Family therapy

Intervention

ICD-9-CM 94.42

MeSH D005196

Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy, family systems therapy,

and family counseling, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and

couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view

change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. It emphasizes

family relationships as an important factor in psychological health.

Terapi keluarga, juga dirujuk sebagai terapi pasangan dan keluarga, terapi sistem keluarga, dan kaunseling keluarga, cawangan psikoterapi yang bekerja dengan keluarga dan pasangan dalam hubungan intim untuk memupuk perubahan dan pembangunan. Ia cenderung untuk melihat perubahan dari segi sistem interaksi di antara ahli keluarga. Ia menekankan hubungan kekeluargaan sebagai faktor yang penting dalam kesihatan psikologi

What the different schools of family therapy have in common is a belief that, regardless

of the origin of the problem, and regardless of whether the clients consider it an

"individual" or "family" issue, involving families in solutions is often beneficial. This

involvement of families is commonly accomplished by their direct participation in the

therapy session. The skills of the family therapist thus include the ability to influence

conversations in a way that catalyzes the strengths, wisdom, and support of the wider

system.

Apa yang sekolah-sekolah terapi keluarga yang berbeza telah bersama-sama adalah satu kepercayaan bahawa, tanpa mengira asal-usul masalah, dan tidak kira sama ada pelanggan menganggapnya "individu" atau "keluarga" isu yang melibatkan keluarga dalam penyelesaian sering bermanfaat. Penglibatan keluarga ini biasanya dicapai dengan penyertaan secara langsung dalam sesi terapi. Kemahiran ahli terapi keluarga itu termasuk keupayaan untuk mempengaruhi perbualan dalam cara yang catalyzes kekuatan, kebijaksanaan, dan sokongan sistem yang lebih luas.

In the field's early years, many clinicians defined the family in a narrow, traditional

manner usually including parents and children. As the field has evolved, the concept of

the family is more commonly defined in terms of strongly supportive, long-term roles and

relationships between people who may or may not be related by blood or marriage.

Dalam tahun-tahun awal bidang perubatan banyak ditakrifkan keluarga dengan cara yang sempit, tradisional biasanya termasuk ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak.Sebagai bidang yang telah berkembang, konsep keluarga lebih sering ditakrifkan dari segi kuat menyokong, peranan dan hubungan jangka panjang antara orang-orang yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin berkaitan dengan darah atau perkahwinan.

Terapi keluarga telah digunakan dengan berkesan dalam lingkungan yang penuh dengan dilema manusia, tidak ada kategori hubungan atau masalah psikologi yang belum ditangani dengan pendekatan ini [petikan diperlukan] rangka kerja konsep yang dibangunkan oleh ahli-ahli terapi keluarga, terutama orang-orang yang sistem keluarga ahli-ahli teori., telah digunakan untuk pelbagai tingkah laku manusia, termasuk dinamik organisasi dan kajian kebesaran.

Family therapy has been used effectively in the full range of human dilemmas; there is no

category of relationship or psychological problem that has not been addressed with this

approach.[citation needed]

The conceptual frameworks developed by family therapists,

especially those of family systems theorists, have been applied to a wide range of human

behavior, including organizational dynamics and the study of greatness.

Contents

1 History and theoretical frameworks

2 Techniques

3 Publications

4 Licensing and degrees

o 4.1 Values and ethics in family therapy

5 Founders and key influences

6 Summary of Family Therapy Theories & Techniques

7 Academic resources

8 Professional Organizations

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

[edit] History and theoretical frameworks

Formal interventions with families to help individuals and families experiencing various

kinds of problems have been a part of many cultures, probably throughout history. These

interventions have sometimes involved formal procedures or rituals, and often included

the extended family as well as non-kin members of the community (see for example

Ho'oponopono). Following the emergence of specialization in various societies, these

interventions were often conducted by particular members of a community – for example,

a chief, priest, physician, and so on - usually as an ancillary function.[1]

kandungan • 1 Sejarah dan rangka kerja teori • 2 Teknik • 3 Penerbitan • 4 Pelesenan dan darjah o 4.1 Nilai dan etika dalam terapi keluarga • 5 Pengasas dan pengaruh penting • 6 Ringkasan Teori & Teknik Terapi Keluarga • 7 sumber Akademik • 8 Pertubuhan Profesional • 9 Lihat juga • 10 Rujukan • 11 Pautan luar [sunting] Sejarah dan rangka kerja teori Campur tangan formal dengan keluarga untuk membantu individu dan keluarga yang mengalami pelbagai masalah telah menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya banyak, mungkin sepanjang sejarah. Campur tangan ini kadang-kadang terlibat prosedur atau upacara formal, dan sering termasuk keluarga serta bukan kaum keluarga ahli-ahli komuniti (lihat contoh Ho'oponopono). Berikutan kemunculan pengkhususan dalam semua masyarakat, campur tangan ini sering dijalankan oleh ahli-ahli tertentu komuniti - sebagai contoh, seorang ketua, imam, doktor, dan sebagainya - biasanya sebagai fungsi sampingan.

Family therapy as a distinct professional practice within Western cultures can be argued

to have had its origins in the social work movements of the 19th century in England and

the United States.[1]

As a branch of psychotherapy, its roots can be traced somewhat later

to the early 20th century with the emergence of the child guidance movement and

marriage counseling.[2]

The formal development of family therapy dates to the 1940s and

early 1950s with the founding in 1942 of the American Association of Marriage

Counselors (the precursor of the AAMFT), and through the work of various independent

clinicians and groups - in England (John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic), the US (John

Bell, Nathan Ackerman, Christian Midelfort, Theodore Lidz, Lyman Wynne, Murray

Bowen, Carl Whitaker, Virginia Satir), and Hungary (D.L.P. Liebermann) - who began

seeing family members together for observation or therapy sessions.[1][3]

There was

initially a strong influence from psychoanalysis (most of the early founders of the field

had psychoanalytic backgrounds) and social psychiatry, and later from learning theory

and behavior therapy - and significantly, these clinicians began to articulate various

theories about the nature and functioning of the family as an entity that was more than a

mere aggregation of individuals.[2]

The movement received an important boost in the mid-1950s through the work of

anthropologist Gregory Bateson and colleagues – Jay Haley, Donald D. Jackson, John

Weakland, William Fry, and later, Virginia Satir, Paul Watzlawick and others – at Palo

Alto in the US, who introduced ideas from cybernetics and general systems theory into

social psychology and psychotherapy, focusing in particular on the role of

communication (see Bateson Project). This approach eschewed the traditional focus on

individual psychology and historical factors – that involve so-called linear causation and

content – and emphasized instead feedback and homeostatic mechanisms and “rules” in

here-and-now interactions – so-called circular causation and process – that were thought

to maintain or exacerbate problems, whatever the original cause(s).[4][5]

(See also systems

psychology and systemic therapy.) This group was also influenced significantly by the

work of US psychiatrist, hypnotherapist, and brief therapist, Milton H. Erickson -

especially his innovative use of strategies for change, such as paradoxical directives (see

also Reverse psychology). The members of the Bateson Project (like the founders of a

number of other schools of family therapy, including Carl Whitaker, Murray Bowen, and

Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy) had a particular interest in the possible psychosocial causes and

treatment of schizophrenia, especially in terms of the putative "meaning" and "function"

of signs and symptoms within the family system. The research of psychiatrists and

psychoanalysts Lyman Wynne and Theodore Lidz on communication deviance and roles

(e.g., pseudo-mutuality, pseudo-hostility, schism and skew) in families of schizophrenics

also became influential with systems-communications-oriented theorists and

therapists.[2][6]

A related theme, applying to dysfunction and psychopathology more

generally, was that of the "identified patient" or "presenting problem" as a manifestation

of or surrogate for the family's, or even society's, problems. (See also double bind; family

nexus.)

By the mid-1960s a number of distinct schools of family therapy had emerged. From

those groups that were most strongly influenced by cybernetics and systems theory, there

came MRI Brief Therapy, and slightly later, strategic therapy, Salvador Minuchin's

Structural Family Therapy and the Milan systems model. Partly in reaction to some

aspects of these systemic models, came the experiential approaches of Virginia Satir and

Carl Whitaker, which downplayed theoretical constructs, and emphasized subjective

experience and unexpressed feelings (including the subconscious), authentic

communication, spontaneity, creativity, total therapist engagement, and often included

the extended family. Concurrently and somewhat independently, there emerged the

various intergenerational therapies of Murray Bowen, Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy, James

Framo, and Norman Paul, which present different theories about the intergenerational

transmission of health and dysfunction, but which all deal usually with at least three

generations of a family (in person or conceptually), either directly in therapy sessions, or

via "homework", "journeys home", etc. Psychodynamic family therapy - which, more

than any other school of family therapy, deals directly with individual psychology and the

unconscious in the context of current relationships - continued to develop through a

number of groups that were influenced by the ideas and methods of Nathan Ackerman,

and also by the British School of Object Relations and John Bowlby’s work on

attachment. Multiple-family group therapy, a precursor of psychoeducational family

intervention, emerged, in part, as a pragmatic alternative form of intervention - especially

as an adjunct to the treatment of serious mental disorders with a significant biological

basis, such as schizophrenia - and represented something of a conceptual challenge to

some of the "systemic" (and thus potentially "family-blaming") paradigms of

pathogenesis that were implicit in many of the dominant models of family therapy. The

late-1960s and early-1970s saw the development of network therapy (which bears some

resemblance to traditional practices such as Ho'oponopono) by Ross Speck and Carolyn

Attneave, and the emergence of behavioral marital therapy (renamed behavioral couples

therapy in the 1990s; see also relationship counseling) and behavioral family therapy as

models in their own right.[2]

By the late-1970s the weight of clinical experience - especially in relation to the

treatment of serious mental disorders - had led to some revision of a number of the

original models and a moderation of some of the earlier stridency and theoretical purism.

There were the beginnings of a general softening of the strict demarcations between

schools, with moves toward rapprochement, integration, and eclecticism – although there

was, nevertheless, some hardening of positions within some schools. These trends were

reflected in and influenced by lively debates within the field and critiques from various

sources, including feminism and post-modernism, that reflected in part the cultural and

political tenor of the times, and which foreshadowed the emergence (in the 1980s and

1990s) of the various "post-systems" constructivist and social constructionist approaches.

While there was still debate within the field about whether, or to what degree, the

systemic-constructivist and medical-biological paradigms were necessarily antithetical to

each other (see also Anti-psychiatry; Biopsychosocial model), there was a growing

willingness and tendency on the part of family therapists to work in multi-modal clinical

partnerships with other members of the helping and medical professions.[2][6][7]

From the mid-1980s to the present the field has been marked by a diversity of approaches

that partly reflect the original schools, but which also draw on other theories and methods

from individual psychotherapy and elsewhere – these approaches and sources include:

brief therapy, structural therapy, constructivist approaches (e.g., Milan systems, post-

Milan/collaborative/conversational, reflective), solution-focused therapy, narrative

therapy, a range of cognitive and behavioral approaches, psychodynamic and object

relations approaches, attachment and Emotionally Focused Therapy, intergenerational

approaches, network therapy, and multisystemic therapy (MST).[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Multicultural, intercultural, and integrative approaches are being

developed.[16][17][18][19][20][21]

Many practitioners claim to be "eclectic," using techniques

from several areas, depending upon their own inclinations and/or the needs of the

client(s), and there is a growing movement toward a single ―generic‖ family therapy that

seeks to incorporate the best of the accumulated knowledge in the field and which can be

adapted to many different contexts;[22]

however, there are still a significant number of

therapists who adhere more or less strictly to a particular, or limited number of,

approach(es).[23]

Ideas and methods from family therapy have been influential in psychotherapy generally:

a survey of over 2,500 US therapists in 2006 revealed that of the ten most influential

therapists of the previous quarter-century, three were prominent family therapists, and the

marital and family systems model was the second most utilized model after cognitive

behavioral therapy.[24]

And recently family therapy ideas and methods have had a great

influence in the addiction field with their influence on using family oriented interventions

to help an addict accept help.[citation needed]

As we move through the 21st century, the internet is fostering the growth of online

programs that make courses and programs in family therapy more widely accessible.

Using mass media techniques to increase public understanding of issues in family therapy

has added a new frontier for amplification in the future.[citation needed]

[edit] Techniques

Family therapy uses a range of counseling and other techniques including:

communication theory

media and communications psychology

psychoeducation

psychotherapy

relationship education

systemic coaching

systems theory

reality therapy

The number of sessions depends on the situation, but the average is 5-20 sessions. A

family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time. This has

the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual

relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and

the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home, even

though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions

usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the

unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals as a Freudian therapist would

do - although some schools of family therapy, for example psychodynamic and

intergenerational, do consider such individual and historical factors (thus embracing both

linear and circular causation) and they may use instruments such as the genogram to help

to elucidate the patterns of relationship across generations.

The distinctive feature of family therapy is its perspective and analytical framework

rather than the number of people present at a therapy session. Specifically, family

therapists are relational therapists: They are generally more interested in what goes on

between individuals rather than within one or more individuals, although some family

therapists—in particular those who identify as psychodynamic, object relations,

intergenerational, EFT, or experiential family therapists—tend to be as interested in

individuals as in the systems those individuals and their relationships constitute.

Depending on the conflicts at issue and the progress of therapy to date, a therapist may

focus on analyzing specific previous instances of conflict, as by reviewing a past incident

and suggesting alternative ways family members might have responded to one another

during it, or instead proceed directly to addressing the sources of conflict at a more

abstract level, as by pointing out patterns of interaction that the family might have not

noticed.

Family therapists tend to be more interested in the maintenance and/or solving of

problems rather than in trying to identify a single cause. Some families may perceive

cause-effect analyses as attempts to allocate blame to one or more individuals, with the

effect that for many families a focus on causation is of little or no clinical utility.

[edit] Publications

Family therapy journals include: Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Family Process,

Journal of Family Therapy, Journal of Systemic Therapies, The Australian & New

Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, The Psychotherapy Networker, The Journal of Sex

and Marital Therapy, The Australian Journal of Family Therapy, The International

Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, Journal for the Study of Human

Interaction and Family Therapy,

[edit] Licensing and degrees

Family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds, and some

are specifically qualified or licensed/registered in family therapy (licensing is not

required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place). In the United

Kingdom, family therapists are usually psychologists, nurses, psychotherapists, social

workers, or counselors who have done further training in family therapy, either a diploma

or an M.Sc.. However, in the United States there is a specific degree and license as a

Marriage and Family therapist.

Prior to 1999 in California, counselors who specialized in this area were called Marriage,

Family and Child Counselors. Today, they are known as Marriage and Family Therapists

(MFT), and work variously in private practice, in clinical settings such as hospitals,

institutions, or counseling organizations.

A master's degree is required to work as an MFT in some American states. Most

commonly, MFTs will first earn a M.S. or M.A. degree in marriage and family therapy,

psychology, family studies, or social work. After graduation, prospective MFTs work as

interns under the supervision of a licensed professional and are referred to as an MFTi.[25]

Marriage and family therapists in the United States and Canada often seek degrees from

accredited Masters or Doctoral programs recognized by the Commission on Accreditation

for Marriage and Family Therapy Education(COAMFTE), a division of the American

Association of Marriage and Family Therapy. For accredited programs, click here.

Requirements vary, but in most states about 3000 hours of supervised work as an intern

are needed to sit for a licensing exam. MFTs must be licensed by the state to practice.

Only after completing their education and internship and passing the state licensing exam

can a person call themselves a Marital and Family Therapist and work unsupervised.

License restrictions can vary considerably from state to state. Contact information about

licensing boards in the United States are provided by the Association of Marital and

Family Regulatory Boards.

There have been concerns raised within the profession about the fact that specialist

training in couples therapy – as distinct from family therapy in general - is not required to

gain a license as an MFT or membership of the main professional body, the AAMFT.[26]

[edit] Values and ethics in family therapy

Since issues of interpersonal conflict, power, control, values, and ethics are often more

pronounced in relationship therapy than in individual therapy, there has been debate

within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical

models of therapy and the role of the therapist’s own values in the therapeutic process,

and how prospective clients should best go about finding a therapist whose values and

objectives are most consistent with their own.[27][28][29]

Specific issues that have emerged

have included an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic

neutrality,[30][31][32]

a concern with questions of justice and self-determination,[33]

connectedness and independence,[34]

"functioning" versus "authenticity",[7]

and questions

about the degree of the therapist’s "pro-marriage/family" versus "pro-individual"

commitment.[35]

[edit] Founders and key influences

Some key developers of family therapy are:

Alfred Adler (phenomenology)

Nathan Ackerman (psychoanalytic)

Tom Andersen (Reflecting practices and dialogues about dialogues)

Harlene Anderson (Postmodern Collaborative Therapy and Collaborative Language

Systems)

Harry J Aponte (Person-of-the-Therapist)

Gregory Bateson (1904–1980) (cybernetics, systems theory)

Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy (Contextual therapy, intergenerational, relational ethics)

Murray Bowen (Systems theory, intergenerational)

Steve de Shazer (solution focused therapy)

James Dobson (Christian psychologist) Focus on the Family

Milton H. Erickson (hypnotherapy, strategic therapy, brief therapy)

Richard Fisch (brief therapy, strategic therapy)

James Framo (object relations theory, intergenerational)

Edwin Friedman (Family process in religious congregations)

Harry Goolishian (Postmodern Collaborative Therapy and Collaborative Language

Systems)

John Gottman (marriage)

Robert-Jay Green (LGBT, cross-cultural issues)

Jay Haley (strategic therapy, communications)

Lynn Hoffman (strategic, post-systems, collaborative)

Don D. Jackson (systems theory)

Sue Johnson (Emotionally focused therapy, attachment theory)

Bradford Keeney (cybernetics, resource focused therapy)

Walter Kempler (Gestalt psychology)

Bernard Luskin (media psychology, Public understanding of issues through media)

Cloe Madanes (strategic therapy)

Salvador Minuchin (structural)

Braulio Montalvo (structural)[citation needed]

Virginia Satir (communications, experiential, conjoint and co-therapy)

Mara Selvini Palazzoli (Milan systems)

Ross Speck (network therapy)

Robin Skynner (Group Analysis)

Paul Watzlawick (Brief therapy, systems theory)

John Weakland (Brief therapy, strategic therapy, systems theory)

Carl Whitaker (Family systems, experiential, co-therapy)

Michael White (narrative therapy)

Lyman Wynne (Schizophrenia, pseudomutuality)

[edit] Summary of Family Therapy Theories &

Techniques

(references:[36][37][38][39]

)

Theoretical

Model Theorists Summary Techniques

Adlerian Family

Therapy

Alfred Adler

Also known as "Individual

Psychology". Sees the person

as a whole. Ideas include

compensation for feelings of

inferiority leading to striving

for significance toward a

fictional final goal with a

private logic. Birth order and

mistaken goals are explored to

examine mistaken motivations

of children and adults in the

family constellation.

Psychoanalysis,

Typical Day,

Reorienting, Re-

educating

Attachment

Theory

John Bowlby,

Mary Ainsworth

Individuals are shaped by their

experiences with caregivers in

the first three years of life.

Used as a foundation for

Object Relations Theory. The

Strange Situation experiment

with infants involves a

Psychoanalysis,

Play Therapy

systematic process of leaving a

child alone in a room in order

to assess the quality of their

parental bond.

Bowenian

Family Systems

Murray Bowen,

Betty Carter,

Philip Guerin,

Michael Kerr,

Thomas Fogarty,

Monica

McGoldrick,

Edwin Friedman,

Daniel Papero

Also known as

―Intergenerational Family

Therapy‖ (although there are

also other schools of

intergenerational family

therapy). Family members are

driven to achieve a balance of

internal and external

differentiation, causing

anxiety, triangulation, and

emotional cutoff. Families are

affected by nuclear family

emotional processes, sibling

positions and multigenerational

transmission patterns resulting

in an undifferentiated family

ego mass.

Detriangulation,

Nonanxious

Presence,

Genograms,

Coaching

Cognitive

Behavioral

Family Therapy

John Gottman,

Albert Ellis,

Albert Bandura

Problems are the result of

operant conditioning that

reinforces negative behaviors

within the family’s

interpersonal social exchanges

that extinguish desired

behavior and promote

incentives toward unwanted

behaviors. This can lead to

irrational beliefs and a faulty

family schema.

Therapeutic

Contracts,

Modeling,

Systematic

Desensitization,

Shaping, Charting,

Examining

Irrational Beliefs

Collaborative

Language

Systems

Harry Goolishian,

Harlene

Anderson, Tom

Andersen, Lynn

Hoffman, Peggy

Penn

Individuals form meanings

about their experiences within

the context of social

relationship on a personal and

organizational level.

Collaborative therapists help

families reorganize and dis-

solve their perceived problems

through a transparent dialogue

about inner thoughts with a

―not-knowing‖ stance intended

to illicit new meaning through

conversation. Collaborative

therapy is an approach that

Dialogical

Conversation, Not

Knowing,

Curiosity, Being

Public, Reflecting

Teams

avoids a particular theoretical

perspective in favor of a client-

centered philosophical process.

Communications

Approaches

Virginia Satir,

John Banmen,

Jane Gerber,

Maria Gomori

All people are born into a

primary survival triad between

themselves and their parents

where they adopt survival

stances to protect their self-

worth from threats

communicated by words and

behaviors of their family

members. Experiential

therapists are interested in

altering the overt and covert

messages between family

members that affect their body,

mind and feelings in order to

promote congruence and to

validate each person’s inherent

self-worth.

Equality, Modeling

Communication,

Family Life

Chronology, Family

Sculpting,

Metaphors, Family

Reconstruction

Contextual

Therapy

Ivan

Böszörményi-

Nagy

Families are built upon an

unconscious network of

implicit loyalties between

parents and children that can

be damaged when these

―relational ethics‖ of fairness,

trust, entitlement, mutuality

and merit are breached.

Rebalancing,

Family

Negotiations,

Validation, Filial

Debt Repayment

Emotion-Focused

Therapy

Sue Johnson, Les

Greenberg

Couples and families can

develop rigid patterns of

interaction based on powerful

emotional experiences that

hinder emotional engagement

and trust. Treatment aims to

enhance empathic capabilities

of family members by

exploring deep-seated habits

and modifying emotional cues.

Reflecting,

Validation,

Heightening,

Reframing,

Restructuring

Experiential

Family Therapy

Carl Whitaker,

David Kieth,

Laura Roberto,

Walter Kempler,

John Warkentin,

Thomas Malone,

August Napier

Stemming from Gestalt

foundations, change and

growth occurs through an

existential encounter with a

therapist who is intentionally

―real‖ and authentic with

clients without pretense, often

Battling,

Constructive

Anxiety,

Redefining

Symptoms,

Affective

Confrontation, Co-

in a playful and sometimes

absurd way as a means to

foster flexibility in the family

and promote individuation.

Therapy, Humor

Feminist Family

Therapy

Sandra Bern,

Complications from social and

political disparity between

genders are identified as

underlying causes of conflict

within a family system.

Therapists are encouraged to

be aware of these influences in

order to avoid perpetuating

hidden oppression, biases and

cultural stereotypes and to

model an egalitarian

perspective of healthy family

relationships.

Demystifying,

Modeling, Equality,

Personal

Accountability

Milan Systemic

Family Therapy

Luigi Boscolo,

Gianfranco

Cecchin, Mara

Selvini Palazzoli,

Giuliana Prata

A practical attempt by the

―Milan Group‖ to establish

therapeutic techniques based

on Gregory Bateson’s

cybernetics that disrupts

unseen systemic patterns of

control and games between

family members by

challenging erroneous family

beliefs and reworking the

family’s linguistic

assumptions.

Hypothesizing,

Circular

Questioning,

Neutrality,

Counterparadox

Medical Family

Therapy[39]

Goerge Engel,

Susan McDaniel,

Jeri Hepworth &

William Doherty

Families facing the challenges

of major illness experience a

unique set of biological,

psychological and social

difficulties that require a

specialized skills of a therapist

who understands the

complexities of the medical

system, as well as the full

spectrum of mental health

theories and techniques.

Grief Work, Family

Meetings,

Consultations,

Collaborative

Approaches

MRI Brief

Therapy

Gregory Bateson,

Milton Erickson,

Heinz von

Foerster

Established by the Mental

Research Institute (MRI) as a

synthesis of ideas from

multiple theorists in order to

interrupt misguided attempts

Reframing,

Prescribing the

Symptom,

Relabeling,

Restraining (Going

by families to create first and

second order change by

persisting with ―more of the

same,‖ mixed signals from

unclear metacommunication

and paradoxical double-bind

messages.

Slow), Bellac Ploy

Narrative

Therapy

Michael White,

David Epston

People use stories to make

sense of their experience and

to establish their identity as a

social and political constructs

based on local knowledge.

Narrative therapists avoid

marginalizing their clients by

positioning themselves as a co-

editor of their reality with the

idea that ―the person is not the

problem, but the problem is the

problem.‖

Deconstruction,

Externalizing

Problems,

Mapping, Asking

Permission

Object Relations

Therapy

Hazan & Shaver,

David Scharff &

Jill Scharff,

James Framo,

Individuals choose

relationships that attempt to

heal insecure attachments from

childhood. Negative patterns

established by their parents

(object) are projected onto

their partners.

Detriangulation,

Co-Therapy,

Psychoanalysis,

Holding

Environment

Psychoanalytic

Family Therapy

Nathan Ackerman

By applying the strategies of

Freudian psychoanalysis to the

family system therapists can

gain insight into the

interlocking psychopathologies

of the family members and

seek to improve

complementarity

Psychoanalysis,

Authenticity,

Joining,

Confrontation

Solution Focused

Therapy

Kim Insoo Berg,

Steve de Shazer,

William

O'Hanlon,

Michelle Weiner-

Davis, Paul

Watzlawick

The inevitable onset of

constant change leads to

negative interpretations of the

past and language that shapes

the meaning of an individual’s

situation, diminishing their

hope and causing them to

overlook their own strengths

and resources.

Future Focus,

Beginner’s Mind,

Miracle Question,

Goal Setting,

Scaling

Strategic Therapy

Jay Haley, Cloe

Madanes

Symptoms of dysfunction are

purposeful in maintaining

Directives,

Paradoxical

homeostasis in the family

hierarchy as it transitions

through various stages in the

family life cycle.

Injunctions,

Positioning,

Metaphoric Tasks,

Restraining (Going

Slow)

Structural

Therapy

Salvador

Minuchin, Harry

Aponte, Charles

Fishman, Braulio

Montalvo

Family problems arise from

maladaptive boundaries and

subsystems that are created

within the overall family

system of rules and rituals that

governs their interactions.

Joining, Family

Mapping,

Hypothesizing,

Reenactments,

Reframing,

Unbalancing

[edit] Academic resources

Family Process

Journal of Child and Family Studies, ISSN: 1062-1024 (Print) 1573-2843 (Online),

Springer

Journal of Marital and Family Therapy

Journal of Family Psychology

Family Relations

Contemporary Family Therapy

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy

Family Matters, Australian Institute of Family Studies

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, ASIN: B00007M2W5, Univ of Calgary/Dept

Sociology

Journal of Family Studies, ISSN: 1322-9400, eContent Management Pty Ltd

[1] Journal of Family Therapy, AFT (Association for family Therapy & Systemic

Practice in the UK)

[2] Context Magazine, AFT, UK

[3] Karnac Systemic Thinking and Practice Series

[edit] Professional Organizations

American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy

American Family Therapy Academy

Association of Family Therapy (UK)

European Family Therapy Association (EFTA)

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors

National Council on Family Relations

The Ackerman Institute for the Family

[edit] See also

Alternative dispute resolution Internal Family Systems Model

CAMFT

Child abuse

Conflict resolution

Deinstitutionalisation

Domestic violence

Dysfunctional family

Emotionally focused therapy

Family Environment Scale

Family Life Education

Family Life Space

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Interpersonal relationship

Mediation

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Positive psychology

Relationships Australia

Strategic Family Therapy

[edit] References

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