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LKAE^S CPNKXDEM EL XFN HKT NGNCXPDCDXT

Zfkt kppgdkmcn dm tehkys wergh hens met rnqudrn

ngnctrdcdty 5 Dt ds umheu`tnhgy tfn hdscevnry el tfn cnmtury.

HNSCPDRXDEM? Ngnctrdcdty ckm `n hnldmnh ks tfn pfysdckg

pfnmeanmk kssecdktnh wdtf tfn lgew el ngnctrdc cfkrjn.

FEZ DX ZEPIS? Cfkrjn nxdsts dm nvnry ktea dm tfn

lera el tfn pesdtdvngy cfkrjnh pretem kmh tfn mnjktdvngy

cfkrjnh ngnctrem. Ngnctrems fewnvnr, krn gecktnh kt sean

hdstkmcn kwky lrea tfn mucgnus wfnrn tfn mucgnkr `dmhdmj

lercn ds dm lugg nllnct kmh tfus, tfny krn nksdnr te hdssecdktn lrea

tfn ktea kmh hdrnct kgemj k pkrtdcugkr pktf 9 se wfkt ds

ceaaemgy tnranh ngnctrdcdty ds sdapgy tfn lgew el ngnctrems dmte

k `ehy `y ankms el k cemhuctdmj aktnrdkg. Xkin ler nxkapgn, k

`kttnry epnrktnh hnvdcn9 k cfnadckg rnkctdem tkins

pgkcn wdtfdm tfn `kttnry tfkt prehucns k `udgh-up el ngnctrems dm

tfn ngnctrem-rncndvdmj pgktn (kmehn). Zfnm k cemhuctdmjaktnrdkg gdin k ceppnr wdrn, ds kttkcfnh te tfn `kttnry, tfn

ngnctrems tfkt fkvn `nnm `udgt up, nxnrt rnpugsdem lercns em

nkcf etfnr kmh fnmcn, try te aevn te tfn pesdtdvn pgktn

(cktfehn) tfreujf tfn ceppnr wdrn. Ks tfny pkss tfreujf tfn

ceppnr wdrn, tfny nmnrjdsn tfn lrnn ngnctrems wdtfdm tfn ceppnr

kmh tfnsn dm turm9 oedm dm tfn lgew el ngnctrems. Xfds lgew elngnctrems ds wfkt wn ckgg ngnctrdcdty kmh tfds ds utdgdznh te pewnr

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vkrdeus kppgdkmcns. Dm tfn cksn el pewnr-jnmnrktdmj stktdems,

stnka ds pkssnh te k tur`dmn wfdcf spdms kmh retktns ksfklt kttkcfnh te k gkrjn ngnctrdc akjmnt9 tfds akjmnt ds pgkcnh

dmsdhn k cedg el fnkvy ceppnr cemhucters. Ks tfn akjmnt

retktns, dt ckusns tfn lrnn ngnctrems dm tfn ceppnr wdrn te lgew dm

hdllnrnmt hdrnctdems (kgtnrmktdmj currnmt) kmh tfds ds tfnm

hdstrd`utnh te tfn jnmnrkg pu`gdc .

DM\NMXEP(S) EL NGNCXPDCDXT? Dm tfn ynkr ;0, @nmokadm Lrkmigdm cemhuctnh kmnxpnrdanmt te sfew tfkt gdjftmdmj jkvn ell ngnctrdckg pewnr9 fn

lkstnmnh km drem reh te k sdgi idtn kmh lgnw dt hurdmj k

tfumhnrstera. Kttkcfnh te tfn idtns strdmj wks km drem iny9 se

wfnm gdjftmdmj struci, k spkri el ngnctrdcdty wks cemhuctnh lrea

tfn gdjftmdmj, hewm tfn drem reh te @nmokadms fkmh feghdmj em

te tfn drem iny kmh tfn spkri adghgy ngnctrecutnh fda. Dm ;:6

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km Dtkgdkm hecter ckggnh Gudjd Jkgvkmd, metnh tfkt tfn gnj

el k hnkh lrej twdtcfnh wfnm teucfnh wdtf k antkg imdln

kmh snnadmjgy cemcguhnh tfkt erjkmdc akttnr cemtkdm sean

ngnctrdcdty. Dm ;:40, kmetfnr Dtkgdkm, Kgnsskmhre \egtk hdh

aern rnsnkrcf em Jkgvkmds cgkdas kmh nvnmtukggy rnlutnhtfna, stktdmj tfkt dt wks hun te Jkgvkmds usn el twe hdllnrnmt

antkgs9 k stnng imdln kmh k tdm pgktn cemtkdmdmj tfn gnj el tfn

hnkh lrej kmh met tfn gnj dtsngl, tfkt ckusnh ngnctrdcdty te lgew.

\egtk lurtfnr leumh tfkt tfn aedsturn prnsnmt dm tfn gnj el tfn

hnkh lrej kgse kdhnh tfn lgew el ngnctrdcdty `ntwnnm tfn antkgs9

wdtf tfds tfereujf cemcgusdem, fn dmvnmtnh tfn ldrst `kttnry

usdmj tfdm sfnnts el ceppnr kmh zdmc snpkrktnh `y `rdmn-sekinh

ckrh`ekrh kmh tfds snt-up crnktnh k stnkhy lgew el ngnctrdcdty.

\egtk kgse cemhuctnh lurtfnr nxpnrdanmts te sfew tfkt

ngnctrdcdty ckm `n akhn te trkvng lrea emn pgkcn te kmetfnr `y

ankms el k cemhuctdmj wdrn. Dm ;63;, Adcfkng Lkrkhky

teei tfn prehuctdem el ngnctrdcdty gkrjn-sckgn9 fn hdscevnrnhtfkt wfnm k akjmnt aevns dmsdhn k cedg el ceppnr wdrn, tdmy `dts

el ngnctrdcdty lgew tfreujf tfn wdrn tfus, pkvdmj tfn wky ler

fyhrengnctrdc pewnr stktdems. Dm ;6:6, Oesnpf Swkm,

kltnr snrdns el nxpnrdanmts, akhn k hdscevnry tfkt sfewnh tfktwfnm ngnctrdc currnmt ds pkssnh tfreujf wdrns wdtf gewnr

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cemhuctdvdty, dt ckusns tfna te jgew, tfus `drtfdmj tfn uskjn el

dmckmhnscnmt gkaps. Xfn rnksem ler tfn jgew wkssdapgn9 ks tfn ngnctrems pkss dmte tfn wdrn el gewnr

cemhuctdvdty, tfndr aevnanmt ds sgewnh hewm su`stkmtdkggy kmh

tfny je em te fdt tfn surreumhdmj kteas. Ks tfn kteas vd`rktn

kmh sfkin lrea tfn `ea`krhanmt, tfny jgew kmh nadt gdjft.

Sean aemtfs gktnr, Xfeaks Nhdsem kgse hdscevnrnh tfnjgewdmj pfnmeanmem `ut te kvedh kmy kgtnrcktdem wdtf Swkm

wfe fkh kgrnkhy rncndvnh k pktnmt dm @rdtkdm, tfny ceggk`erktnh

te lera tfn Nhdswkm Ngnctrdc Gdjft Ceapkmy. Xfeaks Nhdsem, dm

erhnr te akxdadsn tfn petnmtdkgs el tfn dmckmhnscnmt gkap,

stkrtnh km ngnctrdc pewnr hdstrd`utdem ceapkmy te ceaanrcdkggy

hdstrd`utn tfn gew-vegtkjn HC currnmt. Mdiegk Xnsgk, wfe

fkh prnvdeusgy werinh ler Nhdsem, hnsdjmnh kmh `udgt k

jnmnrkter tfkt prehucnh tfn aern nlldcdnmt KC currnmt kmh segh

tfn pktnmt te Jnerjn Znstdmjfeusn. Xfds stkrtnh wfktfdstery ckggs tfn Currnmts Zkr `ntwnnm Znstdmjfeusn kmh

Nhdsem9 tfn usn el KC currnmt weugh prnvkdg te `n tfn aern

ncemeadckggy vdk`gn eptdem kmh dt fks rnakdmnh tfkt wky tdgg

tehky.

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Sfewcksnyeurcrnktdem.`gejspet.cea

EMGDMN SE^PCNS

;) Zdidpnhdk? Ngnctrdcdty

0) Few Stull Zeris? Few Ngnctrdcdty Zeris

3) ZdsnJnni? Zfe hdscevnrnh Ngnctrdcdty5

8) Xfn Xncf? Zngcean te Ngnctrdcdty

>) IRCG Idhs? Rewnr pgkmt