with the chil!s"other is also the chil!s parent =unless !i! not.with!rew consent>

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Prpert2 andKr 6ntra6t appra6/es: =$M # ANA *+&* C$S$ @( : Reprd46ti#e material lie sperm straws 6an 5e6nsidered prpert2 fr p4rpses f prpert2 s/arin"Kdi#isin atrelatins/ip 5readwn<

$acts+ ;esbian use! therapeutic inse"ination with sper" fro" a single !onor an! each gave birth to onechil! =the chil!ren have the sa"e biological father? each partner bio "other%Parties separate! but sep agree"ent !i! not provi!e for !isposition of 13 re"aining sper" straws:(, wishe! to use sper" straws w new partner to have chil! that woul! be biologically relate! toe<isting chil!ren% oppose! wishe! to have it !estroye!%

&ssue Can reproucti$e material consiere property

el!+ &t was hel! that sper" straws woul! be !ivi!e! e)ually bt.w the two for"er partners act% Lhe casewas !ivi!e! before the $; ct 2013 ca"e into effect in 2013% Lhe provisions of the $; =2013>trie! to !eal with proble"s of !ivision%

WW # UU ,6ase settled . B w4ld pr5a5l2 nt /a#e 5een enfr6ea5lea5sent ILA8 n prprietar2 interest in sperm "rat4it4sl2 pr#ided<$ntrar2 t CI$Q,=ane De -S.

Facts' eblois entere! into w lesbian couple to provi!e sper" so they coul! conceive a chil!%

provi!e! that woul! not participate in babys life% (ouple eventually have baby birth% Parties !i!not receive &; re % then "a#es application for access changes "in! couple oppose!

otes Result' ;i#ely eBlois is entitle! to so"e accessonsider (hil!@s age= L 7 years ol! here 3 years ol!> #nown vs% anony"ous !onors

A !4man Ri"/ts $de 6/allen"e: ill # M4rra2 %*++&) C$!RTD < ? ,OL.

$acts '' partners of birth "others file co"plaint that refusal by Oital 'tatistics gency to registerthe" as parents of the chil!ren of their partners%(lai"ants argue !iscri"ination b.c "an in opposite se< couple with "other when chil! is born isentitle! without en)uiry if he wishes to have his na"e on birth registration

&ssue hether Oital 'tats treat"ent constitutes !iscri"ination

8atio Partners o# birt moters in a co@abiting relationsip are entitled to beregistered as parents o# cildren born to teir partner witout beingre"uired to prove a biological connection to te in#ant cild=

Oital 'tats has !iscri"inate! against co/"other But for gen!er they woul! not have been)uestione! as to se<.bio connection nor woul! they be !irecte! to ta#e steps to a!opt chil!%

A $/arter 6/allen"e: R4t/erfrd # Ontari ,*++. ONS$ A ;anguage of O'change! to 2 persons following this case

$acts ;esbian parents conceive chil!ren by anony"ous !onor inse"ination clai" they were entitle! toregister accurate particulars of their chil!ren@s parentage per (; s 4 as#e! crt to interpret

statute to recogniGe "o!ern "etho!s of creating P( alternatively to !o so pursuant to courtsinherent PP% &f relief coul! not be grante! then !eclare O' as violating '' 715 of (harter%

nalysis Lhe court uses the sa"e co"parator group analysis "ale in opposite se< relationship for who"there is no in)uiry as to if chil! is biologically relate! to "ale entitle! to register na"e

=ato *he %enton o "arent un%er SA or "ur"oses o regsterng ch$%ren7s "arentage contravenes !harter@ !h$%Fs "arents at brth nee% not bets bo "arents@

el! O' !iscri"inate! against non bio parents of '' parents by contrast w non bio F' partners%

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A stat and PP 6/allen"e: AA # CC and $$ ,*++>. ?@ RFL ,t/. &8 ON$ A

$acts (o/"other not biologically relate! to "other an! wants to be legally !efine! as a parent in a!!ition tothe bio father an! "other but cannot be registere! b.c (; only allowe! for two parents to beregistere! for a chil!%

&ssue 'houl! court use its inherent PP *uris!iction to !eclare co/"other was @s parent

8atio Courts may invo*e PP urisdiction to ma*e a determination in te best interests o# te cild were tere is a legislative gap and may do so to recogniBe a

-rd

parent o# cild in conte0t o# A8 or #am w tree parents=

nalysis (;s purpose was to confer legiti"acy on all chil!ren regar!less of "arital status of their parentsto eli"inate concept of illegiti"acy in relation to chil!ren in F but it !i! not conte"plate possibilityof "ore than 2 parents incl conception by therefore leg gap

el! ( uses PP *uris!iction to !eclare co/"other as parent of chil! !ue to leg gap in (;

ote In!erlining the failure of the legislature to !eal with the challenges of Possible future repercussion b.c case !i! not !istinguish bt.w #in!s of parental rights an!responsibilities that that parents "ay wish to e<ercise

$,MA. # B,M. 8 *++' ON$= &( ; Ret/inin" Parental Stat4s in relatin tAdptin

$acts ;esbian couple no longer wants involve"ent of bio father once she is 6 years ol!% she is si< years ol!% entere! into "an!ate! arbitration for any !isputes% Bio father applies for access or!er an! inresponse the co/parent "a#es an application for a!option

&ssue 'houl! father have this right to consent re"ove!

8atio aters rigt to consent under s 15 will not be dispensed wit i# not in +,C tosever bio PC8 relationsip (in conte0t o# - parent #amily)$ dom D noten#orced re' arbitration

nalysis 'ociety has place! affectional ties J centre of chil!@s best interest but chil!@s bio connections re"aina fun!a"ental value ? + Fr!er to !ispense w bio fathers consent is !enie!

otes state ay have an econoic interest in defining ultiple parents cople* case

Dis6ls4re #ers4s ann2mit2 in assisted reprd46tin• F / Policies of greater openness / chil! can have open relationship w bio parents a chil! have

an open assu"ing the biological parents@ willingness to !o so• (ollege of Physicians can in fact !estroy patient files patient not seen for 7R years but once

!estroye! no way clai"ant can fin! out who was the sper" !onor• e!orm options + co"pulsory i!entity release !onors or retroactive !e/anony"iGation

Pratten *+&&8 C$$A ; penness in AR 8 wman 6n6ei#ed 4sin" ann2m4ssperm E OS 64ple

$acts ;egal clai" / openness in a!option shoul! apply in conte<t% (lai"ant re)ueste! info fro"physician about i!entity of !onor but recor!s ha! been legally !estroye! =pursuant to rules>% 'hesee#s in*unction prohibiting !estruction%%%of recor!e! info re !onors chil!ren parents

el! B( ( uphel! unani"ously govt appeal% Lhere is open a!option but not open assiste!repro!uction !is"isse! Pratten@s cross/appeal in relation to ' 7 (harter violation

ppeal Pri"ary focus / relationship bt.w leg provs for a!optees to locate their birth parents by contrast withthe absence of any provisions to enable a chil! conceive! using anony"ous sper" to locate his orher !onorPurpose of provs / ;eg has intentionally regulate! a!option to provi!e a!optees w new per" fa"ilyties% Lo re!uce access barriers to biological origins -iven that purpose it cannot be sai! thate<clu!ing persons whose legal status has never change! goes Efurther than is *ustifie! by the ob*ectof the a"eliorative progra"E

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PART II: LAW AND “INTA$T” FAMILI-S$/ild $are: $$ is a pri#ate matter8 de06ient state inter#entin

Stat 2008 8.10 "others in labour force see#ing pai! wor# A no sig bt.w labour force participation of"arrie! wo"en an! single or !ivorce! wo"en

$/ild6arePli6iesG apri#ate6n6ern

largely a "atter of private financial responsibility? !espite "any stu!ies reco""en!ing the a!optionof national stan!ar!s an! fun!ing for chil! care significant financial bur!en for all but wealthyabsence of regulate! options

nti/poverty progra"s =when "ar#et or fa"ily fails> an! lt! chil! care subsi!ies "in ta< brea#s=Iniversal (hil! (are Benefit D100."onth> but no entitle"ent

enderedim

pa6tf$$de06it

;abour "ar#et participation/ o"en with!raw $ in 2 parent high inco"e !ue to cost nee! forspecial nee!s. sche!uling constraints or wor# PL when (( not availablePolicy "a#ers assu"e that wo"en will provi!e care not offere! by state repro!uces house "ar#et !ivisions of labourisa!vantages "i!!le class an! low inco"e fa"ilies =esp fe"ale single parent s>

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$/ild Prte6tin; le"al inter#entin8 primar2 "al is t param4nt62f CI$ w/en 6/ildren are at ris f /arm #s< s45sidiar2 "al fprmtin" pri#a628 inte"rit2 and a4tnm2 f inta6t famil2 4nit

Finan6ialres4r6es

Bigger legislative net cast in relation to chil! protection concerns increase! bu!getary constraintsaffects boriginal (P' on reserve

A5ri"inal6/ildren

,any for"s of prov leg provi!es for boriginal (P' on reserve that !ecision "a#ing reflectsco""unity values auth of boriginal co""unities wrp to their chil!renPoverty alcoholis" spousal violence fetal alcohol syn!ro"e chil! neglect se<ual abusea Mconnection bt.w over/representation of aboriginal chil!ren in the care syste" an! theprevalence of violent outco"es for aboriginal wo"en girls% &n B( B chil!ren represent only 8S of the chil! population "ore than 50S of chil!ren in care

$P Edi#r6e

ot unusual that sep.!ivo cororally relief (P procee!ings occur si"ultaneously=innipeg>Lhere is often a significant relationship bt.w chil! protection an! fa"ily !issolution

(P $; are not !iscrete though !eci!e! in !ifferent courts

$FSA G Stat4te$FSA8 s &,&. Param4nt p4rpse1% =1>Lhe para"ount purpose of this ct is to pro"ote the best interests protection an! well/being ofchil!ren%

Other purposes s 1(2)s 1=2>+ ther purposes =so long as they are consistent with s 1=1>>+

1> supporting the autono"y an! integrity of the fa"ily unit?2> recogniGing the nee! to a!opt Mthe least !isruptive course of actionC%%% an!5> recogniGing that &n!ian an! native people shoul! provi!e their own chil! services %%% an!recogniGe their culture heritage an! tra!itions%

$/ild prte6tin8 s ?> ,*."ar in the past (incl neglect+ patterns+ past conduct) , ris# of future har

s 37(2): e!nin" a #hil$ %in nee$ o& prote#tion' / our main concerna> Physical har"b> is# of physical har"c> 'e<ual "olestation or e<ploitation!> is# of se<ual "olestation or e<ploitatione> ee!ing "e!ical treat"entf> K"otional har"g> is# of e"otional har"%%%%

s 37(3): C o& a #hil$ * +an$ator, &a#tors &or #onsi$eration- in#lu$in" an, other

relevant #ir#u+stan#e'1% Lhe chil9s physical, mental an emotional nees, an the appropriate care or treatmen t to "eetthose nee!s%

2% Lhe chil9s physical, mental an emotional le$el o! e$elopment.3% Lhe chil!s cultural bac0"roun.4% Lhe reli"ious !aith if any in which the chil! is being raise!%5% Lhe importance !or the chil9s e$elopment o! a positi$e relationship ith a parent an a secureplace as a member o! a !amily.6% /he chil9s relationships an emotional ties to a parent, siblin", relati$e, other member o! thechil9s e&tene !amily or member o! the chil9s community.7% Lhe importance o! continuity in the chil9s care an! the possible e!!ect on the chil o! isruptionof that continuity%

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http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/french/elaws_statutes_90c11_f.htm

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/french/elaws_statutes_90c11_f.htm



8% Lhe merits o! a plan for the chil!s care propose! by a society inclu!ing a proposal that the chil! beplace! for a!option or a!opte! co"pare! with the "erits of the chil! re"aining with or returning to aparent%9% Lhe chil9s $ies an ishes, if they can be reasonably ascertaine!%10% Lhe e!!ects on the chil o! elay in the !isposition of the case%11% /he ris0 that the chil may su!!er harm through being re"ove! fro" #ept away fro" returne! to or allowe! to re"ain in the care of a parent%12% Lhe !egree of ris# if any that *ustifie! the fin!ing that the chil! is in nee! of protection%13% Any other rele$ant circumstance

s ?>,. G W/ere $/ild an Indian r Nati#e persn ,nt determinati#e8 ANR. Fr!ers in relation to a chil! who is an &n!ian or native person an! the !uty to ta#e account of preservingthe chil!s cultural i!entity%

Winnipe" S4t/ $FS A"en62 # S ,DD. ,&''+. V ,Man C. ,Fam Di#.8s ?>,*.,f.,#.

$acts ,other !i! not wish to #eep the chil! an! wante! to give hi" up for a!option ? $ather wants to #eep chil!upon fa"ily !issolution? but wou! provi!e ina!e)uate chil! car e are not co"fortable when hol!ing orinteracting w chil!Lhe evi!ence suggeste! chil! was scare! an! not responsive aroun! parents vs% foster parentsurses ho"e care wor#ers !octors psychiatrists chil! care "anagers were all helping parents

nalysis 1% Fitness credibility a #actor / eter"ining whether a chil! shoul! be "a!e a per"anent

(rown war! re)uires *u!ge to consi!er totality of evi!ence incl hospital recor!s%2% &ome o# natural parents > best interests / Per"anent war!ship not to be or!ere! solely

b.c that foster ho"e is provi!ing chil! w better living con!itions than those provi!e! by naturalparents% Lest is whether ho"e of natural parents provi!es living con!itions in accor!ance with B&(

3% Presumptive rigt o# natural parents to care #or teir cildren / epriving the right of anatural parent to the care an! control of a chil! re)uires cogent evi!ence of !anger to the chil!@s life

4% .e+p or$ers- e/#eptional / Lhe power to e<ten! te"p or!ers shoul! only be use! in thosecases where in!ications that con!uct shortco"ings frailties or !isabilities of the parent contributing tothe chil!@s neglect can be correcte! where concrete evi!ence supports parent@s recognition of thecause of such !eficiencies an! a !esire to pursue the "eans to eli"inate the"

5% ot e<ten!e! e<cept in cases where parent !e"onstrates ability to "a#e a real change< t is su#ient i& there e a reasonale apprehension that ph,si#al inur,

+a, o##ur- the #ourt shoul$ inter&ere e&ore it has happene$

( Fn totality of evi!ence the chil! has been an! is in nee! of protection% Parents unli#ely to provi!e care an!supervision for long perio! of ti"e if ever? gency appointe! per"anent guar!ian of chil! w.in B&(

CritiDue :u!ge struggles with war!ship vs or!ering bac# to fa" has a !ifficult !ecision :u!ge "ay get into trouble ifchil! is or!ere! bac# to the fa"ily an! the chil! !ies

ppropriate ris# ta#ing in a worl! of fallible !ecision "a#ing beco"es very !ifficult when one@s whole career"ay be !estroye! by a single !ecision to return a chil! to ho"e especially if sub*ecte! to further abuse%

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A54se and ilen6e in Intimate Relatins/ips ; relati#el2 6lear ;w/ere t/ere is sp4sal a54se8 es6alates at t/e 94n6t4re ffamil2

A54sedwmen Edisad#

anta"ed6mm4nities

o"en an! girls for" "arginaliGe! co""unities are "ore li#ely to e<perience violence(oncerns about violence $ wo"en / inti"ate violence in so"e northern boriginalco""unities "ay be as high as 75/90S e<perience "ore severe for"s of violence higherrates of se<ual assaulti""igrant wo"en / stu!ies show "ay un!erreport 'O !ue to fears of police involve"ent

possibility of !eportation&n)uest of rlene ,ay sea"lessnes=#ille! by estrange! bf who then #ille! hi"self> A

reco""en!e! Ein!ivi!ual !o" violence initiatives "ust be coor!inate! an! integrate! into aunifie! plan an! that each sector of the response syste" wor# in concert with the others

ID &ntegrate! o"estic Oiolence court =&O> upon consent of O P a cri"inal charge is re)uire!to access these courts can !eal w intersecting issues re+ spousal abuse separation.!ivorcean! corollary issues property sharing an! spousal support chil! access

$riti34e Ps often have "ental illness i"poverishe! fro" "inority co""unities legal outco"es notalways e)uitable

Trts re Sp4salilen6e

'haw v Brunelle 2012 F '( 590 / court or!ere! D150000 for aggravate! !a"ages general !a"ages of D50000 for pain suffering b.c battery occurre! in spousal relationship

ccor!ing to 1 $; lawyer )uote! in press !ecision reflects the views of newer *u!gesappointe! to $;( who have ha! significant *u!icial e!ucation about O%

.he ehren$t #ase

a6ts Fi#e claims &s anti@social beaviour$ wo suered #rom mental ealt issues$created psycological violence$ also incidents o# violence towards 1 o#daugter living ome= - monts a#ter court reected app$ & murdered wi#e >

too* is own li#e= We $e% a"" or nterm ec$usve "ossesson un%er 24 o3A G or %vorce

nal2si ;e nature o# te allegations$ te contradictory view presented by one o# te cildren>te age o# te cildren living in te ome all militate against granting order=Parties are ma*ing completely dierent assertions based on evidence$diGcult #or parties to live under same roo#

K$ Material presentedH does not warrant granting e0clusive possession M& to Mrs= +Court sould only e0ercise its power to ma*e suc an order wit great care=9o live testimony$ court sould to delay adudication until trial=

iti)ue llegations not consi!ere! seriously !isruptive !espite evi!ence that psychological violence has negative on

security interests of other fa"ily "e"bers ? eight accor!e! to son@s affi!avit ? age of chil!ren not entitle! tolive in ho"e free fro" violence,ore weight given to inconvenience of "oving out vs% ris# of har" =here fatal>'ilences victi"s who are victi"s of violence / "ay be ensure! by !irect threats warnings not to to revealthe occurrence of violence to others

otes ffi!avit evi!ence / 'ons affi!avit supports father view but ha! been out of ho"e for several "onths% ,u"chooses not to involve !aughters who are being abuse! to accuse father of behaving i"properly%$inancial evi!ence+ was ta#ing "oney out of gol! bars sol! car on !isability pay"ents s position *u!ge was concerne! about his vulnerability A coul!nt affor! to live elsewhere for"er prof

60 | P a g e



"ental health issues%@s position+ can support hi"self if he lives elsewhere% &f she "ust "ove out an! go so"ewhere elsethen she cannot support herself an! !aughters% , "ortgage is pai! off ' 24=1> / ifficult to interpret conflicting evi!entiary base as sufficient to co"e w.in s 24Kvi!ence that "ay have change! outco"e+ psychological assess"ent affi!avits fro" !aughter

Prte6tin fr 4lnera5le -lders

De an vo$ent C abusve harm %one to an or%er "erson+ cause b a "erson <ho hascontro$ over that "erson (s"ouses+ ch$%ren+ other caregvers)+ mane$%er "ersons are at rs# or vo$ence

&hsca$ abuse ("hsca$ assau$t+ seua$ assau$t+ orce% connement)nanca$ abuse (orce% sa$es stea$ng "ossessons or mone+ rau%+ orger+

etorton an% <rongu$ use o a &A)eg$ect (aban%onment or <thho$%ng o oo% or hea$th servces a$ng to gve a

%e" "erson <hat the nee%)> an%Henta$ abuse (hum$aton+ nsu$ts+ threats+ or treatng an o$%er "erson $#e a

ch$%)Host $or" of abuse "aterial =persua!e! to give away "oney relin)uish title to ho"e sub* to un!ue threats

an! influence in "a#ing wills>

*as# inclu!e! recogniGing the nee! for ongoing e!ucation for staff to prevent abuse wor#ing with ealthQuality Fntario to i!entify in!icators of abuse neglect an! )uality of life issues an! a!!ressingstaffing nee!s in ho"es%

PART III: LAW E FAMILY DISSOLTIONT/e $nte7t fr Famil2 Dissl4tin Di#r6e as a “6mple7” le"al pr6ess

Law 6reates pst;di#r6eKseparatin famil2 4nit t/at is e6nmi6all2 tied52 n"in" 0nan6ial 5li"atins fr t/eir frmer sp4ses<

e"ergence of Mblen!e! fa"iliesC through re/partnering post separation.!ivorce ongoing responsibilitiesfor caregiving an! econo"ic well/being in re to for"er fa"s can be co"plicate!%;egislation balances societal goals for !ivorce an! separation $oster "arriage an! cohabiting relationshipsfacilitate access to fair an! efficient processes for recogniGing that a!ult relationships have en!e! protecting chil!ren vulnerable classes%

Di#r6e as a s6ial pr6ess E Statisti6s

*he rate o %vorce n !ana%a s 8I40I+ e<cl brea#!own of cohabiting relationships% butthere are regional variations% (ohabitation is on the rise separation an! !ivorce has increase! an!creates huge pressure in $;( have not been abe to response in entirely satisfactory waysLhe average !uration of "arriages in 2005 was 14%5 years an! the average age at !ivorce for "en was44 an! for wo"en 41%4 years%K"otional econo"ic parenting / cannot be a!!resse! in isolation fro" legal processes =Payne>Ear"is"E = a cli"ate of opinion> insists that the greatest har" to chil!ren is their parents@s !iv ?un!er"ines poverty !o"estic violence poor housing ina!e)uate financial provision an! the possibilitythat an ongoing "arriage "ight be worse for chil!ren than a !ivorce

61 | P a g e



T/e Le"al Re"ime fr Di#r6eS/ared 6nstit4tinal a4t/rit2 Stat4tr2 pr#s ,e7am.

'ub*ect ,atter ,arrie! as#ing for

!ivorce

(ohabitation R ,arrie! but notas#ing !ivorce incl interi" relief

or!ers

'tatutory Provisions

ivorce $e! / bsence of fe! legislationabout property

Di#r6e A6t8 &'(@ RS$s -' 8esidence re"uirements ' 9o #ault Iround6 #or divorce

separate and apart #or oneyear$ cruelty$ adulteryoint6 applications anddes*top6 divorces

Marriage brea*down as sole ground#or div S (2) Irounds #ormarriage brea*down

S (2)(b)(ii)S (-) e0cludes sort periods o#

reconciliation #rom separateand apart calculation

ss % @1?' 8econciliation obligations #orlawyers and udges

ss 11 and 21=1' +ars to divorce

Property Prov $; (,; e)uitable re"e!ies LB

(usto!y.ccess $e! (; (hil! custo!y if relating to !ivorceProvs re custo!y of the 1968 ivorce ct wereconclu!e! to be vali! b.c they ha! a rational

functional connection w !ivorce =Papp v Papp>'upport =spousal chil!> so long as connecte!to !ivorce procee!ings

(' '' $e! $; LB

onflictset&een federaland provincialurisdiction

$e! $mmen6ement f * similarpr6eedin"s D6trine fparam4nt62

Famil2 Law A6t8 s ? $LRA s *>$/ildrenHs Law Refrm A6t8 s *>FLA pr6eedin"s r $LRA

pr6eedin" will 5e

sta2ed<

62 | P a g e



T/e “r4nd” fr Di#r6e ,nte re34isite element t/at marria"em4st 5e #alid.

Nte: It is ne6essar2 t esta5lis/ r4nd fr Di#r6e: Marria"eCreadwn

Interpretin" Separate and apart4ushton v 4ushton (1568) 66 4 76 (SSC) 9 !rcumstances <here "artes are $vng

"hsca$$ se"arate% n same -- an% abstan rom conJuga$ re$atons a$$s <Cn meanng o se" Ga"art un%er s s 2(a)> Se"arate an% a"art re?ures () <th%ra<a$ rom matrmona$ ob$gaton <ntenton o %estrong matrmona$ consortum+ ) "hsca$ se"araton

$acts (ouple "arrie! in 1936 an! by 1960 they ha! begun to live separate lives though living in sa"esuite &n 1965they were no longer having inti"ate relations%hey live! in separate suite roo"s each !i! their own coo#inglaun!ry an! grocery shopping% e pai! her a "onthly su" for "aintenance Lhey continue! to live together b.cthey were *oint careta#ers of buil!ing an! to #eep position re)uire! to appear as % Lhey now "aintainsep suites in sa"e buil!ing as careta#ers of another buil!ing

Parties living un!er sa"e roo" !oes not !is)ualify Lhere can be a a been a physical separation of roo"sIn*ust to !eprive PK fro" re"e!y b.c econo"ic circu"stances preclu!e! her fro" "oving out

;< entitle$ to re+e$, un$er the ivor#e A#t

upere v upere (157) 15 4=L 270 (NSC (>) 9 u$i#ial approa#h o& &a+ilialis+ 9 & parties are livin" in the sa+e an$ have #hil$ren- it is +ore $i#ult to use sep? apart

"roun$ as reason &or +arria"e rea@$own$acts P sought !ivorce on groun!s of "arriage brea#!own spouses living sep apart for at least 3 yrs in ov

1973? counter petition for !ivorce alleging per" "arriage brea#!own !ue to spouse living un!er sa"eroof but sep apart for al"ost 5 years,arrie! in 1960 have three chil!ren separate! in 1966 reconcile! for one "onth in 68%Lhey began to occupy separate be!roo"s no intercourse since then? P gives a wee#ly allowance?,utual !iscussion an! agree"ent where chil!ren were concerne!? frien!ly with another "an theyclai"e! to stay #n sa"e house for #i!s:u!ge says that staying for econo"ic necessity not supporte! by evi!enceLhey have "ove! out of prev resi!ence / P bought a ho"e financing not finaliGe! "ove! into aptwith two chil!ren has net wee#ly inco"e of D66

atio (Cooper v Cooper) Spouses were livin" sep an$ apart where #ir#u+stan#es where

the &ollowin" #ir#u+stan#es were present- not ne#essar, to estalishall si/ ele+ents in ea#h #ase- $epen$s on &a#ts o& #aseSpouses o##up,in" sep e$roo+s

Asen#e o& se/ual relationsLittle i& an, #o++ etween spousesi&e provi$in" no $o+ servi#es &or her husan$<atin" +eals separatel, No so#ial a#tivities to"ether Spouses not share livin" roo+ an$ re#reational &a#ilities to"ether- su#h as .

ol!ing ivorce app counter !is"isse!% Kvi!ence !i! not support that 3 R years prior to presentation of thepetition parties were living sep part un!er ct . lac#e! intention to !estroy "atri"onial consortiu"

otes E "utual opting out in such circu"stances woul! be little "ore than !iv by consent so"ething

Parlia"ent has not yet provi!e! forE

Calvert v Calvert

$ ife leaves F to go to (algary to visit !aughter an! ha! lGhei"ers% hile in (algary she e<presses!esire to !ivorce to husban!% ;awyer testifie! that he ha! no !oubt that wife ha! a capacity to giveinstructions to co""ence !iv procee!ings% "e!ical !octor who e<a"ine! wife while she was in (algaryalso testifie! that she ha! the capacity to se fro" an! !ivorce her husban! % argues that !i! nothave capacity at ti"e of trial

63 | P a g e



4atio .hree #apa#ities relevant to a $ivor#e pro#ee$in"- that ;B4 +ust $e+onstrate inor$er to e hel$ to have

(1) Capa#it, to separate * si+plest(2) Capa#it, to $ivor#e * re +ore un$erstan$in"(3)Capa#it, to instru#t #ounsel Note it is not ne#essaril, to prove #apa#it, at ea#h point e,on$ the aove

ol!ing Base! on evi!ence L( foun! wife ha! all levels of capacity to succee!

ppeal istinct fin!ings of capacity in re to live separate an! apart at ti"e of petition for !ivorce for one year

perio! prior to granting of !ivorce / argu"ent re*ect

Ad4lter2 E $r4elt2 as prf f marria"e 5readwn8 6an nl2 5e 4sed 52inn6ent sp4se8 is 4sed infre34entl2

Orfrd # Orfrd ,&'*&. @( DLR *@& ,Ont !$.- adultery by a woman involves tepossibility o# introducing into te #am o# te usband a #alse strain o# blood= And tat ongrounds o# public policy$ donor insemination constituted adultery in law

Ma6lennan # Ma6lennan8 %&'@() sess $as &+@ ,S6tland $t Sess.8 donorinsemination did not constitute adulterly in law

.heeau v .heuau (2006) 27 4=L (6thD 30 (N >) * invo*es s 15 o# Carter @people are e"ual and sould be treated e"ually= !e# o# adultery in !A incl SS acts outside o#te marriage

;(S<) v ; () (200E)- 2E5 L4 (thD 3E8 (CSC)* A usband3s omose0ual acts witanoter man outside o# te marriage constitutes adultery=

$ applie! for a !iv fro" husban! of 19 years on basis he co""itte! a!ultery with another "an%

4atio nti+ate se/ual a#tivit, outsi$e o& +arria"e +a, represent a violation o& the+arital on$ ? e $evastatin" to the spouse ?+arital on$ re"ar$less

o& the spe#i!# nature o& the se/ual a#t per&or+e$

nalysis Lhe uncertainty about precisely what woul! constitute a!ultery in a '' elationship is not a reasonablebasis for !enying spouses the ability to !ivorce on basis of '' se<ual activity%

ct outsi!e of "arriage was sufficient to constitute a!ultery though '' act perfor"e!%

el! Kvi!ence of an inti"ate se<ual relationship outsi!e of P@s "arriage is sufficient to grant !iv on the groun!sof a!ultery notwithstan!ing that the act allege! was a '' se<ual act%

;roo& o& A$ulter,: ura"e v ura"e (158E ) 6 4=L (2$) 22 (Ont C)* ow courtsdetermine adultery as ta*en place

$ counter petitions for !iv on groun!s of a!ultery% Kvi!ence !e"onstrate! prior to sep wife ha! a closerelationship with a "an spent night at his house on two occasions no se<ual intercourse ha! ta#enplace b.c "an was i"potent !ue to bac# surgery% 'urgeon coul! not testify b.c he ha! !ie!

4atio ;ri+a &a#ie #ase o& a$ult is estalishe$ where there is (1) evi$en#e o& opportunit,(here overni"ht sta,s)- (2) evi$en#e o& in#lination (4 an$ Co*4 a"ree toe "oo$ &rien$s)- an$ onus +oves to other part, reut this presu+ptionon su#ient evi$en#e (Fn$er no le"- test woul$ not e applie$ in sa+ewa,- no &ault $ivor#e)

nalysis (o/ coul! have sub"itte! hi"self to a "e!ical report but !i! not no e<planation for failure put forth% /facts support an a!verse inference ? testi"ony of e</wife coul! have been calle!

64 | P a g e



el! Fn BFP allegation of a!ultery has been establishe!%

$r4elt, in Marria"e G Casis fr Marria"e Creadwn(noll v noll) ;e determination o# wat constitutes cruelty in a given case$ must in te4nal analysis$ depend upon te circumstances o# te part case aving due regard to tepysical and mental condition o# te parties teir caracter and teir attitudes towards temarriage relationsip @ (1)Conduct upon wic court relies sould be o# a Jgrave andweigty nature K more tan incompatibility o# temperament6 (2)Fat is te eect o# teconduct complained o# upon te mind o# te aected spouses (subective@obective test)

Stat4tr2 Cars t Di#r6e ,permit 64rt t den2 di#r6e e#ent/4"/ di# "r4nds pr#ided.

$ll4sin ; ,s&&,&.,a.8 a5sl4te 5ar t di#8 de0ned in s &&,.8 als appliest immi"ratin marria"e ,=/nsn # A/med.

$ndnatin and 6nni#an6e ,s &&,&.,6> a#aila5le fr (*,5. di#r6e"r4nds re34ires 6rt t determine n 6ndnatinK6nni#an6e n part fpetitinin" sp4se8 4nless p45li6 interest w4ld 5e 5etter ser#ed 52"rantin" petitin 64rt ma2 e7er6ise dis6retin

A5sen6e f reasna5le arran"ements fr t/e s4pprt f 6/ildren f t/emarria"e ,s&&,&.,C.. ; ade34ate 6/ild 6are arran"ements /a#e 5een madein a66rdan6e wit/ 6/ild s4pprt "4idelines8 64rt m4st sta2 "rantin" adi# if s46/ arran"ements /a#e nt 5een made

Reli"i4s Cars t Di#r6e S *&<& permits 64rt t tae a6tin in a 6nte7tw/ere ne sp4se ref4ses t rem#e reli"i4s 5arriers t t/e remarria"e f t/e sp4se as part t/eir di# ne"tiatins 4nder s<*&<&,?.,6.,d.

-6nmi6 $nse34en6es f Di#r6e and Separatin and eneralTrends; FL8 in prin6iple8 is in6apa5le f sl#in" t/e pr5lem fp#ert2 f wmen and 6/ildren< We1#e m#ed frm patriar6/2t indi#id4al respnsi5ilit2 mdel< T/e latter is premised n"ender e34alit2

65 | P a g e



Famil2 Dissl4tin: Liti"atin and its “Alternati#es” G depends nsi"ni06ant am4nts f FL 5ar"ainin"

Famil2 law 64rts ,and 94risdi6tins.

SCL @ #ederally appoint udges ( s %.)4risdi6tin ; Di#r6e and Prpert28 $4std28 A66ess8 Sp4sal and $/ild S4pprt

,if part f a di#r6e de6ree.Pursuant to te constitution s= %.$ wit #ederally@appointed udges

:9CL (provincially appointed udges)4risdi6tin: $4std2 and A66ess8 Sp4sal E $S8 ,if nt part f di#r6e

appli6atin8 r re separatin f 6/a5itees.8 enfr6ement f s4pprt86/ild prte6tin8 and adptin

ni4ed amily Court' udges appointed ointly by bot government4risdi6tin: All famil2 law matters re separatin and di#r6e fr married and

6/a5itin" 64plesudges o#ten e0perts$ policy reports ave recommended teir e0pansion$ but

recommendations ave not been implemented

+arriers to e0pansion o# C K resourcing issues #or remote locations outside metropolitancentres

67 | P a g e



Liti"atin Pr6esses: T/e FL r4les ,defa4lt G '( 6ases are settled #ia FL5ar"ainin"8 64rts tend t defer t pri#ate a"reements a5sent iss4esrelatin" t pwer ine34alit2 r dmesti6 #ilen6e.

als Pro"ote private or!ering to encourage efficiency an! econo"y in use of *u!icial resources

e&ore +otion-CaseCon&er en#e

Settle+ent#on&ere

n#e.rial ne"otiation

• C> + ecourage settle"ent e<plores options to reach agree"ent

• S + parties "ust "a#e an offer to settle possible cost conse)uences associate!% &f notsettle"ent% ifferent *u!ges presi!e over these process

• /# con!ucte! accor!ing to rules of civil trials b4 a *u!ge% &f !ivi!e! success possiblycosts !enie! or awar!e! against a party who behaves unreasonably

At Separation$,nterimMotions

to obtain relief !eci!e! on basis generally of sworn affi!avit evi!enceules per"itting re)uests for !isclosure an! )uestions by the parties arrange"entsinten!e! to ensure relevant info available

Attendance atMandatory,n#ormationProgramto

pursuedivorceproceeding

• F proce!ural rules with few e<ceptions all parties !iv actions atten! "an!atoryinfo progra"s within 45 !ays after co""encing their procee!ings any a!!itionalsteps in their procee!ings are preclu!e! until certificates of separate atten!anceare file!

• 'houl! be "an!ate! before !iv procee!ings co""ence!

• O allegation coul! lea! to "ore abusive confrontations through encouragingco""unication an! co/operation

ssues about legalrepresentation

• ise of self/represente! litigants increases costs of legal process cases procee!"ore slowly

• =(icciarella v (icciarella> (ourt "ust *u!icial neutrality ' 1 party@s lac# of legalrep %iv (t or!ere! a new trial on s clai" that L: ha! interfere! unreasonably unfairly

nderlying policyrationales o#

bargaining

• ecrease in lawyers representing legal ai! certificates

• ;ac# of legal rep in litigation processes so nee! to !eflect "atters away fro" negotation

matters >privacymatters

CM tort o#invasiono#privacy

• Eoal Fpenness of court procee!ings so"eti"es )ualifie! to protect fa" privacy

• 'o"e clients choose non litigation processes in part b.c processes are private

• Meh v illias / court privatiGe! wife@s i!entifying infor"ation other than infor"ation inclin the reasoning in *u!ge"ents = !ivorcing who ha! co""itte! "ur!er> F !etailsabout (abinet ,inisters !ivorce lea#e! on Lwitter

68 | P a g e



Alternati#e FL Pr6esses

Ne"tiatin

• M>hao o! la+ A =assu"es > parties #now their legal entitle"ents as they enter into fa"bargaining not always true particularly if spouses have ina!e)uate access to legal a!vice

• ene!its+ less e<pensive avoi! pain of a!versarial procee!ing less ris# an! !elay consensualsolution "ore consistent with parties@ preferences

• <imits' spouses "ay lac# capacity for such bargaining b.c they are not fully rational contractingparties J ti"e of sep !iv? parties "ay ta#e into account gen!er perceptions about ,. asnegotiators

• /6 interests /potential settle"ent agree"ent "ay negatively affect chil!ren state fiscal interest

$lla5rati#elaw

• >ettlement moel lawyers representing each party w.o resorting to litigation% Parties ta#epri"ary role an! lawyers ta#e secon!ary role

• 6arties si"n a C< , to agree to openly engage in negotiations if are unable to reach settle"ent re)uires each client see# another counsel to provi!e representation for litigation%

• ene!its / ;ess a!versarial way to achieve goo! outco"es parties #nows legal entitle"ents

• <imits / re)uires lawyers lac# of protocols incl O screening process power ine)uality

Mediatin,TP.

• eutral /6 or0s ith parties to achie$e settlement a"reement

• ene!its+ =1> !ecision "a#ing process re"ains w.in client@s control% 2> avoi!s trau"a of trialprocess 3> proce!ures wor#ing better for clients than court or!ere! results 4> assists clients toachieve long ter" wor#ing relationships

• 7=% / Protocol to assess an! "anage O ris# bt.w partners !uring after "e! participation

• ;i"its + not operating in E'ha!ow of lawE litigation li"ite! to cases of abuse . power i"balance

:9 gov3tproectstreamsrelationsipbrea*downo

uto# negotiation

• (ourts auto"atic referral to "e!iation particularly for $; clients that )ualify for ;F

• in#ler J recoendation A free "e!iation litigation for cases involving / abuse poweri"balance or uncooperative party nee! for "ore I$(

• manatory meiation eucation attenance before filing !ivorce procee!ings

• "o$t ser$ices / 2h of free "e!iation services. 5 !ays per wee# first co"e for first serve

• off /site "e!iation after 2 hours on a sli!ing inco"e scale

• <imits+ eter"ination of "e!iator to reach resolution !espite wishes or intentions of parties "orecostly than litigation so"eti"es

69 | P a g e



intomediation

Arbitration

,FLA8ss@'<&t<(.

• Arbitration Act 1GG1, A per"its parties to choose an arbitrator to resolve !isputes con!uct

e<clusively in accor!ance w. law of F or another prov *uris!iction to be legally bin!ing• >tat pro$s' ing out is prohibite! =s 59%3>? no recognition of agree"ents entere! into prior to

!ispute arising =59%4> con!s of enforceability =s 59%6> &; arbitrator co"ply with • -ovt !oes not per"it religious arbitration unless con!ucte! in ccor!ance with $; provs

Pr6ess fr Resl#in" $4std2 and A66ess 6laims s ?&8 $LRA ,re6all ss ',&;*.8 DA EADR.• Parties are encourage to settle "atters at !issolution w.o litigation

•

<imits' 7= or abuse, an lac0 o! screenin" protocols in C< - nee !or le" re!orm meiation i%e% !isclosing son@s !ifficulties at school angering live! in sa"e ho"e pressures her to reach settle"ent )uic#ly• Family bar"ainin" an access to le"al a$ice + F gov@t policy !esigne! to strea" $; "e"bers away fro" a

litigation process into a "e!iation process+ $; &nfo (entres ,an!atory &nfo Progra" =spouses can@t fileapplications un!er until progra"s have been atten!e!> free onsite "e!iation at courts for litigants for 2hours=no particular eligibility gui!elines> off site "e!iation sli!ing scale service

Famil2 Law Car"ainin" G FLA *,&+. A dm B dealin" wit/ a mattert/at is als dealt wit/ in t/is A6t pre#ails 4nless t/is A6tpr#ides t/erwise ,a66rded s45stantial a4t/rit2.

Calf4r # Calf4r: At !H3 %om not $ega$$ bn%ng@ *he are no< statutor$ enorce%@

70 | P a g e



,n wat circumstances will a court set aside a separation or marriage agreementN

Part I8 s @&,FLBs.

stat de# incls Coabitation $ Arbitration Marriage$ Separation agreement$ MarriagePaternity

SS @*8@8@' ;le"als6pefrdmBs

S @*: de4nitions o# marriages DSS @: identi#y rigts and obligations about wic spouses may DS @'<& t ( (detailed provs re content and procedures #or negotiating #amily

arbitration awards)

SS @@;@> Gfrmalities8

94di6ialre#iew8"r4nds fr

settin"asideB

s @@,&. frmalities : @On#orceable dom D must be in writing$ signed by partieswitnessed = Parties are not re"uired to receive ,A prior to D signing$ ottan #am arbitration awards

s @@,*. K minor as capacity subect to approval o# courts @,&.: =4di6ial re#iew re provs respecting cild incl moral training$ custody$ a

+,C (and see s= 5.(1=1) re cild support arrangements)s< @,.: =4di6ial re#iew r e #ailure to (a) disclose signi4cant assets and debts

understanding nature and conse"uences o# $ encourages ,A (c)according to law o# D @ misrepresentation$ lac* o# consideration$ unduinuence$ duress$ coercion$ unconscionability$ illegality)

s< @,@.' Court may set aside D i# barrier to remarriage used as bargaining cip innegotiations

s< ??,.: court may set aside D provisions re support i# prov is unconscionable$ iresults in a dependent "uali#ying #or public support$ or i# tere is de#ault in paymsupport pursuant to D=

S E6()(#)-o#hu@ vo#hu@(1555)

court upeld validity o# D provs were tere was evidence tat usband ad wil#u#ailed to disclose relevant in#o b/c it would not ave aected te wi#edecision to sign te D Q o# #actors court must consider wen being ato e0ercise discretion under s 5.(<)

Feter tere ad been concealment o# asset or material misrepresentationFeter tere ad been duress or unconscionable circumstancesFeter petitioning party neglected to pursue #ull legal disclosure (Party must do

as* #or in#ormation and pursue it)Feter se moved e0peditiously to ave agreement set asideFeter se received substantial bene4t under agreementFeter oter party ad #ul4lled is or er obligations under agreementIt is desira5le t/at parties s/4ld settle t/eir wn aairs if pssi5leK In d

s parties s/4ld nw t/at t/e terms f s46/ settlement wil5indin" and re6"nied< T/e $A was 6lear t/at appra6/ is Nappli6a5le t Bs t/at are 4n6ns6ina5le<

S E6()()-4osen v4ose

n

,A not re"uired in :9$ D provs may be set aside i# eiter party did not understandnature and conse"uences o# D= &owever$ court will decline to set asidprovs o# D were party see*ing to set aside D re#used or decline ,A uterms are unconscionable< $4rt /ere 6n6l4ded t/at

W /ad a6ted #l4ntaril2 in de6idin" nt t 5tain le"al ad#i6e 5 si"nin"sep a"reement< $4rt als determined n ine34alit2 in 5ar"apwer

S E6()(#)Clai +saout$ure

Courts may set aside D i# party see*ing remedial action can demonstratecircumstances surrounding negotiation o# D disclose considerunconscionability$ duress$ undue inuence$ #raud$ misrepresentation mista*e

;uopolo v ;uopolo * !eld: Ct e0pressed concern about suc legal advice tat Fbe able to set aside D in #uture= Court eld F was not under duress w

71 | P a g e



uner s ? o! C FA, authoriJes court to reapportion ppty here marria"e a"reement oul beun!air ha$in" re"ar to list o! !actors in secto r

sue 1% &s "arriage agree"ent re !ivision of ppty unfair an! shoul! therefore be set asi!e on basis that it !i!not co"pensate for her (( an! responsibilities an! sacrifice in giving up her law practice an!postponing her career !evelop"ent ' that preserve! right to ''

2% &f provs re !ivision of ppty are unfair shoul! whole agree"ent shoul! be si"ply ignore!%

ule Court sould de#er to dom tat spouses ma*e #or division o# teir ppty on tebrea*down o# teir relationsip$ unless #ound to be un#air a#ter considering s

.5 #actors o# Analysis &; sought supports *u!icial !eference to "arriage

Anal2sis ; Central to any analysis under s .5(1) o# 8A is ,&. accuracy o# parties3contemplation at time o# D #ormation$ o# teir circumstances at time o#distribution$ ,*. weter tey considered te impact o# teir decision$ and$,?.weter parties subse"uently adusted D to meet demands o# a cange incircumstances or$ or implications inade"uately addressed/un realistic

• ccor!ing to B: Parties live! out intention to re"ain in!epen!ent re personal real property possesse! atti"e of agree"ent ? gree"ent unfol!e! in accor!ance with e<actly what was going to happen

• 8i!e >> entitlement as preser$e so ulti"ately not unfair un re; s 65? <A that i!e as recei$e

clearly forewarne! of @s shortco"ings% mae some chan"es to agree"ent re lawyer@s a!vice inclpreservation of spousal support

atio ;o determine weter a marriage agreement operates un#airly'a. Appl2 t/e a"reement8 assess and award 0nan6ial entitlements provided to eac

spouse under agreement$ > oter entitlements incl CS > SS5. Were t/ere an2 pr6ed4ral irre"4larities tat migt be reason to set it aside Fere

parties aware o# substantive entitlements$ and sign D anywayN6. $nsider fa6ts in li"/t f stat pr#s$ determine weter D is un#air aving regard to

personal and 4nancial circumstances> ow tey evolved over timed. !id parties *now teir lives un#old in way it wouldNe. P3s onus is eavier if 64rrent 6ir64mstan6es were wit/in 6ntemplatin f parties at

time B frmatin$ and circumstances surrounding it reect consideration and response totose circumstances$

olding Marriage agreement was #air at time o# triggering event considering all circumstances$ and s .5#actors

ss • intention of parties at ti"e of for"ation too !eter"inative shoul! not be !eviates focus fro" ine)uality ofbargaining power in situation at ti"e application is brought original / ere was out of wor#force forseveral years only ever wor#e! at appellants fir"

• (onsi!er !eference to L: !ecision absent palpable an! overri!ing error

• ' 65 in)uiry shoul! turn on whether is substantively fair at ti"e application is "a!e ,ust be consi!ere!alongsi!e other con!s of separationhere was in wea#er position ha! been out of wor#force for twoyears only ever wor#e! at appellant@s fir"

an v Lean (Ont CA 2008)(. $e#ision uphel$: set asi$e)S E6() .<S.

cts • Parties cohabite! 1 year "arrie! ha! two chil!ren was ho"e"a#er pri"ary caregiver !uring "arriage

• usban! fa" owne! "a*or group of "anufacturing co"panies% s fa" ha! negotiate! arrange"ents toprotect fa" shares fro" outsi!e influence%

• #new when she agree! to "arriage she "ust sign to that effect% a!!e! prov to e<clu!e all @sbusiness interests an! severely restricte! s clai" to '' at sep.!iv%

• &; A receive! &; that , was unfair% referre! to 2 n! lawyer who ha! acte! for s !ivorce lawyer

• s initial failure "a#e full !isclosure of assets to %

oc L( set asi!e agree"ent? awar!e! KQ pay"ent of of D5%3 "illion 'ignificant '' an! ('% (osts for 1>

73 | P a g e



st failure to !isclose 2> !i! not un!erstan! nature an! conse)uences of ? @s appeal !is"isse!%

nalysis F did not receive eective ,A$ did not understand nature and conse"uences o# MD$ &misrepresented nature and terms o# MD to F$ &s #ailure to disclose was deliberate$ &ad inter#ered wit wi#es receipt o# legal assistance #rom 1st K breac o# set 5.(<)(A) > (+) (+ at part two application)

atio !etermine weter claimant as met s 5.(<) (2) !etermine weter it is appropriate to e0ercisediscretion to set aside #airness aving regard to #airness o# D $overall circumstancessuc as intention$ is breac suc tat it counteracts obectives o# underlying policies

rc v B$ar !A 2014 nless tere is proper ,A and #ull 4nancial disclosure$ te dom D mayset aside under s 5.(<)= ;ere is no duty on a spouse to investigate veracity o# 4nancial

sclosure made by oter spouse= ;e #act tat F *new D was not in best interests is notGcient to 4nd tat spouse does not understand nature and conse"uences o# D= (!ecisionre' new trial ordered)

cts K</spouses "eet while lawyer !oes wor# for co"pany of which is a presi!ent% stays ho"e for severalyears to ta#e care of chil!ren an! in!icates he wants a !ivorce% is 26 an! is 46% Lhey negotiate aseparate agree"ent% intentionally "isrepresente! value of assets%

M#Cain v M#Cain (2012) ONSC 73 (SC)(+arria"e a"ree+ent)e circumstances regarding its e0ecution$ te improvident result #or te Fi#e and te e0tentte &usband3s now wealt$ are suGcient to ave te spousal support provisions o# tentract set aside= Car"ain was 4na66epta5le in ln"er term marria"e f &@ 2ears a#ter

was signed$ did not provide #or &3s #uture earnings proections= Circumstances surrounding Drmation incl psycological duress$ minimal disclosure=

cts • were "arrie! for 20 years% s father wante! 's to enter into that preclu!es interest of spousefro" having an interest in fa"ily wealth an! if chil! fails to !o that he will be !isinherite!%

• ,arriage !i! provi!e so"e support for % Fn basis of ha! assets in the 500 "illion range an! only ha! assets in the 6 "illion range

arria"e #ontra#ts an$ the en&or#e+ent o& reli"ious oli"ations: (en&or#eailit, o&

ahr has een uphel$ in C #ases) .he #ourts ten$ to en&or#e reli"ious oli"ationsM unless in#onsistent with ON law

a%%our Mar was unen#orceable obligation pursuant to :9 law-ermann v !har$es<orth * Mahr is a religious matter so te resolution o# any dispute relating

to it are religious in conte0t and conte0t= i*e al&our v al&our $ contracts o#aection and love are not binding

han v court u"he$% va$%t o a n#a namma(H) o &a#stan as a %omestc "ursuant to Fs3A@ !ourt u"he$% Hus$m marrage + but %% not enorce W7s <aver o SS rght

ahr vahr

,ssues o# evidence are complicated and o#ten a need #or e0pert evidence to be able to litigatetem

.he ewish "et: ru@er v Mar#ovit SCC uphel$ CA $e#ision

cts Parties "arrie! in 1969 an! !ivorce! in 1981% Lhey negotiate! an agree"ent re+ corollary relief for the purposeof obtaining a ghat once !ivorce !ecree was grante!% ecree was grante! an! refuse! to grant get over aperio! of 15 yrs so wife was then nearly 47 years of age% 'he sought !a"ages for breach%

74 | P a g e



ati An agreement between spouses to ta*e necessary steps to permit eac o# tem to remarry inaccordance wit teir religious belie#s constitute a valid and binding agreement tatdid not represent a arm to te usbands religious #reedom by re"uiring damages

nal2s • (t is not interpreting substantive vali!ity of a religious obligation li#e is the particular get vali!

• Pro"ise to grant get was negotiate! by two consenting a!ults each represente! by counsel as part of avoluntary e<change of co""it"ents inten!e! to have legally enforceable conse)uences

• ,nternational law @ use o# damages as compensation #or spouse wose spouse as re#used toprovide a get (! v rance)

• P45li6 interest in protecting e"uality rigts$ dignity o# Lewis women in teir inability to div

and remarry$ as well as public bene4t in en#orcing valid and binding contractual obligations areamong interests and values outweiging MarcovitB claim tat en#orcing para 12 o# Consentwould inter#ere wit is religious #reedom

#enant marria"e and ,less. a66ess t di#r6e ,SA)@ ,# parties were married in A/A$omiciled in CA$ courts would probably grant civil divorce$ but conict o# laws principles maypply (loo* #or re#orm ideas ere)

'uch laws choose people to allow whether they want to be "arrie! in accor!ance with civil laws of"arriage or covenant "arriage legislation re)uiring spouses to ta#e all necessary steps such as counselling topreserve "arriage =li"its access to !ivorce>% ivorce legislation in state will not actually apply to covenant"arriage%

'pouse is not entitle! to !ivorce e<cept on basis of serious fault on part of other spouse an! relies on

support of =(hristian> co""s to provi!e support for institution of "arriage an! fa"ily

FAMILY PROP-RTYT/e Le"al and S6ial $nte7t f Famil2 Prpert2

M4rd6/ # M4rd6/ ,&'>.8 t/e 6atal2st t le"islati#e refrm

cts ife leaves after 25 years of "arriage% J sep she files clai"s for financial support re"e!ial (L for Iclai" ass trustee for her of an un!ivi!e! one half interest in ppty owne! by hi" an! in re to which sheclai"e! that they were e)ual partners% uring years of "arriage she wor#e! e<tensively in "aintaining large

rural properties in B an! couple ha! ac)uire! a T of a!!itional valuable ppties as a result of their successfulwor#% Litle to all ppties in husban!@s na"e alone%

ule Inless there was evi!ence to show that wife ha! "a!e a financial contribution to ac)uisition of ppty hel! inher husban!@s na"e she was not entitle! to a !eclaration of resulting trust =wife@s labour not sufficient>

nalysis ife !i! not wor# along with husban! on large ppties but "a!en o financial contribution

el!+ ,a*ority hel! that ,rs% , was not entitle! to a resulting trust an! M"et the e<pectations of what every ranchwife is e<pecte! to !o E

as#in : issenting ife is entitle! to re"e!ial (L for I clai" Ewife@s significant contribution of physical labourbeyon! or!inary house#eeping !uties to acco"plish goals of ppty sharing

W/ is a Sp4se fr P4rpses f Prpert2 S/arin" ,s &;*8 FLA.' 1 / MspouseC "eans either of two persons who

a> are "arrie! to each other or b> have together entere! into a "arriage that is voi!able or voi! in goo! faith on the part of a person

relying on this clause to assert any right%S 2 &o$gamous marrages

&n the !efinition of MspouseC a reference to "arriage inclu!es a "arriage that is actually or potentiallypolyga"ous if it was celebrate! in a *uris!iction whose syste" of law recogniGes it as vali!%

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N#a S6tia # Wals/ ,S$$ *++*. ,Wals/ # Cna.8 and 6nstit4tinalit2 fdef sp4se fr ppt2 s/arin"

olicye"e

the '(( "a*ority e"phasiGe! private or!ering in!ivi!ual autono"y an! choice for fa"ily "e"bers% 'i"ilarargu"ents were later consi!ere! in ue!ec # ='(( 2013 ). (Miglin+ "artshorne)

cts ,s alsh argue! that the e<clusion of opposite se< cohabiting couples fro" ova 'cotias "atri"onialproperty regi"e =applicable at separation> contravene! s 15 of the $harter %

oc

story

is"isse! at trial L( overturne! by '( L( restore! by '(( /the "a*ority !ecision !enie! that there was

an infringe"ent of s 15 of the $harter =an! !i! not then go on to consi!er s 1>

atio ;e de4nition o# spouse is con4ned to married spouses #or purposes o# provincial maritalppty statutes and complies wit s 15 o# te Charter

nalysis 'pouses MchooseC whether to be boun! by the "atri"onial property regi"e when they choose to "arry =ornot> thus e"phasiGing goals of autono"y an! choice% Lhe "a*ority note! that these couples coul! "a#econtracts =Mopting inC> or hol! property as *oint tenants? coul! access (L re"e!ies

iss8 a.Perception o# coice6 #ocus on te #ormation o# relationsipsb) a couple3s initial intentions are not relevant at te end o# an interdependent

economic relationsip6. bot partners must coose to marry$ so tat it is not a matter o# individual coice=

responsibility #or post separation dependency sould be assigned to #ormer #amilymembers$ rater tan te state=d.SCC reected te argument tat coabitation was mainly te result o# a coice ine) $ marital status o#ten lies beyond te individuals eective control (para 15-)

T/e pli62 re6mmendatin ; OLR$ reprt re6mmend 6;/a5itin" 64pless/4ld /a#e a66ess t ppt2 re"ime 4nder FLA< Despite 6ases and LI8re6mmendatins /a#e nt 5een implemented

( eco""s% • $unctional si"ilarities between "arrie! couples an! opposite se< cohabiting couples

• easonable e<pectations of fa" "e"bers

• Lhe nee! to co"pensate econo"ic contributions to fa"ily well/being

•

elationships between $; an! social assistance law;& absence of for"al "arriage has =little> bearing to intention of spouses or character of !o"estic

relationship or e)uitable consi!erations un!erlying clai"s bt. spouses at brea#!ownuse of law to !efine rights obligations of non/"arital cohabitants was unsatisfactory

hat is useful • ;i#e ollan! ;( re*ects opt/in legal regi"e but co/habiting couples "ust continue to !o so

Luebec v A 201 S!M o 5 G $laimantHs 6nstit4tinal 6/allen"e wrp t /ere76l4sin 4nder $ $i#il $de is re9e6ted< S$$ /eld t/at s/e was entitled tw/at t/e dm B ered

cts • (ohabiting spouse brought clai" wrp to her e<clusion =pursuant to Quebecs (ivil (o!e> fro" access toany property or spousal support at separation base! on the $harter %

• Lhe spouses "et an! began to cohabit when the wo"an was 17 an! the "an in his early 30s? he was asuccessful business "an an! the wo"an left BraGil to settle with hi" in Quebec% 3 chil!ren an! weretogether for seven years? P gave evi!ence that she ha! wante! to "arry but that her partner ha!e<plaine! that he !i! not believe in "arriage%

• t separation he agree! that she coul! re"ain in the , until the chil!ren were all of the age of"a*ority an! he also agree! to pay sig "onthly chil! support base! on e<tensive wealth

sue oes cohabitee@s !isentitle"ent to anything other than '' contravene s 15 &f yes is it save! by s1

oc istory (lai" re*ecte! at trial Q(( reverse! L( '(( restore! L( / partner gets what other partner offere!

76 | P a g e



ati TC3s Civil Code entitlements do not apply to unmarried spouses$ and does notcontravene s 15 o# Carter= ;ere#ore$ unmarried spouses cannot claim statppty rigts under Civil Code (5@<)

issentin"

(#c<achlin CHC) hel! provisions contravene! s 15 save! by s 1 =all "ale "a* !i! not invo#e (harter>3 Hu"es+ &"pugne! provisions contravene! s 15 ppty provs *ustifie! '' not save! by s 1 *u!ge(Abella H) / !enial of entitle"ent to property an! '' to a cohabiting spouse at separation contravene! s15 an! was not save! by s 1%

/mps

n $riti34e

,t is law#ul to e0clude coabiting couples #rom access to te ppty saring regime at

relationsip brea*down !ecision mar*s te end o# era in = = A #ormalisticvs= #unctional approac was ta*en save #or Abella L wo used #unctionalapproac to conclude tat access sould be e0tended on basis tat w/atmatters is nt 6/i6e r 6nsent8 54t w/at t/e famil2 des at sep

e"islati#e Re"imes fr Prpert2;S/arin" at Marria"e Creadwn

W/at is t/e 4nderl2in" ratinale fr prpert2 s/arin"Q : a pres4mptin fe34al 6ntri54tins t a634isitin E maintenan6e f fam assets

S @ G Pli62 Framewr

ON FLA

de0nitinsf“sp4se”:

Parts , and ,, (s 1) re ' married spouses6 :9UPart ,,, (s 2%) re SSe0panded de4nition o# Vspouse3 to include coabiting

spouses6

Le"islati#e59e6t

Oac spouse sares e"ually in economic wealt o# marriage R brea*down$<thout an change n ""t o<nersh"

Se6tin @,>.Purpose o#

e"ualiBationregime

(1) to recogniBe tat cild care$ ouseold management and 4nancial provisionare te 9int respnsi5ilities f t/e sp4ses - (2) and tatin/erent in te marital relationsip tere is e?ua$ contrbuton$weter 4nancial or oterwise$ by te spouses to te assumption o#tese responsibilities$ (3) entitlin" ea6/ sp4se to te e"ualiBationo# te 9Ps (<. s459e6t nl2 t t/e e34ita5le 6nsideratins setout sub (.)

>ection ?(1) MLriggering eventsC+ !ivorce nullity or Mwhen the spouses are separate! an! there is no reasonable

77 | P a g e



ivision of thevalue of M"arrpptyE

prospect of resu"ption of cohabitationC

Se6tin @,.andpli626nsideratins

nconscionability6 test and speci4c #actors permits a court to awardsometing more or less tan te e"ualiBation payment=

Policy rationale A to pro"ote certainty an! pre!ictability re!uce litigationPractical bene4ts / pro"otes certainty pre!ictability less litigation re+ ppty rights vs% B( wherects have greater !iscretion!isadvantages in!ivi!ualiGe! *ustice restricte! gen rules pro!ucing a fair result in vast "a* of

cases but "ay cause unfairness in part circu"stancesOL4C / "aintaining high threshol! carries a price but reco""en!e! against lowering stan!ar! forfear of increase! inconsistency an! unpre!ictability4e#o++en$ations / a!! a!!itional circu"stances to s 5=6> + to recogniGe a substantial postvaluation !ate change in value of an asset if necessary to ensure an e)uitable result having regar!to fluctuation =courts shoul! consi!er i> cause of change in value ii>a"t of the change>

C$ ppt2s/arin"re"im

e

ote that the new B( %L# retains *u!icial !iscretion to re/allocate spousal property

Defa4lt Re"ime ; T/e -34aliatin Pr6ess in Ontari ,FLA8 Part I,&'(.. G Nte8 parties 6an B 4t f FLA8 s *,&+.8 s459e6t t@*,*.

*,&+. GOptin" 4t

ct sub*ect to contracts=10> !o"estic contract !ealing with a "atter that is also !ealt with in this ct prevails unless this ctprovi!es otherwise

@*,*. nB re M!

"/ts

provision in a "arriage contract purporting to li"it a spouses rights un!er Part && =,> isunenforceable

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Defa4lt Re"ime ; De0nitins s ,8 FLA.

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al4atindate: (s<)$

earliesto# 4vedates

(sually) date te spouses separate and tere is no reasonable prospect tat tey willresume coabitation =2> !ate !ivorce is grante! =3> !ate of an or!er of nullity =4> Lhe !ate one of thespouses co""ences a =grante!> application base! on subsection 5 =3> =i"provi!ent !epletion> =5> !ateb4 !eath !ate of spouse the other spouse surviving

radl2interpreted8

ppt2

(any interest$ present or #uture$ vested or contingent$ real or personal) as encompassingbot e"uitable and legal interests$ e0cludes pro#essional licences ,$arat4n.8includes a negative balance ,Mena"e.

76l4dedppt2,s,*

..

>4(2) efinition of Me<clu!e! propertyC Ei!t@inheritance, !rom /6, a!ter marria"e ate, canKt be #5 interest) / interest.inco"e calculate! fro"gift.inheritance being e<clu!e! re)uires e<press lang fro" !onor.testator 7e! o! +"i!t+ - Mc/aee vs Mc/aee0 a transfer of property by way of gift "ay e)ually be"otivate! by co""ercial purposes provi!e! the transfer is gratuitous%C= therefore e<cl fro" @s $P butnot interest that is beneficially owne!>6I ama"es ri"ht to procees o! li!e insurance6roperty into hich property be trace - 1-46roperty e&clue by a om , an C66 pensionable earnin"s

=B+ o value of e<clu!e! property woul! be inclu!e! in calculating $P>>4(3) Fnus of proving M!e!uctionC =section 4=1>> or Me<clusionC =section 4=2>> =on clai"ant>

FP8 s,&.

Walue o# all te property$ tat a spouse owns on W@day$ e0cept property described insubsection (2)$ a#ter deducting “de5ts E t/er lia5ilities nt related tdire6tl2 t a634isitin r si"ni06ant impr#ement f M! ” and “pre;marria"e prpert2 G nt M!8 wned at date f marria"e8 6al64lated atdate f marria"e ”

e"ati$e S <(5) ,# a spouses 9P results ina negative value$ deemed to be ?

80 | P a g e



F6s s 4(?)

Steps f Anal2sis&< Determine ;da2 r #al4atin date ,6t ma2 e7er6ise dis6retin if fa6t4al6nte7t is 4n6lear .

• Oswell v Oswell (1552) / marriage deteriorating bt/w Sep 7 and Marc $ ;Leld W@day at Lan 1%$ CA declined to inter#ere wit ;L determination

• Caratun v Caratun (1587) ; W@day re#ers to date wen tere was no

reasonable prospect o# resumption o# coabitation$ wen & le#t wit no intentionto return (wi#es e0pectation o# reconciliation was not reasonable incircumstances)

• 4awlu@ v 4awlu@ / wi#e le#t M& in <$ property value increased dramaticallya#ter W due to reBoning= Court /eld t/at it was nt permitted t alter#al4atin date p4rs4ant t s f FLA$ toug tey did not e0press viewabout weter suc increases in value migt constitute unconscionabilitypursuant to s 5(.)

Determine w/at ppt2 was wned 52 ea6/ sp4se n da2 ,If t/ere is a 5ene06ial

terest "i#in" rise t R$T fr R 6laim8 en"a"e /ere FIRST.• O0cludes pro#essional licences$ C; can be attaced to licence b/c its not ppty(Caratun)-

• ,# applicable$ apply trust principles to determine bene4cial ownersip (b/c pptycannot be e0cluded i# bene4cially owned by someone else) (M#Na+ee4awlu@)

Determine w/et/er an2 ppt2 6nstit4tes e76l4ded ppt2 ,s ,*. and nte tra6in" in,*..8 and is ded46ted frm NFP

• Post@W day ,ncrease in value o# e0cl real or personal ppty not include in 9Pcalculation

• Silverer" v Silverer"' S may not cange a represented caracteriBation o# ppty=

Mrs S tells er & tat boss gave er ewellery in lieu o# wages$ later argues it was a gi#t$was included in 9P=

• Le&evre v Le&evreN Ii#ts or #unds (oterwise entitled to be e0cluded)used #orpurcase o# M& may be included in spouse3s 9P calculation$ if tra6ed t ppt2 f M! at;da2

• arrin"ton v arrin"tonN Standard #or meeting s <(-) onus @ +:P

• Cartier v Cartier: Fen a spouse trans#ers gi#ted or inerited ppty into ointnames$ con#erring an interest in te oter spouse$ te trans#erring spouse loses tee0clusion :9U to te e0tent o# te gi#t e or se made to te oter spouse$ provided tatte result intended by te trans#er is oint ownersip

Assi"n #al4e t t/e prpert2 ,in#l#es 94di6ial dis6retin if t/ere are 6mpetin"

aims a54t #al4e.• Monta"ue v Monta"ue ' court assigns X? value to a ppty tat was so polluted$

clean cost e0ceeds inerent value o# ppt

• Oswell v Oswell 'Court e0ercises discretion to determine wic valuation measureto use in valuing Fs #urs and ewellery @ #air mar*et value at W dayN 8eplacement valueNFear > tearN

81 | P a g e



Frm ttal ppt2 #al4e8 ded46t &. ,an2 6ntin"ent ta7. de5ts E lia5ilities f ppt2wned at ;da28 AND *. pre;marria"e ppt2 #al4e f assets sp4se 6al64lated atte f marria"e ,e#en if sld after marria"e8 di64lties f prf.

• M& @ S cannot deduct pre@marriage ppty value o# M&$ even i# owned at date o#marriage or value$ debts and liabilities o# M&$ incl tose related to ac"uisition/sigimprovement

• Sen"+uller v Sen"+uller @ 9on@speculative$ actual disposition costs i# supportedby evidence o# a plan #or disposition$ ;OS; ' (1) apply overriding principle o# #airness$ 2)case@by@case

• Pa&arella v Pa&arella 2013- ONCA K Presumption @ S3s debts at date o# marriagewill aect tat spouse3s entitlement in te e"ualiBation calculation$ unless evidence to tecontrary $ #rustrates policy obectives

• Stein v Stein SCC ' contingent ta0 liabilities constitute liabilities in relation to 9P

• & retained business interests F ac"uired M&$ and contingent ta0 liabilitiesdeducted

• Abella L$ dissenting @ un#air to ma*e deduction due to mani#est un#airness resulting#rom ine"uality created by division bt/w bot parties

• =ol"a v =ol"a i# spouses asset not M& at Wday$ toug once was$ ten spouse mayredeem rigt to deduct pre marriage value

ep ; $al64late ea6/ sp4se1s NFP 8 determine am4nt t/at is &K* t/e dieren6eKw "reater and lesser ,S @,&.. ; represents a de5t win"8 nt an entitlement t

pert2 ne" NFP s/all 5e J+J ,s ,@..

• Mena"e @ A spouses indebtedness$ negative balances$ is added to a spousesassets a W day

• Fere a PMW is a negative amount$ it becomes a positive amount$ tat is added tovalue o# 9P

ep >; Assess an2 6laim fr entitlement t mre t/an ne /alf t/e dieren6e (s @,.)rmits court to e0ercise discretion to award an amount tat is Y/@ tan 1/2 dierence bt/wP IF court is o# opinion tat e"ualiBing 9Ps would be unconscionable K iger tresold tan

e"uitable

82 | P a g e



• Step > 6ntin4ed wit/ 6ase law Junconscionable represents iger tresoldtan ine"uitable ,n tis case e"ual saring would be grossly un#air$ unreasonable$repugnant to anyones sense o# ustice to te level o# unconscionabilityJ (Braas#ma)

• (aters v aters ) $ee+e$ e34alit2 f 6ntri54tin @ As a matter o# publicpolicy$ contributions are deemed e"ual (even wen tey are not) @ Vcompelling publicpolicy reason by departure #rom e"uality sould be uncommon= Court concluded eretere was no basis #or revising OT claim

• S@ri v S@ri: 4e#@less $epletion o& N=; (s E(6)(h) Ct awards une"ual saringon basis tat & too* X.$--? more tan F #rom oint account= 1/2 o# tat amount award to

Fs OT payment • (Sullivan v Sullivan) Ct preserved business as asset #or wi#e and er #uture ability

to support ersel# > cildren Jpatently > grossly un#air' to permit & to sare in e"uity o#tis bus dismal J

• (Lelan# v Lelan#) F awarded une"ual sare$ er contributions e0tensive$ isnegligible

(=utia ),t would be unconscionable #or Petitioner to receive an e"ual division wen secontributed virtually noting to ac"uisition o# M& wose value increased substantially bt/wpurcase date > date o# sep Sort marriage b/c spouse claims oter spouse was abusiveCt awarded une"ual sare to responded even toug P argued 8s cruelty was reason #orduration o# sort marriage

• ( Ma#neill)E(6)(e )Coabitation period interpreted to include pre@marital Y maritalcoabitation periods

Serra v Serra- interpretin" s E(6)(h)- in#lu$es spousal +is#on$u#t an$ un#ons#ionaleresults o& the <> pro#ess -gh unconsconab$t thresho$% %oes not "rec$u%e ct rom ta#ng ntoaccount a "ost se"araton %ate change n va$ue o s"ouseFs assets an% the crcumstancessurroun%ng or "ur"oses o s 5(6)h)

•.<S. !t shou$% on$ a<ar% an une?ua$ %vson () crcumstances gvng rse to change

n va$ue re$ate to the ac?uston+ %s"oston+ "reservaton mantenance o m"rovement o ""t+ AN ) <here e?ua$'ng & <ou$% be unconsconab$e+ havng regar% to thosecrcumstances (a$one or n conJuncton < 5 (6) actors)

• (Serra Q Separation- Rs prin#ipal asset $e#ease$ &ro+ 11 +illion to 2) #ourt

%ecrease% EL "ament "ermts a ocus on resu$t o EL "rocess o s 5(1)> %stngushe%that mar#et %rven %ec$ne * re$ate% to economc %o<nturn+ not suOcent <Co more toa<ar% une?ua$ sharng

• (ean v Clausi ) /nconsconab$e resu$t or <e to have to bear entre bur%en o a

%ecrease n asset va$ue create% at nstgaton o -+ or "ur"ose o mantanng H-+ out oe?ut o H-+ an% $arge$ manage% b -

4aliatin at deat/ r di#r6e ,spousal rigts re marital ppty constitute en#orceable legalobligations)

• Stone v Stone (1555) 6 O4 (3$) 31

• ' wealty usband wo *new e was #atally ill trans#erred assets wortX1=- million to cildren to avoid e"ualiBation w wi#e R is deat= ollowing

deat$ widow success#ully callenged trans#ers as contrary to raudulentConveyances Act$ 8S:$ 1%%?

4atio: =LA #reate$ a #re$itor $etor relationship whi#h ta@es &or+ o& an open or runnin"a##ount whi#h e#o+es a settle$ a##ount on separation or $eath #onsistent with "oal o&spouses sharin" their net a##retion in wealth $urin" +arria"e

pert2 E Prfessinal De"rees G sp4sal 6ntri54tins t PPDs 6an 5e6mpensated #ia SS awardsCorless v Corless + @s law !egree was property ha! no value for purposes of calculating wife@s$P?(rt awar!e! '' to co"pensate wife ta#ing into account she postpone! her legal career to assist

83 | P a g e



al4atinf pensin

s8s ,&.,6.

' 4=1>=c> > in the case of a spouses rights un!er a pension plan the impute $alue, !or F< purpoo! the spouse9s interest in the plan, as etermine in accorance ith section 1L.1, !or the pbe"innin" ith the ate o! the marria"e an enin" on =-ayRead 1LA in conjunction &ith 2ensions 3enefits Act to calculate value of pension (2ension 3enefits Ac+ 45.4) Pension a!"inistrator will !eter"ine value of pension plan beforeapportion"ent for fa"ily law purposes in accor!ance with O !ay =value fro" "arriage !ate to O/!a

FL Stat

Amendmentts *

++'

$; 'tatute "en!"ent ct 2009 a"en!e! $; to prov gui!ance on valuing pensions as o! 2L1

C66 bene!its - e<clu!e! ppty fro" e)ualiGation regi"e splitting entitle"ent to pension cre!its pursto ((P is !iv.sep but necessary to "a#e an application>ettlement o! a pension interest by eDualiJation / > 1L.1(3> i""e!iate transfer of a lu"p su" oa pension plan per $; ss 9/10 sub*ect to 10%1=4> Pension Benefits ct restrictions continue to ap6ensions subect to amenments / a"en!"ents apply whether O!ay before on or after !ate o:an 2012 restriction on or!ers "a!e before section ta#es effect%7omestic s an pensions - > ?.1 allows for application of sa"e rules re pensions in relation to!o"estics s =incl sep agree"ent> or arbitration awar!s ?Cohabitin" couples "ay "a#e sepagree"ents incl provs concerning pensions

rpert2 and pensinsGs ,&.,6. A $ s < ppty de# incls Ja spouses rigts under a PP tatave vested=

T/e Matrimnial !me: FLA Parts I and IIard # Ward8 %*+&&) O= N< ?8 ONS$ @>+ ,Ont S4p $t =. K CA aGrmed ;L decision tormit une"ual saring and awarded wi#e OT payment o# %?D on basis o# s 5(.)(c)()=conscionable result in award o# e"ual saring invo*ed s 5(.)

cts &n 2006 s father conferre! on ti"e gift of D200000 on an! , persua!e! her to pay !own ;F(secure! against fa"ily ho"e% ,arriage alrea!y in trouble for 4 years% 2 "onth later , purchases con!oan! leaves $% ( staye! in $ agree! to buy ,@s interest in the ho"e after receiving an or!er fore<clusive possession of ,% Lhey also agree! on an or!er for '' (' only re"aining issue was a"t ofKQ pay"ent

85 | P a g e



tat4tr2 Pr#isins

87 | P a g e



6pe ZParts , and ,, o# te A do not apply to coabitees$ Spouses may D out o# Partde#ault ppty saring regime$ but may not D to limit a spousespossessory rigts in te M&' A s 52(2)

ection 1(1) (1) Overy property in wic a person as an interest and tat is or$ i# te spouses aveseparated$ (2) was at te time o# separation ordinarily occupied by te personand is or er spouse as teir #amily residence is M& (at W@day)

aselaw reS

,&(,&..

Nahat#hewit 9 & owned a ome at time o# marriage$ &> F lived in it #or some time= &went away$ and ten & sold it= Parties separated= M& was not ordinarily

occupied by te spouses as teir #amily residence6 at separation (W@!ay)$ itwas not a M&$ and tus & was entitled to deduct it as PMW=

aCosta ' & received an ineritance o# money a#ter is marriage$ used it to purcaseCedar !ee arm in part= Court traced te #unds to te #arm= &eld' & wasentitled to e0clude te ineritance value #rom 9P total b/c it was notconsidered a M& te court eld tat F did not spend time at te #arm to meets 1 test=

76l4sinsEDe

d46tins

S ,&.,5)!eductions on M& @ ,# pre marriage property is a ouse tat is te matrimonialome at W day$ it cannot be deducted=

S,*.X& Property$ oter tan a M&$ tat was ac"uired by gi#t or ineritance$ #rom a tirdperson$ a#ter te date o# te marriage

&' Pssessr2 Ri"/ts G re34isite element f entitlement is s &(,&.Spouses ave e"ual rigts to possession$ regardless o# title (potentially to a non@titled

spouse)' it is a personal rigt$ not en#orceable against ;P

* Se6tin *,&.,5.: 8egardless o# title and s 1%$ section con#ers aut on court to ordere0clusive possession$ generally time limited$ precludes titled spouse to sell ome(radicallycanges trad ppty principles)

S *,?) interim order #or e0clusive possession$ usually a time@limited order= Statute issilent about ow muc weigt to accord eac #actor<” In determinin"w/et/er t mae an rder fr e76l4si#e pssessin8 t/e 64rt s/all6nsider8”

(a) te best interests o# te cildren aected (includes psycological stresses and strainsaected by separation o# parents arising out o# daily #rictions bt/w parents$protection o# cildren may outweig 4nancial issues @ ;i&er )

(b) any e0isting orders under Part , (amily Property) and any e0isting support orders oroter en#orceable support obligations

(c) te 4nancial position o# bot spouses (4osenthal @ typical$ & le#t ome cannotsupport F and *ids in M and imsel# R same time$ F wants everyting tostay te same witout any canges ilson)

(d) any written agreement between te parties

(e) te availability o# oter suitable and aordable accommodation and(#) any violence committed by a spouse against te oter spouse or te cildren (incl

psycological violence$ war#are @ -$$)

Se6tin *,.: !e4nition o# +,C #or applications #or e0clusive possession o# te M&=(a) te possible disruptive eects on te cild o# a move to oter accommodation and(b) te cild3s views and pre#erences$ i# tey can reasonably be ascertained=

88 | P a g e



#identiar26nsiderati

n4nders*,?.

Ge7pertETP

LP evi!ence frien!s provi!ing sworn affi!avits =ill> babysitter =Pifer>&"portance of e<pert evi!ence as to an<iety physical !istress =ill> vs% Beh!ren!t =none financialresources>

ge of chil!ren ol!er chil!ren an! their ability to fin! other acco""o!ation$inancial stability of both spouses

nan6ialre

s4r6esEs*,?.

ilson v ilson K *ey #actor in granting interim e0cl possession to wi#e K !W$ drin*ingproblem on part o# &$ +,C$ aordable accommodation

+ i> B.c of @s li"ite! "eans realises she will have to acco""o!ate her nee!s beyon! @s ability to

pay? ii> @s behaviour incl assault ten!encies uncontrolle! !rin#ing / factor to grant e<clusivepossession of , to iii> B&( / re"ain in si"ilar surroun!ings woul! be in best interests of chil!renbearing in "in! that wife has been a full ti"e "other an! will continue to be so if interi" custo!y carean! control of chil!ren were grante! to w generous access to iv> lac# of alternative affor!ableacco""o!ations(+ ife e<pecte! to pay househol! e<penses incl "ortgage pay"ent grant of e<clusive possession of, to ?

Appli6atins fr e76l4si#e pssessin f M! ; $aselawRsent/al # Rsent/al ,&'(. ? FL ,?d. &* ,Ont !$. G S * appli6atin ref4sed

$acts Lhree ol!er sons are resi!ing application% Fne is atten!ing school two are receiving inco"e / K& an!inco"e fro" wor# relate! in*ury% is renting 1 be!ro" apt for D600."onth% presents evi!ence that shee"otionally !istresse! believes her stan!ar! of living shoul! not be affecte! by @s situation

nalysis *,?.,6. @ Per 4nancial statements 4led by bot parties$ apparent tat tere are not suGcient#unds to continue occupation o# marital ome$ it is in best interests o# bot partiestat M& be sold #or best price available$ and e0cess moneys to be divided bt/w

89 | P a g e



$/a5itin" $4ples and t/e se f Tr4st D6trine ,Pett4s # Ce6er PeterCe5lw8 Berr # Caranw anasse Se"4in.R

prin6iple

,Pett 4s.n4snP

L

&. S45stantial 5ene0t 6nferred 4pn respndin" part2 526ntri54tins f 6laimant relatin" t maintenan6e r a634isitin tppt2 in 34estin

a> 'orochan Pett#us? ,ur!och A non/tra! e<traor!inary wor# outsi!e of ho"e re)uire! to estaclai" was )uite e<traor!inary sa"e wor# as B laying floor lifting beehives

b> (6verson v Ric+ S%) / (lai"ant not successful where househol! wor# only perfor"e!? (%uSa) here a wo"an wor#e! outsi!e ho"e househol! services awar!e! 25S of interest in ='tewart v hitley> courts !enie! clai"s b.c tra!itional !ivision of labour =with wo"an !oinghousehol! wor# an! "an wor#ing at pai! labour> "eant there was no enrich"ent or !eprivation

c> 3elo& A e<pan!s wor# re)uire! to inclu!e services chil!care for"erly servicesinterprete! as e)ual !ivision of wor# in relation to "ales wor# outsi!e of the ho"e*. $rrespndin" depri#atin s4ered 52 6laimant fr w/i6/ n

6mpensatin was re6ei#ed?. A5sen6e f 94risti6 reasn re54tta5le 52 e#iden6e n part f D t

s/w w/2 enri6/ment s/4ld 5e retained ,reasna5le e7pe6tatin6nsidered /ere ,Berr anasse.

. Determine 6rrespndin" remed2 G ? "radatins: M,#al4ere6ei#ed. R$T,#al4e s4r#i#ed.8 = ,#al4e re6ei#ed NWS #al4es4r#i#ed.

(elow):nus on P to sow tat M w4ld nt appropriately compensate

person #or #or services rendered by claimaint in te circumstances (Sanso+If Y G t/en M awarded= Consider probability o# award being paid=8esponding party will attempt to sow it3s appropriate K bargain$ reasonablee0pectations

,= If N8 t/en $T determinatin @ ,s tere a ne0us between claimantscontributions and ac"uisition o# ppty in "uestion w/in wic claimant see*sproprietary interestN A direct contribution is not re"uired (Soro#han) (4awlM#La#hlin in ;eter v elow)

,,= If Yes8 t/en $T and determine award< If N8 pr6eed t =< ,,,= IF8 $T$ interest awarded$ determine portion o# value o# ppty in "uestion tat

attributable to to direct or indirect contributions o# claimant= Actual valuecon#erred by C is irrelevant= Fere contribution is une"ual$ sares are une"u

,W= (erranasse) If =$ wic$ does not mandate a presumption o# e"ual saten claimant must demonstrate (1) parties ave been engaged in LW K ointeorts o# parties > accumulation o# #amily assets or wealt (2) tat respondiparty as retained an inappropriately disproportionate amount o# wealt (-) contribution to te accumulation o# #amily assets or wealt G 6nsideratin

a) M- @ pooling o# eort > team wor*N !ecision to raise cildren togeterN engt relationsipN

b) -I @ te more e0tensive te integration o# couples 4nances te more li*ely a LW wbe #ound

c) A6t4al intent8 s459e6ti#e standard @e0press or in#erred weter tey eldtemselves as married$ oint title to pptyN

d) PF @ &ave parties acted on sared assumptions or understandings #or te #uture

e0press or impliedlyN @ #oregoing career or educational advancement #or #am bene4taccepting underemployment to balance dom and 4nancial needs

If = esta5lis/ed8 award s/4ld 5e prprtin t a664m4latin f famil2assets and 6mpensatin re6ei#ed s/4ld 5e dis64nted frm #erallaward<

91 | P a g e



ory : (alls for a "ore rela<e! stan!ar! vs% co""ercial conte<t when applying re"e!y of (L without "inute scrutinyof spouse@s respective financial contributions =75 568>ee! for fle<ibility an! !iscretion ? ,c;achlin : is a!vocating a "ore !octrinal an! rigi! approach

=int Famil2 ent4re ; Berr # Caranw anasse # Se"4in

cts O ' en*oye! a relationship for 12 yrs% $or first 4 yrs they ha! each pursue! in! careers an! are cohabitingwithout chil!ren% couple! "ove! fro" Fttawa to alifa< for i"p bus opp an! O too# a leave fro" her pos%uring perio! in al couple ha! 2 chil!ren% O prov chil!care an! !o" labour while ' wor#e! long hours travelle! e<tensively in relation to bus% Lhey@re in alifa< for three an! a half years% Kventually ' steppe!

!own as (KF of bus couple! "ove! bac# to Fttawa bought a house in their *oint na"es% ' in 200 sol!shares in buss for about 11 "il then participate! "ore in fa"@s !o"estic chores%

atio (o""on intention resulting trust has no "ore application $; in I clai"s% (lai"ant@s "onetary awar! is assesse! accor!ing to share of accu"ulate! wealth proportionate to clai"ant@scontributions = consi!er "utual benefit here>#utual ene!it conferral shoul! be a!!resse! J !ef an! re"e!y stage to? at *uristic stage a li"ite! role to!eter"ine whether or not enrich"ent was *ust not its e<tent =Prof not concerne! about this either> Beblow at re"e!y stage of !ecision for e%g% !iscounting proprietary interest by a"ount of benefits receive!%"itigating roleParties@ e<pectations / shoul! have a li"ite! an! clearly circu"scribe! role

el! ,rs% O is entitle! to accu"ulation of wealth !uring perio! where there is I i%e% in alifa<% e!uctions were"a!e for P' ,rs% O@s contribution to fa"ily results in so"e access to fa" wealth=1.6 overall>

4asi Sp4sal Relatins/ips : Nwell # Twn -state %&''>) ON$A

cts o"an ha! relationship with "arrie! "an for 24 years whose "arriage an! fa" responsibilities continue!%13 years into relationship "an bought far" an! the two resi!e! there "ost wee#en!s% "a!e variouscontributions / coo#ing cleaning gar!ening organiGing social events% ,an was fa"ous artist an! gifte! toher paintings worth 12000R which she sol!%

ati A claimant in a "uasi@spousal relationsip tat establises 8 claim may be entitled to(TM)

nalysis Ct loo0s at + elationship was not casual "any verbal assurances of Lown to that he woul! loo# after her!e"onstrate! in part by gifts to her

I / es Lown was focal point of owell@s life

iti)ue Prof ,c;eo! raises that the reasons in owell v Lown Kstate co"e close to asserting an al"ost auto"aticright to relief to long ti"e loversProf says this case has not ha! a huge i"pact

ele#hat, S >

PL awarded $T f *+ interest in DHs /4se E t/e /me in w/i6/ s/eli#ed< R and $T ma2 5e a#aila5le t 64ples w/ are ntJ6/a5itin"J

P > deceased in 17 year relationsip= ! purcased a ouse #or P to live in$carged er rent and e lived separately= P3s contributions incl coo*ingdinner regularly #or !$ && services o# deceased3s ouses= P claimed !stated se would never ave to worry about te ouse in wic se lived=

noll #ase2001)

Facts' clai"e! I against @s estate in relation to her increase! fin an! caregiving services after fell illan! was barre! fro" "a#ing clai" pursuant to a prenuptial agree"ent signe! by her an! !ecease! agreeing not to "a#e a clai" against her @s estate =both ha! grown chil!ren fro" 1st "arriage when!eci!ing to "arry>Ct denied claim $ relying on prenuptial agreement barring er #rom ma*ing claims

against &3s estate > e0tra responsibility attaced to an ill spouse$ is amarital underta*ing out o# love > aection

93 | P a g e



R E SS Relatins/ips

94 | P a g e



orrest v;ri #e( 155

2 )CSC

P was entitled to remedial C;$ given istory o# relationsip and !s assurances trougout$P reasonably e0pected to receive an actual interest in various ppties > ! eiterwas or ougt to ave been cogniBant o# tat e0pectation (considered !s debts$increase o# value o# ppty since sep$ process #or ppty sale)

uist vGr ea

v es J 1557 KO N

o266( Geniv

)

Partner tat was te lawyer brougt an 8 claim= Fic was reected by reason tat terewasnt suGcient evidence o# deprivation by absence o# uristic reason= Ms + wasnot worse o personally or pro#essionally due to relationsip

o I because there was no evi!ence that Buist@s contributions contribute! to increase in value of anyof assets? B !i! not enhance earning potential of -? no parties share! e)ually in !ivision of !uties? noevi!ence that B was financially worse of personally or professionally b.c of relationship

;esbian couple sep after 10 year relationship B substantial clai" by filing vols of !oc ite"iGing e<pensesthat she pai! for !uring their relationship an! cohabitation

ohw$hur ,v Ar "

Ps claim #or remedial C; #ailed= P #ound to ave made no contribution o# value to !some$ eiter in money or services $ claim tat P ad Jcontributed to M8 Asappiness > made im oy#ul was irrelevantJ

95 | P a g e



enti <st at e

-2007CSC

Martin v Sanso+e 201 ONCA 9 C8; #or 8 claim re to married couples ' ,#claimant see*s 8 claim remedy$ court must consider i# award o# iger OTpayment under s 5(.) redresses remedy be#ore engaging in 8C; anaylsis

easonning ife did not re#ei!e (<A" the fa#t that she *ne) dom < )as not good for her does not mean that she &nderstoodeither the nat&re or #onse&en#es of the domesti# #ontra#t+ ( see no error in the trial G&dgeHs finding that she did not+

el! =1> I clai" was establishe! but a higher awar! of KQ pay"ent a!e)uately a!!ress I clai" s 5=6> wpre/ an! post *u!ge"ent a charge place! on far" ppty as security for pay"ent

96 | P a g e



SPOSAL SPPORTJSp4sesJ in pr#in6ial le"islatin in relatin t s4pprt

DA pplies to "arrie! spouses if one of the spouses has "a!e an application for !ivorce%

FLA8III

s *'8 def f sp

4se

ef of spouse e<pan!e! to inclu!e! cohabitees for purposes of '',arrie! spouses use $; to apply for '' at "o"ent of separation before spouse applies for !ivorce

dependant: a persn t w/m ant/er /as an 5li"atin t pr#ide s4pprtsp4se: &,&. eit/er f * persnsK4nmarried E /a#e 6/a5ited ,t li#e t"et/erwKin a 6n94"al relatins/ip8 inside r 4tside marria"e.8 ,a. 6ntin44sl2 fr

a perid f ? 2ears r are ,5. nat4ral r adpti#e parents f a 6/ild inrelatins/ip f sme permanen6e

S ? Param4nt62 &f there is an app un!er both $; not a!*u!icate! for '' then the $; app isstaye!

S*,&+.

&f !epen!ent an! payor out of $; provs an! arrange"ents are low such that )ualifies for socialassistance officers are entitle! to apply for or!er of variation to increase '' you "ay beco"e !isentitle!

97 | P a g e



Interpretin" S *',a.: $ntin44s and 6n94"alit2

Mol$owi#hK# acto

rstodeterminew

eter2partiesar

eincoabitingrela

tionsip

• S/elter (a)!id parties live under te same roo#N (b) Fat were te sleepingarrangementsN (c)!id anyone else occupy or sare te available accommodations

• Se74al and Persnal Ce/a#i4r ,a.se0ual relationsN ,# not$ wy notN ,5. attitudes4delityN ,6. #eelings towards eac oter$,d.communicated on a personal levelN

• ,e.ate meals togeterN ,f. !id tey do anyting assist eac oter w/probs or illness!id tey buy gi#ts #or eac oter on special occasions

• Ser#i6es ; ,a. Fat was te conduct o# te parties in relation to' a)preparation o#

meals$5.

wasing and mending clotes$6.

sopping$d.

ouseold maintenance$ anany oter domestic services N

• S6ial ; ,a. !id parties participate togeter or separately in neigbourood andcommunity activitiesN ,5.Fat was te relationsip and conduct o# eac o# tem towmembers o# teir respective #ams and ow did suc #ams beave toward te partiesN

• S6ietal ;Fat was te attitude > conduct o# te comm toward eac> as a coupleN

• S4pprt (economic)' Fat were arrangements re (a)#ood$ cloting$ selter$ recreatio(b) ac"uisition o# ownersip o# ppty$ (c) as to determinant o# overall relationsip

• $/ildren @ Fat was attitude > conduct o# parties concerning cildrenN

S4lli#an #Letni

,rs ' is applying for '' an! ,r ; contests that they were in a cohabiting relationship%7ecision' Parties were in a cohabiting relationship% Lrial is re)uire! to !eter"ine issue of spousalsupport

98 | P a g e



Feter couples are separated is a matter o# intent$ not geograpy= (Fere notloo*ing at geograpical location$ co@residence$ but rater intention o#parties)

Applicationgifts / 60 car!s sent fro" ; to ' calls her oral evi!ence / ,rs% '@s witnesses i"press "ore upon L:cre!ibility / ; is less than forthright about what was going on% ,rs ' was foun! "ore cre!iblecontinuity / ; e"phasiGes ti"es when they were on separate ships

*u!ge fin!s not !eter"inative relationship "ay be continuous even if parties live apart%

Sandersn #R4ssell

,n some cases te test sould be realistic and e0ible enoug to recogniBe tatbrie# cooling o period does not bring te relationsip to an end= Succonduct does not convincingly demonstrate === tat te relationsip is an end

Interpretin" S *',5.: A t46/ f permanen6e

Ma/ne2# Bin"

$+ Parties are in inti"ate relationship for 5.6 yrs live! on her own live! separately w his "arrie!spouse who !i! not #now about e<tra"arital relationship% applies for support after relationship bro!ownAn intimate relationsip in wic one party is married$ and spouses are living a

may constitute a relationsip o# some permanence&' A entitled to SS$ #alls under de# o# spouse under s 2%(b)

La55e #M6$4ll4"/

$+ oung wo"an live! w "an for 6 w#s over perio! of 19 "onths% was pregnant an! en!e!relationship% applies for spousal supportA party may be entitle to >> e$en thou"h parties are li$in" to"ether !or short perio o! time are parents o! a chil5' A is a spouse, circu"stances isclose a touch o! permanence '' D150 "onth.1yr

Cre5i6 #

Nisi6+

$+ an! were in an 1M "onth cohabiting relationship an! bught a ho"e together% Lhe parties sh

e<penses incl e<penses for P@s two sons fro" an earlier relationship an! planne! to "arry in 1994%!ies in a collision an! wo"an wants to sue !river for !a"ages but her right to sue !epen!e! on whshe coul! !e"onstrate that was a spouse pursuant to s 29 =a>%An obecti$e stanar ill be use to etermine hether or not a party !alls uner the e!initispouse pursuant to s 2G(a).>pouses must li$e to"ether !or at least 3 yrs uner s 2G(a), thou"h may not correspon prec@all characteristics o! C#< relationships5' o"an !i! FL fall un!er !ef of spouse

99 | P a g e



Le"islati#e Prin6iples

/istr2 fSS

• '' was for"erly ali"ony ha! !uty to provi!e econo"ic support for post/separation

• :u!icial !ivorce / li"ony was available to Ean innocent wifeE% In!erlying rationale above / !utpay coul! not be ter"inate! by spousal "iscon!uct

• "o!ern refor"s un!er"ine! this rationale / no fault !ivorce pro"oting gen!er neutrality

SS mdels • three moels - are consiere hen eterminin" entitlement to spousal support

• no clear consensus as to basis for spousal support =1> !ifferent #in!s of "arriages =2> !iff ob*e factors in statute not all consistent =3> !iscretion / aspects use! as appropriate

SS tpr#idein6mese64rit2 fradependentsp4se,“need”.

• being "arrie! R economic nee which gives one an entitle"ent to !raw on resources of othespouse with financial resources%

• pri"ary responsibility of fa"ily un!erta#en in "arriage to provi!e support to !epen!ants pos

• not necessarily *ustifiable to the person who "ust pay spousal support% 'houl! !epen!ant ougprovi!e for the"selves

$mpensatr2 fr e6n

lss d4rin"MK$O!

• nee! to co"pensate a spouse =usually > who has Esacrifice! labour force participation in or!perfor" fa"ily responsibilitiesE for the loss of econo"ic opportunity suffere!

•

(o"pensate for econo"ic !isa!vantage flowing fro" pri"ary chil! care responsibilities after !• ;ength of "arriage "ay also be consi!ere!

SS as ,6lean5rea.

"o!el recogniGes "arriage has en!e! an! shoul! encourage econo"ic !isengage"ent of the p the assu"ption of responsibility by spouses for their own support as )uic#ly as possible

-#l4tin f Le"islati#e Prin6iples A54t Sp4sal S4pprt

frmerprin6iple

!A$ 1%. 1(1)$ spousal support ordered on basis o#'conduct$ condition$ means and oter circumstances [o# te parties\

Fo bears obligation o# providing 4nancialsupportN

Lhe 'tate or the for"er spouse

ase atio.ecision

Messier vela"e J1583K 2SC401

F' $or"er applie! to vary '' or!er on groun! that although ha! not yet secure! here"ploy"ent she ha! co"plete! her stu!ies an! ha! 5 years to beco"e self/sufficient% $or"er was "arrie! for 12 years ha! custo!y of 3 chil!ren ha! never wor#e! outsi!e the ho"e8atio' A divorced man bears te responsibility o# supporting a #ormer F wo cannot

provide #or er own needs = &eld' & must pay reduced SS inde4nitely to#ormer S= SCC upeld CA

• 7issentin" (<amer )+ 'upport ought to be rehabilitativean! that each spouse ha! a "utualobligation to beco"e self /sufficient an! '' is not the responsibility for the for"er spouse%

;ele#hriolo", sep s)

6elech' ,rs P receive! '' in lu"p su" in conte<t of sep agree"ent an! eventually ran out% erhealth !eteriorate! an! therefore unable to wor#% brings an or!er for variation to increase ''on a!vice of social assistance officers 15 yrs after !ivorceRati' ;e state bears te responsibility to support #ormer spouses post separation$

not #ormer spouses$ unless applicant can demonstrate causal connectioneconomic disadvantage > marriage brea*down (b) designed to promotecertainty > to #acilitate clean brea* (c) #ocus on individual autonomy$ (d)respect #or Ds !eld state sould pay social assistance to supportapplicant wi#e in all - cases

100 | P a g e



pplication+ ,rs% P@s econo"ic nee! arose fro" illness not fro" pattern of econo"ic !epen!encyarising fro" "arriage? therefore not entitle! to clai" ''

Famil2 Law A6t8 RSO &'(

?+ bli"ation o! spousal supportevery spouse has obligation to support herself an! other spouse accor!ing to "eans an! nee!s to e<tentperson can provi!e support

?? Fr!er for support / ct has auth to "a#e a '' or!er

s??,?>Applications by #C>>, etc/ Fther agencies that can "a#e or!ers for (' of the respon!ent@s chil! %

s?,.

,.

Settin" asi$e $o+esti# re (a)unconsconab$t+ (b)%e"en%ant <ho <avers SS an% ?ua$esor <e$are

S#heel v en@el+an- ONCA) (ohabiting partners wo"an wor#e! as assistance to "an in Kactivities? appeal allowe! fro" L: !ecision uphol!ing waiver of ''% E'hoc#ing to the court to allow appellantto live on her "o!est pensionE% Inconscionable transaction resulte! fro" wo"an@s age =6> inability to wor#"onthly pension of D00 an! for"er cohabiting partner worth D2%5 "illion

?,(.

Purposes of '' or!er

?,'.

$actors for !eter"ination in relation to '' or!er

?,&+ Conuct in relation to spousal support/ ct "ay consi!er unconscionable con!uct constituting obvious an!gross repu!iation of relationship

? Provs reapplications un!er $; if there is application$; app is staye! if or!er un!er "a!e

?> =ariation o! spousal support orers only if there has been a material change in epen!ant or respon!ent@scircu"stances or evi!ence not available on previous hearing has beco"e available

101 | P a g e



Di#r6e A6t 8 RS$ &'(@ G S &@<*8 &@<?,&.8 s&>

s&@<*,&.

give ct auth to "a#e "a#e ss or!er =reasonable su">

s&@<*,*.

auth to "a#e interi" or!ers lu"p su" or perio!ic

s&@<*,?.

auth court to i"pose ter"scon!s pay !efinitely or in!efinitely

s&@<*,.

,dis6retin. fa6trs 64rt m4st 6nsider needs8 means and t/er6ir64mstan6es f ea6/ sp4se in6l: ,a.len"t/ f time8 ,5.f4n6tins perfrm52 ea6/ sp4se d4rin" 6/a5itatin8 ,6. an2 rder8 a"reement rarran"ement relatin" t s4pprt f eit/er sp4se

s&@<*,@.

for =interi"> or!er court cannot consi!er spousal "iscon!uct re+ the "arriage =!oes not li"it consi!ericonse)uences thereof>

S&@<*,.,ree6tsR"ersnmdels.

a> recogniGe econo"ic a!vantages or !isa!vantages to the spouses !ue to "arriage.brea#!ownb> apportion chil! care costs of any chil! of "arriage =over above chil! support>c> relieve any econo"ic har!ship of the spouses arising !ue to "arriage.brea#!own!> in so far as practicable pro"ote the econo"ic self/sufficiency of each spouse within a reasonable

perio! of ti"e%O59e6ti#es f SS rders K need$ compensation and sel# suGciency !rt?ue crt cannot accom"$sh a$$ goa$s+ ma#es actua$$ %rven choces+ <%e eercse o

%screton

s&@<?,&.

Priority for ('

s &> Oariation / vary rescin! or suspen! an or!er if there has been a change in nee!s "eans an!circu"stances of either spouse

SSA create! to encourage unifor" re )uantu" an! !uration

102 | P a g e



Prin6iples f SS8 =4di6ial iews f DA8 &'(@ 8 SS as 6mpensatin

M"e # M"e E s &> a;d ,5radens 5asis fr SS t in6l 6mpensatr2.F+ $or"er applies for variation of a ''F in 89 9 yrs after !iv b.c she !oes not have enough inco"e% 'he raise!chil!ren Both were i""igrants !i! not spea# Kng well low pai! *obs% K</ re"arrie! owne! house an! !oingnancially well%

easonin"' there has been a change in circu"stances since last ''F "a!e,rs% , has sustaine! substantial econo"ic !isa!vantage !ue to "arriage / sole provi!er of chil!ren pt.ti"e wor#ho"e"a#er =s 17=7>=a>earning ability i"pacte! by upbringing of #i!s= s 17=7>=b>continues to suffer econo"ic har!ship =s 17=7>=c>

aile! to beco"e self sufficient !espite conscientious effort =17=7>=!>5el' ,r% , "ust continue to pay ''F his appeal is !is"isse! ( !ecision uphel!8atio @ Courts ave an overriding discretion wen ma*ing SS:$ and will be e0ercised

according to te particular #actors o# eac case$ aving regard to #actors andobectives in !W

) ;e clean@brea* obective is not pre@eminent$ attenuated$ in determination o# SS: $ii)compensatory model adopted by Parliament attempts to ensure e"uitablesaring o# eco conse"uence at marriage brea*down iii)

consider sort term vs= long term marriages cildless marriage 2 income ouseoldN

east v east ,Caratun Linton) iss4e f s/arin" prf de"rees resl#ed t/r4"/mpensatr2 s4pprt rat/er ppt2 pr#isins.

F' $or"er wor#e! as nurse an! sacrifice! *ob so coul! obtain "e!ical !egree% 2 separate! she lost her *ob"ental health issuesRati: SS: can be used to compensate a spouses eorts towards te oter spouses pro

degree''F can be "a!e to recogniGe a wife@s sacrifices an! contributions to the realiGation of her @s prof aspirationseasonin"+ woul! continue to e<perience uncertain health her substantial financial contribution to @s careerchange =!uring a perio! of !eteriorating health> woul! have potential substantial increases in earnings

te#ens # Ste#ens *+&* ONS$ >+5el+ (rt assesse! '' e)ualiGation% B.( re"aine! at ho"e !uring the "arriage the court or!ere! to paypu"p su" retroactive compensatory '' of D136182%easonin"n this respect is entitle! to co"pensatory support for =i> role in househol! "aintenance while sacrificing career

potential =ii> her li"ite! pai! wor# serve! to further @s financial interests% Lherefore "ust co"pensate forher contributions to "arriage% , set asi!e !ue to error in !raft that !i! not correspon! to ; for @s ? unable toun!erstan! nature.conse)uences of J ti"e of negotiationRati: reaGrms Moge === economic conse"uences o# marriage brea*down must be sared

e"ually$ given tat wor* inside te ome as an undeniable value=

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Fa4lt and SS ,DA8 s&@<*,@..$4rt is pre6l4ded frm rel2in" n sp4sal mis6nd46t8 ma2 l t

impa6t f sp4sal mis6nd46t

es4n # Les4n %*++) & S$R '*+$or"er spouse left his for"er after 20 years who significantly financially contribute! to his ongoing e!ucation"aintaine! househol! left her so"ewhat i"poverishe!% 'hortly after sep she seriously in*ure! bac# lai! off% (tor!ere! at !ivorce in 99 for to pay '' until she coul! return to wor#% 2003 / brings application for ter"ination b.che was une"ploye!.financial !ifficulty at ti"e wife is 60 yrs ol!%5el' ppeal !is"isse! was in nee! of '' b.c she ha! not yet co"e self sufficient

Rati: (Omo) Conse"uences o# spousal (mis)conduct may be considered in loo*ing at needsand circumstances to determine entitlement to SS= &ere dep S3s #ailure to acieveemployment in part due to emotional devastation caused by e0@&3s spousalmisconduct$ wi#e3s age$ poor ealt=

easonin"' 'pousal abuse triggering a !epression so serious as to "a#e a clai"ant une"ployable is highlyelevant in !eter"ining entitle"ent )uantu" an! !uration to '' as here (21) ?failure to achieve self/sufficiency not a

BF of clean brea# !uty?is 1 of several factors to be ta#en into account (2B)% evi!ence is !esirable not essential

n"erer # n"erer ,&''(. applies to ter"inate '' b.c $or"er no effort to beco"e self/sufficient? was in conte"pt for resisting accessprovs for to chil!ren? encouraging !aughter to clai" falsely ha! "oleste! her%8atio' Spousal misconduct may establis an application #or an order to terminate SS i#

misconduct alleged is o# suc a morally repugnant nature$ as would cause a 8P to

say S is no longer entitled to support o# e0@& or to udicial assistance in compelling& to pay !eld8 SS terminated . years a#ter divorce=

tewart # Stewart *+++ NSS$@s abusive con!uct post/!ivorce !i! not constitute con!uct in relation to "arriage one of several factors to support!enying @s clai" for ''Rati: A dependant or payor spouse3s abusive post@separation conduct$ does not #all under

conduct in relation to marriage$ and tus is a #actor in determining weter to deny$grant or vary an order #or SS

FLA Pr#isins a54t 6nd46t and SS ,s ??,&+.Lhe obligation to provi!e support for a spouse e<ists without regar! to the con!uct of either spouse but the court"ay in !eter"ining the a"ount of support have regar! to a course of con!uct that is so unconscionable as toconstitute an obvious an! gross repu!iation of the relationship%

Mre2 # Mre2 ,&'>'. * OR fa6trs rele#ant t determinin" a sp4se wasisentitled t SS n 5asis f 6nd46t t/at 6nstit4ted 4n6ns6ina5ilit2 ; as an5#i4s and "rss rep4diatin f relatins/ip8 6laimant m4st s/w(a) e0ceptionally bad conduct(b) conduct reasonably e0pected to destroy marriage(c) conduct must ave persisted in te #ace o# innocence > virtual blamelessness on part o#

oter spouse$(d) commission o# so@called matrimonial oence not necessarily suGcient(e)party raising issue o# relevant conduct sould be prepared to underta*e tat tere is a

bona 4de belie# tat te test ==can be satis4ed [w ris*s o# punitive costs i# crt 4ndsissue is #rivolous\ and

#)pleadings===sould set out a summary o# conduct relied on to meet te test===

3runi v 3runi (7545) 78 9RF' 'pouses "arrie! for 11 years an! after sep both repartnere! sep agree"ent woul! have solecusto!y.father w reasonable access% see"e! to have alienate! chil!ren fro" their father% brings app to setasi!e sep agree"ent% &n sa"e action clai"e! ''Rati: S --(1?) Junconscionable conductJ interpreted to include post@separation conduct$ >

relationsip incl co@parent relationsip$ tere#ore post@separation misconduct is abasis #or termination o# SS order $n6l4sin' F3s conduct reects intent to

105 | P a g e



destroy #ater@daugter relationsip$ amounts to ideous repudiation o# relationsipbt/w #ormer spouses as co@parents #or daugter= Moters alienation o# daugterand & must be condemned $made eective by way o# terminating SS

106 | P a g e



Ret/inin" Pele6/ E t/e Rle f Famil2 A"reements8 Mi"lin # Mi"lin *++ 8S$$

$acts 'pouses signe! a sep agree"ent that li"ite! !uration of '' payable to ,rs ,% pays "ortgage an!receives ,? gets lo!ge% gets 60 of (' for their 4 chil!ren%%N + gets 15 .year fro" lo!ge for 5 years upon renewal% fter 5 years ,r% , refuses to give confor e<ten!ing consulting agree"ent% ,rs% , is bringing an application to set asi!e this provision of seagree"ent% Both ha! receive! &; before signing ' but years later ,rs , files clai" for initial ''? o'' provi!e! no ''

107 | P a g e



• crts cannot assu"e that settle"ent agree"ents provi!e a clear an! transparent gui!e to their inten=para 28>%%alrea!y !ifficult to ascertain in any area of law ? presence of counsel not always sufficienre!ress proble"s ='tevens? ;evan>

• principles !or eterminin" s 1?.2 applications 1> is agree"ent ob*ectively fair J ti"e of applicati%e% actually pro!uce e)uitable sharing of econo"ic conse)uences J "arriage brea#!own

• other test proble"atic b.c ina!e)uate to !eal with proble"s that fa"ily law e<perts i!entify flowing finherently prospective nature of '' agree"ents

• approach reflects !riving consi!eration as !eter"ine! by Parlia"ent / achieving an e)uitable!isentangling of parties@ econo"ic relationship upon "arital brea#!own

ct encourages negotiation of fair settle"ent in accor!ance with s 15%2=6>not privileges private settlenot per"itte! to out

109 | P a g e



Le"a62 f Mi"lin

110 | P a g e



ooper vCoo per9

$+ applies for '' so"e years after parties !ivorce! an! negotiate! sep agree"ent? &eld ollows Migliin to deny F3s application #or SS in conte0t o# sep agreement== Parties

negotiated a #air settlement$ 6/an"e in 6ir64mstan6es$ it did not result inagreement being un#air pursuant tos 15=2(.)$!A

i#@ vr an$ se+a2

005SCC9N

lies onCM

uncons=vs=:9$ale

gprinciple

$+ K< spouses negotiate agree"ent with inter"ittent legal representation 5 chil!ren% applie! 1 yearlater to set asi!e on groun!s of unconscionability un!er s 65 of B( $% '(( uphel! L: agree"ent wasunconscionable in circu"stances b.c ha! e<ploite! @s "ental instability un!ervalue! assets / assetswere not !ivi!e! e)ually =failure to "a#e full !isclosure> receive! substantially less%Rati ' ;e settlement agreement must ensure a #air distribution o# assets$ and te

absence o# e0ploitation witin te singularly emotional environment in wic#amily bargaining ta*es place

Reasnin": !istinguised #rom Miglin Starting point is not s % or 15=2$ but CM principle o#e"uity$ Corollary to te 4nality o# separation agreement in Mi"lin- tat tere bea duty to ma*e #ull disclosure > not to ta*e advantage o# oter spousesvulnerabilities = .n 3evan+ F as under pressure to sign D$ ere F suered #rommental instability $ note mental vulnerability is a #actor

&> Iss4e: ariatin

111 | P a g e



M; v S2011SCC6

*N

F' 'pouses agree to consent *u!ge"ent pursuant pays (' an! '' w. review !ate no re)uire"entthat see# training.e"ploy"ent ha! ,'% applies to increase '' b.c s inco"e increase!% appliesto ter"inate ''% Q( grants s app% Q(( uphel! L:% ppeal to '((%!eldK$: Appeal allwed= Consent udgement treated as order= ;L erred to consider

material cange in circumstances$ so tere was no basis #or cange in variation=Applications re#used$ SS reinstated=

Rati' Miglin principles apply to an application #or SS under s 15= !etermination o# anapplication under S 17 orders #or variation on e0isting SS order engages a ditreatment o# agreements in ligt o# statutory lang$ agreement$ order$arrangement6$ not used in s 17

hupal vhu pal ( 2

005 )O4

=: E- a""$e% to var ob$gaton to "a on bass that W ha% remarre%+ c$ose ren% o e-@ Hnutes o sett$ement "rov%e% or reve< o SS ob$gatons n 5 ears orbase% on :matera$ change n crcum;

!eld: CA upeld ;L decision tat remarriage did not constitute cange in circumstances b/cat time o# signing minutes o# settlement$ & *new F was in new and seriousrelationsip as supported by evidence

Refrm Initiati#es: t/e Sp4sal S4pprt Ad#isr2 4idelines

'-' efine )uantu" an! !uration Lhey !o FL affect basic principles of entitle"ent

urpose bring "ore certainty pre!ictability to !eter"ination of '' un!er encourage applicants to apply lea!to "ore fre)uent '' awar!s

ntent for"ula generating ranges if inco"es + =i> inco"e sharing / '' !eter"ine! as percentage of spousalinco"es ii>with / raise co"pensatory principle superse!e! by chil! support or without chil! support =or no !ep chil!ren> relies heavily on length of "arriage an! !uration of "arriage iii>ite"iGe a series ofe<ceptions to assist in assessing !epartures fro" ''-s

59e6ti#es

re!uce conflict encourage settle"ent create consistency an! fairness re!ucing costs an! i"provingefficiency in $; syste" provi!ing basic structure for further *u!icial elaboration

'-' an!vatiGation

''-s confer no power to re/open or overri!e final spousal agree"ent but play i"portant role as provi!estructure! fra"ewor# an! bench"ar#s of fairness in negotiation of agree"ents

112 | P a g e



ole incourtroo

m

Lool of stat interpretation tool of argu"ent li#e any other article te<t govern"ent !oc ? tool of appellatereview where awar! substantially above . below range an! there are no acceptable circu"stances

esmanv =esman

+!

A 2014

Reasnin" %*'): (a) long marriage' it lasted 2? years= (b) F primarily responsible #ormaintaining te ouseold and raising te cildren= [b\ F as not been employed; since be#ore birt o# cildren= (c) (d) marital Standard o# living K lived$ well did not worry about income$ (e) Fi#e will be 5. wen SS order ends

!eld: CA removed impose time limit o# 1? years$ and cange to o# inde4nite duration= SSAISsupport tis view$ guideline tat duration #or marriages o# 2?Y years sould beinde4nite6

mtatons

!o not confer power to reopen.overri!e final agree"ents re '' ? apply to interi" initial !eter"inations of'' not review or variation of e<isting or!ers

113 | P a g e



Pri#atiin" Respnsi5ilities fr Dependen62 Pst;Separatin

:bligation cild to support parent

?* FLA Overy cild wo is not a minor as an obligation to provide support$ in accordancewit need$ #or is or er parent wo as cared #or or provided support #or te cild$ tote e0tent tat te cild is capable o# doing so

--(1) :rder #or support @ A 64rt ma28 n appli6atin8 rder a persn t pr#idepprt fr /is r /er dependants and determine t/e am4nt f s4pprt

??,'. GDeterminatin f am4nt fr s4pprt f parents8 sp4sedetermining te amount and duration$ i# any$ o# support #or a spouse or parent in relation to

need$ te court sall consider all te circumstances o# te parties$ including$

) te dependant3s and respondent3s 64rrent assets and means (b) te assets and meanstat te dependant and respondent are liel2 t /a#e in t/e f4t4re (c) tedependantHs 6apa6it2 to contribute to is or er own support (d) te respondent3scapacity to provide support (e) t/e dependantHs and respndentHs a"e andpysical and mental ealt (#) t/e dependantHs needs8 in determining wic tecourt sall ave regard to te accustomed standard o# living wile te parties residedtogeter

) te measures available #or te dependant to become able to provide #or is or er own

support and te lengt o# time and cost involved to enable te dependant to ta*etose measures

) any legal obligation o# te respondent or dependant to provide support #or anoter person

te desirability o# te dependant or respondent remaining at ome to care #or a cild

a 6ntri54tin by te dependant to te realiBation o# te respondent3s career potential

m) any oter legal rigt o# te dependant to support$ oter tan out o# public money=

ra"ulin

ra"ulin aughter%ere% to

a su""ort Da%)

F' $ather applie! for support fro" !aughter un!er $; s32 an! recently une"ploye!% 'he co/owne!house with "other sister pai! rent% 'he was (ana!a Post wor#er% 'he won lottery live! "o!estly !i!not wish to support father Rati: S -2' Parent must ave cared #or :8 provided support (conunctive test) Act

includes no de#ence o# #ault or misconduct in award o# parental support$nor does it consider nature and "uality o# current relationsip bt/w parent@cild=

Application+ $ather provi!e! support for fa"ily when was a chil! w.in "eaning of s 32% . Kntitle"entbase! on nee! not to i"prove stan!ar! of living%5el' to pay support to father after bu!get is calculate! an! non/necessities !e!ucte!%

@,rpa#

,mmigrant moter sougt interim support #rom son= App dismissed= Moter neverprimary caregiver did not 4le any evidence as to support entitlementunder sponsorsip agreement=

114 | P a g e



$/ildren and Famil2 Dissl4tin

T/e stat4tr2 framewr

DA Married sp4ses w/ initiate a di#r6e a6tin ,wit/ 6rllar2 relief p4rs4antt t/e ivor#e A#t . and

LRA 6/a5itin" 64ples w/ separate ,and married 64ples w/ d nt initiatedi#r6e.8 w/se iss4es a54t 64std28 a66ess and 6/ild s4pprt aredetermined p4rs4ant t pr#in6ial le"islatin<

ederal Lurisdiction $ !AGeneral authorit, s< &,&.

Mont custo% (%screton) s= 1.(<) *he court ma ma#e an or%er un%er ths secton grantncusto% o+ or access to+ an or a$$ ch$%ren o the marrage to an one or more

"ersons@

Ma/i+u+ #onta#t (%&rien$l, parent') s< &,1?)the court sha$$ gve eect to the "rncthat a ch$% o the marrage shou$% have as much contact <th each s"ouse as sconsstent <th the best nterests o the ch$% an%+ or that "ur"ose+ sha$$ ta#e ntocons%eraton the <$$ngness o the "erson or <hom custo% s sought to ac$tatsuch contact@ (not abso$ute an% a$<as subJect to B.!+ Por%on)

.er+s an$ #on$itions s< &,. *he court ma ma#e an or%er un%er ths secton or a%ente or n%ente "ero% or unt$ the ha""enng o a s"ece% event an% mam"ose such other terms+ con%tons or restrctons n connecton there<th as tthn#s t an% Just@

Chan"e o& resi$en#e (7) Wthout $mtng the genera$t o subsecton (6)+ the court manc$u%e n an or%er un%er ths secton a term re?urng an "erson <ho has custo%o a ch$% o the marrage an% <ho nten%s to change the "$ace o res%ence o thach$% to not+ at $east thrt %as beore the change or <thn such other "ero%beore the change as the court ma s"ec+ an "erson <ho s grante% access tothat ch$% o the change+ the tme at <hch the change <$$ be ma%e an% the ne<

"$ace o res%ence o the ch$%@

=a#tors (C*no $etails) s 16(8) court sha$$ ta#e nto cons%eraton on$ the best ntereso the ch$% o the marrage as %etermne% b reerence to the con%ton+ means+nee%s an% other crcumstances o the ch$%@

Con$u#t s 16(5 ) .n ma#ng an or%er un%er ths secton+ the court sha$$ not ta#e ntocons%eraton the "ast con%uct o an "erson un$ess the con%uct s re$evant to the

ab$t o that "erson to act as a "arent o a ch$%@

ariation S 17(1)

115 | P a g e



Ontari le"islatin: $/ildren1s Law Refrm A6t8 sle r 9int 64std2 arran"ementss= 2?(1) O"uality o# parents te #ater and te moter o# a cild are e)ually entitle! to custo!y of thechil!s= 2?(2)Custodial rigts and duties person entitle! to custo!y of has parental rights of a chil! an! "uste<ercise those rights an! responsibilities in B&(s= 2?(-) Loint rigts and duties here "ore than one person is entitle! to custo !y of a chil! any one ofhe" "ay e<ercise the rights an! accept the responsibilities of a parent on behalf of the" in respect of the chil!s= 2?(<) Assumed custodial rigts here the parents of a chil! live separate an! apart an! the chil! lives

with one of the" with the consent i"plie! consent or ac)uiescence of the other of the" the right of the other toe<ercise the entitle"ent of custo!y an! the inci!ents of custo!y but not the entitle"ent to access is suspen!e! until

a separation agree"ent or or!er otherwise provi!ess= 2?(5) Access Lhe entitle"ent to access to a chil! inclu!es the right to visit with an! be visite! by the chil! an!he sa"e right as a parent to "a#e in)uiries an! to be given infor"ation as to the health e!ucation an! welfare ofhe chil!s= 2?(7) Contracting out / ny entitle"ent to custo!y or access or inci!ents of custo!y un!er this section issub*ect to alteration by an or!er of the court or by separation agree"entpplications an! *uris!ictionC8A $ s 21$ s 2<(2)@(<) Access claims by IPs or oters K care plan$ criminal cec*$ aGdavitper"its custo!y .access clai"s by persons other than parents but app re)uires sub"ission of an affi!avit inclpropose! plan for chil!@s care an! upbringing? info about perosns@s current or prev involve"ent in fa" procee!ingsncl any relate! to chil! protection an! to sub"it to police an! (' recor! chec#sS *&,*.Fa6trs ,CI$.est interests o! chil (!actors to loo0 at)

T/e 64rt s/all 6nsider all t/e 6/ildHs needs and 6ir64mstan6es8 in6l4din"8(a) te love$ aection and emotional ties between te cild and$(i) eac person entitled to or claiming custody o# or access to te cild$(ii) oter members o# te cild3s #amily wo reside wit te cild$ and(iii) persons involved in te cild3s care and upbringing(b) te cild3s views and pre#erences$ i# tey can reasonably be ascertained(c) te lengt o# time te cild as lived in a stable ome environment(d) te ability and willingness o# eac person applying #or custody o# te cild to provide te

cild wit guidance and education$ te necessaries o# li#e and any special needs o#te cild

(e) te plan proposed by eac person applying #or custody o# or access to te cild #or tecild3s care and upbringing

(#) te permanence and stability o# te #amily unit wit wic it is proposed tat te cild willlive

(g) te ability o# eac person applying #or custody o# or access to te cild to act as a parentand

() te relationsip by blood or troug an adoption order between te cild and eacperson wo is a party to te application

s= 2<(-) and (<)Past conduct persons past con!uct shall be consiere only,

=a> in accor!ance with subsection =4>? or =b> if the court is satisfie! that the con!uct is otherwise relevant to the persons ability to act as a parent%S 2<(<)Wiolence and abuse=4> &n assessing a persons ability to act as a parent the court shall consi!er whether the person has at any ti"eco""itte! violence or abuse against=a> his or her spouse?=b> a parent of the chil! to who" the application relates?

=c> a "e"ber of the persons househol!? or =!> any chil!%

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2pes f $4std2 Arran"ements

*+,*. $4stdial parent ' legal aut to decide about cild re ealt$ education andwel#are usually$ coice o# religion

*+,@. A66ess persn' rigt to spend time w cild$ receive in#o about cilds sitsually in accordance wit terms o# order or sep agreementint custody' +ot parents ave legal aut to ma*e decisions #or cildren re ealt$

education$wel#are$ religion

/2si6al 64std2 and 6are"i#in" respnsi5ilities May be negotiated $ and reecta range o# responsibilities arentin" plans: ICIDarallel parentin" ,ncl detailed parenting plans > aut #or parent wit pysical

custody to ma*e decisions about cild during te time tat cild is in tatparents care order may be re"uired#or parents to cooperate

T/e Le"al Prin6iple: T/e “Cest Interests f t/e $/ild”!arson v Watts 1998 ; An appra6/ a54t w/at de6isin will res4lt in t/eleast /arm #s< t/e CI$Q t2pi6al anal2sis8 mt/er was a664sed f dr4" 4se8al6/l a54se8 fat/er1s 6laim ; s/e messed 4p ne 6/ild ,n e7pert e#iden6ere34ired8 witness 6redi5ilit2.

cts $ather applie! to custo!y to son% ,other oppose! application or alternatively *oint custo!y provi!e! hehas !aily care an! control of chil! with ? liberal an! gen access for "u"

eason: believes ,rs% @s testi"ony that ,r% ( was controlling =particularly in financial "atters> =!i! not nee! e<pertvi!ence to assess integrity of her !e"eanour or that ,r ( was e"otionally abusive >: re*ects counsel@ s re)uest to ta#e her !eliberate an! thoughtful !e"eanour as atte"pt to !eceive crtr ( a very controlling in! points to her !rin#ing an! one ti"e !rug use an! inability to raise ol!er sonocial wor#er !i! not testify that ,rs was an inept parent

eld: 9ot in +, o# ;eague to grant sole or oint custody to Mr C$ subected to li#e w/controlling rigid ind$ sole custody to mum$ wo will ensure and #acilitate access(#riendly parent)$ not con4dent Mr C would do same w/ attacing strings toperpetuate emo abuse se as endured

Assessin" 5est interests in trial 64rt

• (ai$er v Mala#h 1555 Sas@ CA;erron v ;erron) Appeal courts will notintervene in relation to custody and access decisions unless tere is an error inprinciple or a clear or #actual error in a matter o# signi4cance (75%) reasoning o# evidence in relation to #actors used to identi#y cilds best interests

• Gere+ia v ar 2008N Crt may ma*e an order to preclude eiter parent #romcommencing #urter legal proceedings w/o leave o# crt b/c its in te +,C weresatis4ed tat a person as persistently and witout reasonable groundsHinstitutes ve0atious proceedings in any court under s 1<?(1) o# Courts o# LusticeAct = ;ey separated in 2??1= At time o# divorce order 2??2$ crt awarded

custody to moter= 2??2@= di udges made at least 2< orders$ Q o# contemptorders=@

• Convention on 4i"ht o& Chil$ - Art 3 @+,C sall be a primary consideration inall actions concerning cildren$ considered in +a*er scope #or cange wenused as an interpretive guideN (still indeterminate)

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CI E Identit2: Si" f Ra6ean $e ;erre v <$war$s K wic parent will #oster understanding o# cild3s

eritage #rom bot parents is a relevant consideration in determiningcustodial parent

cts wo"an has a long affair with a bas#etball player fro" the I' an! they have a chil!% Lhey in so"ewhat of a cohabiting relationship% ,other applies or a custo!y or!er?

ati 8ace is not a critical #actor in custody and access cases$ and importance o# tis #actor will dependgreatly on many #actual considerations$ determined w/discretion on a case@by@case

basis incl$ parental ability to #oster racial identity pride$ need to develop a means todeal w racism and need to develop a positive racial identity

eason ( shoul! not intervene absent a "aterial error L: foun! overarching nee! for chil! to be in a stable an! lovingenv which outweighe! neg fin!ings against factor of race which was not !eter"inative "in weight place!on it by parties reflecte! by L:@s li"ite! fin!ings%

el! ( reverse! custo!y to "u" access to !a! ? ( !i! not apply the correct stan! or review shoul! not haveintervene!

ote =ace an% B. custo% cases !ourts are attentve as to <hch "arent <$$ ensure ch$%Fscontnung contact <th raca$'e% hertage (=&ren#hCa+a v Spar@s)

CI E Identit2: Si" f Reli"inK$4lt4re Lius v Lius 9 A court may accord weigt to a parenting plan tat is supported

by e0pert evidence$ moter submitted e0pert evidence in case tat courtaccepted re' issues o# religion

cts 'pouses were "arrie! in a :ewish cere"ony an! agree! to raise their chil!ren in :ewish religion% $ather fullysupporte! chil!ren@s :ewish faith%$a" also celebrate! (hristian holi!ays for paternal gran!"a Parentsseparate!% ,u" wante! to "ove to Lhornhill to foster : i!entity in :ewish co""unity an! father preferre!I<bri!ge only school they atten!e! $ i""ersion

easo ,ssue to address is despite #aters eorts and intentions$ weter Lewis identity o# cildren canbe better #ostered in present scool or at a scool in ;ornill= ;o success#ully raisete cildren in Lewis and as cultural Lews someting more tan strong #am values areneeded= Walue is enanced especially as cildren get older not only by #amily but also#rom peers and wider comm=

,other@s plan is the one that woul! suit the B&(% $ather@s plan for their care is a goo! plan but law re)uires "eto !eter"ine best plan% Parties re)uire! to renegotiate access an! care %

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Cest Interests E A66ess: A $/ild1s Ri"/t

Parental a66ess is determined 52 appli6atin f CI$ test N pres4mpti#eentitlement t a66ess A66ess ma2 5e wit//eld if fa6ts dis6lseappre/ensin f /arm t 6/ild

rai" v Ant one158

7Ont ;rov Ct (78*E)*#aterre#usedacce

ss

9o statutory presumption o# entitlement to parental access #or non@custodialparent e0ists were onus #alls on oter parent resisting access to rebut tatpresumption= !etermination o# parental access made on basis o# +,C (Courtsconsider conduct o# applicant towards custodial parent cild@access parent

relationsip$ general li#estyle in relation to cild)Lo i"pose father@s presence on chil! in any way woul! be co"pletely contrary to B&( ? chil! wasthrown asi!e by a co""it"ent to an aberrant lifestyle has behave! opportunistically an! callouslytowar!s wo"an? evi!ence is that he threatene! to #i!nap chil! only to cause e"otional har" toapplicant? no *ustification for father having even supervise! access =though so"ewhat unusual whene<isting rights suspen!e!.ter"inate!>

enial.uspension ofccess

Access is o#ten suspended or denied o# deemed contrary to +,C o# cild (S v S-Gor"i#hu@)

$ather was !enie! access where chil! !i! not wish to see hi" after he acte! i"properly (&orgichu'$# *+++) $ather !enie! fro" pursuing further suits to co"pel access to his chil!ren borne of an incestuousrelationship w !aughter ( *++ $$#)

std2 a66ess 6laims 52 nn parents DA8 ss &,*.,?.

rnin@ v Arnin@ 1555 Irandparents were appropriate parties #or purposes o# custody andccess claims in divorce proceedings between spouses

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e"alF p$ at e -G

; a##ess t o

CL4 A

-ran!parent access =bill !ie! !ue to election> bill was intro!uce! in the Fntario legislature to a"en! the $LR# with respect to gran!parent access+ seeBill 67 =secon! rea!ing 31 ,ay 2012>% 'ee also a criti)ue of gran!parents MrightsC to access =reflectingthat "ost parents per"it access to relatives who respect boun!aries>

6esseli"in

a#hor v Le#h+ann a#hor (2001 ACA)Custodial parents aut as sole andprimary responsibility to oversee all aspects o# a cilds daily li#e and longterm well being and is not subect to access

oun" v oun" SCC: test #or determining i# access parent can sare religion witcild is +,C

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A66ess and rel6atin f t/e 64stdial parent: le"al prin6iples and 94di6ialinterpretatin

arter Custodial parent did not ave an inerent rigt to move= Oac parent bearsanevidential burden to sow move is in +,C= Moter was not permitted to move #rom :9to +C=Interests o! cust parent oul be "i$en reasonable amt o! respect ,other was restraine! fro" "ovingfro" F to B( b.c it was that living in pro<i"ity to access parent w.in B&(

a#G, Cts must ave de#erence to custodial parents decision to relocate absent e0ceptionalcircumstances li*e bad #ait or unreasonableness (relationsip w custodial parentmore important tat w non custodial parent courts sould ac*nowledge +,C > custparents interests ine0tricably lin*ed)

"other wishe! to "ove with parties@ chil! to be w. fiancN an! father applie! for *oint custo!y or!er whichwoul! restrict "ove?

or$on Moter wanted to move to Australia to pursue educational goals$ wile access #aterremained in SD

Principles applicable to relocation by custodial parents in circumstances wererelocation may aect access parents contact w cild pursuant to s 17 o#!ivorce Act

Appra6/: tresold re"uirement o# a material cange in circumstances udge mustembar* on #res in"uiry #ocus is +,C involved$ not rigts/interests o# parents$

no presumption #or cust parenta udge sould consider' ,a. e0isting custody relationsip > cust parent@cild

relationsip (b) e0isting access arrangement and access parent@cildrelationsip (c) desirability o# ma0imiBed contact bt/w cild > bot parents(d) views o# te cild ,e. cust parentsreasons #or moving only i# relevant tocust parents ability to meet cilds needs (#) disruption to te cild o# acange in custody (g) disruption to cild conse"uent on removal #rom #am=scools and community

easonin"+ ,ove to ustralia "et "aterial change re)? an! woul! li"it parent access contact but overallcust shoul! be continue! w . "other? father coul! e<ercise access in (ana!a an! ustraliaConcurrin" easons+ <57 isa"ree courts stance on cust parentKs ri"hts% ny restriction on rights

of custo!ial parents shoul! be e<ception not rule an! shoul! not be inferre! fro" gen.specific access provsan! specific stips "ust have been inclu!e! in court@s or!er?

rtua$ =N200 ONSC moter was allowed to move to Cali but #ater was entitled toe0ercise access troug unlimited telepone$ email webcam and postcommunication R all reasonable ours/ Mum was ordered to purcasenecessary e"uipment and supply it to te #ater

Le"al Fp$ate: ;erron v ;erron 9 consider imposing custody order w conditionswen cildren3s language o# education is engaged

cts $ather appeale! custo!y or!er granting hi" access to 3 chil!ren e wante! chil!ren to atten! $ school? atti"e of appeal chil!ren were in $ i""ersion school %

eason U44V &n a linguistic "inority environ"ent ho"ogeneous $rench/language schools are generally preferable to$rench i""ersion progra"s for ensuring that both languages na"ely $rench an! Knglish are "aintaine! atthe highest level an! ensuring stu!ents "aintain cultural an! linguistic lin#s %

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Pr6esses fr De6isin Main" and Le"al Arran"ements

?+ $LRA G a4t/ 64rt t rder a parentin" assessmentriteria ,&. nt t 5e rdered in e#er2 6ase8 will nt de6ide w/at is in CI$8 6rts d ,*.4tine rder if assessments is dis64ra"ed a5sent 6lini6al iss4es8 ,?. rle fssessr is nt mediate 5tKw parties

!earin" 6/ildrenHs #i6es in 64std2 and a66ess de6isins• Lhrough an assessor or another "ental health professional who ha! been in contact with the chil!

• Lhrough the parties an! their witnesses who coul! provi!e hearsay evi!ence of a chil!@s state"ents outsi!e the

court• by "eans of a *u!ge@s interview with a chil! outsi!e the courtroo"

• by having a chil! provi!e !irect evi!ence to the court has part of the procee!ing

• ;ast two "ost often use! in cases of teenagers

• ssess"ent usually e"ploye! when chil! is young

• Lhe Fffice of the (hil!rens ;awyer / the courts can re)uest that F(; co""it to an un!erta#ing of an assess"entof the chil!@s wishes

O$L :tat

A4t/

!ourts o Mustce Act+ pr#ides fr O$L t assist 64rt: ,S (',?<&. crt may order :C to provide legal representation #or a cild (tend to be limited)

and ,*.8 S &&* :C may underta*e an investigation$ report and ma*e recommendations

in a custody and access proceeding (!A or C8A) !3 has %screton n <hether to res"on% to a re?uest<hen courts or%er !3 assstance+ crt must regar% $mts o resources + an% s

"ermtte% to ma#e a re?uest

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JS/arin" $4std2 and 6areJ : =int $4std28 Parentin" Plans8Parallel Parentin"

+a*er v +a*er ' A realisti6 and pra6ti6al appra6/ was re34ired in resl4tin f4std2 liti"atin and 9int 64std2 s/4ld 5e rdered nl2 in e76eptinalir64mstan6es w/i6/ are rarel2 if e#er present in 6ases f disp4ted 64std2ruger (Dss+ W$son MA) A$t ve<: Court shoul$ or$er oint #usto$, #ir#u+stan#es

where it is in the est interests o& the #hil$ren short an$ lon" ter+ shoul$ assess pre&eral, w pro& assistan#e- ailit, o& parents to #o*operatin" in

uprin"in" f t/eir 6/ildren in li"/t f t/at assessment and t 6/seran"e f ptins frm it , ften referred t w/en main" =$ rder.

Mst $4std2 and A66ess disp4tes are liti"ated in relatin t de6isin main"4t/

9int 64std2 ; parents s/are a4t/ t mae de6isins a54t a 6/ild inrelatin t /ealt/8 ed46atin8 welfare in6l reli"in 9int p/2si6al64std2 ; 6/ild spends e34al am4nts f time in 6are f ea6/ parent8pssi5le t als /a#e 9int le"al 64std2 OR ne parent t /a#e le"al64std2 and t/er /a#e a66ess

aplanis v aplanis 200EL: "a!e or!er that counsellor is a 3P arbitrator where parents can@t "a#e !ecisions? or!ere! counselling

=father was unrepresente!>Facts+ 'pouses "arrie! in 98 !aughter in 2001 tu"ultuous "arriage father left after uttering !eath threat to"other? "other gave affi!avit that was not violent% ,other wante! sole not *oint custo!y b.c they coul! notco""unicate w.o screa"ing at each other% o e<pert evi!ence of chil!@s nee!sRati: $ourt must determine courts must assess ability o# parties to communicate to

determine weter to ma*e a oint order #or custody Loint custody is notappropriate i# parties were unable to communicate/co@operate eectively= ;erewas evidence ere to te contrary= (;L assumed comm would improve)

$A !eld: allowed appeal= 9ew trial ordered= Ovidence #ound did not address bonds bt/wcild and eac parent and ability to parent er$ #aters caring plans > bene4ts o#suc arrangements ;L erred in order #or oint custody and counselling bt/w parties$not spec aut by leg

Parallel parentin" rders ; 6riti6s septi6al f its 4tilit2 94d"es remainent/4siasti68 allws fr 5alan6in"Q

nvolves det arrangements #or decision ma*ing by parent in re' to te cild most importantto tat parent on an ongoing basis ordered by many courts to avoid ongoinglitigation in ig conict parental disputes post dissolution$ bot parents avee"ual status but e0ercise rigts > responsibilities associated wit custodyindependently o# one anoter

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$/ild S4pprt: “P45li6” and “Pri#ate” Respnsi5ilities G $nte7tSMMA8U : S;OPS o# A9AUS,S

• Initiate appli6atin 4nder S ??,&. FLA r s &@<&,&. dependin" n w/et/erappli6atin part r di#r6e pr6eedin"

• -ntitlement ; Determine w/et/er 6/ild falls wKin stat4tr2 meanin" 4nderDA r FLA

• O5li"atin ; Determine w/et/er parent falls wit/in stat4tr2 meanin"4nder DA r FLA ,demnstrated settled intentin G s6ial parent. E $LRA,5il"i6al parent r pres4mpti#e paternit2.

• Determine 4ant4m and D4ratin 52 Referen6e t $Ss

Paras #Paras&'>+Ont$A

$S s/4ld 5e set at a le#el t/at w4ld maintain t/e 6/ild at,&.t/e pre;di#r6e standard f li#in" ,*.and t/at t/e 6sts f a6/ie#in" t/at standards s/4ld 5e apprtined 5tKwparents in prprtin t t/eir respe6ti#e in6mes

=aspirational principle>create! concerns about fairness an! consistency

tep orlendedams

6reated after t/e deat/ f a sp4se8 after t/e dissl4tin f marria"e r6/a5itin" relatins/ip8 a fam wit/ at least & 6/ild frm a pre#relatins/ip f M r F r 5t/8 & 6reated in 64rrent relatins/ip

stepparents /a#e 5een rdered t pa2 $S fllwin" ln"standin"relatins/ips

Determinin" w/et/er a respndent is a parent fr $S p4rpses8Parent E $/ild Defs

s< ,*.&:DA

“ 6/ild f t/e marria"e” ; 6/ild tw sp4ses r frmer sp4ses w/8at t/e material time8

,a. is 4nder t/e a"e f ma9rit2 and w/ /as nt wit/drawn frm t/eir6/ar"e8 r,5. is t/e a"e f ma9rit2 r #er E4nder t/eir 6/ar"e 54t 4na5le8 52 reasnf illness8 disa5ilit2 r t/er 6a4se ,in6l pst;se6ndar2 ed46atin.8 t

wit/draw frm t/eir 6/ar"e r t 5tain ne6essaries f life

s *,*.,S6ialpar

ents.

,*. Fr t/e p4rpses f t/e de0nitin “cild o# te marriage6 in s45se6tin ,&.8a 6/ild f tw sp4ses r frmer sp4ses in6l4des ,Pla6e f parent test$/artier.,a. an2 6/ild fr w/m t/e2 5t/ stand in t/e pla6e f parents and,5. an2 6/ild f w/m ne is t/e parent and fr w/m t/e t/er stands int/e pla6e f a parent<

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FLA 8s &8 *' De0nitins:8 parent8 dependant8 sp4seS 1parent6 in6l4des a persn w/ /as demnstrated a settled intentin t treat a6/ild as a 6/ild f /is r /er famil28 e76ept 4nder an arran"ement w/ere t/e 6/ildis pla6ed fr #al4a5le 6nsideratin in a fster /me 52 a persn /a#in" lawf4l64std2S 2% dependant” means a persn t w/m ant/er /as an 5li"atin t pr#ides4pprt 4nder t/is PartS 2% spouse6 means a sp4se as de0ned in s45se6tin & ,&.8 and in additinin6l4des eit/er f tw persns w/ are nt married t ea6/ t/er and /a#e

6/a5ited8,a. 6ntin44sl2 fr a perid f nt less t/an t/ree 2ears8 r,5. in a relatins/ip f sme permanen6e8 if t/e2 are t/e nat4ral r adpti#eparents f a 6/ild

FLA s ?+ O5li"atin f sp4ses fr s4pprt-#er2 sp4se /as an 5li"atin t pr#ide s4pprt fr /imself r /erself and frt/e t/er sp4se8 in a66rdan6e wit/ need8 t t/e e7tent t/at /e r s/e is 6apa5lef din" s

FLA s ?&8 O5li"atin f parent t s4pprt 6/ild?&< ,&. -#er2 parent /as an 5li"atin t pr#ide s4pprt fr /is r /er 4nmarrie6/ild w/ is a minr r is enrlled in a f4ll time pr"ram f ed46atin8 t t/ee7tent t/at t/e parent is 6apa5le f din" s

(2. eliminates parental 5li"atin t s4pprt a 6/ild & w/ /as wit/drawn frmparental 6ntrl

FLA8 s ?? Order fr s4pprtA court may$ on application$ order a person to provide support #or is or er dependants an

determine te amount o# support<

$LRA s &,&. E &,*8 ,.8 s (S 1(1) 8ule o# Parentage S459e6t t s45 ,*.8 fr all p4rpses f t/e law f ON apersn is t/e 6/ild f /is r /er nat4ral parents and /is r /er stat4s as t/eir 6/ilis independent f w/et/er t/e 6/ild is 5rn wit/in r 4tside marria"e<

S 1(2]) O0ception #or adopted cildren W/ere an adptin rder /as 5een made8se6tin s &@(K' f $FSA f applies and t/e 6/ild is t/e 6/ild f t/e adptin"

parents as if t/e2 were t/e nat4ral parents<S 1(<)Common law distinction o# legitimacy abolised ; An2 distin6tin at 6mmn law5etween t/e stat4s f 6/ildren 5rn in wedl6 and 5rn 4t f wedl6 isa5lis/ed and t/e relatins/ip f parent and 6/ild and indred relatins/ipswin" t/erefrm s/all 5e determined fr t/e p4rpses f t/e 6mmn law ina66rdan6e wit/ t/is se6tin

S (1) Presumptions o# paternity @ nless te contrary is proven on +:P$ tere is apresumption tat a male person is$ and e sall be recogniBed in law to be$ te #ater o# acild in any one o# te #ollowing circumstances'&< T/e persn is married t t/e mt/er f t/e 6/ild at t/e time f t/e 5irt/ f t/e6/ild<

*< T/e persn was married t t/e mt/er f t/e 6/ild 52 a marria"e t/at wasterminated 52 deat/ r 94d"ment f n4llit2 wit/in ?++ da2s 5efre t/e 5irt/ f t/e

6/ild r 52 di#r6e w/ere t/e de6ree nisi was "ranted wit/in ?++ da2s 5efre t/e5irt/ f t/e 6/ild<?< T/e persn marries t/e mt/er f t/e 6/ild after t/e 5irt/ f t/e 6/ild anda6nwled"es t/at /e is t/e nat4ral fat/er<< T/e persn was 6/a5itin" wit/ t/e mt/er f t/e 6/ild in a relatins/ip fsme permanen6e at t/e time f t/e 5irt/ f t/e 6/ild r t/e 6/ild is 5rn wit/in?++ da2s after t/e2 6eased t 6/a5it<

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@< T/e persn /as 6erti0ed t/e 6/ildHs 5irt/8 as t/e 6/ildHs fat/er8 4nder t/e ital

Statisti#s A#t r a similar A6t in ant/er 94risdi6tin in $anada<< T/e persn /as 5een f4nd r re6"nied in /is lifetime 52 a 64rt f 6mpeten

94risdi6tin in $anada t 5e t/e fat/er f t/e 6/ild<

Impa6tf dmBs

Bs entered int 52 parents s/4ld nt pre6l4de s45se34ent appli6atinsfr $S8 at least in re: t 6/ildren attendin" pst;se6ndar2 ed46atinalinstit4tins $4rt ma2 nt 4p/ld a dm B pr# in relatin t a matter

ae6tin" a 6/ild if nt in CI$ , Mane Doe> -%e> 3astman),$e v De6isin' ;e crt granted support on te basis tat te cild was entitled to

support pursuant to s-1(1)= Stating te A was rooted in dependency$te court eld tat te cilds rigt to support sould not be aected byte #act tat parent did not e0ercise access $nor #rom any arrangemententered into by er parents tat compromised er rigt to support

,other of the chil! wants father to pay lu"p su"p of chil! support an! they !o not re/establish arelationship% !ult "a#es chil! "a#es an application for support b.c they are pursuing post secon!arye!ucation%

Louis v !: Appeal dismissed= Ad4lt 6/ildren nt entitled t retra6ti#e $S 5K6 nt/e "r4nds t/at R dd /a#e a FD t ens4re t/e 34alit2 f life f/is ad4lt 5il"i6al 6/ildren<

' Adult cildren bring an application #or retroactive cild support b/c tey did nave bene4t o# bio #aters wealt wile growing up= Moter ad arelationsip #or several years wit bio #ater wo was married > ad twoter boys= Moter signed agreement releasing astman #rom allobligations #or payment= Applicant male cildren argued tat tere was! on part o# bio #ater to ensure teir teir "uality o# li#e= ;C deniedclaim=

,# application ad been brougt be#ore boys came age o# maority$ app may avsucceeded

;arson

(1556)

Tuality o# PC relationsip is one o# many #actors$ not determinative in a 2(1)determination o# weter respondent is a parent

!eld: !augter was a Jcild o# te marriageJ pursuant to s 2(1) o# te !A$ 1%

and tat se ad not disentitled to ersel# #rom assistance= wasordered to pay CS to wi#e o# X<?? #or 1 year #or 2< yr old daugter$ woad no ongoing relationsip wit er #ater=

ote+ crt a!vise! father that he coul! apply for review of the support after 1 year if no P( relationshipha! been establishe! by that ti"e

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Parent;$/ild Relatins/ips: JStandin" in t/e Pla6e f ParentJ rJSettled IntentJ Parents

!harterv!harter1999 1S!= 242

A s6ial parent w/ Jstands in pla6e f parent 4nder s *,*. f DA will /a#e$S 5li"atins8 6annt terminate P$R w/en t/e intimate relatins/ip wit/6/ild1s 5i parent ended<

Mst 94d"es a66ept t/at it it is apprpriate t interpret t/e DA and FLAF+ Parties were "arrie! for 1 year ha! one bio chil!% ha! a chil! fro" a prev relationship for who" stoo! Ein place of a parentE pursuant to s 2=2> of % hen "arriage en!e! applie! for supportboth chil!ren

• Rati: (9ote= Dey tat person stepparent #orms a new #amily is *ey #actor indrawing in#erence) Feter a person stands in te place o# a parent is a #acts@based$ obective determination made by loo*ing to relevant #actors tat de4ne PCrelationsip$ among wic is intention$ e0press or implied$ include but not limitedto

• weter te cild participates in te e0tended #amily in te same way as would abio cild

• weter te person provides 4nancially #or te cild (depends upon ability to pay)

• weter te person disciplines te cild as a parent

• weter te person represents to te cild$ te #amily= te world eiter e0plicitlyor implicitly tat te or se is responsible as a parent to te cild

•

te nature or e0istence o# te cilds relationsip w te absent bioparent Par%ner

64rt less liel2 t impse $S 5li"atins n s4pprt parent fr 6/ild wdisa5ilit2 ,if 5i parent is in#l#ed8 t/e respndent is nt a primar26are"i#er8 /ere t/e 6/ildren /ad a nann2.

! applied fr de6laratin t/at W std in l6 parentis t * sns ,ne /ad6ere5ral pals28 t/er /ad 5e/a#i4ral pr5lems. frm pre# relatins/ip&eld: W was nt l6 parentis 4nder s *,*. 5K6 s/e w4ld t/en 6arr2s4pprt 5li"atins fr rest f & 6/ild1s nat4ral life

Hon#man v Beau$eu HB!A (cohabtng s"ouses)N el$- In l6 parentis is t/e samep/rased 4sed 52 DA8 t/erefre $/arter prin6iples appl2 t determinatin fw/et/er respndent is in l6 parentis< $rt will nt se#er P$R w/ere it is

6ntrar2 t CI$ in 34estinFacts+ Parties cohabite! for 4 yrs% Lhey ha! 1 chil! together an! "other ha! 3 other chil!ren one who" of wasfocus of this case% (hil! calle! a! an! not connecte! to bio father %5el' stoo! in place of a parent an! thus ha! (' obligations to 4 yr ol! chil!%

!heng v !heng !AN FLA des nt e76l4de PS as persns w/ mi"/t 5erespnsi5le fr s4pprt f 6/ildren8 ass4min" t/e2 are si"ni06antl2 in#l#ed w6/ildren8 and ma2 5e 9ined t app fr $S s4pprt$acts / -ran!parents were *oine! the chil! support procee!ing b.c they ha! contribute! )uite heavily to supportingthe chil!ren was the relationship was intact% F( allowe! appeal%

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$LRA ; ss< 8 @8 (8 and s< &+8 Maternit2 and Paternit2 De6laratins

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PART II -STACLIS!M-NT OF PAR-NTA-S - @ Court under ss= < to 7 T/e 64rt /a#in" 94risdi6tin fr t/e p4rpses f se6tins t > is8,a. t/e Famil2 $4rt8 in t/e areas w/ere it /as 94risdi6tin 4nder s45se6tin *&<&

,. f t/e Courts o& usti#e A#t ,5. t/e S4perir $4rt f =4sti6e8 in t/e rest fOntari<

S ,&. K Paternity and maternity declarations An2 persn /a#in" an interest ma2appl2 t a 64rt fr a de6laratin t/at a male persn is re6"nied in law t 5e t/e

fat/er f a 6/ild r t/at a female persn is t/e mt/er f a 6/ild< ,Nte AA CC $$ GPP ma2 5e in#ed t de6lare a persn a *nd mt/er.

S <(2) !eclaration o# paternity recogniBed at law @ W/ere t/e 64rt 0nds t/at apres4mptin f paternit2 e7ists 4nder se6tin ( and 4nless it is esta5lis/ed8 nt/e 5alan6e f pr5a5ilities8 t/at t/e pres4med fat/er is nt t/e fat/er f t/e6/ild8 t/e 64rt s/all mae a de6laratr2 rder 6n0rmin" t/at t/e paternit2 isre6"nied in law<

S <(-)!eclaration o# maternity ; W/ere t/e 64rt 0nds n t/e 5alan6e f pr5a5ilitiest/at t/e relatins/ip f mt/er and 6/ild /as 5een esta5lis/ed8 t/e 64rt ma2mae a de6laratr2 rder t t/at ee6t

S <(<) ,dem @ S459e6t t SS ;>8 an rder made 4nder t/is se6t s/all 5e re6"niedfr all p4rpses<

S 5(1) Application #or declaration o# paternity were no presumption W/ere t/ere is npersn re6"nied in law 4nder se6tin ( t 5e t/e fat/er f a 6/ild8 an2 persnma2 appl2 t t/e 64rt fr a de6laratin t/at a male persn is /is r /er fat/er8 ran2 male persn ma2 appl2 t t/e 64rt fr a de6laratin t/at a persn is /is6/ild<

S 5(2) imitation ; An appli6atin s/all nt 5e made 4nder s45se6tin ,&. 4nless5t/ t/e persns w/se relatins/ip is s4"/t t 5e esta5lis/ed are li#in"<

S 5(-) !eclaratory order ; W/ere t/e 64rt 0nds n t/e 5alan6e f pr5a5ilities t/att/e relatins/ip f fat/er and 6/ild /as 5een esta5lis/ed8 t/e 64rt ma2 mae ade6laratr2 rder t t/at ee6t and8 s459e6t t se6tins and >8 t/e rder s/all5e re6"nied fr all p4rpses<

s 1?(1) @ eave #or blood tests and !9A ; On t/e appli6atin f a part2 in a 6i#ilpr6eedin" in w/i6/ t/e 64rt is 6alled n t determine a 6/ildHs parenta"e8 t/e64rt ma2 "i#e t/e part2 lea#e t 5tain 5ld tests r DNA tests f t/e persnsw/ are named in t/e rder "rantin" lea#e and t s45mit t/e res4lts in e#iden6e<S 1?(<) ,n#erence #rom re#usal If a persn named in an rder 4nder s45se6tin ,&.ref4ses t s45mit t t/e 5ld test r DNA test8 t/e 64rt ma2 draw s46/inferen6es as it t/ins apprpriate

=e =han an% &nsonneau$t (19,9) =Fa6trs fr 6nsideratin in main" a s &+,&. determinatin

• Fere applicant and respondent married at time te cild or cildren were bornN

• !id parties coabit in a CM relationsip o# some duration wic time or sortly terea#tera cild was bornN

• did 8 admit se0ual intercourse wit applicant at or near time calculated to be point o#conception but now denies e is actual #ater o# cild but alleges anoter isN

• altoug tere was not a CM union$ did 8 admit to an e0tramarital relationsip w te

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applicant werein se0ual intercourse occurred #rom time to time tus ma*ing it possiblee is te putative #aterN

8as the applicant able, throu"h a!!ia$it an other e$ience to establish a 6F case o! putati$e !atherhoonotithstanin" enial o! as to !atherhoo an or e$er ha$in" se&ual intercourse applicant1 ,other applie! for a court for leave for bloo! test to !eter"ine parentage of her 22 "onth ol! chil! re)uire! to!o so to obtain entitle"ent to social assistance% ccusation arise! out of allege! e<perience of two hours bt.wparties who ha! no prev.subse)uent relationshipConclusion - it was not appropriate to "a#e an or!er for bloo! tests b.c the applicant@s evi!ence reveale! a 1night stan! J a "otel w the respon!ent al"ost 2 years earlier% an! b.c her application was file! only to "eet he

re)uire"ents of the welfare authorities% Lhere was a !uty not to infringe on personal rights of respon!ent thattru"pe! !uty to protect interests of the chil!ote+ (onstitutional challenges have been unsuccessful b.c respon!ents are not re)uire! to un!ergo bloo! test=P v P 1988>

$S and t/e $S 4idelines ; Stat4tr2 FramewrCS Gui$elines a$opt a +o$el usuall, $eter+inin" CS a+t , re&eren#e to pa,orRs in#o+e ? T o& #hil$ren

FLA8 P4rpse and determinatin f rder fr $S

S --(7) Purposes o# cild support ; $S s4pprt rder s/4ld8 ,a. re6"nie t/at ea6/parent /as an 5li"atin t pr#ide s4pprt fr t/e 6/ild ,5. apprtin t/e5li"atin a66rdin" t t/e 6/ild s4pprt "4idelines%

CS guidelines s --(11) to (15)(11) Application o# cild support guidelines @ A 64rt main" an rder fr t/e s4pprt f a 6/ild s/all d s in a66rdan6e w $S "4idelines

(12)O0ception' special provisions Despite s45se6tin ,&&.8 a 64rt ma2 award anam4nt t/at is dierent frm t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined in a66rdan6ew $S "4idelines if t/e 64rt is satis0ed8,a. t/at spe6ial pr#isins in an rder r a written a"reement respe6tin" t/e0nan6ial 5li"atins f t/e parents8 r t/e di#isin r transfer f t/eir prpert28dire6tl2 r indire6tl2 5ene0t a 6/ild8 r t/at spe6ial pr#isins /a#e t/erwise5een made fr t/e 5ene0t f a 6/ild and

,5. t/at t/e appli6atin f t/e 6/ild s4pprt "4idelines w4ld res4lt in an am4ntf 6/ild s4pprt t/at is ine34ita5le "i#en t/se spe6ial pr#isins<

(1-) 8easons W/ere t/e 64rt awards8 4nder s45se6tin ,&*.8 an am4nt t/at isdierent frm t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined in a66rdan6e wit/ t/e 6/ilds4pprt "4idelines8 t/e 64rt s/all re6rd its reasns fr din" s<

(1<) O0ception' consent ordersDespite s45se6tin ,&&.8 a 64rt ma2 award an am4nt t/at is dierent frm t/eam4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined in a66rdan6e wit/ t/e $S "4idelines n t/e6nsent f 5t/ parents if t/e 64rt is satis0ed t/at8

,a. reasna5le arran"ements /a#e 5een made fr t/e s4pprt f t/e 6/ild tw/m t/e rder relates and, 5. w/ere s4pprt fr t/e 6/ild is pa2a5le 4t f p45li6 mne28 t/e arran"ementsdo not pr#ide fr an am4nt less t/an t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined ina66rdan6e w $S "4idelines

(15) 8easonable arrangements (determining weter arrangements are reasonable)Fr t/e p4rpses f 6la4se ,&. ,a.8 in determinin" w/et/er reasna5learran"ements /a#e 5een made fr t/e s4pprt f a 6/ild8 t/e 64rts s/all

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,a. /a#e re"ard t t/e 6/ild s4pprt "4idelines E ,5. 64rt s/all nt 6nsider t/earran"ements t 5e 4nreasna5le slel2 5e6a4se t/e am4nt f s4pprt a"reedt is nt t/e same as t/e am4nt t/at w4ld t/erwise /a#e 5een determined ina66rdan6e w $S "4idelines

DA8 $S prin6iples8 s &@<&

S 11(1)(b) +ar to divorce K fail4re t satisf2 t/e 64rt t/at reasna5le arran"ements/a#e 5een made fr $S fr 6/ildren f t/e marria"e8 /a#in" re"ard t t/eappli6a5le "4ideliness= 15=1(1) CS order @ A 64rt f 6mpetent 94risdi6tin ma28 n appli6atin 52 eit/err 5t/ sp4ses8 mae an rder re34irin" a sp4se t pa2 fr t/e s4pprt f an2r all 6/ildren f t/e marria"e<

(2) ,nterim order ; W/ere an appli6atin is made 4nder s45se6tin ,&.8 t/e 64rt

ma28 n appli6atin 52 eit/er r 5t/ sp4ses8 mae an interim rder re34irin" asp4se t pa2 fr t/e s4pprt f an2 r all 6/ildren f t/e marria"e8 pendin" t/edeterminatin f t/e appli6atin 4nder s45se6tin ,&.<

(-) Iuidelines apply A 64rt main" an rder 4nder s45se6tin ,&. r an interimrder 4nder s45se6tin ,*. s/all d s in a66rdan6e wit/ t/e appli6a5le"4idelines<

(<) ;erms and conditions ; T/e 64rt ma2 mae an rder 4nder s45se6tin ,&. r aninterim rder 4nder s45se6tin ,*. fr a de0nite r inde0nite perid r 4ntil aspe6i0ed e#ent 664rs8 and ma2 impse terms8 6nditins r restri6tins in6nne6tin wit/ t/e rder r interim rder as it t/ins 0t and 94st<

(5) Court may ta*e agreement$ etc=$ into account @ NWS s45se6tin ,?.8 a 64rt ma2award an am4nt t/at is dierent frm t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined ina66rdan6e wit/ t/e appli6a5le "4idelines if t/e 64rt is satis0ed,a. tat special provisions in an rder8 a 94d"ment r a written a"reement respe6tin"t/e 0nan6ial 5li"atins f t/e sp4ses8 r t/e di#isin r transfer f t/eirprpert28 dire6tl2 r indire6tl2 5ene0t a 6/ild8 r t/at spe6ial pr#isins /a#et/erwise 5een made fr t/e 5ene0t f a 6/ild and,5. t/at t/e appli6atin f t/e appli6a5le "4idelines w4ld res4lt in an am4nt f6/ild s4pprt t/at is ine34ita5le "i#en t/se spe6ial pr#isins<

(.) 8easons @ W/ere t/e 64rt awards8 p4rs4ant t s45se6tin ,@.8 an am4nt t/atis dierent frm t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined in a66rdan6e wit/ t/eappli6a5le "4idelines8 t/e 64rt s/all re6rd its reasns fr /a#in" dne s<

Consent orders (7) NWS s45se6tin ,?.8 a 64rt ma2 award an am4nt t/at isdierent frm t/e am4nt t/at w4ld 5e determined in a66rdan6e wit/ t/eappli6a5le "4idelines n t/e 6nsent f 5t/ sp4ses if it is satis0ed t/at reasna5le arran"ements /a#e 5een made fr t/e s4pprt f t/e 6/ild t w/mt/e rder relates<

() 8easonable arrangements ; Fr t/e p4rpses f s45se6tin ,>.8 in determinin"

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w/et/er reasna5le arran"ements /a#e 5een made fr t/e s4pprt f a 6/ild8 t/e64rt s/all /a#e re"ard t t/e appli6a5le "4idelines< !we#er8 t/e 64rt s/all nt6nsider t/e arran"ements t 5e 4nreasna5le slel2 5e6a4se t/e am4nt fs4pprt a"reed t is nt t/e same as t/e am4nt t/at w4ld t/erwise /a#e 5eendetermined in a66rdan6e wit/ t/e appli6a5le "4idelines<

15=- (1) Priority to CS ; W/ere a 64rt is 6nsiderin" an appli6atin fr a $S rderand an appli6atin fr a SS rder8 t/e 64rt s/all "i#e pririt2 t 6/ild s4pprt indeterminin" t/e appli6atins<

(2) 8easons ; W/ere8 as a res4lt f "i#in" pririt2 t 6/ild s4pprt8 t/e 64rt is4na5le t mae a sp4sal s4pprt rder r t/e 64rt maes a sp4sal s4pprtrder in an am4nt t/at is less t/an it t/erwise w4ld /a#e 5een8 t/e 64rt s/allre6rd its reasns fr /a#in" dne s<(-) Conse"uences o# reduction or termination o# cild support order@ W/ere8 as a res4lt f"i#in" pririt2 t 6/ild s4pprt8 a sp4sal s4pprt rder was nt made8 r t/eam4nt f a sp4sal s4pprt rder is less t/an it t/erwise w4ld /a#e 5een8 an2s45se34ent red46tin r terminatin f t/at 6/ild s4pprt 6nstit4tes a 6/an"e f 6ir64mstan6es fr t/e p4rpses f appl2in" fr a sp4sal s4pprt rder8 r a#ariatin rder in respe6t f t/e sp4sal s4pprt rder8 as t/e 6ase ma2 5e

Steps f Anal2sisStep 1: @s= -' sin" ta5les f ann4al “"rss in6me”8 determine ta5leam4nt: %$Ss pr#s t/at permit a 64rt t determine “a pattern fin6me” ,s &>.8 t in6l 6rprate in6me ,s &(. E t imp4te in6me ,s &'.Step 2' Ad94stments fr spe6ial e7penses: ss >,&. and >,&<&. 6/ild6are8 medi6al and dental ins4ran6e premi4ms8 /ealt/;relatede7penses “e7trardinar2 e7penses” t meet ed46atinal needs 8 pst;se6ndar2 ed46atin ,Lewi v Lewi . “e7trardinar2 e7penses” fre7tra64rri64lar a6ti#ities:,de0nitin in s< > ,&<&.Step -' Spe6ial 6nsideratins ,nte 94di6ial dis6retin.Z s< @ “Standin" in pla6e f a parent” ,ri"ht v Paver and Cornelio vCornelio.Z s< ( Split 64std2 Y s% 9 'hare! custo!y =$ontino>

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ZZ T/e $/ild S4pprt 4idelines; O Re" ?'&K'> S4pprt 4idelinesSP obJectves. t esta5lis/ a fair standard f s4pprt fr 6/ildren t/at ens4res t/at t/e2 5ene0tm t/e 0nan6ial means f t/eir parents and8 in t/e 6ase f di#r6e8 frm t/enan6ial means f 5t/ sp4ses after separatin. t red46e 6ni6t and tensin 5etween parents r sp4ses 52 main" t/el64latin f 6/ild s4pprt mre 59e6ti#e. t impr#e t/e e6ien62 f t/e le"al pr6ess 52 "i#in" 64rts8 and parents and

p4ses8 "4idan6e in settin" t/e le#els f 6/ild s4pprt and en64ra"in" settlement

nd> to ensure consistent treat"ent of parents or spouses their chil!ren in si" circu"stances%

m4nt f $/ild S4pprt?,&.Pres4mpti#e r4le nless oterwise provided under tese guidelines$ te amount o# an

order #or te support o# a cild #or cildren under te age o# maority is$a) the amount set out n the a""$cab$e tab$e+ accor%ng to the number o ch$%ren un%er the

age o maJort to <hom the or%er re$ates an% the ncome o the "arent or s"ouseaganst <hom the or%er s sought> an$

b) the amount+ an+ %etermne% un%er secton ,@?,*.$/ild t/e a"e f ma9rit2 r #er

nless oterwise provided under tese guidelines$ were a cild to wom an order #or te

support o# a cild relates is te age o# maority or over$ te amount o# an order #orte support o# a cild is$a) te amount determined by applying tese guidelines as i# te cild were under te age o#

maority or

b) i# te court considers tat approac to be inappropriate$ te amount tat itconsiders appropriate$ aving regard to te condition$ means$ needs and otercircumstances o# te cild and te 4nancial ability o# eac parent or spouse tocontribute to te support o# te cild

5 @ Spouse in place o# a parent (applies w/ere mre t/an & persn ma2 /a#e 5li"atinpa28 primar2 5li"atin f 5i parent.

Fere te spouse against wom an order #or te support o# a cild is sougt stands in teplace o# a parent #or a cild or te parent is not a natural or adoptive parent o# te

cild$ te amount o# te order is$ in respect o# tat parent or spouse$ suc amount aste court considers

ri"ht v Paver 2002 ON CA S 5 does not diminis a bio #aters obligation #or CS= S 5#ocuses on person wo stands in place o# parent @ ;e obligation to pay CS is not related tote rigt access > must be determined according to +,C !omestic D can be set aside inrelation to CS obligations i# not in +,C=

acts ' ,an an! wo"an have a relationship wo"an beco"es pregnant an! relationship brea#s !own were notarrie! an! cohabite! for a short perio! of ti"e% Lhey "a#e an agree"ent that father is not going to have any accesschil! "other will not as# for support an! father pays lu"p su" to "other for 7% o"an "arries another "an an!

as chil!% Lhey separate! an! is or!ere! to pay (' for both chil!ren% !oes not have a lot of "oney% Lhen ,rs pplies for or!er (' fro" bio father of first chil!%

Cornelio v Cornelio 2008 ONSC N re$es on Mane Doe > *he msta#en be$e must be

ba$ance% < B.! > Hsta#en be$e as to beng a bo$ogca$ ather o a ch$% %oes not negate an%ng that the "art has %emonstrate% a sett$e% ntenton to be a "arent@acts' $ather brings "otion to ter"inate (' obligations for 16 year ol! twins =an! repay"ent for support pai!> afterscovering he is not bio father of twins for who" he thought was father for 16 years% ,other@s e<planation for<tra"arital affair was that it was cause! by "e!ication being ta#en at the ti"e

v C; 200E (=LA s 31) Determnaton o sett$e% ntent turns on <hether the

re$atonsh" that est Q tme that the am <as unctonng as a unt to se"araton <as one n<hch ather treate% ch$% as hs o<n

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4i"ht to CS is the ri"ht o& a #hil$ an$ is in$epen$ent o& a parentRs own #on$u#t +<hether t be %e$a n "ursung su""ort+ an attem"t to out o su""ort (Mane Doe)or thea$ure to %sc$ose an etramarta$ aar that ma have $e% to the conce"ton o the ch$%@ather s a soca$ "arent+ %emonstrate% sett$e% ntenton

7 K Special or e0traordinary e0penses ("reat $eal o& evi$en#e an$ liti"ation &orealthier &a+ilies)

,&. ,n an order #or te support o# a cild$ te court may$ on te re"uest o# eiter parent orspouse or o# an applicant under section -- o# te Act$ provide #or an amount to coverall or any portion o# te #ollowing e0penses$ wic e0penses may be estimated$ ta*ing into account te necessity o# te e0pense in relation to te 6/ildHs 5estinterests and tereasna5leness f t/e e7pense in relatin t t/e means ft/e parents r sp4ses andt/se f t/e 6/ild and t t/e spendin" pattern f t/e parents r sp4ses in respe6t f t/e 6/ild d4rin" 6/a5itatin:

a) cild care e0penses incurred as a result o# te custodial parent3s employment$ illness$disability or education or training #or employment

b) tat portion o# te medical and dental insurance premiums attributable to te cild) ealt@related e0penses tat e0ceed insurance reimbursement by at least X1?? annually$

including ortodontic treatment$ pro#essional counselling provided by a psycologist$

social wor*er$ psyciatrist or any oter person$ pysioterapy$ occupational terapy$speec terapy$ prescription drugs$ earing aids$ glasses and contact lensesd) e0traordinary e0penses #or primary or secondary scool education or #or any oter

educational programs tat meet te cild3s particular needse) e0penses #or post@secondary education and) e0traordinary e0penses #or e0tracurricular activities=

De0nitin8 “e7trardinar2 e7penses”or te purposes o# clauses (1) (d) and (#)$e0traordinary e0penses6 meansa) e0penses tat e0ceed tose tat te parent or spouse re"uesting an amount #or te

e0traordinary e0penses 6an reasna5l2 6#er8 ta*ing into account tat parent3s or

spouse3s income and te amount tat te parent or spouse would receive under teapplicable table or$ were te court as determined tat te table amount isinappropriate$ te amount tat te court as oterwise determined is appropriate$ or

b) <here c$ause (a) s not a""$cab$e$ e0penses tat te court considers are e0traordinaryta*ing into account$

) te amount o# te e0pense in relation to te income o# te parent or spouse re"uesting teamount$ including te amount tat te parent or spouse would receive under teapplicable table or$ were te court as determined tat te table amount isinappropriate$ te amount tat te court as oterwise determined is appropriate$

) te nature and number o# te educational programs and e0tracurricular activities$i) any special needs and talents o# te cild$v) te overall cost o# te programs and activities$ and

v) any oter similar #actors tat te court considers relevant

*.S/arin" f e7pensee "4idin" prin6iple in determining te amount o# an e0pense re#erred to in subsection (1)

is tat te e0pense is sared by te parents or spouses in proportion to teirrespective incomes a#ter deducting #rom te e0pense$ te contribution$ i# any$ #romte cild=

?.S45sidies8 ta7 ded46tins8 et6< e0cept CC+ in (<)ubect to subsection (<)$ in determining te amount o# an e0pense re#erred to in subsection

137 | P a g e



a) te parent or spouse as responsibility #or an unusually ig level o# debts reasonablyincurred to support te parents or spouses and teir cildrenduring coabitation orto earn a living

b) te parent or spouse as unusually ig e0penses in relation to e0ercising access to acild

) te parent or spouse as a legal duty under a udgment$ order or written separationagreement to support any person

d) te spouse as a legal duty to support a cild$ oter tan a cild o# te marriage$ wo is$) under te age o# maority$ or

) te age o# maority or over but is unable$ by reason o# illness$ disability or oter cause$ toobtain te necessaries o# li#ee) te parent as a legal duty to support a cild$ oter tan te cild wo is te subect o# tis

application$ wo is under te age o# maority or wo is enrolled in a #ull time course o# education

) te parent or spouse as a legal duty to support any person wo is unable to obtain tenecessaries o# li#e due to an illness or disability

?.Standards f li#in" m4st 5e 6nsidered?. !espite a determination o# undue ardsip under subsection (1)$ an application under tat

subsection must be denied by te court i# it is o# te opinion tat te ouseold o# teparent or spouse wo claims undue ardsip would$ a#ter determining te amount o#cild support under any o# sections - to 5$ or %$ ave a iger standard o# living

tan te ouseold o# te oter parent or spouse=

.Standards f li#in" test. ,n comparing standards o# living #or te purpose o# subsection (-)$ te court may use te

comparison o# ouseold standards o# living test set out in Scedule ,,=easna5le time@. Fere te court awards a dierent amount o# cild support under subsection (1)$ it may

speci#y$ in te order #or cild support$ a reasonable time #or te satis#action o# anyobligation arising #rom circumstances tat cause undue ardsip and te amountpayable at te end o# tat time= := 8eg= -%1/%7$ s= 1? (5)=

easns ,. Fere te court ma*es an order #or te support o# a cild in a dierent amount under tis

section$ it must record its reasons #or doing so

#h+i$ v S+ith 1555 ONSCN Crt dismisses application b/c e 4nds && ratio o# F is lower tan tat o#& applicant (& supports 1 cild$ as O8 veicle not incl in income F as to support 2cildren)

' applies for or!er to awar! (' a"t !iff fro" a"t !eter"ine! un!er s 4 on basis that woul! suffer un!uear!ship 3 circu"stances+ (1) unusually high e<penses for e<ercising access to chil!ren na! travels fro" I to

(ana!a each year=circu"stance of potential !ue har!ship s 10=2>=>? (2> clai"s legal !uty to support lison causes ?3> clai"e! higher cost of living in I vs (ana!a sub"its !ata re)uiring e<pert evi!ence !i! not i!entify an!uantify how cost of living personally affects hi"

&' imp4ted in6me; permits e0ercise o# udicial discretion to impute income to a CS payor$creates uge tensions

%(1)(a)were parent Jis intentionally under employed or unemployed

r,"ala: .ntentona$$ reers to vo$untar <here "arent chooses to earn $ess than ca"ab$e o earnng+

ec$u%es stuatons <here s"ouses are $a% o+ termnate%+ gven re%uce% hrs o <or#

Mi$$leton v Ma#;herson crt strugg$e% to %etermne <hat "aorFs ncome.t s not e?utab$e to

m"ute ncome to W e?ua$ to that o - <ere W s u"gra%ng e%ucatona$ ?ua$catons@ .ncomeC !Sob$gaton shou$% change as ncome changes (here W <as ta#ng u" nternsh" <hch <ou$%tem"orar$ re%uce ncome earnngs)

4iel v ollan$ (2003) &aor chose to cease <or#ng as an n%e"en%ent e$ectrca$ or+ an% ta#e a

sa$are% "oston nstea% !A a""ea$ court conrme% *MFs %etermnaton to m"ute the "rev hgher

139 | P a g e

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/french/elaws_regs_970391_f.htm#s10s3










ncome to hm or "u"orses o %etermnng hs !S ob$gatons (ss 1,19)

A v A (1555 E 4=L (th) E (Alta >) *he "aor <on 1 m$$on %o$$ars+ n $otter+ cease to <or# an%

earn ncome+ an AB court m"ute% both em"$oment an% nvestment ncome to hm

O$en$ahl v urle (1555) !rt m"ute% overtme ncome to "aor or "ur" o %etermnng !S su""ort

al$ini v al$ini N "aor <as %smsse% rom em"$oment or cause+ B! court m"ute% hs ncome to

hm

a@ v oell ONCA "aments ma%e b ather to %sabe% son %% not count as ncome or "ur"oses

o %etermnng sonFs !S ob$gaton to ths ch$%ren

family law fall 2014 - mossman (long summary)

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