fao efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management ... 6/24/2015 international technical...

FAO TCP/INT/3502 “Reducing and managing the risk of

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp”

FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture

health management including the

AHPND International Technical

Seminar

Melba B. Reantaso

Lead Technical Officer:TCP/INT/3502 &

Aquaculture Officer

Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations

[email protected]

Skype: mreantaso

6/24/2015

International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses” 22-24 June 2015, Tryp Hotel, Panama City

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mailto:[email protected]





Outline

6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”

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• Global aquaculture production, top 10 P. vannamei

and P. monodon producers

• Transboundary aquatic animal diseases (TAADs)

• Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence in

aquaculture

• FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health

management

• FAO response to EMS/AHPND

• Why are we here?

Capture vs Aquaculture

Aqua Aquaria India 2015

Capture: plateau

Aquaculture:

increasing steadily

2011: 62.7 million MT



Crustaceans (including shrimps –

are important!


4

• aquatic food protein

• production (food and ornamental) and trade

extremely important for developing nations (high

value commodity)

• livelihood and employment (economic

empowerment)

• high value exports can buy lower value products on

the world market; thus positively contribute to food

security in producing and exporting countries

6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND:

Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses” 5

Top 10 P. vannamei producers (2013, FAOStat)

1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Thailand, 4. Ecuador, 5. Vietnam 6. India 7. Mexico 8. Brazil 9. Honduras 10. Malaysia

#8. Brazil

#9 Honduras #7 Mexico

#4 Ecuador

#1 China

#2 Indonesia

#10 Malaysia

#5 Vietnam

#3 Thailand

#6 India



Top 10 P. monodon producers (2013, FAOStat)

1. Vietnam 2. Indonesia 3. India 4. China 5. Bangladesh

6. Myanmar 7. Philippines 8. Thailand 9. Madagascar 10. Malaysia

#1 Vietnam

#7 Philippines

#9 Madagascar

#2 Indonesia

#10 Malaysia

#3 India #5 Bangladesh

#4 China #8 Thailand

#6 Myanmar

Diseases (infectious) in Aquaculture

• Diseases that are important to trade (OIE list of diseases), governed by international standards, set of criteria to be met to be included in the list, pathogens/diseases of important traded species (e.g. finfish, crustaceans, molluscs), mandatory reporting/notification is required during an outbreak

• Diseases that are consistently affecting aquaculture species: hatchery, nursery and grow-out levels, e.g. bacteria, parasites, fungal, virus

• Emerging diseases: known and unknown

International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”

Diseases in aquaculture

Not caused by a single event

End result of a series of linked

events involving the

interactions between the host,

the environment and the

presence of a

pathogen (Snieszko, 1974).

STRESS is an important factor!!

Snieszko, 1974

Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2002


9

Transboundary aquatic animal diseases

(TAADs)

• highly contagious/transmissible (infectious!)

• potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national

borders (no passport!)

• cause serious socio-economic and possibly health

consequences (high risk and high impact!)

• OIE lists more than 30 aquatic pathogens/diseases which

fit established criteria for listed diseases in terms of

consequence, spread and diagnosis (important to trade!)

• one of the negative impacts trade globalization (important

pathway!)


Factors contributing to the current

disease problems in aquaculture

• intensification of aquaculture through translocation of broodstock, post-larvae, fry and fingerlings

• development and expansion of the ornamental fish trade

• misunderstanding and misuse of specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks in hatcheries

global distribution of shrimp

diseases

koi herpesvirus (KHV)

Taura syndrome, Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV)

of Specific pathogen free (SPF) Peneaus vannamei


Factors contributing to the current disease

problems in aquaculture

• slow awareness on emerging diseases

• inadequate or poorly implemented biosecurity measures

• unanticipated negative interactions between cultured and wild fish populations

• enhancement of marine and coastal areas through stocking of aquatic animals reared in hatcheries

KHV in Indonesia and EUS

incursion in Africa

exemplified by Kudoa amamiensis

pilchard mortalities with feeding with live

or fresh food as pathway


Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence

in aquaculture



1970s

1990s

BMNV

Baculoviral

midgut gland

necrosis virus

MBV

Monodon

baculovirus

WSSV

White spot

syndrome virus

IHHNV

Infectious

hypodermal and

haematopoietic

necrosis virus

HPV

Hepatopancreatic

parvovirus

YHV

Yellow head

virus

1980s

TSV

Taura syndrome

virus

MoV

Mourilyan

virus

2000 IMNV

Infectious

myonecrosis virus

LSNV

Laem-Singh

Virus

EMS/AHPND: a strain of V.

parahaemolyticus

Vibriosis: Vibrio (harveyi, damsela,

alginolyticus, vulnificus, penaeicida)

NHP Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis

BP

Baculo penaeid

virus

EHP Enterocytozoon

hepatopenaei

CMNV Covert

Mortality Nodavirus



Shrimp diseases in aquaculture:

scale of geographic distribution and numbers



FAO efforts on shrimp

aquaculture health management

including the AHPND

International Technical Seminar


15

1999 (Cebu, Philippines): FAO Expert

Workshop:14 shrimp-producing

countries, including five Latin American

countries, attended. The workshop

discussed and agreed upon a number of

strategies for controlling shrimp disease

problems and made recommendations

for future activities.

2000 (Puerto Vallarta, Mexico):

APEC/NACA/FAO/SEMARNAP Expert

Workshop on Transboundary aquatic

animal pathogen transfer and the

development of harmonized standards

on aquaculture health management



2001: TCP/RLA/0071 (A): Assistance to health

management of shrimp culture in Latin America: 14

countries: Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela.

FAO/ASEAN/AAHRI: IMNV

FAO/World Bank: WSSV in

Madagascar/Mozambique

TCP/SUR/3402: Suriname

TCP/INS/3401: Indonesia

TCP/MAL/3501: Malaysia

Subcommittee on Aquaculture (SCA V, 2010

Thailand): Biosecurity agenda

SCA 8: Brasilia; Side event on Biosecurity

(October 2015)

FAO response to EMS/AHPND



2012-2014

2015-2016

CMC

Emergency

Mission

(Jul 2012)

TCP/VIE/3304

(2012-2013) Development of

two inter-regional

TCPs

Round-table

discussion on

EMS/AHPND

in K Saudi

Arabia

(March 2015)

TCP/INT/3502

EMS/AHPND

(2015-2016)

TCP/INT/3501:

IMNV (2015-2016): includes

an update on EMS/AHPNS:

Brasil, China, Ecuador,

Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand

Development of

technical guidance on

application of

SPF/SPR in

aquaculture (2015)

Hanoi Technical

Consultation on

EMS/AHPND

(June 2013)

Mexico

Technical

Consultation

(July 2014)

• Aquaculture is very important to Viet Nam in

terms of food security & livelihood generation

• Viet Nam is the world’s #1 producer of Black

Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) at 316,000

tonnes and the world #3 for total shrimp,

including white-legged shrimp (P. vannamei)

at 410, 697 tonnes (2009)

• Export value of shrimp: USD 2.1Billion (2010)

• 82% of production in Mekong Delta; 70%

comes for 3 affected provinces

• Unknown disease reported

Red River Delta

Mekong River Delta

82%

3%

15%

Mekong RiverDeltaRed RiverDeltaRemainingarea

Shrimp

3%

15%

82%

Mekong River Delta

Red River Delta

Remaining Area

EMERGENCY TCP for VIETNAM

Unknown

Disease

EMS/AHPNS

FAO TCP/VIE/3304

Diagnostic studies: pathogens: virus,

bacteria, parasites, fungi:

methods: histology, PCR,

Rep-PCR fresh smear,

bacterial metagenomics,

API 20E kit, 16S rRNA

sequencing

Environmental studies • toxins in water, feed,

sediment

• survey of pesticides in the

environment

Epidemiology

studies risk factors through

cross-sectional study

2 Technical Consultations November 2012: Project Team and

National Team

June 2013: Project Team and

international experiences

Philippines, China, Indonesia,

Malaysia, Thailand, USA

(+ topics on vibriosis,

bacteriophage)

Transmission

and challenge

studies: • per os (orally

administered)

• co-habitation

(water)

• pathogen/pesticide

challenge tests

Unknown

Shrimp

Disease

EMS/AHPNS Early Mortality

Syndrome

Acute

hepatopancreatic

necrosis syndrome

TCP/VIE/3304

Output 1:

Causative agent

confirmed

Output 2: Affected

farmers trained on farm

biosecurity and good

aquaculture practices

Output 3:

Emergency

preparedness guidelines

improved

Output 4: National

strategy on aquatic

animal health in place

Implementing Partners:

Local Partners Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development

DAH, DFish, RIAs, DOST,

Can Tho University, Regional

field offices

International Partners FAO

Auburn University (AU)

Kasetsart University (KU)

Mahidol University (MU)

Network of Aquaculture Centres

in Asia-Pacific (NACA)

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

(UPM)

University of Arizona (UA)

CMC-AH Mission: July 2011

Emergency TCP Project Formulation Mission: September 2011

TCP/VIE/3304: April 2012- August 2013

Hanoi EMS Technical Consultation12-point

EMS Actions and Risk Management measures

“Complacency in the shrimp aquaculture sector resulting to laxity, during a period of trouble-free shrimp production, led to vulnerability of the sector to any newly emerging pathogen that might arise unexpectedly, as is the case of EMS/AHPNS.

Poor management practices, weak compliance with standard good biosecurity, and good aquaculture practices still evident.

Shrimp aquaculture sector needs to improve and continue to implement responsible and science-based farming practices.”

FIRA Seminar 26 February 2015



FAO TCP/INT/3502: “Reducing and managing the risk of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp”

June 2015: (1) International technical seminar on EMS/AHPND; (2) Workshop to prepare EMS/AHPN risk

management and risk reduction strategy at country levels

2nd/3rd quarter 2015: intersessional period for countries to conduct national level consultations

1st or 2nd quarter 2016: Final regional workshop (Asia)

Asia: India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Sri Lanka

LAC: Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru

6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and

Farmer Responses” 24

Currently known distribution of EMS/AHPND Confirmed: China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam

From scientific literature: the Philippines, Mexico

Suspicion: some Asian and LAC countries

25

Transmission to other cultured species?

Transmission to wild stocks?

Frozen commodity shrimp

Live/fresh feed

Live broodstock/PL

risk

risk

risk

risk

Economic

impacts

???


Why are we here??



+/- 22 government delegates

+/=20 experts

+/=50-60 (?) producers: Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico,

Panama

Different agenda but common interest:

• Share knowledge/experience

• Learn and understand the risks

• Contribute to finding solutions

• Recognize opportunities

• Take actions

• Reach a consensus for cooperation

EMS/AHPND Technical Seminar



Day 1 to Day 2 (22-23 June)

• Session 1: Government and inter-governmental responses to

EMS/AHPND (4 presentations)

• Session 2: Vibrio and Vibriosis in shrimp farming (4

presentations)

• Session 3: Farmers’ experiences dealing with EMS/AHPND (4

presentations)

• Session 4: Scientists’ understanding of EMS/AHPND, other

emerging shrimp pathogens, disease resistance (7

presentations

• Session 5: Farmers’ best practices in shrimp farming (2

presentations)




Day 3 (24 June)

• Session 6: Working Group discussions and more

interactions between producers, governments and

scientists/experts that are expected to generate

generic and specific recommendations and action

packages addressed to:

• (1) Competent Authorities, regional/international

intergovernmental organizations;

• (2) farmer/producers and

• (3) scientists/experts.

Time to rethink! Change the mindset

• Aquaculture is a highly complex sector!

• Aquatic (fluid) environment and its’ trans-boundary

nature

• Over 500 species

• Different habitats

• Different food habits

• Different production systems

• Different production practices

FIRA Seminar 26 February 2015

Hazard and

critical

point

at farm

facility

Value

chain risk

management

Biosecurity governance:

National, regional

international

RISK

Risky

areas in

the value

chain

Supplier of

inputs and

products

Trading

practices

• hatchery

• nursery

• grow-out

• processing

plants

Enabling

environment

Policies,

legislation and

enforcement

AAH services

Extension

services

Compliance: GAP

CoC, trading

standards International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND:

Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”

RISK RISK

Surveillance, emergency

preparedness, contingency plans

Breeding programs

SPF/SPR stocks

A few last thoughts…..

TAADs will continue to threaten the sector unless appropriate and effective biosecurity measures are put in place

Government and private sectors will be faced with more costs in terms of production losses and efforts to contain and eradicate them, funds which would have been better spent in preventing their entry into the system, in the first place.

Eradication programmes, extremely difficult and costly, may be unlikely for shrimp diseases

Focussing efforts on prevention, appropriate pre-border and border controls, good husbandry and biosecurity practices and maintaining a healthy environment are still the key to managing risks from diseases.

International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND:

Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses”

Questions and issues



• Private sector recognize the presence of the disease but

countries not officially reporting. OIE during the last General

Session (May 2015) already included AHPND in the OIE list:

will this encourage transparent reporting?

• What is the role of inbreeding?

• Can shrimp be bred for tolerance and/or resistance?

• Can SPF/SPR stocks solve the problem?

• Are there lessons from WSSV?

• Can we stop illegal movements?

• Government actions on banning shrimp

trade/importation/movements justified?

Questions and issues



• Will rumours remain as they are – is someone going to

take action?

• Virulence factors? Is there a specific toxin responsible?

Phage or plasmid involved? Stressors from the

environment?

• Precise mechanism of infection? Diagnostics?

• Green water technology, polyculture, immunostimulants,

etc.

• Biosecurity for a pathogen that is

ubiquitous in the environment?

Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence

in aquaculture



1970s

1990s

1980s

2000

2015

? ? ? 2020 2030



“A health threat anywhere is a

health threat everywhere”

Muchas gracias. Thank you very much.

fao efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management ... 6/24/2015 international technical...

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