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Participatory Guarantee Systems in Organic Agriculture: THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONSTRANSCRIPT
www.fao.org/ag/ags
Participatory Guarantee Systems in Organic AgricultureTHE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS
3eme Conférence Ouest Africaine sur l’agriculture biologique
Cotonou, Bénin 27-29 août 2014
Dr. Allison Loconto (INRA/FAO)Dr. Pilar Santacoloma (FAO)Anne Sophie Poisot (FAO)Marcello Vicovaro (FAO)
Innovations in linking sustainable practices with markets• How do standards and market-based mechanisms
act as incentives for the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices?
• Focus on institutional innovations:▫Novel ways of organizing public and private actors,
organizations, institutions (including rules/regulations)
• Voluntary standards are “one of the most innovative and startling institutional designs of the past 50 years” (Cashore et al., 2004: 4)
Method•Call for proposals launched in September 2013
▫87 proposals, 15 case studies selected▫4 Latin America & Caribbean, 6 African, 5 Asian▫10 Organic, 3 integrated production systems, 2
IPM based▫3 Community Supported Agriculture, 6 Multi-
actor Innovation Platforms; 6 Participatory Guarantee Schemes
•To date, field visits to 7 case studies, interviews with authors, peer-review and document analysis
BoliviaHugo Chambilla S. & Eduardo López R.“Mercados Campesinos” AVSF/AOPEB
• National Constitution:▫ Food Sovreignty▫ Participatory decision-making on
environmental issues▫ Valorization of small farmers
• National regulation for Organic▫ 2006 - Export = 3PC, Domestic =
PGS▫ Registration with Food Safety
Authority• Municipal level
▫ PGS integrated into municipal level committees
▫ Municipal extension officer in organic
▫ Monthly ‘fieras’• Local adaptation
▫ Focus on native crops (e.g., quinoa, potatoes)
▫ Creation of local input markets▫ Farmer to farmer training
ColombiaOscar NietoFamilia de la Tierra
• National Regulation for Organic▫ 1999 - 3PC + ICS for groups
(2004 – label)▫ 2014/15 -Ministry of
Agriculture is creating a PGS registry
• District level▫ 2012 – District of Bogotá
declared GMO-free▫ Initiating public procurement
of organic (including from PGS)
▫ Bio-fairs• Local adaptation
▫ Cooking school, restaurants, specialty stores
▫ Native seeds (e.g., beans, mais)
▫ DIY Soil testing
IndiaAshish GuptaPGS Organic Council, India
• National Regulation for Organic▫ 2004 - National Project on
Organic Farming (NPOF) ▫ 3PC through the Ministry of
Commerce▫ 2011 - NPOF PGS – authorized
PGS and capacity building • Nationally Federated system
▫ 12 Facilitation Councils▫ 587 Local Farmer Groups
Marketing is farmer-led Production support is NGO-led
▫ 5925 Farmer Families• Local adaptations
▫ Ayurveda and Unani medicine▫ Local language▫ No parallel production allowed▫ Native seeds
The PhilippinesCarmen CablingQuezon Participatory Guarantee System
• National level▫ Organic Act of 2010
Organic Certification Standards of the Philippines (OCCP) 2005
Only 3PC authorized - Moratorium until 2016
▫ Recognition of outstanding organic implementers
▫ Focal persons for organic at all levels
▫ PGS Philippinas• Province level
▫ 2011 - QPGS as the first multi-stakeholder PGS
▫ League of Organic Agriculture in Municipalities (LOAM)
▫ Weekend Organic Markets• Local adaptation
▫ Diversified integrated farming▫ Random chemical residue testing▫ Provincial agriculturalist +
University collaboration
NamibiaManjo Smith & Stephen BarrowNamibian Organic Association & Afrisco Certified Organic
• National Constitution▫ Ecosystem
conservation/maintenance• National Level
▫ 1995 - Ag Policy: “Agricultural growth will not be pursued at the expense of the environment.”
▫ Informal recognition by the Namibian Standards Authority
• Sub-national level▫ Strong support by large
commercial farmers▫ Transparency + label = trust▫ ~30,000 ha certified (11 farms)
• Local adaptation▫ Biological farming + Holistic
Management + Biodynamic▫ High standards to meet well
informed consumers
UgandaJulie Nakalanda & Irene KugonzaFreshVeggies PGS & NOGAMU
• Regional Level▫ 2007 - East African Organic
Products Standard (EAOPS)▫ PGS norm
• National Level▫ Promotion and training from
NOGAMU• District Level
▫ Building on SACCOs▫ Using social media to create
markets• Consumer-led production
approach providing healthy/ difficult to find products
• Local adaptations▫ ‘dos and don’ts’▫ 3 local medicinal plants▫ Rotating responsibilities
PGS facilitates collective marketing“putting ‘culture’ back into agriculture”
• Farmers’ markets and Fieras▫Bolivia, Colombia, India, Namibia, Philippines
• Box-schemes ▫Colombia, Namibia, Uganda
• Hospitality industry (restaurants, hotels, tourism)▫Colombia, Namibia, Uganda
• Public procurement (schools, hospitals, prisons)▫Bolivia, Colombia, Philippines
• Input markets (seeds, biofertilizers)▫Bolivia, Colombia, India
Lessons learned• Lack of national legislation has allowed private actors time to
gain legitimacy▫ But there are also legal challenges that can be brought by the
use of ‘organic’ labels if PGS is not recognized at the national level (e.g., Philippines)
• Continuous capacity building is fundamental▫ Some use rotating responsibilities, others use formal training
• Cost reduction is an important motivation for developing PGS ▫ But reliance on volunteers doesn’t consider the ‘time’ costs.
Some PGS have begun to charge a small fee.• PGS have created multiple layers of oversight
▫ None of the PGS rely on self-certification alone (self-claims dilute trust)
• Smallholder inclusion in the value chain is crucial▫ Not only as producers, but also as implementers of a system
(certification)
Conclusions• Collaboration needed among ministries (Agriculture,
Commerce, Development, Environment)▫ Competent agencies under multiple ministries
coordinate/regulate Organic & PGS ▫ Multi-level separation of competencies/responsibilities is
important
• The size of the market is still small, but it is innovative▫ Local consumers are not well informed of organics or PGS ▫ Informed consumers look for ‘healthy’ products▫ Labels and direct marketing are key▫ Need organic input supply ‘markets’ to develop alongside
PGS
Thank you et Merci beaucoup
www.fao.org/ag/ags/www.inra-ifris.org