Advanced Placement Psychology- Ms Fenton

• Founder of Behaviorism

• Little Albert study• UCS UCR

• NS CS

• CR

• Classical Conditioning of fear

• Discrimination & Generalization of fears

John Watson• Founder of

Behaviorism

• Little Albert study• UCS UCR

• NS CS

• CR

• Classical Conditioning of fear

• Discrimination & Generalization of fears

• Bobo Doll

• Observational / Social Learning

• Modeling

• Social-Cognitive Perspective of personality

• Reciprocal Determinism

• Self-efficacy

Albert Bandura

• Bobo Doll

• Observational / Social Learning

• Modeling

• Social-Cognitive Perspective of personality

• Reciprocal Determinism

• Self-efficacy

• Cognitive Therapist

• Rational Emotive Therapy (RET and REBT)

• Alter client’s irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior & emotions

• ABCActivating EventBeliefs About EventConsequences

Albert Ellis • Cognitive Therapist

• Rational Emotive Therapy (RET and REBT)

• Alter client’s irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior & emotions

• ABCActivating EventBeliefs About EventConsequences

• Stanford Prison Study

• Social roles and behavior

• Power of the Situation

• “New research - altruism

Phillip Zimbardo

• Stanford Prison Study

• Social roles and behavior

• Power of the Situation

• “New research - altruism

• Humanist

• Hierarchy of Needs

• Lower level needs dominate higher level needs

• Goal - be self-actualized

• Humanist

• Hierarchy of Needs

• Lower level needs dominate higher level needs

• Goal - be self-actualized

Abraham Maslow

• Humanist

• Focus on healthy individuals

• Personal growth

• Self-concept

• Congruence vs. Incongruent self-concept

• Non directive therapy

• A.G.E.

Acceptance – unconditional positive regard

Genuineness

Empathy -

• Client or Person Centered Therapy

• Active listening

Carl Rogers

• Humanist

• Focus on healthy individuals

• Personal growth

• Self-concept

• Congruence vs. Incongruent self-concept

• Non directive therapy

• A.G.E.

Acceptance – unconditional positive regard

Genuineness

Empathy -

• Client or Person Centered Therapy

• Active listening

• Cognitive Dissonance: inconsistency among beliefs or behaviors causes tension.

• Usually leads people to change beliefs to fit their actual behavior

• Experiment – knob turning $1 vs. $20

Leon Festinger

• Cognitive Dissonance: inconsistency among beliefs or behaviors causes tension.

• Usually leads people to change beliefs to fit their actual behavior

• Experiment – knob turning $1 vs. $20

• Psychoanalysis• 3 Part Personality:Id, Ego, Superego • Psychosexual Stages of Development (Only Awesome Patriots Learn Guitar)• Fixations• Defense Mechanisms• Manifest & Latent Content• Free Association • Dream Analysis• Illness – caused by unresolved unconscious

conflicts often from childhood

Sigmund Freud

• Psychoanalysis• 3 Part Personality:Id, Ego, Superego • Psychosexual Stages of Development (Only Awesome Patriots Learn Guitar)• Fixations• Defense Mechanisms• Manifest & Latent Content• Free Association • Dream Analysis• Illness – caused by unresolved unconscious

conflicts often from childhood

• Classical conditioning

• UCS elicits a UCR Dogs

• Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork

• UCS, UCR, CS, CR

• Acquisition, Extinction, Generalization, Discrimination,

Ivan Pavlov

• Classical conditioning

• UCS elicits a UCR Dogs

• Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork

• UCS, UCR, CS, CR

• Acquisition, Extinction, Generalization, Discrimination,

• Schema (Assimilation v. Accommodation)• Discontinuity (Stages) Cognitive Development• Sensorimotor (no object permanence)• Preoperational (CANT conserve, egocentric, pre-

logical, animism)• Concrete Operational

(can conserve)• Formal Operational (abstract thought)

Jean Piaget• Schema (Assimilation v. Accommodation)• Discontinuity (Stages) Cognitive Development• Sensorimotor (no object permanence)• Preoperational (CANT conserve), egocentric, pre-

logical, animism)• Concrete Operational

(can conserve)• Formal Operational (abstract thought)

Piaget v. Vygotsky on Cognitive Development

Moral Development

• Preconventional morality

• Conventional morality

• Post-conventional morality

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development

• Preconventional morality

• Conventional morality

• Post-conventional morality

• Well known Depression Inventory

• Challenge Irrational Beliefs

• Negative Cognitive Triad

Aaron Beck• Well known

Depression Inventory

• Challenge Irrational Beliefs

• Negative Cognitive Triad

Conformity Under certain conditions,

people will agree with the group’s (conform) judgment, even when it is clearly incorrect.

70% of participants in experimental group went along with the incorrect reponse at some point

Line study

Solomon Asch Conformity Under certain conditions,

people will agree with the group’s (conform) judgment, even when it is clearly incorrect.

70% of participants in experimental group went along with the incorrect reponse at some point

Line study

Sociocultural theory Scaffolding Zone of proximal

development Continuity theory of

development Acquisition on new

knowledge dependent on previous knowledge

Sociocultural theory Scaffolding Zone of proximal

development Continuity theory of

development Acquisition on new

knowledge dependent on previous knowledge

Lev Vygotsky

• Collective unconscious

• Archetypes

• Anima and Animus

• Introversion v Extroversion

• NeoFreudian

Carl Jung

• Collective unconscious

• Archetypes

• Anima and Animus

• Introversion v Extroversion

• NeoFreudian

• Obedience to authority

• Shocks

• 65% of teachers went all the way

• PRESSENCE OF SOMEONE ELSE WHO DISOBEYS increases

disobedience

• Know factors that increase obedience:

Stanley Milgram

• Obedience to authority

• Shocks

• 65% of teachers went all the way

• PRESSENCE OF SOMEONE ELSE WHO DISOBEYS increases

disobedience

• Know factors that increase obedience:

• Neo-Freudian

• Individual psychology

• Striving for Superiority

• Inferiority complex

• Sibling rivalry

• Birth order

Alfred Adler

• Neo-Freudian

• Individual psychology

• Striving for Superiority

• Inferiority complex

• Sibling rivalry

• Birth order

• Early studies in Memory

• did research with himself as sole subject

• Nonsense syllables

• Learning Curve

• Forgetting Curve

• Overlearning

• Spacing Effect

Hermann Ebbinghaus

• Early studies in Memory

• did research with himself as sole subject

• Nonsense syllables

• Learning Curve

• Forgetting Curve

• Overlearning

• Spacing Effect

• Confabulation or False Memory

• Challenges eyewitness testimony

• Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• Misinformation Effect

Elizabeth Loftus• Confabulation or

False Memory

• Challenges eyewitness testimony

• Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• Misinformation Effect

• g factor= general ability

• S factor = specific abilities

• Mental talents highly correlated

• Early advocate of “More than one type of Intelligence”

Charles Spearman

• g factor= general ability

• S factor = specific abilities

• Mental talents highly correlated

• Early advocate of “More than one type of Intelligence”

Nobel Prize winner in medicine for work with split brain patients

Split patient’s corpus collosum

Tried to help patients with epilepsy

Lateralization of function

Roger Sperry

Nobel Prize winner in medicine for work with split brain patients

Split patient’s corpus collosum

Tried to help patients with epilepsy

Lateralization of function

Studied under Roger Sperry

continued research on split brain patients

Work on lateralization of function

Interested in how the hemispheres communicate

Michael Gazzaniga

Studied under Roger Sperry

continued research on split brain patients

Work on lateralization of function

Interested in how the hemispheres communicate

• Neo-Freudian

• Basic Anxiety

• Womb Envy Healthy

Personality = combo of Moving Toward Moving Against Moving Away

Karen Horney (horn-eye)

• Neo-Freudian

• Basic Anxiety

• Womb Envy Healthy

Personality = combo of Moving Toward Moving Against Moving Away

• Revised Simon Binet IQ test for American children

• Revision known as the STANFORD-BINET

• longitudinal study of gifted kids

• Participants in this study known as Termites

Lewis Terman

• Revised Simon Binet IQ test for American children

• Revision known as STANFORD-BINET

• longitudinal study of gifted kids

• Participants in this study known as Termites

• Denied PhD from Harvard due to gender

• Opened an early psychological labs in U.S.

• Paired-associate technique to study memory

• 1st first female president of APA

Mary Whiton Calkins• Denied PhD from

Harvard due to gender

• Opened an early psychological labs in U.S.

• Paired-associate technique to study memory

• 1st first female president of APA

• 1st woman awarded PhD

• Significant research in animal behavior

Margaret Floy Washburn

• 1st woman awarded PhD

• Significant research in animal behavior

• Activist for care of mentally ill individuals living in poverty

• Successfully lobbied state legislature to create mental asylums

• Ms. Fenton’s Favorite Psychologist

Dorthea Dix

• Activist for care of mentally ill individuals living in poverty

• Successfully lobbied state legislature to create mental asylums

• Ms. Fenton’s Favorite Psychologist

• Cardinal Traits

• Central Traits

• Secondary Traits

Trait PERSONALITY theorist – 4500 traits

Gordon Allport

• Cardinal Traits

• Central Traits

• Secondary Traits

Trait PERSONALITY theorist – 4500 traits

• Trait Theorist• Factor Analysis to

reduce # of traits

• 16PF or 16 Personal Factor Test

• Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence

Raymond Cattell

• Trait Theorist• Factor Analysis to

reduce # of traits

• 16PF or 16 Personal Factor Test

• Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Body’s physical response to all stressors.

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

Hans Selye General Adaptation

Syndrome (GAS): Body’s physical response to all stressors.

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

Developed contingency model of learning and added a cognitive component to classical conditioning based on prediction and expectations.

Stimuli that are more consistently paired are more predictable and therefore generate stronger responses.

Cognitive expectations guide learning.

Robert Rescorla Developed contingency model

of learning and added a cognitive component to classical conditioning based on prediction and expectations.

Stimuli that are more consistently paired are more predictable and therefore generate stronger responses.

Cognitive expectations guide learning.

Formula for JND minimum change needed to create JND is in constant proportion of original Stimulus.Bigger objects have larger JND (greater to be noticed)Law is created by Fechner

based on this person’s research

Ernst Weber

Formula for JND minimum change needed to create JND is in constant proportion of original Stimulus.Bigger objects have larger JND (greater to be noticed)Law is created by Fechner

based on this person’s research

Early researcher in psychophysics Studies magnitude of perceived

perception Stimulus increases in proportion to original

stimulus How perceptual intensity is related to

strength

Gustav Fechner

Early researcher in psychophysics Studies magnitude of perceived

perception Stimulus increases in proportion to original

stimulus How perceptual intensity is related to

strength

• American psychologist

• 1st president of APA

• Published 1st American Journal of Psychology

• Research on adolescence and education

G. Stanley Hall

• American psychologist

• 1st president of APA

• Published 1st American Journal of Psychology

• Research on adolescence and education

• Psychology should be study of conscious experience

• Father of Psychology

• University of Leipzig

• 1st Psychology Lab

• Introspection

Wilhelm Wundt

• Psychology should be study of conscious experience

• Father of Psychology

• University of Leipzig

• 1st Psychology Lab

• Introspection

• Little Peter

• Conditioned Little Peter to NOT be afraid of rabbits.

• First Behavior Therapist

• Counterconditioning

Mary Cover Jones

• Little Peter

• Conditioned Little Peter to NOT be afraid of rabbits.

• First Behavior Therapist

• Counterconditioning

Research on cats – discovery of feature detectors in visual cortex

Nobel Prize Cats in boxes (different

types of lines activated different feature detectors

Torsten Wiesel & David Hubel

Research on cats – discovery of feature detectors in visual cortex

Nobel Prize Cats in boxes (different

types of lines activated different feature detectors

• Systematic Desensitization

• Hierarchy Construction

• Progressive Relaxation

• Worked with those who suffered from Phobias

Joseph Wolpe

• Systematic Desensitization

• Hierarchy Construction

• Progressive Relaxation

• Worked with those who suffered from Phobias

• Behaviorist• Operant Conditioning:

Reinforcements, Punishments, Reinforcement Schedules, etc.

• Token Economy• Denied existence of the

unconscious• Believed there was no such

thing as free will

B. F. Skinner

• Behaviorist• Operant Conditioning:

Reinforcements, Punishments, Reinforcement Schedules, etc.

• Token Economy• Denied existence of the

unconscious• Believed there was no such

thing as free will

• Latent Learning

• Cognitive Maps

• Rat in a maze experiment

E.C. Tolman

• Latent Learning

• Cognitive Maps

• Rat in a maze experiment

• Insight Learning

• Right Temporal Lobe

• Observed Chimps solve problems

Wolfgang Köhler

• Insight Learning

• Right Temporal Lobe

• Observed Chimps solve problems

• Imprinting: attachment in birds to first moving object they say

• Attachment during a critical period

Konrad Lorenz

• Imprinting: attachment in birds to first moving object they say

• Attachment during a critical period

• Language Acquisition Device

• Universal Grammar

• Nature (Nativist) Theory

• Cognitive Perspective

Noam Chomsky

• Language Acquisition Device

• Universal Grammar

• Nature (Nativist) Theory

• Cognitive Perspective

•Neo-Freudian•Personality develops across lifespan •Crisis at each stage

Erik Erikson

•Neo-Freudian•Personality develops across lifespan •Crisis at each stage

Worked with team of researchers collected over 18,000 interviews with men & women about sex

Increased public awareness of human sexuality

Worked with team of researchers collected over 18,000 interviews with men & women about sex

Increased public awareness of human sexuality

Alfred Kinsey

• Discovered area in left frontal lobe for production of language

• Controls mouth movements for speech

• _____________ or Expressive Aphasia

Paul Broca

• Discovered area (Broca’s Area) in left frontal lobe for production of language

• Controls mouth movements for speech

• Broca’s Aphasia or Expressive Aphasia

• Instrumental Learning• Behaviorist• Puzzle Boxes (Cats)• Law of Exercise• Law of Effect

Edward Thorndike

• Instrumental Learning• Behaviorist• Puzzle Boxes (Cats)• Law of Exercise• Law of Effect

• ___________ Adult Intelligence Test for Adults (WAIS)

• Added performance section in addition to verbal test

• (S-B test verbal only)

David Weschler

• ___________ Adult Intelligence Test for Adults (WAIS)

• Added performance section in addition to verbal test

• (S-B test verbal only)

______________ Emotion Theory• We feel emotions & have

physiological changes (e.g., muscle tension, sweating, etc.) at the same time because of info from thalamus

• Event = Simultaneous arousal and emotion

Walter Cannon & Philip Bard

Cannon –Bard Emotion Theory• We feel emotions & have

physiological changes (e.g., muscle tension, sweating, etc.) at the same time because of info from thalamus

• Event = Simultaneous arousal and emotion

2 factor theory of intelligence “g factor” (general Intelligence) &“s factor” (specific mental abilities)

g factor more important

Charles Spearman

2 factor theory of intelligence “g factor” (general Intelligence) &“s factor” (specific mental abilities)

g factor more important

• Theory of multiple intelligences

• 8 Intelligences (logical mathematical, verbal linguistic, spatial, kinesthetic, etc.)

TIP: This person Ate (8) MULTIPLE types of vegetables (intelligences)

Howard Gardner

• Theory of multiple intelligences

• 8 Intelligences (logical mathematical, verbal linguistic, spatial, kinesthetic, etc.)

TIP: This person Ate (8) MULTIPLE types of vegetables (intelligences)

• Functionalism

• 1st psychology text book Principles of Psychology (1890)

• Early theory of emotion – emotion follows physiological response – the brain automatically determines the specific emotion based on a particular pattern of autonomic arousal

• “I tremble therefore I am afraid”

Streams of Consciousness

William James• Functionalism

• 1st psychology text book Principles of Psychology (1890)

• Early theory of emotion – emotion follows physiological response – the brain automatically determines the specific emotion based on a particular pattern of autonomic arousal

• “I tremble therefore I am afraid”

Streams of Consciousness

Triarchic theory of Love/Attraction

Passion

Intimacy

Commitment

Triarchic theory of intelligencePractical intelligence

Analytical intelligence

Creative intelligence

TIP: Think PIC PAC

Robert SternbergTriarchic theory of Love/Attraction

Passion

Intimacy

Commitment

Triarchic theory of intelligencePractical intelligence

Analytical intelligence

Creative intelligence

TIP: Think PIC PAC

• Created 1st IQ test

• Mental Age: Measure of intelligence- identifying chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance

• Created exam for French school children

Alfred Binet• Created 1st IQ test

• Mental Age: Measure of intelligence- identifying chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance

• Created exam for French school children

• Rhesus monkeys

• Attachment is ≠ to food

• Cloth mother v. wire mother

• Contact comfort & love critical to attachment

Harry Harlow

• Rhesus monkeys

• Attachment is ≠ to food

• Cloth mother v. wire mother

• Contact comfort & love critical to attachment

• Moral reasoning in women & girls.

• Nurturing & caring part of moral reasoning in girls.

• Critic of Kohlberg’s Morality Stages – gender bias against females.

Carol Gilligan

• Moral reasoning in women & girls.

• Nurturing & caring part of moral reasoning in girls.

• Critic of Kohlberg’s Morality Stages – gender bias against females.

• Attachment Studies

• Strange Situation Experiment

• Secure Attachment

• Insecure Attachment- Insecure Anxious-Ambivalent- Insecure Anxious-Avoidant

Mary Ainsworth

• Attachment Studies

• Strange Situation Experiment

• Secure Attachment

• Insecure Attachment- Insecure Anxious-Ambivalent- Insecure Anxious-Avoidant

• Tested Depth Perception in children

• Visual Cliff Apparatus

Gibson and Walk• Tested Depth Perception in children

• Visual Cliff Apparatus

• 19th century railroad worker – damage severed connections between limbic system and frontal lobes –

• Case study gave psychologists insight into function of frontal lobes

• Damage show importance of Frontal Lobe

Phineas Gage

• 19th century railroad worker – damage severed connections between limbic system and frontal lobes –

• Case study gave psychologists insight into function of frontal lobes

• Damage show importance of Frontal Lobe

4 Parenting StylesAuthoritativeAuthoritarian “like a barbarian!”Permissive (Neglectful or Indulgent)

Diana Baumrind

4 Parenting StylesAuthoritativeAuthoritarian “like a barbarian!”Permissive (Neglectful or Indulgant)

Hypnosis is SEPARATE state of divided consciousness or

dissociative state Hypnotic state- vivid form of

everyday mind splits. 1 part of mind "split offs" &

works independently from rest Studied hypnosis for pain relief Hidden Observer

Ernest Hilgard Hypnosis is SEPARATE state of divided consciousness or

dissociative state Hypnotic state- vivid form of

everyday mind splits. 1 part of mind "split offs" &

works independently from rest Studied hypnosis for pain relief Hidden Observer

• Created well known __________ Projective test (Ink blots)

Herman Rorschach

• Created well known __________ Projective test (Ink blots)

• Research on terminally ill elderly• DABDA – Stages of Death &

Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression AcceptanceMuch criticism of these stagesKey researcher – gerontology

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

• Research on terminally ill elderly• DABDA – Stages of Death &

Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression AcceptanceMuch criticism of these stagesKey researcher – gerontology

•Learned Helplessness (Dog Experiment)

•Learned Optimism

•Positive Psychology

Martin Seligman

• Learned Helplessness (Dog Experiment)

• Learned Optimism

• Positive Psychology

• Discovered area (___________) responsible for comprehension of language

• Left Temporal Lobe

• Damage leads to Receptive (_________)Aphasia

Carl Wernicke• Discovered area

(___________) responsible for comprehension of language

• Left Temporal Lobe

• Damage leads to Receptive (_________)Aphasia

• Universal Emotions – based on facial expressions

• Facial expressions of emotion consistent across cultures

• Lie Detection –MicroExpressions

• Display Rules

Paul Ekman

• Universal Emotions – based on facial expressions

• Facial expressions of emotion consistent across cultures

• Lie Detection –MicroExpressions

• Display Rules

• Study of effectiveness of psychiatric diagnosis

• Use of pseudo patients

• Impact – showed negative impact of labels

• Faked symptoms of schizophrenia to be admitted into mental health care facilities

David Rosenhan

• Study of effectiveness of psychiatric diagnosis

• Use of pseudo patients

• Impact – showed negative impact of labels

• Faked symptoms of schizophrenia to be admitted into mental health care facilities

• 2 Factor Emotion Theory

• Human emotions 2 factors: physical arousal & cognitive label

• Individual evaluates environment to determine emotion they are experiencing

• Experiment with adrenaline or placebo injections (participants told it was a vitamin)

Stanley Schachter & Singer

• 2 Factor Emotion Theory

• Human emotions 2 factors: physical arousal & cognitive label

• Individual evaluates environment to determine emotion they are experiencing

• Experiment with adrenaline or placebo injections (participants told it was a vitamin)

5 Factor Model of Personality Traits (Ocean/Canoe)

Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Costa and McCrae

5 Factor Model of Personality Traits (Ocean/Canoe)

Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus 2 is

amount that STM holds

Chunking – increases amount in STM by grouping items together

George Miller

Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus 2 is

amount that STM holds

Chunking – increases amount in STM by grouping items together

Founder of Structuralism Student of Wundt Emphasized elements of consciousness

Edward Titchener

Founder of Structuralism Student of Wundt Emphasized elements of consciousness

Established Trichromatic theory of light

Three types of photoreceptors

Green/Blue/Red

Young and Helmholtz

Established Trichromatic theory of light

Three types of photoreceptors

Green/Blue/Red

Early attempts to measure intelligence Evolutionary Approach - Cousin of Darwin Believed Intelligence inherited Founded Psychometrics Devised method of classifying Finger prints

Sir Francis Galton Early attempts to measure intelligence Evolutionary Approach - Cousin of Darwin Believed Intelligence inherited Founded Psychometrics Devised method of classifying Finger prints

Believed Language influenced thought Linguistic Relativity Theory

Original Theory - Linguistic Determinism Often cited that “Eskimos” have multiple

words to describe snow and can therefore discern small difference in types of snow.

Benjamin Whorf

Believed Language influenced thought Linguistic Relativity Theory

Original Theory - Linguistic Determinism Often cited that “Eskimos” have multiple

words to describe snow and can therefore discern small difference in types of snow.

Relationship between arousal & performance _____ Law

Graphs as upside down U Moderate level arousal best for most tasks Easy tasks need slightly higher levels Difficult tasks slightly lower levels

Yerkes and Dodson Relationship between arousal &

performance _____ Law Graphs as upside down U Moderate level arousal best for most tasks Easy tasks need slightly higher levels Difficult tasks slightly lower levels

Biological Trait Theory3 dimensions describe personalityNeuroticismExtraversionPsychoticism

Hans EysenckBiological Trait Theory3 dimensions describe personalityNeuroticismExtraversionPsychoticism