Food and Nutrition in Numbers

2014

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2014

i

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ISBN 978-92-5-108617-9

FAO, 2014

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Contents

Foreword 1Introduction 3

Economy 4Population 6Prices 8Trade 10

Undernourishment 12Undernutrition 14Overweight/Obesity 16Food security indicators 18

Dietary energy supply 20Cereals - excluding beer 22Starchy roots 24Sugar and sweeteners 26Fruit and vegetables 28Meat 30Oilcrops 32Fish 34Milk - excluding butter 36

Inequality within countries 38

Water 48Greenhouse gas emissions 50Organic agriculture 52

Country Profiles 56

Part 1 : 237

Definitions 237

Notes 245

iii

Foreword

At the first International Conference on Nutrition, held in 1992, global leaderspledged to act in solidarity to ensure that freedom from hunger becomes a real-ity.

Although great progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of hunger,over 800 million people are still unable to meet their daily calorie needs for liv-ing healthy lives. About one in nine people go to bed daily on an empty stomach.In cases where food is available, often the quality of the food does not meet mi-cronutrient (vitamin andmineral) needs. More than two billion people continue tosuffer from nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A, iron, zinc and iodine. Whilethe world is grappling with issues of undernutrition, there is also the growingproblem of obesity, which now affects around 500 million people. Many countriesare facing a triple burden of malnutrition, where undernourishment, micronutri-ent deficiency and obesity exist in the same community and household.

ICN2 presents another opportunity for the global community to make a commit-ment and take action to address this global menace. The two outcome documentsof ICN2 - the Rome Declaration and the Framework for Action - will provide thebasis for renewed commitment and focused action for addressing malnutritionwithin the coming decade. Experiences from the Millennium Development Goalsindicate that, with a united commitment, we can achieve significant results. Wemust now move forward with the same determination as we address new globalchallenges through the Sustainable Development Goals.

Having clear indicators to measure progress is very important. Statistics are afundamental tool in this process, necessary to identify problems and monitorprogress. The better the data, the better policies can be designed to improvenutrition worldwide. Without good data, it is impossible to evaluate or deter-mine the impact of policies, or hold stakeholders accountable for pledges theymake. For statistics to effectively inform food and agriculture policies, they needto be accessible and clear to policymakers at global, regional and country levels.This publication presents selected key indicators related to food and nutritionoutcomes that stakeholders can use to prioritise their actions.

This food and nutrition pocketbook was produced jointly by the FAO Statistics andNutrition Divisions. It is part of the FAO Statistical Yearbook suite of products andis one of the tools that can be used as building blocks for evidence-based policymaking. It includes data from FAOSTAT as well as from other partners in theorganization and in the international community.

There are still gaps in the information. We hope that ICN2 will provide the forumfor discussion on ways to improve the data to better monitor nutrition.

Anna Lartey Pietro GennariDirector, Nutrition Division Chief Statistician and Director, Statistics Division

1

Introduction

Overcoming malnutrition in all of its forms caloric undernourishment, micronu-trient deficiencies and obesity requires a combination of interventions in differ-ent areas that guarantee the availability of and access to healthy diets. Among thekey areas, interventions are required in food systems, public health systems andthe provision of safe water and sanitation. This pocketbook not only focuses onindicators of food security and nutritional outcomes but also on the determinantsthat contribute to healthy lives.

The pocketbook is structured in two sections:

Thematic spreads related to food security and nutrition, including detailedfood consumption data collected from national household budget surveys,

Comprehensive country and regional profiles with indicators categorizedby anthropometry, nutritional deficiencies, supplementation, dietary en-ergy supplies, preceded by their "setting".

The setting provides demographic indicators as well as health status indicatorsbased on mortality patterns and the provision of safe water and sanitation.

Anthropometry indicators provide information not only on the prevalence of acuteand chronic forms of under-nutrition but also on the prevalence of obesity. Theirco-existence is often referred to as the double burden of malnutrition.

Nutritional deficiency indicators reveal food security issues at the national levelbased on the adequacy of energy supplies; they also reveal the prevalence of mi-cronutrient deficiencies, often referred to as hidden hunger. Combined with an-thropometric measurements, they allow for the identification of the triple burdenof malnutrition (under-nutrition, obesity and hidden hunger). Regarding hiddenhunger, indicators concerning iodine and vitamin A have been selected.

Dietary indicators are based on national food supplies and inform on the overallquality of diets. Focus is also on the importance of diets during the first 1 000days of an infants life, with indicators selected on the quality of breastfeeding,dietary diversity and meal frequency.

The choice of indicators was guided by the following criteria: relevance to health,food security and nutrition, comparability over time, and availability, in particu-lar for low-income countries. But the criteria were relaxed for several indicatorsgiven their importance and the lack of available substitutes. It is hoped thatthe presence of data gaps will bring about greater efforts to collect the neces-sary information because only with timely and reliable data can interventionsbe designed and targeted towards those in most need. Wherever available, dis-aggregated data by gender have been provided. Such data are indeed key tomainstreaming gender in policies and programmes.

3

EconomyChanges in the wider economy, includinggrowing global integration, also affect the per-formance of the agriculture sector. Higheroverall economic growth also raises con-sumers incomes and hence food demand.Changing interest rates influence capital in-vestments, land values and storage levels,while inflation affects input prices, revenuesand credit costs. Fluctuations in exchangerates have an important bearing on interna-tional competitiveness and trade flows. Whilesome sectors have been hard hit, agriculturehas demonstrated resilience during the recenteconomic downturn.

CHART 1: Value added in agriculture, industry,and services as shares of GDP (2012)

0

25

50

75

100

Afric

aAs

ia

Latin

Am

erica

and

the

Carib

bean

Ocea

nia

per

cen

t

Agriculture Industry Services

CHART 2: Agriculture value added per worker,countries with the highest values in 2012

(2000 and 2012)

Bahamas

Germany

Denmark

Austria

Spain

Lebanon

Luxembourg

Singapore

Sweden

Bermuda

Italy

Japan

Australia

Belgium

Finland

Netherlands

Puerto Rico

Norway

Iceland

France

20000 40000 60000 constant 2000 US$

2000 2012

CHART 3: Annual value added in agriculturegrowth (2012)

Romania

Republic ofMoldova

Paraguay

Trinidad andTobago

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Montenegro

Antigua andBarbuda

Lesotho

Spain

Gambia

Mauritania

Namibia

Saint Vincentand the

Grenadines

Afghanistan

Saint Lucia

Belize

Burkina Faso

Mongolia

Sudan

20 0 20 40 percent

Countries withhighest values

Countries withlowest values

CHART 4: Value added in agriculture as share of GDP (2000 to 2012)

10

20

30

2000 2005 2010

per

cen

t

Africa Asia Latin Americaand the Caribbean Oceania

4

FIGURE 1: Value added in agriculture as share of GDP (percent, 2012)

No

dat

a av

aila

ble

0 ~

< 2.

32.

3 ~

< 6.

36.

3 ~

< 11

11 ~

< 2

121

~ 5

5.84

5

PopulationA combination of declining mortality rates,prolonged life expectancy and younger pop-ulations in regions characterized by high fer-tility has contributed to world populationgrowth. While growth rates have been slow-ing since the late 1960s, the worlds popula-tion has nevertheless doubled since then, toapproximately 7 billion. Population growth isgenerally highest where income levels are low.This is especially true in cities. Since 2008,there have been more people living in citiesthan in rural areas.

CHART 5: World rural and urban population(1992 to 2020)

0

2

4

6

8

1992 2000 2010 2020

bil

lio

n p

eop

le

Rural Urban

Data after 2010 are projections.

CHART 6: Annual population growth over thelast ten years (2013)

Niue

N. MarianaIslands

Saint Helena

Lithuania

Republic ofMoldova

Latvia

Bulgaria

Wallis andFutuna Is.

AmericanSamoa

Ukraine

Eritrea

Turks andCaicos Is.

Niger

Jordan

WesternSahara

Oman

Kuwait

Bahrain

United ArabEmirates

Qatar

5 0 5 10 percent

Countries withhighest values

Countries withlowest values

CHART 7: Life expectancy at birth, countrieswith the lowest values in 2012 (2000 and

2012)

Sierra Leone

Botswana

Lesotho

Swaziland

Central AfricanRepublic

DR Congo

Mozambique

Cte d'Ivoire

Chad

Angola

Nigeria

Equatorial Guinea

Burundi

GuineaBissau

Cameroon

Mali

South Sudan

Somalia

Malawi

Guinea

40 45 50 55 years

2000 2012

CHART 8: Total economically active population (1990 to 2013)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

mil

lio

n p

eop

le

Africa Asia Latin Americaand the Caribbean Oceania

6

FIGURE 2: Rural population, share of total population (percent, 2013)

No

dat

a av

aila

ble

0 ~

< 16

16 ~

< 3

232

~