fao forestry paper 137/1. forestry policies in the …m. hosny el-lakany assistant director-general...

$: FAO Forestry paper 137/1. Forestry policies in the …M. Hosny El-Lakany Assistant Director-General Forestry Department FAO Friedrich Harnburger---)7\/ Director Directorate-General$
Forestry policiesin the Caribbean

Volume 1: Proceedingsof the Expert Consultation

Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean:Strengthening Countries' Capacity and EffectivenessPort of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago25-28 May 1998

13711

EUROPEANCOMMISSIONDG VIIIDEVELOPMENT

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

Rome, 1998

Forestry policies in the Caribbean Volume 1: Proceedings of the Expert Consultation

Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean: Strengthening Countries' Capacity and Effectiveness Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 25-28 May 1998

137/1

EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG VIII DEVELOPMENT

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Rome, 1998

The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country. territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

M-30ISBN 92-5-104232-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,00100 Rome, Italy.

0 FAO 1998

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area orof its authorities, orconcerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

M-30 ISBN 92-5-104232-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical , photocopying orothelWise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent otthe reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla , 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1998

FOREWORD

This regional study on "Forestry Policy in the Caribbean" was carried out by the FAOForestry Policy and Planning Division in cooperation with the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities (DG VIII-Development) in order to "contribute to the review of national actionsaimed at promoting sustainable forest resource utilization, the follow-up of commitmentsmade by countries in the framework of UNCED and the international assistance to theimplementation of forestry policies and strategies". Special attention was paid to thereconunendations and actions proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests, nationalforestry programmes, Protocol 10 of the Lome IV his Convention and to the approaches andprinciples outlined in the EC Forest Sector Development Cooperation Guidelines.

The FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 estimated the area of natural forest in theCaribbean region to be 47 million ha, representing 68.3% of the total land area. Forests andti-ces play a diversified role, depending on the size and economic importance of theseresources in each country. Even where forests constitute a very scarce resource, they supportother critical environmental and economic activities, such as water production, land protectionand tourism. In countries where forest resources are more abundant, including Belize, Cuba,the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, they are instrumentalin satisfying the needs for fuel, food, medicines, fodder and other marketable products. Inboth cases, forests contribute to the sustainability of development in a stable and productiveenvironment. Yet, in spite of these knovvn benefits, the annual rate of deforestation in theCaribbean rose to 121 800 ha between 1981 and 1990.

During the past decade, far-reaching economic reforms in these countries have resulted in theadoption and implementation of different mechanisms for deregulation, privatization,reduction of direct subsidies for specific sectoral development and changes in the role andresponsibilities of the state. In the Caribbean, as in inany other countries, these reforms havealso affected the relationship between people and forests and the approach to forestmanagement. Little is known about the impacts of these reforms and related policies andstrategies on the forestry sector, or about the ways in which this sector will respond toevolving demands made by a growing number of stakeholders.

In order to improve understanding of the current status of forestry policies in the Caribbeanre2ion and their contribution to sustainable development, detailed reports were prepared foreach country and territory covered in this exercise including: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda,Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba,Curaçao, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,Martinique, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and CaicosIslands. The forestry policy reports were prepared by national and regional experts buildingon national forestry programmes and sector review-s. Summary reports were presented fordiscussion at an Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean: "StrengtheningCountries' Capacity and Effectiveness", held in Port-of-Spain. Trinidad and Tobago,(25 to 28 May 1998). Experts from the Caribbean countries and representatives from national,regional and international institutions shared information and experiences in policyformulation and implementation, analyzed key policy issues confronting forestry in the

iii

FOREWORD

This regional study on "Forestry Policy in the Caribbean" was carried out by the FAO Forestry Policy and Planning Division in cooperation with the Commission of the European Communities (DG VIII-Development) in order to "contribute to the review of national actions aimed at promoting sustainable forest resource utilization, the follow-up of commitments made by countries in the framework of UNCED and the international assistance to the implementation of forestry policies and strategies". Special attention was paid to the recommendations and actions proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests, national forestry programmes, Protocol 10 of the Lome IV bis Convention and to the approaches and principles outlined in the EC Forest Sector Development Cooperation Guidelines.

The FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 estimated the area of natural forest Il1 the Caribbean region to be 47 million ha, representing 68.3% of the total land area. Forests and trees play a diversified role, depending on the size and economic importance of these resources in each country. Even where forests constitute a very scarce resource, they support other critical envirolID1ental and economic activities, such as water production, land protection and tourism. In countries where forest resources are more abundant, including Belize, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, they are instrw11ental in satisfying the needs for fuel, food, medicines, fodder and other marketable products. In both cases, forests contribute to the sustainability of development in a stable and productive environment. Yet, in spite of these known benefits, the arIDual rate of deforestation in the Caribbean rose to 121 800 ha between 1981 and 1990.

During the past decade, far-reaching economic reforms in these countries have resulted in the adoption and implementation of different mechanisms for deregulation, privatization, reduction of direct subsidies for specific sectoral development and changes in the role and responsibilities of the state. In the Caribbean, as in many other countries, these reforms have also affected the relationship between people and forests and the approach to forest management. Little is known about the impacts of these reforms and related policies and strategies on the forestry sector, or about the ways in which this sector will respond to evolving demands made by a growing number of stakeholders .

In order to improve understanding of the current status of forestry policies in the Car·ibbean region and their contribution to sustainable development, detailed reports were prepared for each country and territory covered in this exercise including: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Cura<;:ao, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The forestry policy reports were prepared by national and regional experts building on national forestry programmes and sector reviews. Summary reports were presented for discussion at an Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean: "Strengthening Countries' Capacity and Effectiveness", held in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, (25 to 28 May 1998). Experts from the Caribbean countries and representatives from national, regional and international institutions shared information and experiences in policy formulation and implementation, analyzed key policy issues confronting forestry in the

iv

region, discussed ways to respond to these issues and adapt their forestry policies, andsuggested orientations for national and international actions in support of appropriate policiesfor sustainable development. A Resolution of the Expert Consultation recommended that themain conclusions and recommendations of the meeting be widely distributed in and outsidethe region.

This publication is presented in two volumes. The first volume contains the proceedings of theConsultation and analysis and synthesis of the country and territory reports. The secondvolume contains the reports of the 28 countries and territories mentioned above. We hope thatthe information will contribute to the lcnowledge and understanding of the forestry policysituation in the Caribbean countries, and serve as a basis for promoting regional cooperationand international support for building-up national capacity for forestry policyformation,formulation and implementation.

M. Hosny El-LakanyAssistant Director-GeneralForestry DepartmentFAO

---)7\/Friedrich HarnburgerDirectorDirectorate-Generalfor DevelopmentEuropean Commission

iv

region, discussed ways to respond to these issues and adapt their forestry policies, and suggested orientations for national and international actions in support of appropriate policies for sustainable development. A Resolution of the Expert Consultation recommended that the main conclusions and recommendations of the meeting be widely distributed in and outside the region.

This publication is presented in two volumes. The first vo lume contains the proceedings of the Consultation and analysis and synthesis of the country and t(;!rritory reports. The second volume contains the reports of the 28 countries and territories mentioned above. We hope that the information will contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the forestry policy situation in the Caribbean countries, and serve as a basis for promoting regional cooperation and international support for building-up national capacity for forestry policy formation, formulation and implementation.

M. Hosny El-Lakany <:J Ass istant Director-General Forestry Department FAO

:r:~ Friedrich Hamburger ~ Director Directorate-General for Development European Commission

ACRONYMS

CANARI Caribbean Natural Resource InstituteCARICAD Caribbean Centre for Development AdministrationCARICOM Caribbean Community and Common MarketCCA Caribbean Conservation AssociationCCAB/AP Consejo Centro-Americano de Bosques y Areas ProtegidasCCAD Commission Centro Americana para el Ambiente y DesarrolloCDB Caribbean Development BankCONATEF Comision National Tecnica ForestalCPACC Caribbean Planning for the Adoption to global Climate ChangeEC DGVIII Commission of the European Communities Directorate General

DevelopmentEC Commission of the European CommunitiesEIA Environment Impact AssessmentEU European UnionUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUWI University of the West Indies

CANARI CARICAD CARICOM CCA CCAB/AP CCAD CDB CONATEF CPACC ECDGVIII

EC EIA EU UNCED UWI

v

ACRONYMS

Caribbean Natural Resource Institute Caribbean Centre for Development Administration Caribbean Community arld Common Mar-ket Caribbean Conservation Association Consejo Centro-Americano de Bosques y Areas Protegidas Commission Centro Americana par-a el Ambiente y Desarrollo Caribbean Development Bank Comision National Tecnica Forestal Caribbean Planning for the Adoption to global Climate Change Commission of the European Communities Directorate General Development Commission of the EuropeaI1 Communities Environment Impact Assessment EuropeaI1 Union United Nations Conference on Environment and Development University of the West Indies

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

ACRONYMS V

PART I - EXPERT CONSULTATION ON FORESTRY POLICY IN THECARIBBEAN - STRENGTHENING COUNTRIES CAPACITY ANDEFFECTIVENESS 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

The outcome 3

Follovv-up 3Potential fOr self-help in the Caribbean region 4Regional support 5

RESOLUTION OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION 7

Preamble 7

C017C111.51017S 8Recommendations 8

INTRODUCTION 9

OPENING CEREMONIES 11

EXPERT CONSULTATION DEVELOPMENT 13

FIRST TECHNICAL SESSION - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBBEAN 15

The Conceptual Framework 15

Policy Intention and Content 16

Forestly Policy issues 16

The Process of Forest!), Policy Formation 17

Thstitution.s. and Foresuy Policy Research 19

Opporiiin i ties pi. ActionPlenaiy Discussions and Recommendation.s.

SECOND TECHNICAL SESSION - KEY FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES 23

Plenaiy Discussion on the Problems and Issues 77

THIRD TECHNICAL SESSION PANEL ON: COUNTRIES' RESPONSE TO KEY POLICY ISSUES:MEDIUM TERM SCENARIOS 79

FOURTH TECHNICAL SESSION - OPTIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR NATIONAL ANDINTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Plenaiy Discussion.s on the Third and Fourth Technical Sessions 37

WORMNG GROTJPS 39

11/1 et hodology 39Priority Issues 39Concrete Actions 41

OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT 45

PART II - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBBEAN: ANALYSISAND SYNTHESIS OF COUNTRY STUDY REPORTS 47

CHAPTER I: ANTECEDENTS 49

1.1 Background and objectives 491.2 Project developinent 50

V11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................... i

ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................................ V

PART I - EXPERT CONSULTATION ON FORESTRY POLICY IN THE CARIBBEAN - STRENGTHENING COUNTRIES CAPACITY AND EFFECTIVENESS .. .... .. ............. ........................... ............... .............. ... ....... ............. 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARy ................................................................................................................................... 3

The Oil/come. . . ...... ............. ........................................................... .................................................. ... .. 3 FollOw-lip.... . . ............ ... . ................ ..... .3 POlelllial for self-help ill ihe Caribbean region.. . ........ .... ..... .......... .................. 4 Regiollal support .. . ............................................................................................ .. ................... 5

RESOLUTION OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION .................................................................................... 7

Preamble .... Conclusions ... Recommendations ".

. ........................................................... 7 . ..................................... ........ ............................................... . .................................... 8

. ................................................................................. ........... ....... 8

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 9

OPENING CEREMONIES ................................................................................................................................ 11

EXPERT CONSULTATION DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................. 13

FIRST TECHNICAL SESSION - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBBEAN .................................... 15

TIle COl/cepwa/ Framework ... ............. ,"""',.,""" ... "''''''" ... ".,,., .. , ... " "."." ...................... . ........ 15 Policy Intention alld COli tent .. . .......................... ...... ...... .. . ........ ............... 16 ForeslfY Policy Issues . . ............... ......... ........... ...... .... ............................................................ 16 The Process ofForeslJY Policy Formation.. . .............................................................. .. ... ..... ...... 17 Institutiol/s alld ForesflY Policy Research ....................... ......................... . ............................ ......... 19 Opportunities for Action .............. ..... ............................................................................................ ................. 20 Plellwy Discussions and Recommendations ......... ........... . ............................ .. .. ............ 22

SECOND TECHNICAL SESSION - KEY FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES .................................................. 23

Plel/wy Discussion 017 the Problems and Issues.. . ........................ 27

HURD TECHNICAL SESSION PANEL ON: COUNTRIES' RESPONSE TO KEY POLICY ISSUES: MEDIUM TERM SCENARIOS ........................................................................................................................ 29

FOURTH TECHNICAL SESSION - OPTIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 35

Plel/my Discllssions all the Third alld Fourth Tee/mical Sessions ................... . .. .......... 37

WORKING GROUPS ........................................................................................................................................ 39

Methodology.. . .. ....... ...... .. ....................... 39 Priority Issues .. COflcrete Actions ...

. ..............................................................................................................•••.•••..... ~

. ..................................................................... ............... ............. 41

OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 45

PART II - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBBEAN: ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF COUNTRY STUDY REPORTS .................................... .47

CHAPTER I: Ai\lTECEDENTS ........................................................................................................................ 49

I. I Background al/d objectives.. . .. 49 1.2 Project development ... . ................ ... . 50

viii

CHAPTER II: CURRENT FORESTRY POLICY SITUATION IN THE REGION 53

2.1 The conceptual .framework 532.9 Policy intention and content 552.3 Conclusions 61

CHAPTER HI: FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES IN THE CARIBBEAN 63

3.1 Forestry Policy issues in larger countries: Belize, Donzinican Republic, Guyana. Haiti, Jamaica,Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago 633.2 Forestry policy issues in small islands 663.3 Conchcsions 70

CHAPTER IV: THE PROCESS OF FORESTRY POLICY FORMATION 72

4.1 Countries with an explicit process fbr policy fbrmation4.2 Countries with legislative-centred prociswes 73

4.3 Countries without structured processes 744.4 Conclusions 75

CHAPTER V: INSTITUTIONS AND FORESTRY POLICY RESEARCH 79

CHAPTER VI: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION 81

6.1 Political agendas 826.9 Public administration 826.3 Networks and information technolo,gy development 836.4 Policy research 836.5 Bilateral and multinational commercial and conservation partnership 836.6 Using die existing regional organizations. 84

ANNEX 1- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 85

ANNEX 2 - AGENDA 91

ANNEX 3- PROFILE OF PANELLISTS IN TECHNICAL SESSIONS 93

ANNEX 4- REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE CONSULTATION 97

ANNEX 5 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS 99

ANNEX 6 - INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS SUBSCRIBED TO BY COUNTRIES OF THECARIBBEAN REGION 101

V1l1

CHAPTER II: CURRENT FORESTRY POLICY SITUATION IN THE REGION ................................... 53

2.1 The conceptual framework .. .. ... .............. .... .... ........ .............. ... .... ......... ....... . ............... 53 2.2 Policy ;'ltentioll Gild cOlltent .... ..................... ........ ... ..... ..... . . .. ...... 55 2.3 COl/clusions ............. ................. ........................ ............................................ . ....... 61

CHAPTER III: FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES IN THE CARIBBEAN ....................................................... 63

3.1 ForestlY Policy issues iI/larger countries: Belize, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, Trin idad alld Tobago.. . ................. ................... ......... ............. ................ ............... 63 3.2 Foresoy policy issues in slJlall islands ....... ... .. ...... ..................... ............. ....................... .. ....... 66 3.3 COIlc/IiSiOIlS .. ............................................................................... .... ................................................. 70

CHAPTER IV: THE PROCESS OF FORESTRY POLICY FORMATION ................................................ 72

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Coul/tries 'with an e.xplicit process/or policy formation .... ..... 72 Cou/1tries with legislative-centred processes .. . .................... ... ...... 73 CO ll11tries without structured processes .. ............... . ................ .. ............................................ 74 Conclusions .. ...... .................................. ~

CHAJ'TER V: INSTITUTIONS AND FORESTRY POLICY RESEARCH ................................................. 79

CHAJ'TER VI : OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION ........................................................................................ 81

6.1 Political agelldas ................................ ............ ......... ...... ................. ...................... .. .. ...... 82 6.2 Public administration ..................................... ........... ...... .......... ....................................... .82 6.3 Networks and information technology development .............................. ................ .......... .................... 83 6.4 Polic)' research.. .................... ............... ........................ ... .................... .......... . ...... ......... ..... 83 6.5 Bilateral and 11lultinat;onal commercial and conservation partnership .......... ... ................................ 83 6.6 Using tile existing regional organizations....... .............. .............. . ..................... 84

ANNEX 1 - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................................................ 85

ANNEX 2 - AGENDA ......................................................................................................................................... 91

ANNEX 3 - PROFILE OF PANELLISTS IN TECHNICAL SESSIONS ...................................................... 93

ANNEX 4 - REGIONAL ORGAl'fIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE CONSULTATION ................ 97

ANNEX 5 - NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS .................................................................... 99

ANNEX 6 - INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS SUBSCRIBED TO BY COUNTRIES OF THE CAlUBBEAN REGION ................................................................................................................................... 101

Part I

REPORT ON THE

EXPERT CONSULTATION ON FORESTRYPOLICY IN THE CARIBBEAN:

strengthening countries' capacity and effectiveness

Port-of-SpainTrinidad and Tobago

25 - 28 May, 1998

Part I

REPORT ON THE

EXPERT CONSULTATION ON FORESTRY POLICY IN THE CARIBBEAN:

strengthening countries' capacity and effectiveness

Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago

25 - 28 May, 1998

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study covers 28 countries and ten-itories of the Caribbean region with a combined totalpopulation of 33 million people and a forest area of 39 407 000 hectares.

The outcome

The results of the study provide guidelines for follow-up action by governments andinternational organizations in the region, aimed at strengthening country capacities forforestry policy analysis, fonnulation and effectiveness in policy implementation. Suchenhancement of capacity is considered indispensable for securing sustainable forestmanagement in the region.

International aid and government efforts should focus on the main issues and strategic areasidentified by the country themselves as follows:

land use planning,deforestation,sustainable forest management,people's participation,rights of indigenous peoples and local communities,macro-policies and the forestry sector,public investment in forestry,governance of the forestry sector and institutions,policy evaluation,water resources and forestry,extensive grazing,quan-ying,creation of protected areas, andraising public awareness of the environment and development of tourism.

Concentrating action on the above issues will ensure higher effectiveness in addressing theneeds of the countries and in creating national capacity for forestry policy analysis.

Follow-t,p

A programme approach at regional level is considered to be the best way to respond to thecomplex task of supporting forestry policy improvement in the region and addressing theissues listed above. Such an approach would address the long list of issues identified incountries concerned. The general development objective of the programme is "to enhancenational and regional capacity, to analyze, formulate and implement forestry policies that helpimprove people's well-being and the sustainable management of forests and naturalvegetation in individual countries".

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study covers 28 countries and territOlies of the Caribbean region with a combined total population of 33 million people and a forest area of39 407 000 hectares.

The outcome

The results of the study provide guidelines for follow-up action by governments and intemational organizations in the region, aimed at strengthening country capacities for forestry policy analysis, fonTIulation and effectiveness in policy implementation. Such enhancement of capacity is considered indispensable for securing sustainable forest management in the region.

[ntemational aid and govemment efforts should focus on the main issues and strategic areas identified by the country themselves as follows:

• land use planning, • deforestation, • sustainable forest management, • people's participation, • ri ghts of indigenous peoples and local communities, • macro-policies and the forestry sector, • public investment in forestry, • govel11ance of the forestry sector and institutions, • policy evaluation, • water resources and forestry, • extensive grazing,

• quarryIng, • creation of protected areas, and • raising public awareness of the environment and development of tourism.

Concentrating action on the above issues will ensure higher effectiveness in addressing the needs of the countries and in creating national capacity for forestry policy analysis.

Follow-up

A programme approach at regional level is considered to be the best way to respond to the complex task of supporting forestry policy improvement in the region and addressing the issues li sted above. Such an approach would address the long list of issues identified in countries concerned. The general development objective of the programme is "to enhance national and regional capacity, to analyze, formu late and implement forestty policies that help improve people 's well-being and the sustainable management of forests and natural vegetation in individual countries".

4

The programme will have the following main components:

Policy studies

The immediate objective of such studies would be to assist countries in addressing the mosturgent issues requiring policy analysis. Under this component, issues, such as land useplanning, feral grazing, tourism and forestry will be analyzed and policy options identified.This component will require the collaboration of international agencies with government andnational expens.

Capacity building for policy analysis, implementation and evaluation

The immediate objective would be to create, in the Caribbean region, a critical mass of policyanalysts and the institutional framework necessary for policy implementation, i.e. a regionalthink-tank on forestry policy. Such improvement in human resources and institutions isexpected to develop within the region the capacity for addressing its most urgent needs inforestry policy analysis, formulation and implementation.

This component is envisaged to be developed in close collaboration with regionalorganizations, such as the University of West Indies, the Caribbean Development Bank andthe Caribbean Community and Common Market.

One of the main activities under this component would be the training of govenunent officersand personnel of private and non-profit organizations. To achieve this goal, training will beprovided through: formal courses at universities, distance learning programmes, national shortcourses, workshops on institutional strengthening, exchange of staff between countries in theregion and with countries in other regions, internship in international and regionalorganizations, special programmes and projects for the advancement of public administrationpertaining to forestry and policy analysis, and the creation of think-tanks.

Information for forestry policies and sustainable forest management

The objective of this component would be to overcome the constraints faced by countries dueto their geographical dispersion and the small population of some of them. Moderncommunication technology will be adapted for the collection, storage and sharing of strategicinformation and technical documents by governments and experts in the region. Institutionalresources available in the region will also be used to conduct research into demands made bypeople on forestry and to monitor, on a continuing basis, the achievements and performanceof the forestry sector in the region.

Potential for self-help in the Caribbean region

Human resources with appropriate experience and educational background, governmentinterest, achievements in forestry development and management in some countries, and anetwork of regional organizations are some of the major potentialities available in the region.Such potential gives the region special advantages for profiting from international andregional collaboration in the field of forestry policy capacity building.

4

The programme will have the following main components:

• Policy studies

The immediate objective of such studies would be to assist countries in addressing the most urgent issues requiring policy analysis. Under this component, issues, such as land use planning, feral grazing, tourism and forestry will be analyzed and policy options identified. This component will require the collaboration of intel11ational agencies with government and national expelis.

• Capacity building for policy analysis, implementation and evalnation

The immediate objective would be to create, in the Caribbean region, a critical mass of policy analysts and the institutional framework necessary for policy implementation, i.e. a regional th ink-tank on forestry policy. Such improvement in human resources and institutions is expected to develop within the region the capacity for addressing its most mgent needs in forestry policy analysis, formulation and implementation.

Thi s component is envi saged to be developed in close collaboration with regional organizations, such as the Uni versity of West Indies, the Caribbean Development Bank and the Caribbean Community and Common Market.

One of the main acti vities under thi s component would be· the training of govel11ment officers and personnel of private and non-profit organizations. To achieve this goa l, training will be provided through: fom1al courses at universities, distance leal11ing programmes, national short courses, workshops on institutional strengthening, exchange of staff between countries in the region and wi th coun tri es in other regions, internship in international and regional organizations, special programmes and projects for the advancement of public administration pertaining to forestry and policy analysis, and the creation of think-tanks.

• lnformation for forestry policies and sustainable forest management

The objective of this component would be to overcome the constraints faced by countries due to their geographical di spersion and the small population of some of them. Modem communi cation technology will be adapted for the collection, storage and shating of strategic information and teclmical documents by governments and experts in the region. Instihltional resources available in the region will also be used to conduct research into demallds made by people on forestry and to monitor, on a continuing basis, the achievements alld performance of the fo restry sector in the region.

Potential for sell~help in the Caribbean region

Human resources with appropriate experience and educational background, govemment interest, achievements in forestry development and management in some countries, and a network of regional organizations are some of the major potentialities available in the region. Such potential gives the region special advantages for profiting from intemational and regional co llaboration in the fie ld of forestry poli cy capacity building.

Regional support

The findings, conclusions and recommendations of this exercise were validated in a regionalconsultation held in Trinidad and Tobago in May 1998. Some 50 participants attended theevent, representing forestry and governmental national planning agencies, international andregional organizations, NG0s, regional development banks and academic centres. The viewsof the experts from the region are summarized in the following Resolution adopted in thecourse of this event:

55

Regional snpport

The findings, conclusions and recommendations of this exercise were validated in a regional consultation held in Trinidad and Tobago in May 1998. Some 50 participants attended the event, representing forestry and govemmental national platming agencies, intemational and regional organizations, NGOs, regional development banks and academic centres. The views of the experts from the region are summarized in the following Resolution adopted in the course of this event:

Preamble

Appreciating the invaluable role played by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations in collaboration with the European Commission (Directorate-General VIII - Development)and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago in facilitating this Expert Consultation;

Recognizing the critical contribution of forests and forestry to conservation, economic and socialdevelopment in the region;

Recognizing that the Study on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean is part of the work that FAO has beencarrying out in Europe, Asia, Near East and Latin America which has now been extended to theCaribbean Region, in collaboration with the European Commission, to analyze key policy issuesaffecting sustainable forestry development;

Recognizing that strong commitment and support at political level is essential for ensuring thesuccessful formulation and implementation of forest policies;

Noting that, notwithstanding the ecological and territorial diversities which deserve specificindividual country studies, there are also common problems and issues which can best be addressedin a regional perspective;

Aware that poverty and food insecurity are among the causes of deforestation, as well as forest andenvironmental degradation;

Recognizing that the formulation and implementation of appropriate forest policies and strategies arean indispensable condition for maintaining and enhancing the significant contribution of the forestresources of the countries and territories in the region to the conservation and development of forestsnot only in the individual countries themselves but also in the world;

Recognizing that this study has established that the most relevant issues being discussed in the regioncluster around the following categories:

Forest resourcesland use

- deforestationsustainable forest management

- conservation- concession contracts

water resources

Socio-economic aspectsmacro-policies linkages of with the forestry sector

- public investmentsdevelopment of tourism

- people's participation

7

RESOLUTION OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION

7

RESOLUTION OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION

Preamble

Appreciating the invaluable role played by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with the European Commission (Directorate-General VIII - Development) and the Govenlment of Trinidad and Tobago in facilitating this Expert Consultation;

Recognizing the critical contribution of forests and foreshy to conservation, economic and social development in the region;

Recognizing that the Study on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean is part of the work that FAO has been canying out in Europe, Asia, Near East and Latin America which has now been extended to the Caribbean Region, in collaboration with the European Commission, to analyze key policy issues affecting sustainable forestry development;

Recognizing that strong commitment and support at politi car level is essential for ensuring the successful fOnl1Ulation and implementation offorest policies;

Noting that, notwithstanding the ecological and tenitorial diversities which deserve specific individual countly studies, there are also common problems and issues which can best be addressed in a regional perspective;

Aware that poverty and food insecurity are among the causes of deforestation, as well as forest and environmental degradation;

Recognizing that the formulation and implementation of appropriate forest policies and strategies are an indispensable condition for maintaining and enhancing the significant contribution of the forest resources of the countries and telTitories in the region to the <;onservation and development of forests not only in the individual countries themselves but also in the world;

Recognizing that this study has established that the most relevant issues being discussed in the region cluster around the following categories: .

• Forest resources - land use - deforestation - susta inable forest management - conservation

- concession contracts - water resources

• Socio-economic aspects - macro-policies linkages of with the forestry sector - public investments - development of tourism - people' s paliicipation

8

Institutional aspects- public administration for the forestry sector- strengthening of institutional capacity

policy fomulation, implementation and evaluationstremehening of regional and sub-regional processes related to forestry

Conclusions

The participants of the Expert Consultation agree that the Study and the analysis reflect the currentsituation regarding foresta-y policy in the region and provide directions for action aimed atstrengthening the regional capacity for forestry policy formulation and analysis.

The participants of the Expert Consultation further agree that the strategy for strengthening forestrypolicy in the region should be guided by actions in the following priority areas:

linkages between development and forest resourcesimproved country capacityregional cooperationparticipation of civil societybetter governancenational ownership of forest policiesenhaneed international aid to forestry policy formulation

Recommendations

The Expert Consultation recommends to Caribbean Governments, regional and internationalagencies and non-governmental organizations that priority attention be given to:

improved forestry policy processes;education and training in resource economics and policy analysis;development of information technology;adoption of methodologies employed by socio-economists and public administrators in thefornau la ti on of forest policies;rationalization of the institutions related to forestry and natural resource management to promotetheir coordination, efficiency and effectiveness;establishment of a regional mechanism, within the context of existing regional organizations, forfacilitating and monitoring the implementation of forestry policies;assistance in the formulation and implementation of land-use plans;rationalization and updating of relevant legislation and regulations;the rights of indigenous peoples, forest dwellers and other rural inhabitants, so that security ofland tenure may be assured and sustainable forest management attained;enhancing the awareness of stakeholders and the regional population of the benefits of forests andforestry, and ensuring their effective participation in forest policy formulation and review;improving understanding by the governments in the region of the international and bilateralprocesses now employed to assist countries in the conservation of their natural resources;promoting interaction with regional, sub-regional and bilateral organizations; andconvening a meeting of Ministers responsible for forestry to discuss forestry and forestry relatedissttes.

8

• [nstitutional aspects - public administration for the forestry sector - strengthening of institutional capacity - policy formulation, implementation and evaluation - strengthening of regional and sub-regional processes related to forestry

Conclusions

The participants of tbe Expert Consultation agree that the Study and the analysis reflect the CUITent situation regarding forestry policy in the region and provide directions for action aimed at strengthening the regional capacity for forestly policy fonnulation and analysis.

The participants of the Expert Consultation further agree that the strategy for strengthening forestry policy in the region should be guided by actions in the following priority areas:

• linkages between development and forest resources • improved countly capacity • regional cooperation • participation of civil society • better governance • national ownership of forest policies • enhanced international aid to forestry policy formulation

Recommendations

The Expert Consultation recommends to Caribbean Governments, regional and international agencies and non-governmental organizations that priority attention be given to:

• improved forestly policy processes; • education and trauling in resource economics and policy analysis; • development of infonnation teclmology; • adoption of methodologies employed by socio-economists and public administrators in the

formu lation offOl'est policies; • rationalization of the institutions related to forestry and natural resource management to promote

their coordination, efficiency and effectiveness; • establishment of a regional mechanism, within the context of existing regional organizations, for

fac ili tating and monitoring the implementation of forestry policies; • assistance in the formulation and implementation ofland-use plans; • rationalization and updating of relevant legislation and regulations; • the rights of indigenous peoples, forest dwellers and other rural inhabitants, so that security of

land tenure may be assured and sustainable forest management attained; • enhancing the awareness of stakeholders and the regional population of the benefits of forests and

forestTY, and ensuring their effective participation in forest policy formulation and review; • improving understanding by the governments in the region of the international and bilateral

processes now employed to assist countries in the conservation of their natural resources; • promoting interaction with regional, sub-regional and bilateral organizations; and • convening a meeting of Ministers responsible for forestry to discuss forestry and forestry related

Issues.

9

INTRODUCTION

In 1997, the Division of Policy and Planning of the Forestry Department of the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, in cooperation with the European Commission,initiated a study of forestry policies in the Caribbean. The main purpose of the exercise was tocontribute to strengthening of capacities of selected countries in the region to fommlate andimplement effective forestry policies.

The first phase of the study was undertaken between June 1997 and May 1998. During thisperiod, reports on the forestay policies of 28 countries and territories (Anguilla, Antigua andBarbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, CaymanIslands, Cuba', Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana,Hai.ti, Jamaica, Martinique, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintLucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks andCaicos) were prepared. An analysis and synthesis of these reports were undertaken and arepresented in Part 11 of this publication: Forestly Policies in the Caribbean: Synthesis ofCounny Study Reports.

The 28 country/territory reports, together with the Synthesis, were the basic working documentsof th.e Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean, held in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad,between 25th and 28th May, 1998.

The objectives of the Expert Consultation were to:

present the synthesis, analysis and conclusions of the FAO/EC study on forestry policiesin the Caribbean;discuss experiences and share information related to forestry policy formulation andimplementation;analyze the key policy issues confronting the forestry sector;discuss the ways individual countries responded to key policy issues; andidentify options for forestry policies and directions for national and international actionsin support of the development of appropriate policies for sustainable development.

The results and outputs were expected to include:

an assessment of the findings and recommendations of the FAO/EC study on forestrypolicies in the Caribbean; andthe identification of specific actions at national and international levels to be supportedby regional governments and the international community during the period 1999-2005.

Forty-seven regional experts, including senior decision makers, forestry officers, researchers,and members of international organizations were invited to the Consultation. A list of those whoattended is presented in Annex 1.

I lie study arkl all related costs incurred in relation to this country were financed exclusively from FAO's Regular programme resources.

9

INTRODUCTION

In 1997, the Division of Policy and Plamling of the Forestry Department of the Food and Agricultme Organization of the United Nations, in cooperation with the Emopean Conunission, initiated a study of forestry policies in the Caribbean. The main pmpose of the exercise was to contribute to sh·engthening of capacities of selected countries in the region to fonnulate and implement effective foresh·y policies.

The first phase of the study was undertaken between June 1997 and May 1998. During this period, reports on the foreshy policies of 28 counhies and tenitories (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba', Curayao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martiniqne, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Tmks and Caicos) were prepared. An analysis and synthesis of these reports were undertaken and are presented in Part 11 of this publication: Foresfly Policies ill ti,e Caribbean: Synthesis of COlilltlY Study Reports.

The 28 country/territOlY reports, together with the Synthesis, were the basic working documents of the Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Catibbean, held in Port-of-Spain, Tlinidad, between 25th and 28th May, 1998.

The objectives of the Expelt Consultation were to:

• present the synthesis, analysis and conclusions of the FAO/EC study on foreshy policies in the Caribbean;

• discuss experiences and share infonnation related to foreshy policy fonnulation and implementation;

• analyze the key policy issues confronting the foreshy sector; • discuss the ways individual counhies responded to key policy issues; and • identify options for forestly policies and directions for national and intel11ational actions

in SUpp0l1 of the development of appropliate policies for sustainable development.

The results and outputs were expected to include:

• an assessment of the findings and reconmlendations of the FAO/EC study on foreshy policies in the Cat"ibbeatl; and

• the identification of specific actions at national and intel11ational levels to be supported by regional governments and the intel11ational community dllling the period 1999-2005.

FOl1y-seven regional expelts, including senior decision makers, foreshy officers, researchers, and members of international organizations were invited to the Consultation. A list of those who attended is presented in Annex 1.

1 The study and all related costs incuncd in relation to this country were financed exclusively from F AO's Regular programme resources.

11

OPENING CEREIVIONIES

The opening ceremonies were chaired by Ms Edwina Leacock, Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources of Trinidad and Tobago. Ms.Leacock welcomed the participants and other invitees, emphasized the importance of theconsultation, and expressed the conviction that the region's capacity to fonnulate forestrypolicies would be strengthened through the deliberations of the experts.

Mr. Don E. Robinson, FAO representative for Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Surinameextended, on behalf of the Director-General of FAO, Dr. Jacques Diouf, and also on behalf ofthe Directorate-General for Development, European Commission, and the Forestry Departmentof FAO, deep appreciation to the Govenu-nent of Trinidad and Tobago for hosting theConsultation. He also thanked the European Union for sponsoring the forestry policy studiesthat had been undertaken in the Caribbean region.

He stressed that although the majority of countries represented at the Consultation were butsmall-island states, with relatively minuscule forests, this should not detract from the urgentneed to formulate sound policies and to manage forest ecosystems effectively. Indeed, the verysmallness of the islands perhaps made them more vulnerable to unwise forestry and land-usepractices. As an example, he cited Haiti, which suffers from the drastic depletion of plant cover;Trinidad and Tobago, where fires in the foothills of the Northern Range in 1998, set the scenefor severe erosion and flash flooding when the rains came; and the .recent phenomenon inDominica where the collapse of an entire mountain side liad resulted in the damming of theisland's largest river, leading to the silting of miles of coastline.

Mr. Robinson stated that FAO recognizes that forests represent an indispensable asset of thecountries of the world. As the world's leading international agricultural and forestryorganization, FAO has taken up the challenge of assisting member governments to manage theirforest resources. Its work in the Caribbean is an expression of this commitment. Because theFAO Forestry Department is the largest and oldest international forestry organization, andbecause it is staffed by an experienced cadre of specialists, it is able to advise on these complextasks.

His Excellency Kieran J. O'Cuneen, Head of Delegation, European Commission inTrinidad and Tobago welcomed everyone to the Consultation and noted that forestry policyformulation wa.s becoming increasingly complex all over the world. There were so many socialand environmental factors to be included and stakeholders to be consulted, that there is now thedanger of over-burdening forest authorities and forest managers. Or worse, instilling a sense ofparalysis - a belief that nothing can be done until a huge amount of learning and paper work hasbeen concluded. Here, the Caribbean has many advantages. For many years, forest authorities inthe region have been dealing, in practical ways, with multiple issues - not just the timberrevenue generation concerns that dominated some of the larger continental countries. Forestershave become skilled at biodiversity management, tourism promotion and watershed protection,as well as in the management of forestry for timber production. Small size has encouraged

II

OPENING CEREMONIES

The opening ceremOllles were chaired by Ms Edwina Leacock, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources of Trinidad and Tobago. Ms. Leacock welcomed the patticipants and other invitees,emphasized the importance of the consultation, atld expressed the conviction that the region's capacity to fornm!ate forestry policies would be strengthened through the deliberations of the expelts.

Mr. Don E. Robinson, FAO representative for Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Surinatne extended, on behalf of the Director-General of FAO, Dr. Jacques Diouf, and also on behalf of the Directorate-General for Development, European Commission, and the Forestry Department of F AO, deep appreciation to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for hosting the Consultation. He also thanked the ElUopean Union for sponsoring the forestry policy studies that had been undeltaken in the Caribbean region.

He stressed that although the majority of countries represented at the Consultation were but small-island states, with relatively minuscule forests, this should not detract 1i-om the urgent need to formu late sound policies and to matlage forest ecosystems effectively. Indeed, the very smallness of the islands perhaps made them more vu lnerable to unwise forestry and land-use practices. As atl example, he cited Haiti, which suffers from the drastic depletion of platlt cover;

. Trinidad and Tobago, where fires in the foothills of the Northern Range in 1998, set the scene for severe erosion and flash flooding when the rains catne; and the recent pheil0menon in Dominica where the collapse of an entire mountain side had resulted in the datllming of the island's largest river, leading to the silting of miles of coastline.

Mr. Robinson stated that FAO recognizes that forests represent an indispensable asset of the countries of the world. As the world's leading international agricultural and forestry organization, FAO has taken up the challenge of assisting member governments to manage t1leir forest resources. Its work in the Caribbean is an expression of this commitment. Because the FAO Forestry Depaltment is the largest atld oldest international forestry organization, and because it is staffed by an experienced cadre of specialists, it is able to advise on these complex tasks.

His Excellency Kieran J. O'Cuneen, Head of Delegation, European Commission in Trinidad and Tobago welcomed everyone to the Consultation and noted that forestry policy f0l111u lation was becoming increasingly complex all over the world. There were so many social and environmental factors to be included and stakeholders to be consu lted, that there is now the danger of over-burdening forest authorities and forest managers. Or worse, instilling a sense of paralysis - a bel ief that nothing can be done until a huge atllount ofleatning and paper work has been concluded. Here, the Caribbean has many advantages. For matlY years, forest authorities in the region have been dealing, in practical ways, with multiple issues - not just the timber revenue generation concerns t1lat dominated some of the larger continental countries. Foresters have become skilled at biodiversity management, tOlUism promotion and watershed protection, as well as in the management of forestry for timber production. Small size has encouraged

12

multi-functionality; and the ability to make trade-offs. It has forced individual foresters toacquire far more skills than many of their coimterparts in bigger countries.

This multi-purpose approach stems, perhaps, from the fact that Caribbean forests are not subjectto big, single demands. Caribbean populations have a reasonably strong awareness that damageto even a small watershed can mean the difference between secure water supplies and floodingand drought, and there are traditional, or at least well-tried, systems of participation which canbe employed not only in forest management, but also in the process of forestry policyformulation.

The keynote address was given by Senator Vimala Tota-Maharal, Parliamentary Secretary,Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources of Trinidad and Tobago. SenatorTota-Maharaj informed the gathering that Trinidad and Tobago has always placed muchemphasis on forestry. Indeed, the Caribbean's first forestry reserve was declared in Tobago asearly as 1765. It was in Trinidad and Tobago, also, that teak and Caribbean pine plantationswere first established in the region in 1912 and 1946, respectively. Moreover, Trinidad andTobago had introduced the Arena Tropical Shelterwood System and the Periodic Block Systeminto this part of the world. In addition, the Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture andForestry (ECIAF) was located in this country.

The Parliamentary Secretaiy suggested that two principles should guide the Consultation. First,that while individual countries ought to be studied, it was imperative that the cornmon problemsand issues facing the region as a whole be considered. Second, tlu-oughout its deliberations, theexperts should be conscious of the fact that forestry should no longer be viewed as a closedsector engaging the interests of foresters and forest industrialists alone. The world's forests areincreasingly being recounized for their stabilizing effects on the globe's climate, as the majorrepository of its biodiversity, as an important destination for the growing ecotourism market,and as the main sink for greenhouse gases.

Multiple use and sustainable yield are imperatives for the future management and developmentof the forest resource. While conserving the gene pool and rare species, the productive sectormust be managed for a complex mix of products and services, and forestry policies shouldreflect this complexity.

In all this, the roles of people cannot be understated. They are the reason for this exercise andstand as the ultimate beneficiaries of forestry policies and actions. The staff whose responsibilityit would be to implement these new policies would require training. All people on whom thesepolicies impact should also receive environmental education on a continuous basis. The vote ofthanks was extended by 1VIr. Devendra Duggal, Chief Technical Officer, Ministry ofAgriculture Land and Marine Resources, Trinidad and Tobago.

12

multi-functionality; and the ability to make trade-offs. It has forced individual foresters to acqu ire far more skills than many of their counterparts in bigger countries.

Tlus multi-purpose approach stems, perhaps, from the fact that Caribbean forests are not subject to big, single demands. Caribbean populations have a reasonably strong awareness that damage to even a small watershed can mean the difference between secure water supplies and flooding and drought, and there are traditional, or at least well-tried, systems of participation which can be employed not only in forest management, but also in the process of forestry policy fOll11lllation.

The keynote address was given by Senator Vimala Tota-Maharaj, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources of Trinidad and Tobago. Senator Tota-Maharaj informed the gathering that Trinidad and Tobago has always placed much emphasis on forestry . Indeed, the Caribbean's first forestry reserve was declared in Tobago as early as 1765. It was in Trinidad and Tobago, also, that teak and Caribbean pine plantations were first established in the region in 1912 and 1946, respectively. Moreover, Trinidad and Tobago had introduced the Arena Tropical Shelterwood System and the Periodic Block System into this PaJt of the world. In addition, the Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (ECIAF) was located in tlus countly.

The Parliamentary Secretary suggested that two principles should guide the Consultation. First, tbat while individual countries ought to be studied, it was imperative that the common problems and issues facing the region as a whole be considered. Second, tlu'oughout its deliberations, the experts should be conscious of the fact that forestry should no longer be viewed as a closed sector engaging the interests of foresters and forest industl'ialists alone. The world's forests are increasingly being recognized for their stabilizing effects on the globe's climate, as the major repositOlY of its biodiversity, as an important destination for the growing ecotourism market, and as the main sink for greenhouse gases.

Multiple use and sustainable yield are imperatives for the future management aJld development of the forest resource. While conserving the gene pool and rare species, the productive sector must be managed for a complex mix of products and selvices, and forestly policies should reflect this complexity.

In all tlus, the roles of people cannot be understated. They are the reason for this exercise aJld stand as the ultimate beneficiaries offorestty policies and actions. The staff whose responsibility it wou ld be to implement these new policies would require training. All people on whom these policies impact should also receive environmental education on a continuous basis. The vote of thaJlks was extended by M ... Devendra Duggal, Chief Technical Officer, Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources, Trinidad and Tobago.

13

EXPERT CONSULTATION DEVELOPMENT

The Expert Consultation on Forestry Policy in the Caribbean revolved around three interlinkedactivities:

Technical sessions which were facilitated by panels of experts fi-om the region. The topicsfor the four technical sessions were: (1) findings of the FAO/EC study on forestry policies inthe Caribbean; (2) key forestry policy issues in the Caribbean; (3) the responses of countriesto cun-ent changes and to key policy issues; and (4) options for forestry policy and directionsfor fitture actions at national and international levels.

Plenary discussions followed each technical session. These discussions gave theparticipants an opportunity to express their points of view and to identify those matterswhich require more detailed examination. The plenary sessions also helped lo prepare theagendas for the working group meetings which followed.

Working groups were formed to analyze, in more detail, those matters which wereconsid.ered to be of special importance to the participants. The discussions of the workinggroups resulted in a summary of the participants' recommendations and suggestions forfUrther actions in the field of forestry policy in the Caribbean. The tlu-ee working groupswere asked to cluster and prioritize the forestry issues in the region; identify the response ofcountries to cun-ent changes and to key forestry policy issues; and to make suitable andrelevant recommendations (the detailed agenda is presented as Annex 2).

13

EXPERT CONSULTATION DEVELOPMENT

The Expert Consultation on Foreshy Policy in the Caribbean revolved around three interlinked activities:

• Technical sessions which were facilitated by panels of experts from the region. The topics for the four technical sessions were: (1) findings of the F AOIEC study on foreshy policies in the Caribbean; (2) key forestry policy issues in the Caribbean; (3) the responses of cowltries to cunent changes and to key policy issues; and (4) options for foreshy policy and directions for futllre actions at national and international levels.

• Plenary discussions followed each teclmical session. These discussions gave the paIticipants an opportlmity to express their points of view and to identify those matters which require more detailed examination. The plenary sessions also helped to prepare the agendas for the working group meetings which followed.

• Working groups were formed to analyze, in more detail, those matters which were considered to be of special importance to the participants. The discussions of the working groups resulted in a sunmlary of the patticipants' recommendations and suggestions for further actions in the field of foreshy policy in the Caribbean. The three working groups were asked to cluster aIld prioritize the foreshy issues in the region; identify the response of countries to cunent changes and to key foreshy policy issues; and to make suitable and releVaIlt recommendations (the detailed agenda is presented as Annex 2).

15

FIRST TECHNICAL SESSION - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THECARIBBEAN

Members of the Panel:

Mr. Manuel Paveri, FAO, Chief, Forestry Policy and Institution BranchMr. Melillo More11, FAO, ForeStry Officer Institutions

This topic, which was essentially a presentation of the analysis and synthesis of the variousstudies of forestry policies in the Caribbean, was introduced by Mr. Manuel Payen, Chief,Forest Policy and Institutions Branch, FAO and Mr. Merilio More11, Forestry Officer(Institutions), Forestry Policy and Institutions Branch, FAO.

The Conceptual Framework

The concept of forestry policy is envisaged to be a set of principles, decisions and plans thatserve to guide govemnients in securing transparency and participation and in ensuring propertechnical decisions and efficiency. Forestry policies are considered to be the fundamentalinstruments for ensuring the use and conservation of -forest ecosystems and for optimizing thecontribution of forestry to development.

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, TheNetherlands Antilles and Aruba, and Turks and Caicos do not have forestry policy statements inthe same sense as countries richer in forest resources where the concept of "policy statement" isstill the dominant paradigm, e.g. Suriname, Belize, Jamaica, Trinidad, Guyana and St. Vincent.In the less favoured countries, the concept of forestry policy is more influenced by the veryclose relationship of ecosystems derived from the small land areas of the countries, and thelinkages between nature and the national economies.

Consequently, more attention has been given to matters relating to land use planning and tonational economic development plans. Forestry policy is, thus, considered more as aninstrument for guiding the physical planning and development of these countries. Such policies,in most instances, have been formalized through ordinances, acts and regulations regardingnature, and particularly trees.

The analysis of the country reports revealed the great impact of the conceptual framework on theresults obtained in the area of forestry policies. Countries where the "Policy Statement" conceptis predominant have established general written sets of principles for guiding the use andconservation of forest resources. However, implementation and goal achievement seem to below. On the other hand, countries that operate under the concept of forestry policy as a guide forphysical planning, show more commitment and result oriented actions.

15

FIRST TECHNICAL SESSION - FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBBEAN


Mr. Manuel Paveri, F AO, Chief, Forestry Policy and Institution Branch Mr. Me!ilio Morell, FAO, Forestry Officer Institutions

TIIis topic, which was essentially a presentation of the analysis and synthesis of the various studies of foresh), policies in the Caribbean, was introduced by Mr. Manuel Paveri, Chief, Forest Policy and Institutions Branch, F AO and Mr. Merilio Morell, Forestry Officer (Institutions), Foresh), Policy and Institutions Branch, FAO.

The Conceptual Framework

The concept of forest!)' policy is envisaged to be a set of principles, decisions and plans that serve to guide governments in secllling transparency and participation and in ensuring proper teciuIical decisions and efficiency. Forestry policies are considered to be the fundamental instruments for ensming the use and conservation of forest ecosystems and for optimizing the contribution offoresh·y to development.

Angui lla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, and Turks and Caicos do not have forestry policy statements in the same sense as countries richer in forest resomces where the concept of "policy statement" is still the dominant paradigm, e.g. Sminame, Belize, Jamaica, Trinidad, Guyana and St. Vincent. In the less favomed counhies, the concept of forestry policy is more influenced by the very close relationship of ecosystems derived ii-om the small land areas of the counhies, and the linkages between nahLre and the national economies.

Consequently, more attention has been given to matters relating to land use planning and to national econonllc development plans. Forestry policy is, thus, considered more as an instrument for guiding the physical planning and development of these counhies. Such policies, in most instances, have heen fomlalized through ordinances, acts and regulations regarding nahlre, and particularly trees .

The analysis of the country reports revealed the great impact of the conceptual framework on the results obtained in the area of forestry policies. Counhies where the "Policy Statement" concept is predominant have established general written sets of principles for guiding the use and conservation of forest resomces. However, inlplementation and goal achievement seem to be low. On the other hand, counh·ies that operate under the concept of forestry policy as a guide for physical plmming, show more conmlihnent and result oriented actions.

POliCV Intention and ConteIt

Paradoxically, the vital importance of the forest resource to the economic well-being of society,seems to be less evident in the group of countries more richly endowed with forests than in thesmallest islands. In all countries, conservation, biodiversity, protection, and coastal erosion areequally relevant. The degradation of the resource is also receiving serious attention in thepolicies of many countries. Nevertheless, a major expectation of the forest-richer countries, andothers with areas available for plantations, is to make forest production a meaningfulcontribution to economic development. Small countries, on the other hand, are more activelyengaged in analyzimg the linkages between economic development and nature.

Another main emphasis of policy intention is the creation of stronger institutions and theimprovement of governmental control. Environmental policy is an emerging trend in somecountries and, through it, general principles for guiding the sustainable use of forests and for theforestry sector itself, are also being established.

Policy intention in the small island states is focused on the strategic importance of "nature", bothfor the well-being of their societies and for its value as a production input to the economy.Emphasis is placed on ensuring hannony between economic development and natureconservation. The creation of national parks and protected areas is of major interest, as is theprotection of water supplies.

Sustainability is considered equally important in both categories of countries.

Policy intention is generally expressed in qualitative, mainly biological, terms. Few of thepolicies provide clear indications of measurable economic goals, public inveshnent, and the useof market incentives. The social dimensions are also not explicitly mentioned in most policies.Provisions tbr evaluation and government accountability are also conspicuously absent.

Forestry Policy Issues

In all countries, there is a feeling that a general land use policy and plan is a necessarynormative fi-amework for the sustainable use of forests. Policies which secure the participationof people are also considered necessary for improving the rationality and equity in grantingconcessions and in allocating forest land uses.

Sustainable forest management is an important issue in all larger countries. The discussioncentres on what are appropriate forest management systems, and the mechanisms for enforcingthem. The restrictions on sustainable forest management include the lack of infommtion onforests, undesirable selective extraction practices, and the use of inappropriate technology. Onemain discussion point is whether countries should wait until they have the necessaryinformation, technology, human resources and institutional capacity for sustainable forestmanagement, or whether they should exploit their forest now and, leaming from experience, usethe lessons learnt to perfect an adequate system. In any case, the low rate of forest production,under sustainable management, is seen as a major weakness and undesirable situation.

1616

Policy Intention and Conte,!!

Paradoxically, the yital importance of the forest resource to the economic well-being of society, seems to be less evident in the group of counliies more richly endowed with forests than in the smallest islands. In all counliies, conservation, biodiversity, protection, and coastal erosion are equally relevant. The degradation of the resource is also receiving serious attention in the poli cies of many cOllntties. Nevet1heless, a major expectation ofthe forest-richer countries, and others with al'eas available for plantations, is to make forest production a meaningful contribution to economic development. Small cOlU1Ii'ies, on the other hand, are more actively engaged in analyzing the linkages between economic development and nature.

Another main emphasis of policy intention is the creation of stronger institutions and the improvement of govenunental control. Environmental policy is an emerging trend in some countries and, tlu'ough it, general principles for gu iding the sustainable use of forests and for the fo restry sector itself, are also being established.

Policy intention in the small island states is focused on the strategic importance of "nat1lre", both for the well-being of their societi es and for its value as a production input to the economy. Emphasis is placed on ensuring harmony between economic development and nature conservat ion. The creation of national parks and protected areas is of major interest, as is the protection ofwater supplies.

Sustainab ility is considered equally important in both categories of countries.

Poli cy intention is generally expressed in qualitative, mainly biological, terms. Few of the policies prov ide clear indications of measurable economic goals, public investment, and the use of market incentives. The social dimensions are also not explicitly mentioned in most po li cies. Provisions for evaluation and goverJUllent accountability are also conspicuously absent.

Forestry Policy Issues

In all countri es, there is a feeling that a genera l land use policy and plan is a necessary nonnative fi'amework for the sustainable use of forests. Policies which secure the participation of people are also considered necessary for improving the rationality and equity in granting concess ions and in allocating forest land uses.

Sustainable forest management is an impot1ant issue in all larger countries. The discussion centres on what are appropriate forest management systems, and the mechanisms for enforcing them. The restrictions on sustainable forest management include the lack of information on fo rests, undesirable selective extraction practices, and the use of inappropriate technology. One main discussion point is whether countries should wait until they have the necessary information, teclmology, human resources and institutional capacity for sustainable forest management, or whether they should exploit their forest now and, leaming from experience, use the lessons learnt to perfect an adequate system. In any case, the low rate of forest production, LInder sustainable management, is seen as a major weakness and undesirable situation.

17

The pricing of the resource, and, in more general terms, forest valuation, securing thecompliance of contractors with the terms of contracts, and the government's capacity forsecuring sustainable forest management, are among the specific problems raised in the treatmentof the significant issue of concession contracts.

An important grotto of issues prevailing in those countries with relatively rich forest resourcesare the linkages of national macro-policies with the forestry sector and public investmentin the sector. It is felt, for example, that national accounts do not fairly reflect the contributionof the forestry sector to economic development. Moreover, the inadequacy of investment fundsfor the sector is a major hindrance not only to forestry development, but also to the progress ofthe nation as a whole.

The need to ensure that governments, while promoting forestry development and conservation,duly protect the rights of indigenous peoples is an important issue in many countries whichcries out for resolution.

The loss of forest cover is seen as one of the most negative results of the countries' lack ofinstitutional capacities and appropriate policies, as is the confrontation betvveenconservationists and those espousing economic development.

There is another group of issues which specifically affects small island states. These include theavailability and quality of water, the incidence of grazing on the forest estate and quarryingand mining. In all these matters, the economic, social and environmental dimensions do notappear to have been clearly assessed. As a consequence, informed decisions have not yet beentaken.

Unfortunately, it is evident that most of the countries of the region possess neither the necessarydata nor the capacity to analyze them in order to resolve the issues, and formulate soundpolicies. This is of special importance because the multidisciplinary character of the issues andproblems demands a multidisciplinary approach, which would involve economists, sociologists,and experts in public admi.nistration, in addition to those knowledgeable in the relevant physicaland biological sciences.

Finally, it is stressed that, to date, forestry policy has been reactive, analysis and action comingafter issues or problems have reached a deg,r, ee of crisis. There is an obvious need for a moreproactive approach: creating a sense of urgency, mission, strategy design, policy formulationand evaluation.

The Process of Forestry Policy Formation

There appear to be three main approaches to forest policy formation.

The first approach is to be found in those countries, such as Barbados, Curacao, Jamaica, andNetherlands Antilles in which the methodology is explicit, and in which there are clear andlegitimate procedures that define the different stages with regard to inputs and responsibilities inthe preparation, analysis and decision-making process of policy formation.

17

The pricing of the resource, and, in more general terms, forest valuation, securing the compliance of contt·actors with the terms of contracts, and the government's capacity for securing sustainable forest management, are among the specific problems raised in the treatment of the significant issue of concession contracts.

An important group of issues prevailing in those coun1:J.ies with relatively rich forest resoW"ces are the linkages of national macro-policies witb tbe forestry sector and public investment in tbe sector. It is felt, for example, that national accounts do not fairly reflect the contribution of the forestry sector to economic development. Moreover, the inadequacy of investment funds for the sector is a major hindrance not only to forestry development, but also to the progress of the nation as a whole.

The need to ensure that governments, while promoting forestry development and conservation, duly protect the rigbts of indigenous peoples is an important issue in many countries which cries out for resolution.

The loss of forest cover is seen as one of the most negative results of the countlies' lack of institutional capacities and appropriate policies, as is the confrontation between conservationists and tbose espousing economic development.

There is another group of issues which specifically affects small island states. These include the availability and quality of water, the incidence of grazing on the forest estate and quarrying and mining. In all these matters, the economic, social and environmental dimensions do not appear to have been clearly assessed. As a consequence, infonned decisions have not yet been taken.

UnfOltunately, it is evident that most of the countries of the region possess neither the necessary data nor the capacity to analyze them in order to resolve the issues, and fonnulate sound policies. This is of special importance because the multidisciplinalY character of the issues and problems demands a multidisciplinaty approach, which would involve economists, sociologists, and expelts in public administration, in addition to those knowledgeable in the relevant physical and biological sciences.

Finally, it is stressed that, to date, forestry policy has been reactive, analysis atld action coming after issues or problems have reached a degree of clisis. There is an obvious need for a more proactive approach: creati ng a sense of urgency, mission, stt·ategy design, policy formulation and evaluation.

The Process of Forestrv Policv Formation

There appear to be tlu·ee main approaches to forest policy formation.

The first approach is to be fowld in those countlies, such as Barbados, Curacao, Jamaica, atld Netherlands Antilles in which the methodology is explicit, and in which there are clear and legitimate procedures that define the different stages with regard to inputs atld responsibilities in the prepmation, atlalysis and decision-making process of policy f0l111ation.

18

In countries such as, Anguilla, Antigua and Bai-Iluda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, St.Kitts and Nevis and Turks and Caicos, the approach is characterized by the existence of a set ofstages, which begins with the identification of issues and ends with option solution. However,the process appears to be less structured than in the first approach: procedures are less formaland are not always followed in a systematic way. Moreover, the stages are fewer.

The third approach is pursued by those countries which do not seem to possess a formal set ofstages for policy analysis, at the technical level. When confronted with the need to act on issues,ad hoc procedures are used. Countries which appear to be utilizing this approach includeBahamas, Belize, Dominican Republic Guyana, Haiti, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

The analysis of the country repoils revealed that important progress in implementation and theachievement of goals has been obtained both in countries with a highly structured process and insome without. This, at first glance, might suggest that having a clearly defined process is not anecessary condition for improving forestry development. However; what seems to have been thedetermining, factor in those more successful cases, is the degree of political will. This politicalwill is stimulated in lame measure by the process of policy formulation which is, of necessity,linked to public investment and implementation.

In other words, a clear, objective process for policy fonnation is necessary to maintain thepolitical will. In addition, of even greater importance, the process might be the essentialingredient for creating political will, where it does not exist, by providing sound evidence of thepolitical and socio-economic implications of forestry-rclated issues. Not least, the process oftenforces governments to be more transparent and to present the rationality of decisions regardingtheir positions on forestry matters.

In countries with a less structured process, the low correlation between the existence of a policyand its implementation, and between the existence of a policy and public investment, seems tobe associated with the poor quality of issue identification and description, as well as the fact thatoption analysis and selection are mostly presented in a descriptive way, providing very littlequantitative evidence of the political, social and economic implications of the various optionsthat have been considered.

Another reason seems to be a lack of clear understanding of the procedures of decision makingat the political and legislative level. In fact, the reports from these countries showed thefo I lowing characteri sties:

the methods and tools for objective analysis were seldom mentioned;the specific responsibilities for each stage of the process were not always clearlyidentified;the availability of information for sound analysis was mentioned as a serious restriction;the concept of a broad (as opposed to the one driven by issues and results) policystatement seems to prevail in many of those countries;the analysis seemed to be mainly based, and was much stronger, in aspects related tonatural sciences and weaker in the social and economic dimension;the policy formation approaches seemed to be influenced by the conceptual frameworkthat emphasizes the overall importance of an overarching forestry policy statement;

18

In countlies such as, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Blitish Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis and Turks and Caicos, the approach is characterized by the existence of a set of stages, which begins with the identification of issues and ends with option solution. However, the process appears to be less structured than in the first approach: procedures are less fom1al and are not always followed in a systematic way. Moreover, the stages are fewer.

The third approach is pursued by those countries which do not seem to possess a fonnal set of stages for policy analysis, at the teclmical level. When confronted with the need to act on issues, ad hoc procedures are used. Countries which appear to be utilizing this approach include Bahamas, Belize, Dominican Republic Guyana, Haiti, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

The analysis of the countlY rep0l1s revealed that impol1ant progress in implementation and the achievement of goals has been obtained both in countries with a highl y structured process and in some without. Tlli s, at first glance, nlight suggest that having a clearly defmed process is not a necessary condition for improving forestry development. However; what seems to have been the determining facto r in those more successful cases, is the degree of political will. This political will is stimulated in large measure by the process of policy formulation which is, of necessity, linked to public investment and implementation.

In other words, a clear, objective process for policy fonnation is necessaty to maintain the political wi ll. In addition, of even greater importance, the process might be the essential ingredient for creating political wi ll, where it does not exist, by providing sound evidence of the political and socio-economic implications of forestry-related issues. Not least, the process often forces govemments to be more transparent and to present the rationality of decisions regat'ding their positions on forestty matters.

In countri es with a less structured process, the low correlation between the existence of a policy and its implementation, and between the existence of a policy and public investtnent, seems to be associated with the poor quality of issue identification and description, as well as the fact that option analysis atld selection are mostly presented in a descripti ve way, providing very little quantitative evidence of the political, social atld economic implications of the various options that have been considered.

Another reason seems to be a lack of clear understanding of the procedures of decision making at the political and legislative level. In fact, the reports from these countlies showed the following chat'acteristics:

• the methods and tools for objective analysis were seldom mentioned; • the specific responsibilities for each stage of the process were not always clearly

identified; • the availabili ty ofinfonnation for sound analysis was mentioned as a serious restriction; • the concept of a broad (as opposed to the one driven by issues and results) policy

statement seems to prevail in many of those countries; • the analysis seemed to be mainly based, and was much stronger, in aspects related to

natural sciences and weaker in the social and economic dimension; • the pol icy formation approaches seemed to be influenced by the conceptual framework

that emphasizes the overall importance of an overarching forestt·y pol icy statement;

19

creating capacity for policy analysis on a continuous basis, as a day-to-day duty; foraddressing emerging issues and for the revision and improvement of defined policies wasnot perceived as a priority;inadequate attention was given to securing implementation; although the initial analysisof the issue was assigned mostly to the technical levels, in general, the politicallegitimizing component of the policy formation process seemed to be the mostinfluential, resulting in the absence of adequate checks and balances;the expertise of disciplines, such as economics, political economy, public administration,sociology, to mention the most important, seemed to be playing a minor role at thetechnical level; there was little evidence that effective multidisciplinary capacities werebeing used.

In several countries, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent andthe Grenadines among them, there was a perception that forestry policy formation exerciseshave been externally dtiven and have had a top-down approach. This was believed to be one ofthe causes of poor follow-up and implementation.

The information assembled in the country reports suggests that there is a need for comparativegovernment systems research and training in the basic methods of policy analysis andformation. Such training should include both technical staff and staff at the politicallegitimization level. The new exercises for people's participation, now being undertaken in theNetherlands Antilles and Dominican Republic, should be thoroughly studied and if they provevalid and applicable, should be tried in other countries.

Institutions and Forestry Policy Research

Most organizations which deal with forestry, are reported both to be under-funded and to beexperiencing a chronic lack of personnel and equipment.

The high number of agencies with responsibilities in the forestry sector, is identified as a majorconstraint to the achievement of goals in the sector. As there is little or no coordination of theactivities of these agencies, there is much overlapping and a waste of resources. The problem iscompounded by the inadequacy of the legislation establishing these agencies.

It was also evident from the reports that the best qualified professionals were not ahvaysassigned pemianently to the field work, and hence did not participate in the implementation ofthe policies. Most often, the best prepared cadres were concentrated at headquarters. Withan almost universal lack of transportation, their capacity was not fully utilized.

Effective decentralization of forestry administration, accompanied by the assignment of clearand specific geographical responsibilities and delegation of authority, seems to result in animprovement of performance and management. There also appears to be a positive con-elationbetween the decentralization of forestry administrations and the commitment and response fromlocal commtmities. Such is the case in the Netherlands Antilles and Curacao, with its quasiautonomous system of government.

19

• creating capacity for policy analysis on a continuous basis, as a day-to-day duty; for addressing emerging issues and for the revision and improvement of defined policies was not perceived as a pliority;

• inadequate attention was given to securing implementation; although the initial analysis of the issue was assigned mostly to the technical levels, in general, the political legitimizing component of the policy formation process seemed to be the most influential, resulting in the absence of adequate checks and balances;

• the expertise of disciplines, such as economics, political economy, public administration, sociology, to mention the most important, seemed to be playing a minor role at the technical level; there was little evidence that effective multidisciplinary capacities were being used.

In several countries, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent and the Grenadines among them, there was a perception that forestry policy fOlmation exercises have been externalIy driven and have had a top-down approach. Tllis was believed to be one of the causes of poor folIow-up and implementation.

The infonnation assembled in the country reports suggests that there is a need for comparative government systems research and training in the basic methods of policy analysis and formation. Such trailllng should include both technical staff and staff at the political legitinlization level. The new exercises for people's participation, now being undertaken in the Netherlands AntilIes and Dominican Republic, should be thoroughly studied mId if they prove va lid and applicable, should be tried in other countries.

Institutious and Forestrv Policv Research

Most orgmlizations which deal with forestJy, are reported both to be under-funded and to be expetiencing a chronic lack of persotUlel and equipment.

The high number of agencies with responsibilities in the forestry sector, is identified as a major constraint to the achievement of goals in the sector. As there is little or no coordination of the activities of these agencies, there is much overlapping and a waste of resources. The problem is compounded by the inadequacy of the legislation establishing these agencies.

It was also evident from the repotis that the best qualified professionals were not always assigned permanently to the field work, and hence did not participate in the implementation of the policies. Most often, the best prepared cadres were concentrated at headquarters, With an almost utli versallack oftJ'anspOltation, their capacity was not fully utilized.

Effective decentralization of forestry admi.tlistration, accompanied by the assignment of clear and specific geograpllical responsibilities and delegation of authority, seems to result in an improvement of perfornlance and management. There also appears to be a positive correlation between the decentralization of forestry administrations and the commitment and response from local communities. Such is the case in the Netherlands AntilIes and Curacao, with its quasi autonomous system of govemment.

)0

The institutional weaknesses of specific forestry agencies have, in some cases, beencompensated by the delegation of responsibilities to a number of different governmental orquasi governmental agencies. In other instances, some branches of the specific forestry agencieshave found extra-budgetary ways to be better staffed and financed.

The professional background of the staff of the forestry agencies is predominantly in the naturalsciences.

The function of policy analysis is almost totally absent in the structure of the forestryservices. Their organizations are mostly based on the functions required for forest managementand operation. Policy analysis, especially when important resources are involved, remain withhigher levels of the Ministry which hosts the forestry organizations or with Central planningagencies. However, the creation of specific policy analysis agencies, or the creation of unitswithin the forestry institutions, is an emerging trend.

Another emerging approach is the establishment of organizations responsible for theenvironment, and assigning to them the responsibility for policy analysis and forniation.

Policy research which is being undertaken in the region is almost limited to studies for themaking of specific decisions, especially those that are designed to solve specific technical issuesand problems. Metha analysis and the study of the processes by which policies are formed, havebeen ahnost completely neglected.

Opportu n ides for Action

Although common wisdom identifies the forestry sector as one, the performance of whichleaves much to be desired, there is room for optimism. There is a great number of highly trainedindividuals across the region. There is also a network of national and regional organizations,some of them with many years of experience. They are generally well staffed and possess agood record in areas related to policy analysis or requiring analytical capacities. In all countries,the interest in nature, forestry and trees, and the understanding of the close connection and veryspecial relevance to sustainable development are growing.

Moreover, in certain countries there is evidence of concrete and important achievements, as wellas a background of experience and knowledge, in natural sciences. These attainments have beengained after years of dedicated work. Even the negative experience and failures of past policiesand public intervention represent a valuable asset that could be used in avoiding errors in thefuture. In addition, a great number of professionals has been trained in forestry andenvironmental science in the last decades. With the worst of the economic crisis appearing tohave been overcome, it seems that there will be more space for introducing nature, forestry andtrees into the core of the countries' political agenda. In fact, some of them are already doing that.Societies are more alert, and the new infounation technologies have shrunk distances and timesof communication. Governments are, more and more, positively responding to the monitoring oftheir constituencies and to international public opinion.

It is true that the problems, issues and, in general, the tasks ahead, are enormous. The resourceshave been severely degraded in many countries of the region and, in those that still haveimportant forest resources, they are at risk due to social and economic pressures. The pace of

20

The institutional weaknesses of specific forestry agencies have, in some cases, been compensated by the delegation of responsibilities to a number of different govemmental or quasi govenunental agencies. In other instances, some branches of the specific forestry agencies have found extra-budgetaJy ways to be better staffed and financed.

The professional background of the staff of the forestry agencies is predominantly in the natural sCiences.

The function of policy analysis is almost totally absent in the structure of the forestry services. Their organizations are mostly based on the functions required for forest management and operation. Policy aJlalysis, especially when impOltant resources are involved, remain with higher levels of the Ministry which hosts the forestry orgaJuzations or with central plaJming agencies. However, the creation of specific policy analysis agencies, or the creation of units within the forestly institutions, is aJl emerging trend.

Another emerging approach is the estab lislunent of organizations responsible for the envirolUllent, aJld assigning to them the responsibility for policy analysis and f0ll11ation.

Policy research wluch is being undeltaken in the region is almost limited to studies for the making of specific decisions, especially those that are designed to solve specific teclmical issues and problems. Melha analysis and the study of the processes by which policies are formed, have been almost completely neglected.

Opportunities for Action

Although conmlon wisdom identifies tlle forestry sector as one, the perfonnance of which leaves much to be desired, there is room for optimism. There is a great number of highly tTained individuals across the region. There is also a network of national aJld regional organizations, some of them with many years of expelience. They are generally well staffed and possess a good record in areas related to policy analysis or requiring analytica l capacities. In all countries, the interest in nature, forestlY and trees, aJld the understanding of the close cOlmection and velY special relevance to sustainable development are growing.

Moreover, in certain countries there is evidence of concrete and impOltaJlt acluevements, as well as a background of experience and knowledge, in natural sciences. These attaimnents have been gained after years of dedicated work. Even the negative experience and failures of past policies and pub lic intervention represent a valuable asset that could be used in avoiding errors in the future. In addition, a great number of professionals has been trained in forestry and envirolUllental science in the last decades. With the worst of the economic crisis appeaJ-ing to have been overcome, it seems that there will be more space for introducing nature, forestly and h·ees into the core of the counh-ies' poli tical agenda. In fact, some of them are already doing that. Societies are more alert, and the new infomlation technologies have shrunk distances and times of communication. Govenunents are, more and more, positively responding to the mOlutOling of

. their constituencies and to intemational public opimon.

It is true that the problems, issues and, in general , the tasks ahead, are enonnous. The resources have been severely degraded in l11aJ1Y countries of the region and, in those that still have important forest resources, they aJ·e at risk due to social and economic pressures_ The pace of

implementation and achievements in the forestry and nature-related issues are unacceptable inmany countries and rhetoric is not always accompanied by action. In addition, the current trendsand opportunities for developments, such as tourism, mining, and services, together with theincrease in consumption power that they bring, provide additional threats to nature, and thesustainability of the well-being of societies. Equally, the free flow of capital and the opening upof the economies, have created intrinsic risks to the natural environment and to the people of theregion. There are few options to escape this general situation. But countries cannot merelyescape decision-making by just policing their natural resources or closing their boundaries to theglobal trends in economic development. Countries or the region will be better off if they facethis situation ti-trough the creation of additional capacity for problem analysis and decision-making.

Because of the characteristics of the countries, and the strong demand for forestry policyanalysis, additional capacity should be created within a framework of regional partnership. Sucha partnership should embrace:

the stimulation of a political consensus to enhance the capacities of countries in forestrypolicy analysis, in a way that includes all the dimensions and specialities connected withit, and that allows the use of the full range of specialities available in the countries;the complementing of that body of knowledge held by forestry experts by that developedin the discipline of public administration. Its sophisticated methods and tools are alreadyin use, and should be put at the disposal of the forestry sector;the establishment of networks with the aim of utilizing information technology fordevelopment;undertaking policy research which should focus on

analyzing problem and issue definition in forestry policy;macro-economic implications of forestry sector development;

=. demand quantification in forestry;getting Caribbean regional organizations to assist in policy analysis;developing ongoing forestry policy analysis mechanisms;preparing comparative government studies to improve forestry policyimplementation;institutionalizing participatory methods in forestry policy analysis and theireffectiveness;using privatization, opportunities and potential impact in forestry;global capital markets and the forestry sector;land use: analysis or its assumptions and expected results.

The Caribbean region is characterized by a high level of interaction and collaboration amongstits countries. However, it appears that, regarding forestry matters, there are many opportunitiesthat have not been fully exploited. The knowledge in forest management, protected areascreation and administration, the use of training centres in forestry, and experience in fosteringpolicy implementation are only a few areas in which the collective experience is not alwaysfully exploited.

Existing regional institutions, such as the CDB and CARICOM, that have a proven analyticalcapacity could be brought in to help in the analysis of forestry policy. It is possible that the

21

implementation and achievements in the forestJy and nature-related issues are unacceptable in many countJ'ies and rhetoric is not always accompanied by action. In addition, the current trends and opportunities for developments, such as tourism, mining, and services, together with the increase in consumption power that they bring, provide additional threats to nature, and the sustainability of the weli-being of societies. Equaliy, the free flow of capital and the opening up of the economies, have created intrinsic lisks to the natural environment and to the people of the region. There are few options to escape this general situation, But countJies cannot merely escape decision-making by just policing their natural resources or closing their boundaries to the global trends in economic development. CountJ'ies of the region wili be better off if they face tills situation tlu'ough the creation of additional capacity for problem analysis and decisionmaking.

Because of the characteristics of tile countries, and tile strong demand for forestJy policy analysis, additional capacity should be created within a framework of regional partnership, Such a partnership should embrace:

• the stimulation of a political consensus to enhance the capacities of countries in forestry policy analysis, in a way that includes all the dimensions and specialities cOlmected with it, and that allows the use of the full range of specialities available in the countJ'ies;

• the comp lementing of that body of knowledge held by forestJy experts by that developed in the discipline of public admilllstration. Its sophisticated methods and tools are already in use, and should be put at the dispos<\1 of the foreslIy sector;

• the estab lishment of networks with the aim of utilizing infonnation teclmology for development;

• undertaking policy research willch should focus on :

~ analyzing problem and issue definition in foreslly policy; ~ macro-econonllc implications of forestlY sector development; ~ demand quantification in forestlY; ~ getting Caribbean regional organizations to assist in policy analysis; ~ developing ongoing foreslly policy analysis mechaillsms; ~ preparing comparative government studies to improve foreslly policy

implementation; ~ institutionalizing participatory methods in foreslIy policy analysis and their

effectiveness; ~ using plivatization, opportunities and potential impact in forestry; ~ global capital markets and the forestry sector; ~ land use: analysis of its assumptions and expected results.

The Catibbean region is charactelized by a high level of interaction and collaboration amongst its countries, However, it appears that, regarding forestry matters, there are many opportunities that have not been fully exploited. The knowledge in forest management, protected areas creation atld admiIllstration, the use of training centJ'es in forestlY, and expelience in fostering policy implementation are only a few areas in which the collective expelience is not always £ililyexploited.

Existing regional institutions, such as the CDB and CARICOM, that have a proven analytical capacity could be brought in to help in the atlalysis of forestry policy. It is possible that the

22

inunediate response to such suggestions from the forestry sector and from internationalorganizations might be that they are not specialized in forestry. However, it is maintained in thisanalysis that if clear questions and expected results are defined, the analytical capaci.ty of theseinstitutions could effectively be put to work on forestry related areas. Together with theexpertise of the forestry discipline of the region, such organizations could bring about abreakthrough in the analysis of issues and problem-solving for the forestry sector. The ways inwhich such collaboration could materialize is a worthwhile topic to explore.

Plenary Discussions and Recommendations

The experts commended the Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization onits analysis and synthesis of the several country reports and the EC for its support to it, andexpressed the view that it was a fair reflection of the countries various analyzes. They were ofthe opinion that:

the preparation of land use plans should provide the basis for the formulation of Forestrypolicies;there was an evident need for the continuous collection of information relevant to forestpolicy formation;there should be a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary approach to forest policy formation;priority shouki be given to the training of Caribbean nationals in policy analysis; andwherever possible, there should be a regional approach to forestry matters.

22

inunediate response to such suggestions from the forestry sector and liOln international organizations might be that they are not specialized in forestry. However, it is maintained in tlus analysis that if clear questions and expected results are defined, the analytical capacity of these institutions could effectively be put to work on forestry related areas. Together with the expertise of the fores!!), discipline of the region, such organizations could bring about a breaktlu'ough in the analysis of issues and problem-solving for the fores!!), sector. The ways in which such collaboration could materialize is a wOlihwlule topic to explore.

Plenarv Discnssions and Recommendations

The experts conunended the Forestry Department of the Food and Agliculture Organization on its analysis and synthesis of the several country reports and the EC for its support to it, and expressed the view that it was a fair reflection of the countlies various analyzes. They were of the opuuon that:

• the preparation of land use plans should provide tile basis for the formulation of fores!!), policies;

• there was an evident need for the continuous collection of ulfomlation relevant to forest policy formation;

• there should be a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary approach to forest policy fornlation; • priority should be given to the training of Caribbean nationals in policy analysis; and • wherever possible, there should be a regional approach to fores!!), matters.

23

SECOND TECHNICAL SESSION - KEY FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES


Dr. Kenneth King of GuyanaMr. Andre Van Schaik of ArubaMs Jacqueline Cramer Annony of St. KittsMr. Ke-Seon Ng-A-Tham of SurinameDr. Rory Fraser of Guyana (Rapporteur)

The second technical session was designed to provide a better definition of the issues andproblems of the sector; to identify possible partnerships with other disciplines; to assess theimportance of utilizing the expertise and methodologies of these disciplines in the formulationof policies in the sector; and to suggest ways of forging and making use of these partnerships.

The panel consisted of one of the consultants who had worked on the preparation of the countryreports, one specialist in planning and policy formation, one representative of a national forestservice and one representative of the private sector. They were invited because of their particularexperience and work in the region.

Members of the panel were not expected to talk as forestry experts, but to discuss the forestryexperience from their own special perspectives. They were invited to consider the following:

major public policy forestry issues in the region;the methods of work and analysis and identification of issues;differences with the issues identified by the forestry sector;perceptions of the analysis;opportunities and potential gains for achieving a more effective multi-disciplinaryapproach in the analysis of forestry problems;perceptions of the effectiveness of forestry policies;main reasons for the discrepancy between the rhetoric of forestry and effective action;main difficulties of senior planning officers and politicians in supporting publicinvestments in the forestry sector.

Dr. Kenneth King's Perspective

Dr. King identified seven major issues, and made recommendations for each of them.

Issue I

Forestry policies are often not implemented because they are frequently externally driven, anddeveloped by foreign experts. They are, therefore, not "owned- by the stakeholders. Theabsence of local initiatives is due to:

the relatively high number of untrained persons in Caribbean Forestry Services;

23

SECOND TECHNICAL SESSION - KEY FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES


Dr. KelU1eth King of Guyana Mr. Andre Van Schaik of Aruba Ms Jacqueline Cramer Annony of St. Kitts Mr. Ke-Seon Ng-A-Tham of Suriname Dr. ROlY Fraser of Guyana (Rapporteur)

The second technical session was designed to provide a better definition of the issues and problems of the sector; to identify possible partnerships with other disciplines; to assess the impOliance of utilizing the expeliise and methodologies of these disciplines in the formulation of policies in the sector; and to suggest ways offorging and making use ofthese partnerships.

The panel consisted of one of the consultants who had worked on the preparation of the countly reports, one specialist in planning and policy formation, one representative of a national forest service and one representative of the private sector. They were invited because of their particular experience and work ill the region.

Members of the panel were not expected to talk as forestly experts, but to discuss the forestty experience from their own special perspectives. They were invited to consider the fo llowing:

• major public policy forestlY issues ill the region; • the methods of work and analysis and identification of issues; • differences with the issues identified by the forestty sector; • perceptions of the analysis; • opportunities and potential gains for achieving a more effective multi-disciplinary

approach in the analysis offorestlY problems; • perceptions of the effectiveness offorestry policies; • main reasons for the discrepancy between the rhet0l1c of forestty and effective action; • main difficulties of senior pl31U1ing officers and politicians in supporting public

investments in the forestry sector.

Dr. Kenneth King's Perspective

Dr. King identified seven major issues, and made reconU11endations for each of them.

Issue 1

Forestl·y policies are often not implemented because they are fi-equently extemally driven, and developed by foreign expeli s. They me, therefore, not "owned" by the stakeholders_ The absence oflocal initiatives is due to:

• the relatively high number of untrained persons in Caribbean Forestry Services;

24

the relative inexperience of Caribbean Forestry Officers, even when they are adequatelytrained;the unavailability of specialized skills, such as those required in policy analysis andformulation.

Given these deficiencies, he recommended the training of more forestry professionals in theCaribbean; and the training of forestry policy analysts in a continuing series of short courses.

Issue 2

Over the last ten years or so, there has been a proliferation of government agencies andinstitutions that are concerned with environmental and natural resource management. This hasled to overlapping jui-isdictions, policy and jurisdictional conflicts, and a waste of human andfinancial resources. Very few mechanisms have been established to coordinate these efforts.Where they do exist, they are often not effective: they do not meet each other, they do notcooperate with each other.

It was recommended that the entire natural resource/enviromnent sector be rationalized in eachcountry of the Caribbean. CARICOM should be the lead agency in this endeavour.

Issue 3

Forestry policies are often created in a vacuum, without due regard to other land users, and othernational policies. The expert recommended that forestry policies should be part and parcel ofnational land use plans; and that in formulating forestry policies, the importance of the explicitrelationship between national macro-economic policies and forestry policies must berecognized.

Issue 4

It is highly probable that countries with high incidences of poverty may be unable effectively toimplement forestry policies. Often it is poverty which forces the populace to encroach on forestreserves; to cultivate steep, erodible hillsides; and to steal forest products.

Here, again, forestry policies ought to be formulated in a national socio-economic context. Putin another way, it is often important to make non-forestiy provisions, in order to secure theimplementation of forestry policies. These non-forestry provisions should, of course, besupported by the external agencies that are involved, and by relevant legislation.

Issue 5

The agroforestry potential of many countries is not reflected in Caribbean forestry policies, evenin those areas in which there are SCareC land resources, high population pressure and aninadequate forest base. Forestry ought to be re-visited in such countries with the possibility ofutilizing agroforestry systems in mind.

24

• the relative inexpelience of Caribbean Forestry Officers, even when they are adequately trained;

• the unavailability of specialized skills, such as those required in policy analysis and formulation.

Given these deficiencies, he recommended the training of more forestry professionals in the Caribbean; and the training offorestry policy analysts in a continuing series of short courses.

Issue 2

Over the last ten years or so, there has been a proliferation of govenU11ent agencies and institutions that are concerned with environmental and natmal resource management. This has led to overlapping jurisdictions, policy and jurisdictional conflicts, and a waste of human and financial resources. Very few mechanisms have been established to coordinate these efforts. Where they do exist, they are often not effective: they do not meet each other, they do not cooperate with each other.

It was recommended that the entire natllral resource/envirolU11ent sector be rationalized in each country of the Caribbean. CARICOM should be the lead agency in tillS endeavour.

Issue 3

Forestry policies are often created in a vacuum, without due regard to other land users, and other national policies. The expert reconunended that forestty policies should be part and parcel of national land use plans; and that in fom1ulating forestry policies, the importance of the explicit relationship between national macro-economic policies and forestty policies must be reco gn i zed.

Issue 4

It is highly probable that countries with high incidences of poverty may be unable effectively to implement forestlY policies. Often it is poverty willch forces the populace to encroach on forest reserves; to cultivate steep, erodible hillsides; and to steal forest products.

Here, again, forestry policies ought to be formulated in a national socio-economic context. Put in another way, it is often impottant to make non-forestt-y provisions, in order to secure the implementation of forestry policies. These non-forestry provisions should, of course, be suppotted by the extemal agencies that are involved, and by relevant legislation .

Issue 5

The agroforestry potential of many countt-ies is not reflected in Caribbean forestry policies, even in those areas in willch there are scarce land resources, high population pressure and an inadequate forest base. Forestty ought to be re-visited in such countt-ies with the possibility of uti li zing agroforestty systems in mind.

Issue 6

Although sustainable forest management is the overall consideration in most Caribbean forestrypolicies, this objective may be unattainable unless drastic measures are taken to:

train and/or recruit a critical mass of professional forest specialists to identify problemsand to formulate plans and policies to overcome them;provide the financial resources to implernent the plans and policies;develop a strategy which is based on, or includes, the collection and analysis of relevantdata, and the provision of an effective legal framework.

Issue 7

The absence of a cadre of environmental/forestry economists makes it difficult to present alogical, well-reasoned, quantified case for forestry to Finance Ministers, who are primarilyimpressed by economic and financial criteria in making decisions. Here, also, training is the keyfactor. More environmental and production economists should be employed in the forestryservices of the region.

Mi-. .Andre Van Sehaik's Perspective

Mr. Schaik discussed six issues.

Issue 1

Some problems and issues cannot be solved and tackled by small islands, because of their sizeand limited resources. He, therefore, recommended that these problems and issues be identifiedthroughout the Caribbean and that there be a regional approach to their solution.

Issue 2

The Caribbean's capacity to solve many of its envirorunental problems is limited, to a greatextent, by its geography and by its poor communications system. He urged that the region takeadvantage of advances in communications, such as the Internet and satellite TV, to assist in thedevelopment of solutions.

Issue 3

Tourism has grown significantly in the past ten years. This has had serious impact on traditionalforestry, as it has increased demands on the environment and natural resources. Serious attemptsshould be made to reconcile the apparent conflict between the desire to earn foreign exchangefrom tourists and the necessity for conserving sometimes fi-agile ecosystems.

Issue 4

25

The financing of forestry, by both the private and public sectors, is most inadequate. Forestersmust project the importance of forestry more effectively.

25

Issue 6

Although sustainable forest management is the overall consideration in most Caribbean forestry policies, this objective may be unattainable unless drastic measures are taken to:

• train and/or recmit a cliticalmass of professional forest specialists to identify problems and to f0l111ulate plans and policies to overcome them;

• provide the financial resomces to implement the plans and policies; • develop a sh'ategy which is based on, or includes, the collection and analysis of relevant

data, and the provision of an effective legal franlework.

Issue 7

The absence of a cadre of environmental/forestry economists makes it difficult to present a logical, well-reasoned, quantified case for foreshy to Finance Ministers, who are prim31ily impressed by economic and fin311cial criteria in making decisions. Here, also, training is the key factor. More environmental and production economists should be employed in the forestty services of the region.

Mr. Andre Van Schaik's Perspective

Mr. Schaik discussed six issues.

Issue 1

Some problems 311d issues cannot be solved and tackled by small isl311ds, because of their size and limited resources. He, therefore, reCOl1l111ended that these problems and issues be identified throughout the Caribbean and that there be a regional approach to their solution.

Issue 2

The Caribbean's capacity to so lve m311Y of its environmental problems is limited, to a great extent, by its geography and by its poor communications system, He urged that the region take advantage of adV311ces in communications, such as the Internet and satellite TV, to assist in the development of solutions.

Issue 3

Tourism has grown significantly in the past ten years. TillS has had serious impact on traditional forestry, as it has increased demands on the enviromnent and nahlral resources. Serious attempts should be made to reconcile the apparent conflict between the desire to earn foreign exchange from tourists and the necessity for conserving sometimes fragile ecosystems.

Issue 4

The financing of forestry, by both the private and public sectors, is most inadequate, Foresters must project the impOltance offoreshy more effectively.

Issue 5

Differences in ecosystems may create problems in developing regional solutions. If a regionalapproach is to be followed, it ought to be preceded by a rigorous collection of data and carefulanalysis.

Issue 6

Where should national efforts be focused? On single species? On procted areas? Theseproblems ought to be resolved before grandiose forestry policies are embarked upon.

Mr. Ke-Seon Ng-A-Thorn's Perspective

Mr. Ng-A-Tham discussed three issues.

Issue 1

Historically, the focus in forestry has been on a single commodity (timber), to the exclusion ofthe other goods and smices provided by forests. A priori this leads to the under-utilization ofthe forestry resource. Forestry policies should consciously emphasize the multiple use of forests.There is need for more data if informed decisions are to be made.

Issue 2

The many concerns of indigenous people and demands for tourism and biodiversity haveincreased the pressure on forest resources. This raises the question "Is it possible to have aforestry policy at the national or even the regional level?" The expert suggested that anassessment be made of the efficacy of more local forestry policies.

Issue 3

International processes, agreements, agencies and groups make it virtually impossible todevelop good forestry policies because of the inherent conflicts among the concepts ofsustainable forests, sustainable incomes, and poverty eradication.

The expert reconunended that means be found to ensure sustainability and to protectbiodiversity, while benefiting from resource use.

Miss Jacqueline Cramer-Armonv's Perspective

Ms Cramer-Armony discussed five issues and made a number of recommendations.

Issue 1

In the context of small islands, such as St. Kitts, history, environment and culture dictate naturalresource policies. Forestry policies should, therefore, be more broadly defined.

2626

Issue 5

Differences in ecosystems may create problems in developing regional so lutions. If a regional approach is to be fo llowed, it ought to be preceded by a rigorous collection of data and careful analysis.

Issue 6

Where should national efforts be focused? On single species? On prot'ected areas? These problems ought to be resolved before grandiose foresh), policies are embarked upon.

Mr. Ke-Seon Ng-A-Tham's Perspective

Mr. Ng-A-Tham discussed three issues.

Issue 1

Historically, the focus in foresh), has been on a single conunodity (timber), to the exclusion of the other goods and services provided by forests. A priori this leads to the under-utilization of the forest,), resource. Foresh), policies should consciously emphasize the multiple use of forests. There is need for more data if informed decisions are to be made.

Issue 2

The Illany concems of indigenous people and demands for tourism and biodiversity have increased the pressure on forest resources. This raises the question "Is it possible to have a forest,), policy at the national or even the regional level?" The expert suggested that an assessment be made of the efficacy of more local foresh), policies.

Issue 3

iJlternat ional processes, agreements, agencies and groups make it virtually impossible to develop good forestry policies because of the inherent conflicts among the concepts of sustainable forests, sustainable incomes, and poverty eradication.

The expert recol1l.lnended that means be found to ensure sustaillability and to protect biodiversity, while benefiting from resource use.

Miss Jacquel ine Cramer-Annonv's Perspective

Ms Cramer-N1110ny discussed five issues and made a number ofreconunendations.

Issue 1

In the context of small islands, such as St. Kitts, history, envirolUllent and culture dictate natural resource policies. Forestry policies should, therefore, be more broadly defined.

Issue 2

Timber production is peripheral to other land uses in the small islands. Recognized forestrybenefits are water supply and folk medicine. These are the priority smice/products of theforests.

Issue 3

Tourism has forced people to understand more about their forests and make them realise, also,that they could expand their knowledge. This knowledge is often ignored in the formulation ofrelevant policies and plans

Issue 4

In the absence of formal structures to coordinate the efforts of public agencies, the task has beenfacilitated by those NGOs that are involved in the decision-making process.

Issue 5

NGOs have generated information on biodiversity and folk medicine, for example, that was notreadily available from official agencies.

Ms. Cramer-Armony made the following reconunendations:

educate agencies about land-use options;educate agencies to understand the need for coordinated natural resource/land usemanagement;educate agencies on the requirements of a management framework e.g. laws, traditionalarrangements, policy tools;educate NGOs so that they may become more effectively involved in participatoryprocesses;develop job opportunities through training teachers and tour guides, for example, aboutthe potential economic benefits of natural resource areas.

Plenarv Discussion on the Problems and Issues

77

The following comments were made from the floor:

Problems in the policy process are not unique to forestry. They are also evident in othersectors.Much has been made of the externally driven policy process, but this may be a necessaryevil in small island states.There is need for integrated policy development in the Caribbean.User fees have resulted in a perception of the increased importance of parks, etc. by thepublic, in some countries. It may help forestry administrations if charges were imposedfor some forestry services and if, in general, the link between economic activity andresources was made more explicit.

27

Issue 2

Timber production is peripheral to other land uses in the small islands. Recognized forestry benefits are water supply and folk medicine. These are the priority service/products of the forests.

Issue 3

TOLUism has forced people to understand more about their forests and make them realise, also, that they could expand their knowledge. This knowledge is often ignored in the fonnulation of relevant policies and plans

Issue 4

In the absence of fOlmal structures to coordinate the efforts of public agencies, the task has been facilitated by those NGOs that are invo lved in the decision-making process.

Issue 5

NGOs have generated infomlation on biodiversity and folk medicine, for example, that was not readily avai lable from official agencies.

Ms. Cranler-Armony made the following recommendations:

• educate agencies about land-use options; • educate agencies to understand the need for coordinated nahlral resource/land use

Inanageillent; • educate agencies on the requirements of a management framework e.g. laws, traditional

arrangements, policy tools; • educate NGOs so that they may become more effectively involved in pmticipatOlY

processes; • develop job opportunities through training teachers and tour guides, for example, about

the potential economic benefits of natural resource areas.

Plenarv Discnssion on the Problems and Issues

The following comments were made from the floor:

• Problems in the policy process are not unique to forestry. They are also evident in other sectors.

• Much has been made of the extemally driven policy process, but tllis may be a necessary evil in small island states.

• There is need for integrated policy development in the Caribbean. • User fees have resulted in a perception of the increased importance of parks, etc. by the

public, in some countlies. It may help forestty administt·ations if charges were imposed for some forestlY services and if, in general, the link between economic activity and resources was made more explicit.

28

Interagency conflict may be a result of competition for limited resources. This may beovercome by cooperation among agencies, NGOs and international organizations.Regional policies are not the panacea for al] of forestry's ailments; some problemshave to be solved locally. However, it is important for the countries to pool resources,to have common and complementary policies on such matters as education and trade,and to have common programmes on such matters as communication.There is a need to get Ministers responsible for forestry matters together, to focus onlyon forestry issues, as is done for agriculture.Training is a critical regional priority.It is an urgent requirement that the contributions of forestry to the nation'sdevelopment and well-being be quantified.

28

• Interagency conflict may be a result of competition for limited resources. This may be overcome by cooperation among agencies, NGOs and international organizations.

• Regional policies are not the panacea for all of forestry's ailments; some problems have to be solved locally. However, it is important for the countries to pool resources, to have conm10n and complementary policies on such matters as education and trade, and to have common programmes on such matters as communication.

• There is a need to get Ministers responsible for forestry matters together, to focus only on forestry issues, as is done for agriculture.

• Training is a critical regional priority. • It is an urgent requirement that the contributions of forestry to the nation's

development and well-being be quantified.

29

THIRD TECHNICAL SESSION PANEL ON: COUNTRIES' RESPONSE TOKEY POLICY ISSUES: MEDIUM TERM SCENARIOS

Members of the Panel

Dr. Kan i Keipi from USA (Inter-American Development)Ms Marilyn Headley from JamaicaMs Glenda Medina from Caribbean Conservation AssociationMs Sheriff Faizool from Trinidad (Forestry Consultant)Mr. Tim Van den Brink (Rapporteur)

The third technical session was intended to identify emerging issues, needs and strategic guidesfor coordination of macro-policies; generate ideas on the context in which forestry policies willbe formulated in the mid-term; and suggest the adaptation and modernization that would berequired in the forestry sector in order to improve its contribution to society's well-being andsecure the sustainable use of the resources.

The panel consisted of a forestry consultant, one representative from a national -forestry sector,one representative from a regional non-governmental organization and one from an internationalorganization. They were asked to give an exposition based on their own perception and points ofview on the way in which countries have responded and are responding to the major forestrypublic issues, and to the pressures and demands for economic development in the region. Theywere also requested to express their opinions on the major changes which might occur in theregion in the medium-term in relation to forestry.

The general topics which members of the panel were asked to consider were:

present and future response to key public issues;mid-term trends and changes and their probable effects on forestry and natureconservation;constraints and opportunities; andstrategies that have worked.

Dr. Kan l Kei pi's Perspective

The first intervention was made by Dr. Kan Keipi. He presented a paper entitled "Directions forForest Policy and Financing in Latin America and the Caribbean". In this paper he contendedthat there had been three prevalent paradigms for forest development and conservation in thepast 40 years. These were:

industrial forestry as a tool in the econornic take-off of developing countries during the1960s;social forestry and rural development through small farmers in the 1970s; andpreservation forestry, with emphasis on global and national ecological benefits, startingin the mid 1980s.

29

THIRD TECHNICAL SESSION PANEL ON: COUNTRIES' RESPONSE TO KEY POLICY ISSUES: MEDIUM TERM SCENARIOS

Members of the Panel

Dr. Kari Keipi fi·om USA (Inter-Amelican Development) Ms Marilyn Headley from Jamaica Ms Glenda Medina fi·om Caribbean Conservation Association Ms SheriffFaizool from Trinidad (Forestry Consultant) Mr. Tim Van den Brink (Rapporteur)

The third tec1mical session was intended to identifY emerging issues, needs and strategic guides for coordination of macro-policies; generate ideas on the context in which forestry policies will be form ulated in the mid-term; and suggest the adaptation and modernization that would be required in the foreslly sector in order to improve its contribution to society's well-being and secure the sustainable use of the resources.

The panel consisted of a foresoy consultant, one representative from a national forestry sector, one representative from a regional non-govenmlental organization and one fi·om an international organization. They were asked to give an exposition based on their own perception and points of view on the way in which countries have responded and are responding to the major foreslly public issues, and to the pressures and demands for economic development in the region. They were also requested to express their opinions on the major changes which might occur in the region in the medium-term in relation to foreslly.

The general topics which members of the panel were asked to consider were:

• present and future response to key public issues; • mid-term trends and changes and their probable effects on foreslly and nature

conservation; • constraints and 0PPOliunities; and • strategies that have worked.

Dr. Kari Keipi's Perspective

The first intervention was made by Dr. Kari Keipi. He presented a paper entitled "Directions for Forest Policy and Financing in Latin America and the Catibbean". In this paper he contended that there had been tlu·ee prevalent paradigms for forest development and conservation in the past 40 years. These were:

• industrial forestry as a tool in the econonlic take-off of developing counll·ies during the 1960s;

• social foreso·y atId rural development through small fanners in the 1970s; and • preservation forestry, with emphasis on global and national ecological benefits, starting

in the mid 1980s.

30

Each of these problems has had its own particularities and pitfalls, such as:

top-down approaches, paying only nominal attention to the need for public participationin project preparation and execution;use of one-factor logic and quick-fix schemes;considering nature and trees to be more important than people;utopian ideas and grand goals dominated by rhetotic and abstractions;

9 lack of clearly defined policies;lack of political will to execute policies; andnorth-south differences in international policy.

Dr. Keipi suggested that in coming to terms with these problems, we have learnt that there arenine essential non-forestry elements and limitations for successful forest policy implementation.These were:

political stability;macro-economic stability;efficient institutional frameworks;adequate environmental policies;adequate agricultural and industrial policies;land tenure security;participation in decision making and equity;sub-regional integration;global agreements.

Some of the most important developments have been with respect to the deregulation andprivatization of national forests, such as:

deregulation in forest management, utilization and trade;choice between the public and private management of forests to protect non-marketvalues;democratization processes which have established tools for a dialogue and enableconsensus building;coalitions between rural inhabitants and the private sector;market-based incentives and regulatory mechanisms which strengthen management andconservation;negotiation capacities of traditional communities especially of indigenous groups andwomen, are being strengthened in some cases;determining compliance with performance standards and enforcement actions tlu-oughmonitoring.

Other developments have occurred in the area of land-use, these are the recognition that:

local land-use patterns are affected by the ability of landowners to obtain title to theirproperty;increasing access to forest land titling or usufruct rights in established communities isincreasing the interest in long-term, responsible, forest management;

---------------

30

Each of these problems has had its own particularities and pitfalls, such as:

• top-down approaches, paying only nominal attention to the need for public participation in project preparation and execution;

• use of one-factor logic and quick-fix schemes; • considering nature and trees to be more impOitant than people; • utopian ideas and grand goals dominated by rhetoric and abstractions; • lack of clearly defined policies; • lack of political wiIJ to execute policies; and • north-south differences in international policy.

Dr. Keipi suggested that in coming to terms with these problems, we have leamt that there are nine essential non-forestry elements and limitations for successful forest policy implementation. These were:

• political stability; • macro-economic stabi lity; • efficient institutional fi"ameworks; • adequate environmental policies; • adequate agricultural and industrial policies; • land tenure security; • p31ticipation in decision making and equity; • sub-regional integration; • global agreements.

Some of the most import311t developments have been with respect to the deregulation and privatization of national forests, such as:

• deregulation in forest management, utilization and trade; • choice between the public and private management of forests to protect non-market

va lues; • democratization processes which have estab li shed tools for a dialogue and enable

consensus building; • coali tions between rural inhabitants and the private sector; • market-based incentives and regulatOlY mechanisms which strengthen management and

conservation; • negotiation capacities of traditional communities, especially of indigenous groups and

women, are being strengthened in some cases; • detemlining compli311ce with perfonnance standards and enforcement actions through

111onitoring.

Other developments have occurred in the area of 1311d-use, these are the recognition that:

• local land-use pattems are affected by the abi li ty of landowners to obtain title to their property;

• increasing access to forest land titling or usufruct rights in establ ished conummities is increasing the interest in long-teml, responsible, forest m311agement;

31

strengthening propeny rights in established agricultural lands decreases pressure onforests;land titling should be administered cautiously in open access forest frontiers;protected areas have been able to maintain their forest cover better than other categoriesof forest; andreserves with conmumity titles to land for harvesting non-timber products represent non-invasive economic uses of primary and secondary forests.

Then there are developments in forest concessions on govenmient lands, such as:

concessions not only for timber but also for non-wood products and ecotourism;forest use contracts not only to private commercial timber companies, but also to localcommunities and NGO organizations for multiple uses;concessions that are subject to broad-based public bidding;matching the capacity .of private entities to execute the requirements of the concessionagreements with the public sector's ability to manage and enforce them;periodic audits which replace the pretence of continuous vigilance by public entities;simplified forest revenue systems using area taxes;establishments of set-aside protected areas that are exempt from area tax; andtransferring the ownership of areas where concessionaires have shown good forestmanagement under international certification.

Some of the lessons learnt about certification programmes for forest products have been:

both domestic and international policy development needs to occur to support theexpansion of certification;commercial compliance with certification has to be voluntary. Governments need towork with the private sector to develop effective and realistic incentives, regulations andbest-practice guidelines.

These findings and developments suggest the following areas for future research:

development of forest valuation methods and other ways of pricing traditionally non-market environmental benefits;designing effective regulatory frameworks under budgetary and capacity restraints ofpublic forest administrations;making use of the ecological role of forests in and around urban areas;energy conservation to reduce the burden on forests as producers of fuelwood;establishing forest management criteria and indicators and green certification ofproducts;globalization of industrial forestry and environmental risks; andinstruments for paying for global environmental benefits, for example, the jointimplementation through the Clean Development Mechanisms and others.

Domestic policies and international support is possible only if:

lands are immediately subject to the laws and actions of the countries and people wherethey are located;

3l

• strengthening property lights in established agricultural lands decreases pressure on forests;

• land titling should be administered cautiously in open access forest frontiers; • protected areas have been able to maintain their forest cover better than other categories

of forest; and • reserves with comlmmity titles to land for harvesting non-timber products represent non

invasive economic uses of primary and secondary forests.

Then there are developments in forest concessions on government lands, such as:

• concessions not only for timber but also for non-wood products and ecotom1sm; • forest use contracts not only to private commercial timber companies, but also to local

communities and NGO organizations for multiple uses; • concessions that are subject to broad-based public bidding; • matching the capacity .of plivate entities to execute the requirements of the concession

agreements with the public sector's ability to manage and enforce them; • periodic audits which replace the pretence of continuous vigilance by public entities; • simplified forest revenue systems using area taxes; • establishments of set-aside protected areas that are exempt £i'om area tax; and • transferring the ownership of areas where concessionaires have shown good forest

management under international certification.

Some of the lessons leamt about certification programmes for forest products have been:

• both domestic and international policy development needs to oCClli' to support the expansion of celtification;

• conunercial compliance with celiification has to be voluntary. Govermnents need to work Witil the private sector to develop effective and realistic incentives, regulations and best-practice guidelines.

These findings and developments suggest tile following areas for nlture research:

• development of forest valuation methods and other ways of pricing traditionally nonmarket envirolUl1entai benefits;

• designing effective regulatory frameworks under budgetaty and capacity restraints of public forest administrations;

• making use ofthe ecological role of forests in and arolmd urbatl at'eas; • energy conservation to reduce the burden on forests as producers of fuelwood; • establi shing forest management criteria and indicators and green certification of

products; • globalization of industrial forestry and enviromnental risks; and • instruments fo r paying for global envirolUnental benefits, for exatllple, the joint

implementation tlu'ough tile Clean Development Mechanisms and others,

Domestic policies and intemational support is possible only if:

• lands at'e inmlediately subj ect to the laws and actions of the countries and people where they are located;

32

international support does not conflict with local interests.

Ms. Marilyn Headley's Perspective

The second presentation came from Marilyn Headley, Jamaica's Conservator of Forests.Ms. Headley adumbrated a number of issues which had arisen, and decisions which liad beenmade in Jamaica in recent times.

Recognition of the lack of legislation has led to attempts to formulate new laws.However, the process is long drawn out because a number of factors come into play. Forexample: Who should address forest issues among the agencies with overlappingresponsibilities'? What should be done about legislation which conflicts with proposedforestry laws? How should inter-agency and legislative efforts be coordinated?The Government has recognized that new land-use and forestry policies should bedeveloped and enabling legislation enacted. However, in a modern democracy, it isnecessary to consider and understand the reasons for cun-ent practices. The Governmentis undertaking such assessments and analyzes, but they are time-consuming.Watershed management in Jamaica is particularly difficult, because a significant numberof people live on fi-agile watersheds. Here again, public consultation and publicawareness are essential. The problem is bedevilled by the lack of adequate funding fromGovenurient budgets. Many of the watershed projects have either been, or are still being,financed .fi-oin external sources. When such projects are terminated, watershedmanagement often collapses.

Ms. Glenda Medina's Perspective

Changes must be faced. NGOs can provoke and promote change. NGOs are the voice of thesociety.

People's participation is an absolute necessity in the formulation and implementation of forestryand conservation policies. NGOs facilitate participation. In addition, they operate efficiently andspend money responsibly. Participation is not as highly developed in the English-speakingCaribbean as it is in Spanish-speaking Latin America. For participation to be effective,structured channels must be established. The dissemination of information is most important.

There should be more inter-agency coordination.

Further attention should be paid to:

infomation gathering and dissemination;capacity building of NG0s;the incorporation of civil society in the processing of policy fonmilation andimplementation;education and public awareness and consumption patterns; andthe complex role of forests in Caribbean countries.

32

• international SUppOit does not conflict with local interests.

Ms. Mmilyn Headley's Perspective

The second presentation came from Malilyn Headley, Jmnaica's Conservator of Forests. Ms. Headley adumbrated a number of issues which had arisen, and decisions which had been made in Jmllaica in recent times.

• Recognition of the lack of legislation has led to attempts to fonnulate new laws. However, the process is long drawn out because a munber of factors come into play. For example: Who should address forest issues among the agencies with overlapping responsibilities? W11at should be done about legislation which conflicts with proposed forestry laws? How should inter-agency and legislative effOits be coordinated?

• The Govelllment has recognized that new laIld-use and forestry policies should be developed and enabling legislation enacted. However, in a modern democracy, it is necessmy to consider and understand the reasons for current practices. The Govelllment is undeltaking such assessments and analyzes, but they are time-consuming.

• Watershed management in Jamaica is patticularly difficult, because a significant number of people live on fragile watersheds. Here again, public consultation and public awareness are essential. The problem is bedevilled by the lack of adequate funding from Govenunent budgets. Many of the watershed projects have either been, or are sti II being, financed /i'om extelllal sources. W11en such projects are terminated, watershed management often collapses.

Ms. Glenda Medina's Perspective

Changes must be faced. NGOs can provoke aIld promote chmlge. NGOs are the voice of the society.

People's participation is an absolute necessity in the formulation and implementation of forestry and conservation policies. NGOs facilitate pmticipation. In addition, they operate efficiently and spend money responsibly. Participation is not as highly developed in the English-speaking Caribbean as it is in Spanish-speaking Latin America. For participation to be effective, structured chalUlels must be established. The dissemination of information is most importmlt.

There should be more inter-agency coordination.

Further attention should be paid to:

• information gathering and dissemination; • capacity building ofNGOs; • the incorporation of civi l society in the processlllg of policy formulation and

implementation; • education and public awareness and consumption patterns; and • the complex role of forests in Caribbean countlies.

r. Sheri fi. Faizool's Perspective

The policies which are being formulated by Governments in response to key public issues tendto be reactive and ad hoc. Policies should be holistic and not produced in bits and pieces.

Many institutions are responsible for the utilization of a country's natural resources. Often, thereare no means of ascertaining who is in charge of the formulation and implementation of naturalresources policies. In addition, in many countries, the agencies responsible for land use andresource conservation are not aware of what global obligations their own governments h.aveincuned.

There has been a rhetorical swin2, from the days when, in those countries that are richlyendowed with forest resources, the emphasis was only on timber production to the current pre-occupation with the conservation of the environment. But the words are often not translated intoaction.

More personnel need to be trained in policy development, monitoring and evaluation. Greaterattention ought to be paid to the linkages between macro-economic policies and the naturalresource sector. Few politicians are aware of the natural resource problems which beset theircountries.

It must be recognized that policy formation is a process - that the process is time-consuming;that it is important that experienced, knowledgeable nationals formulate the policies. Ownershipis all.

Dr. Carol James's Perspective

Forestry policies are often formulated from a single perspective. This is quite um-ealistic.Forestry must formally and legally establish linkages with other sectors, and policies should beformulated which take all relevant aspects of the economy into account. It is essential, also, thatin formulating policies, the International Agreements which have been entered into byoovemments be taken into consideration.

A major constraint to the development of forestry is the lack of understanding by both the publicand government decision-makers of the intrinsic services which the forests provide. Theseservices should be evaluated qualitatively economically.

Foresters should place themselves in the mainstream of decision-making. They should be in thepublic arena. They should be more actively involved in the climate change debate, and ininforming the public about the importance of forests in siltation control, water production, andpharmaceutical production, for example.

Existing land-usage in the Caribbean has, in many instances, been the result not ofscientific/economic assessments of land capacity, but of historical and imperial pressures.Cunent land-use is often, therefore, not the optimal use. It is, therefore, necessary to reconsiderexisting land-use patterns. Land classification and land-use planning are prerequisites for theconservation of national resources.

3 333

Mr. SheriffFaizool's Perspective

The policies which are being fOl1lmlated by Governments in response to key public issues tend to be reactive and ad hoc. Policies should be holistic and not produced in bits and pieces.

Many institutions are responsible for the utilization of a country's natural resources. Often, there are no means of asceltaining who is in charge of the formulation and implementation of natural resources policies. In addition, in many countlies, the agencies responsible for land use and resource conservation are not aware of what global obligations their own govelmnents have incurred.

There has been a rhetorical swing from the days when, in those countries that are richly endowed with forest resources, the emphasis was only on timber production to the current preoccupation with the conservation of the envirOlID1ent. But the words are often not translated into action.

More persOlIDel need to be trained in policy development, monitoling and evaluation. Greater attention ought to be paid to the linkages between macro-economic policies and the natural resource sector. Few politicians are awaTe of the natural resource problems which beset their countries.

It must be recognized that policy formation is a process - that the process is time-consuming; that it is important that experienced, knowledgeable nationals formulate the policies. Ownership is all.

Dr. Carol James's Perspective

Forestry policies are often formulated iiOln a single perspective. This is quite unrealistic. Foresh'y must fOllnally and legally establish linkages with other sectors, and policies should be formulated which take all relevant aspects of the economy into account. It is essential, also, that in formulating policies, the International Agreements which have been entered into by governments be taleen into consideration.

A major constraint to the development of forestry is the lack of understanding by both the public and government decision-makers of the intrinsic services which the forests provide. These services should be evaluated qualitatively economically.

Foresters should place themselves in the mainstream of decision-making. They should be in the public arena. They should be more actively involved in the climate change debate, and in informing the public about the importance of forests in siltation conh'ol, water production, and pharmaceutical production, for examp le.

Existing land-usage in tbe Caribbean has, in many instances, been the result not of scientific/economic assessments of land capacity, but of historical and imperial pressures. Cmrent land-use is often, therefore, not the optimal use. It is, therefore, necessary to reconsider existing land-use patterns. Land classification and land-use planning are prerequisites for the conservation of national resources.

35

FOURTH TECFINICAL SESSION - OPTIONS AND DIRECTIONS FORNATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Members of the panel

Mr. jose Martinez Guridy, Deputy Minister for Natural Resources, Dominican RepublicDr. Ulric Trotz, UWICED, BarbadosMr. Godfrey Marshall, Foresny Commission, GuyanaMr. Oswaldo Sabido, Forestry Service, BelizeDr. Claus Eckelmann, FAO, Barbados (Rapporteur)

The fourth technical session was aimed at identifying the regional potentialities for self-help; theadvantages and implications of common actions; opportunities based on the countries'comparative advantages; areas in which results should be achieved; and at providing appropriatebases for discussing potential collaboration with the international community. The panel (fourexperts fi-om forestry agencies, govenunental economic and planning sectors, and regionalagencies) was asked to present options for forestry policies and directions for national andinternational actions in support of the development of appropriate policies for sustainabledevelopment, forestry policy research in the Caribbean, and creating conditions for monitoringand future studies.

Some of the genei-al topics they were asked to consider in this session were:

actions and opportunities from investment for development and macro-

economics/planning;human resources training and policy research, potential contributions fi-om, andopportunities for, existing, institutions and programmes in the region;intergovernmental 'actions, and use of existing regional institutions/mechanisms;changes and challenges faced by forestry in keeping abreast with trends and actionsneeded in the field of forestry policy formation and analysis;private sector (including NG0s) opportunities and strategies;

a information technology, new opportunities and challenges; andcollaboration of/with the international community.

Dr. Ulric Trotz's Perspective

It should be a conscious objective of all forestry administrations in the Caribbean region toestablish strategic linkages with other relevant organizations. Forestry services should, forexample, work more closely with the institution, recently established at the University of theWest Indies, which deals with climate change. The mandate of the Caribbean Planning for theAdaptation to Global Climate Change (CPACC) is to promote the use of science and technologyfor development on climate change.

A generic regional policy should be formulated. This would provide the fi-amework for morespecific national policies, to be developed by the individual countries themselves. Both types of

35

FOURTH TECHNICAL SESSION - OPTIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Members of the panel

Mr. Jose Martinez Guridy, Deputy Minister for Natural Resources, Dominican Republic Dr. Uhic Trotz, UWICED, Barbados Mr. Godfrey Marshall, Forestry Commission, Guyana Mr. Oswaldo Sabido, Forestry Service, Belize Dr. Claus Eckehnaml, F AO, Barbados (Rapporteur)

The fomih technical session was aimed at identifying the regional potentialities for self-help; the advantages and implications of conunon actions; oppOliunities based on the countries' comparative advantages; areas in which results should he achieved; and at providing appropliate bases for discussing potential collahoration with the intemational community. The panel (four expelis from forestly agencies, govemmental economic and planning sectors, and regional agencies) was asked to present options for forestry policies and directions for national and intemational actions in support of the development of appropriate policies for sustainable development, foreslly policy research in the Caribhean, and creating conditions for monitoring and future shldies.

Some of the genei·al topics they were asked to consider in tlllS session were:

• actions and OPPOliulllties from investment for development and macroeconomics/planning;

• human resources training and policy research, potential contributions fi·Oln , and 0ppOliunities for, ex isting instihltions and progranunes in the region;

• intergovenunental actions, and use of existing regional institutions/mechanisms; • changes and challenges faced by forestry in keeping abreast with trends and actions

needed in the field of foreslly policy formation and analysis; • plivate sector (including NGOs) Oppollllllties and strategies; • inf0ll11ation teclmology, new opportmlities and challenges; and • collaboration of/with the intemational conununity.

Dr. Uhic Trotz's Perspective

It should be a conscious objective of all forestry admilllstrations in the Caribbean region to establish strategic linkages with other relevant organizations. Foreslly services should, for example, work more closely with the instihltion, recently established at the Ulllversity of the West Indies, which deals with climate change. The mandate of tlle Caribbean Planning for the Adaptation to Global Climate Change (CP ACC) is to promote the use of science and teclmology for development on climate change.

A generic regional policy should be fOl1nulated. TIllS would provide the framework for more specific national policies, to be developed by the individual cOlmtries themselves. Both types of

36

policies should emphasize the relationships which forestry holds with other sectors of theeconomy, integrate the different uses of forests, and take into account new technologies.

There are some US$6.6 million available for environment-oriented projects in the region. It is achallenge for the forestry sector to place forestry strategically in the suggested developmentplans so that the funds may be accessed. Forestry administrations should strive to utilize theavailable foreign financial aid resources more effectively.

Better use should be made of existing training institutions, such as the University of the WestIndies winch has the relevant expertise.

Guyana has dedicated almost a million acres (394 000 ha.) of pristine tropical rainforest toresearch on sustainable management. The research is undertaken, by law, by a speciallyestablished autonomous international organization. So far, no linkages have been establishedbetween the Iwokrama Rain Forest Project, as it is called, and any Caribbean Forest Service.This is surprising, to say the least.

Mr. Godfrey Marshall's Perspective

Many of the issues and problems being discussed at this workshop are germane to other sectorsof the economy, and indeed to Caribbean nations, as a whole. They are larger than forestry.Means must be found for solving the specific problems of forestry within the context of nationaldevelopment.

Forestry should be integrated with other agencies. Others should be involved in the solution andmanagement of the complex land-use policies which face professional foresters. Thisinvolvement is so essential that, if necessary, the scarce resources available to forestry should beshared with other agencies.

Mr. Jose Martinez Guridv's Perspective

An analysis of the issues and problems would reveal that most of them originate from a shortageof trained and skilled personnel, able to identify them; formulate policies for their solution; andimplement these policies effectively. Moreover, many of the funding and investment problemsof the sector are due to the fact that regional forestry administrations, as a general rule, lack theskill to quantify the benefits of forests and forestry, and to influence decision-makers. Theremust, therefore, be continuous training in forestry, at all levels, and in a wide range ofdisciplines. Human resources development is the single most important factor in the formationand implementation of forestry policies in the Caribbean. Regional universities, like UWI andthe Universities of the Dominican Republic, should offer courses in policy analysis for naturalresources management.

There is need for a common agenda on forestry policies which should include the private sectorand the NGO community.

Forestry services should utilize all the opportunities for funding proffered by international andbi-lateral agencies in international treaties.

36

policies should emphasize the relationships which forestry holds with other sectors of the economy, integrate the different uses of forests, and take into account new technologies.

There are some US$6.6 million available for environment-Oliented projects in the region. It is a challenge for the forestry sector to place forestry strategically in the suggested development plans so that the funds may be accessed. Forestry administrations should strive to utilize the available foreign fi nancial aid resources more effectively.

Better use should be made of existing training institutions, such as the University of the West Indies which has the relevant expertise.

Guyana has dedicated almost a million acres (394000 ha.) of pristine tropical rainforest to research on sustainable management. The research is undertaken, by law, by a specially established autonomous international organization. So far, no linkages have been established between the Iwohama Rain Forest Project, as it is called, and any Caribbean Forest Service. This is sw-prising, to say the least.

Mr. Godfrey Marshall's Perspective

Many of the issues and problems being discussed at this workshop are gernlane to other sectors of the economy, and indeed to Caribbean nations, as a whole. They are larger than forestry. Means mllst be found for solving the specific problems of forestry within the context of national development.

Forestry should be integrated with other agencies. Others should be involved in the solution and management of the complex land-use policies which face professional foresters. This involvement is so essential that, if necessary, the scarce resources available to forestry should be shared with other agencies.

Mr. .lose Martinez Guridv's Perspective

An analysis of the issues and problems would reveal that most of them originate from a shortage of trained and ski lled persOlUlel, able to identify them; formulate policies for their solution; and implement these policies effectively. Moreover, many of the flU1ding and investment problems of Ole sector are due to the fact that regional forestry administrations, as a general rule, lack the skill to quantify the benefits of forests and forestry, and to influence decision-makers. There must, therefore, be continuous training in forestry, at all levels, and in a wide range of disciplines. Human resow-ces development is the single most important factor in the formation and implementation of forestlY policies in the Caribbean. Regional universities, like UWI and the Universities of the Dominican Republic, should offer courses in policy analysis for natural resources management.

There is need for a common agenda on forestry policies which should include the private sector and the NGO community.

Forestry services should utili ze all the opportunities for funding proffered by intemational and bi-Iateral agencies in intemational treaties.

Oswald() Sabido's Perspective

Some regional bodies in Latin America have managed to an-ange effective meetings among theprofessional foresters, and among 1Ministers responsible for forestry in their sub-regions. ThisIvas achieved by 'piggy-backing' on non-forestry meetings, although sometimes meetingsdevoted only to forestry matters were convened. The sub-regions found these meetings to bemost useful, not only because of the exchange of valuable information, but also because of thepublicity usually generated in the media at the time of the meetings. CARICOM should consideradopting this process.

Regional training institutions for forestry should be strengthened. Particular attention should bepaid to the mounting of training courses on policy. analysis.

In order to avoid the continual under-valuation of forest resources and its benefits to society, theforestry sector should establish strategic alliances with other disciplines.

If forestry is to occupy a stronger position in society, the general public should become involvedin al] questions concerning forestry.

Plenarv Discussions on the Third and Fourth Technical Sessions

Even though there might be a risk that forestry persormel, trained in such fields as policyanalysis, might leave the Forestry Services, there is no alternative but to train them in theseimportant areas in which there is such general weakness, i.e. policy analysis and publicadministration. These are pre-requisites for the development of a sound forestry policy.

There is an equally strong need to train foresters to implement the forestry policy, and to build-up institutional capacity to monitor the proper management and utilization of the forests.

It is important that training at community level be included in training programmes, especiallyfor people affected by forestry policy decisions.

All stakeholders should be involved in the development of forestry policies.

Advances in forestry during the past years were achieved mainly in projects and programmeswhere the boundaries between institutions and departments were successfully removed. Forestrypolicies should encourage this kind of approach.

li returns on investment and land values are used as the only criteria for the allocation of land,the extent of forest land will be further depleted.

3737

Mr. Oswaldo Sabido's Perspective

Some regional bodies in Latin America have managed to ammge effective meetings among the professional foresters, and among Ministers responsible for forestry in their sub-regions. This was achieved by 'piggy-backing' on non-forestry meetings, although sometimes meetings devoted only to forestry matters were convened. The sub-regions found these meetings to be most useful, not only because of the exchange of valuable infoIl11ation, but also because of the pUb licity usually generated in the media at the time of the meetings. CARlCOM should consider adopting this process.

Regional training institutions for forestry should be strengthened. Pm1icular attention should be paid to the mounting of training courses on policy analysis.

In order to avoid the continual under-valuation of forest resources and its benefits to society, the forestry sector should estab li sh strategic alliances with other disciplines.

If forestry is to occupy a slt'onger position in society, the general public should become involved in all questions concerning forestty.

Plenarv Discussions on tbe Third and Fourth Technical Sessions

Even though there might be a ri sk that forestIy persOImel, trained in such fields as policy analysis, might leave the Forestty Services, there is no altemative but to tt'ain them in these imp0I1ant areas in which there is such general weakness, i.e. policy analysis and public administration. These are pre-requi sites for the development of a sound forestry policy.

There is an equally 'strong need to train foresters to implement the forestlY policy, and to bui ldup institutional capacity to monitor the proper management and utilization of the forests.

It is impor1ant that training at community level be included in training progranmles, especially for people affected by forestry policy decisions.

All stakeholders should be involved in the development of forestry policies.

Advances in forestty during the past years were achieved mainly in projects and programmes where the bOlUldaries between institutions and departments were successfully removed. Forestry policies should encourage this kind of approach.

If retUl1lS on investment and lmld values m'e used as the only criteria for the allocation of land, the extent of forest Imld will be further depleted.

39

WORKING GROUPS

Met h odoloo!

The participants were divided into three groups, which were selected to maximize diversity.Accordingly, country representatives were dispersed amongst the groups. Each group containedone or more representatives of an international organization, NG0s, government agencies,continental states, large island states and small island states.

Each group was asked to identify the most important issues, classify the issues into genericthemes and then prioritize the clusters of issues. They were also asked to identify and discusswhat actions had been taken by specific countries on these issues and identify the constraintsthey faced when dealing with them. On the basis of the analysis, the groups were charged withpresenting a set of recornmendations on how the priority issues could be handled bygovernments, regional organizations, international organizations and NG0s.

After separate discussions, representatives of the three groups met in caucus and developed adraft resolution, based on the recommendations of the groups. The three groups' analyzes andfindings were presented to the reassembled meeting and the draft resolution was debated in theassembly. Comments were made, suggestions proffered, and the final resolution wasunanimously adopted.

A synthesis of the findings of the groups is presented below. It will be noted that some of theissues, because of their multi-dimensional nature, are classified into more than one category.

Prioritv Issues

Political issues

Land use planningPolitical willIndigenous and rural and forest-dwellers rights

Recommendation on political issues

In order to ensure the successful formulation and implementation of forestry policies, it isrecommended that the findings of this consultation be placed on the agenda of the regional,national and local political leadership.

Socio Economic issues

Land use planningEconomics in forest policy fomiulationPublic awareness, social perception and conservation issuesPoverty and food security and their impacts on forest policy implementation

39

WORKING GROUPS

Methodologv

The participants were divided into three groups, which were selected to maximize diversity. Accordingly, counhy representatives were dispersed amongst the groups. Each group contained one or more representatives of an intemational organization, NGOs, government agencies, continental states, large island states and small island states.

Each group was asked to identify the most important issues, classify the issues into generic themes and then prioritize the clusters of issues. They were also asked to identify and di scuss what actions had been taken by specific countries on these issues and identify the constraints they faced when dealing with them. On the basis of the analysis, the groups were charged with presenting a set of reconmlendations on how the priOlity issues could be handled by governments, regional organizations, intemational organizations and NGOs.

After separate discussions, representatives of the three groups met in caucus and developed a draft resolution, based on the recommendations of the groups. The three groups' analyzes and findings were presented to the reassembled meeting and the draft resolution was debated in the assembly. Comments were made, suggestions proffered, and the final resolution was unanimously adopted.

A synthesis of the findings of the groups is presented below. It will be noted that some of the issues, because of their multi-dimensional nature, are classified into more than one categOlY.

Priority Issues

Political issues

• Land use planning • Political wi ll • [ndigenous and rural and forest-dwellers rights

Recommelldation 011 political issues

In order to ensure the successful formulation and implementation of foreshy policies, it is recommended that the fmdings of tlus consultation be placed on the agenda of the regional, national and local politicalleaderslup.

Socio Economic issues

• Land use plamung • Economics in forest policy fOilliulation • Public awareness, social perception and conservation issues • Poverty and food security and their inlpacts on forest policy implementation

40

Community participation (stakeholders, private sector, NG0s)Indigenous, rural and forest dwellers rightsLand tenure and land securityFiscal policyCommitment to international agreementsIncreasing impact of tourism on economic development and on political decision-makingIntellectual property rights (indigenous and national)

Recommendations on socio-economic issues

Forest policies must not be dealt with in a vacuum but must be based on sound national land useplans and economic criteria explicitly utilized in the process.

Given that the conditions of poverty and food security are considered among the causes ofdeforestation and forest degradation, it is recommended that governments pay special attentionto the alleviation of poverty, the improvement of food security, and the provision of the basicneeds of rural people in the formulation of forestry policies, plans and strategies.

For the effective implementation of forest policy, it is recommended that, in the 'Process offorestry policy formulation, all stakeholders actively participate in the process. It is alsorecommended that special effort be made to keep the public aware, informed, and apprised, ofthe results of each step in the process of policy formulation, as well as the benefits of forests andconservation.

It is further recommended that governments recognize the rights of indigenous people, forestdwellers and other rural inhabitants by providing security ofland tenure as a contribution to thesustainable use of forests.

Institutional issues

Land use planning and regulationIntersectoral coordination to minimize the problems arising from the multiplicity ofinstitutions, jurisdictional problems and national agencies' jealousies.Postgraduate training and education in policy formulation, analysis and development,and the values of non-traditional resources. These should be underpinned by basic foresteducationInstitutional capacity to fonnulate and implement policyRationalize and update legislation and regulationsResearch and DevelopmentData monitoring and validation, information storage and dissemination, etc.Decentralized managementCommitment to international agreementsCoordination of international and regional agencies.

40

• Community participation (stakeholders, private sector, NGOs) • Indigenous, rural and fo rest dwellers rights • Land tenure and land security • Fiscal policy • Conunitment to international agreements • fncreasing impact of tOlllism on economic development and on political decision

making • fntellectual property rights (indigenous and national)

Recommendations on socia-economic issues

Forest pol icies must not be dealt with in a vacuum but must be based on sound national land use plans and economic criteria explicitly utilized in the process.

Given that the conditions of povelty and food security are considered among the causes of deforestation and forest degradation, it is recommended that governments pay special attention to the alleviation of poverty, the improvement of food security, and the provision of the basic needs of rural people in the fonnulation of forestry policies, plans and strategies.

For the effective implementation of forest policy, it is reconU11ended that, in the process of fo restry policy formulation, all stakeholders actively pariicipate in the process. It is also recommended that special effoli be made to keep the public aware, informed, and apprised, of the results of each step in the process of policy fOlmu lation, as well as the benefits of forests and conservation.

It is further reconunended that goVel1Ul1ents recognize the lights of indigenous people, forest dwellers and other rural inhabitants by providing security ofland tenure as a contribution to the sustainable use of forests.

institutional issues

• Land use pl3lUling and regulation • In tersectoral coordination to minimize the problems ari sing from the mUltiplicity of

insti tutions, jurisdictional problems and national agencies' jealousies. • Postgraduate training and education in policy fonnulation, analysis and development,

and the values of non-traditional resources. These should be underpilUled by basic forest education

• Inst itutional capacity to f01111ltiate 311d implement policy • Rationalize and update legislation and regu lations • Research and Development • Data monitoring and validation, infonnation storage and dissemination, etc. • Decentrali zed management • Commitment to international agreements • Coordination of international and regional agencies.

Recommendations on institutional issues

41

In enacting national legislation for forest policy implementation, consideration should be givenboth to the rationalizing and updating of existing legislation and regulations and to the legalimplications of international agree.ments.

The growth of multiple institutions related to forestry and natural resource management and theconsequent overlapping of jurisdictions is noted with alarm. This has resulted, at all levels, inwaste of capacity and duplication of functions. It is, therefore, recommended that mechanisms torationalize the organizations and their functions, while promoting their efficiency andeffectiveness, be developed.

It has been noted that the improvement in technical skills in forestry in the region, whileproviding basic knowledge, has not been accompanied by enhanced skills and capacity to focuson the priority issues of .forest policy research, formulation and analysis. It is, therefore,recommended that training and education be provided in these areas, and that the institutionalcapacity to formulate and implement policy be improved.

The establishment of a regional mechanism for facilitating, monitoring and implementingforestry policy, within the context of existing regional organizations or programmes, along thelines of the Comision Centro-Americana para el Ambiente y Desarollo (CCAD) and theConsejo Centro-Americano De Bosques y Areas Protejidas (CCAB/AP) is also recommended.

Concrete Actions

Political Is-sites

Implement a public awareness campaign on the values and benefits of forests in relation toforestry policy analysis and formulation.

Socio-economic Issues

Provide capacity to develop the data and information necessary to develop plans and policy.

Develop a methodology incorporating land-use planning, macro-economics, stakeholderparticipation and basic rights and needs of rural and indigenous people in forestry policyfomntlation.

Develop capacity at the regional, national and local levels to implement the methodology.

Ill.Fililiti011(11 Issues

Implement mechanisms to rationalize organizations and functions to promote efficiency andeffectiveness.

41

Recommendations on institutional issues

In enacting national legislation for forest policy implementation, consideration should be given both to the rationalizing and updating of existing legislation and regulations and to the legal implications of intemational agreements.

The growth of mUltiple institutions related to forestry and natural resource management and the consequent overlapping of jlllisdictions is noted with alarm. This has resulted, at all levels, in waste of capacity and duplication of functions. It is, therefore, recorrunended that mechanisms to rationalize the organizations and their functions, while promoting their efficiency and effectiveness, be developed.

It has been noted that the improvement in technical skills in forestry in the region, wlule providing basic Imowledge, has not been accompanied by enhanced skills and capacity to focus on the priority issues of forest policy research, fommlation and analysis. It is, therefore, reconU11ended that training and education be provided in these areas, and that the institutional capacity to [onnulate and implement policy be improved.

The establislU11ent of a regional mechanism for facilitating, mOlutoring and implementing forestry policy, witlun the context of existing regional organizations or programmes, along the lines of the Comision Centro-Americana para el Ambiente y Desarollo (CCAD) and the Consejo Centro-Americano De Bosques y Areas Protejidas (CCABI AP) is also recommended.

Concrete Actions

Political Issues

Implement a public awareness campaign on the values and beneflts of forests in relation to forestry policy analysis and fonnulation.

Socia-economic Issues

Provide capacity to develop the data and infonnation necessary to develop plans and policy.

Develop a methodology incorporating land-use plaruling, macro-economics, stakeholder participation and basic rights and needs of rlll·al and indigenous people in foreshy policy formulation.

Develop capacity at tbe regional, national and local levels to implement the methodology.

Institutional Issues

Implement mech31usms to rationalize organizations and functions to promote efficiency and effecti veness.

Analyze existing institutions to identify the regional capacity to provide training and educationto develop institutional capacity.

Provide education and trai.ning to increase capacity and research related to forest policy analysisand formulation.

General

Seek financial resources for the implementation of these matters.

Responses Already Made by Countries

New multi-stakeholder policies are beginning to be formulated and implemented in variouscountries of the region.

Coordinating mechanisms are being established in a few countries to rectifyinappropriate institutional arrangements.Effective land-use policies have been drawn up in some countries, and others are beingplanned in a significant number of states. Effective legislation has also beenprom u I gated.

External consultants have been utilized to counter the deficiency in institutional capacityto articulate and promote forestry goals.Governments are increasingly recognizing that policy processes do not reflect andadequately balance stakeholder values. In response, some have changed their approachfrom "top to bottom" to "bottom to top", and have established broadbasedgroups/agencies for coordination.In response to the prevailing poverty which exists in many of the countries of the region,some governments have 'turned a blind eye' to the conunitment of land-use offences,and have 'softened-up' their policy enforcement practices. In others, new agencies havebeen established to regularize land tenure and distribution. A few have evolvedappropri ate co-management arrangements.Environmental issues are being placed higher on the agenda.In many countries the quality of the data base, as it relates to forestry, land-use, andnational resources management, is being enhanced.

Constraints' in Dealing ivith Issues

Political culturePolitical apathyLack of experienceInadequate funding,Flawed institutional structures and arrangementsAbsence of economic skills in forestry administrationInsufficient informationInadequate local counterpart involvementLack of appreciation of local environmentLack of sustainability of expertise in local institutionsLack of appropriate technology

42

Analyze ex isting institutions to identify the regional capacity to provide training and education to develop institutional capacity.

Provide education and training to increase capacity and research related to forest policy analysis and formulation.

General

Seek financial resources for the implementation of these matters.

Responses Alreadv Made bv Coulltries

New multi-stakeholder policies are begilUling to be fomlulated and implemented III various countries of the region.

• Coordinating mechanisms are being establ ished in a few countries to rectify inappropriate institutional ammgements.

• Effective land-use policies have been drawn up in some countries, and others are being plarmed in a significant number of states. Effective legislation has also been promulgated.

• External consultants have been utili zed to counter the deficiency in institutional capacity to articulate and promote forestry goals.

• Govenmlents are increasingly recognizing that policy processes do not reflect and adequately balance stakeholder va lues. In response, some have changed their approach from "top to bottom" to "bottom to top", and have established broadbased groups/agencies for coordination.

• In response to the prevailing poverty which exists in many of the countries of the region, some goVel1mlents have 'tumed a blind eye' to the cOlmnitment of land-use offences, and have 'softened-up' their policy enforcement practices. In others, new agencies have been estab li shed to regulmize land tenure and distribution. A few have evolved appropriate co-management arrangements.

• Environmental issues are being placed higher 011 the agenda. • In many countries the quality of the data base, as it relates to forestry, larld-use, and

national resources management, is being enhanced.

Constraints in Dealing with Issues

• Pol itical culture • Political apathy • Lack of experience • Inadeq uate fUllding • Flawed institutional structures and arrarlgements • Absence of economic skills in forestry administration • Tnsufficient infomlation • Inadequate local counterpart involvement • Lack of appreciation oflocal envimlUllent • Lack of sustainability of expet1ise in local institutions • Lack of appropriate teclmology

43

Inadequate knowledge of processesDisparity of goals in land-use policiesEstablishment of goals which cannot be attainedComplexity of legal mechanisms

43

• Inadequate knowledge of processes • Disparity of goals in land-use policies • Establislunent of goals which cannot be attained • Complexity of legal mechanisms

45

OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT

During the closing session of the meeting, participants commended the Forestry Policy andInstitutions Branch of the Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, and theEuropean Commission for organizing the consultation.

The experts noted that this was the first occasion in which a comprehensive review had beenmade, not only of the current forestry policies of the region, but also of the processes whichwere followed in formulating these policies.

They were also of the opinion that the Consultation was in another sense unique, for it hadbrought together representatives of the various stakeholders of the region to comment on thepolicies from their own distinctive perspectives.

The experts felt son-y that, important as the Consultation was, it was merely one stage in theprocess of enabling the region to manage its forests in a sustainable manlier. They thereforeurged that a follov-up programme be formulated and implemented which would give effect tothe most importanl íindins or the meeting.

They, therefore, suggested that international assistance be provided for, inter alia, the mountingof training courses in policy analysis and forestry policy forniulation; the application of thetechniques and methodologies of public administration to the administration of forestrydepartments; the preparation of land-use plans; the sustainable management of the region'sforestry resources; the rationalization of the national agencies responsible for the resourceconservation and management, and the preparation of a regional forestry policy agenda.

45

OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT

During the closing session of tbe meeting, participants commended tbe Forestry Policy and lnstitutions Branch of tbe Forestry Department, Food and Agliculture Organization, and the European Commission for organizing the consultation.

The experts noted that tllis was the first occasion in wllich a comprehensive review had been made, not only of the CUITent fo restry policies of the region, but also of the processes which were fo llowed in fOl111lliating these policies.

They were also of the opillion that the Consultation was in another sense unique, for it had brought together representatives of the various stakeholders of tbe region to comment on the policies fi·o m their own distinctive perspectives.

The experts felt sorry that, impOltant as the Consultation was, it was merely one stage in the process of enabling the region to manage its fo rests in a sustainable maImer. They therefore urged that a follow-up programme be fOllli ulated and implemented which wou ld give effect to the most important findings of the meeting.

They, therefore, suggested that intel11ational assistaI1Ce be provided for, inter alia, the mounting of training courses in policy analysis and forestry policy fOl111lllation; the application of the techniques and methodologies of public administration to the administration of forestry depattments; the preparation of land-use plans; the sustainab le management of the region 's forestry resources; the rationa li zation of tbe national agencies responsible fo r the resource conservation aIld management, and the preparation of a regional forestry policy agenda.

47

Part II

Forestry Policies in the Caribbean:Analysis and Synthesis of Country Reports

Prepared by

Merllio G. Morelli

47

Part II

Forestry Policies in the Caribbean: Analysis and Synthesis of Country Reports

Prepared by

Merilio G. Morell

49

CHAPTER I: ANTECEDENTS

1.1 Background and objectives

Country capacity for public policy analysis has been recognized both by FAO and theEuropean Commission as the main essential condition for the achievement of national goalsin the sustainable management and conservation of forest resources. FAO's commitment tofurthering the development of such capacity is supported by its Forestry Programme 1998-99,aimed at the promotion of "enhanced national and regional institutional capabilities forstrategic planning and monitoring for sustainable forest resource use through: the collection,processing and dissemination of information, data and sector related statistics; the analysis ofthe demand and supply of forest products; and support to countries in forest policy analysis,elaboration of national forest development action plans and institutional strengthening".

The EC develops its activities under the over-all objectives of the Title XVII on developmentcooperation of the EU Treaty, in terms of sustainable economic and social development,integration into the world economy, fight against poverty and support for democracy and therule of law. It's main goal is the promotion of sustainable forest management of all types offorests in developing countries, by supporting their efforts in finding and implementingappropriate policies and methods for sustainable management of their forest resources. Toachieve this goal the following areas of action have been identified deserving major attention:enabling policy and legislation; institutional reform and strengthening of capacity;stakeholder involvement; information and research; and sustainable trade. The EC has alsorecognized that such actions require the support of the international community in helpingdeveloping countries achieve their goals of sustainable management.

At regional level, the countries have also recognized the key role of national capacity forpublic policy analysis. Significant activities have been carried out through the Secretariat ofthe Caribbean Conimunity and Common Market (CARICOM). Although CARICOM has nospecific- activities in forestry policy, it has within its structure an outstanding Committee ofMinisters responsible for Energy, Mines and Natural Resources. CARICOM ministerialcommittees are "empowered to formulate policies and perform such functions that arenecessary for the achievement of the community's objectives". Guided by this concern in1975, CARICOM established the Caribbean Centre for Development Administration(CARICAD) "with a mission to provide a central organization to assist member countries inthe Commonwealth Caribbean to improve their managerial performance and strengtheningtheir systems of public administration" in support of the current social economic developmentthrust within the Region. The mission of this body was reviewed and reconfirmed in 1988.(Review of Regional Programmes and Organizations of the Caribbean Community,CARICOM 1990).

More recenily, most of the member countries of CARICOM, by endorsing the principles ofUNCED and the main international conventions, have clearly indicated that the sustainablemanagement of natural resources is one key objective of the community. Its seems

49

CHAPTER I: ANTECEDENTS

1.1 Background and objectives

Country capacity for public policy analysis has been recognized both by FAO and the European Commission as the main essential condition for the achievement of national goals in the sustainable management and conservation of forest resources. FAO's commitment to furthering the development of such capacity is supported by its Forestry Programme 1998-99, aimed at the promotion of "enhanced national and regional institutional capabilities for strategic plmming and monitoring for sustainable forest resource use through: the collection, processing and dissemination of information, data and sector related statistics; the analysis of the demand and supply of forest products; mld support to countries in forest policy analysis, elaboration of national forest development action plans and institutional strengthening".

The EC develops its activities under the over-all objectives of the Title XVII on development cooperation of the EU Treaty, in terms of sustainable economic and social development, integration into the world economy, fight against poverty and SUppOIt for democracy and the rule of law. It's main goal is the promotion of sustainable forest management of all types of forests in developing cOtUltries, by supporting their efforts in finding and implementing appropriate policies and methods for sustainable management of their forest resources. To achieve tllis goal the following areas of action have been identified deserving major attention: enabling policy and legislation; institutional reform and strengthening of capacity; stakeholder involvement; information and research; and sustainable trade. The EC has also recognized that such actions require the support of the intemational community in helping developing countri es achieve their goals of sustainable management.

At regional level, the countries have also recogIlized the key role of national capacity for public policy ana lysis. Significant activities have been cmTied out through the Secretariat of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARl COM). Although CARlCOM has no specifIc activities in forestry policy, it bas within its structure an outstmlding Committee of , Ministers responsible for Energy, Mines and Natural Resources. CARlCOM nlirlisterial committees are "empowered to formulate policies and perf 01111 such functions that are necessary for the achievement of the community 's objectives". Guided by this concern in 1975, CARlCOM established the Caribbean Centre for Development Admillistration (CARlCAD) "with a mi ssion to provide a central organization to assist member countries in the Commonwealth Caribbean to improve their managerial perfomlance and strengthelling thei r systems of public administration" in SUppOlt of the cutTent social economic development thrust within the Region. The mission of tllis body was reviewed and reconfimled in 1988. (Review of Regional Progranunes and Organizations of the Caribbean Conu11lUlity, CARICOM 1990).

More recently, most of the member countries of CARlCOM, by endorsing the principles of UNCED and the main intemational conventions, have clearly indicated that the sustainable management of nahlral resources is one key objective of the COI11I11 Ulli ty. Its seems

50

unavoidable that sustainable development would be in due time explicitly recognized by theregional organizations working in the socio-economic areas.

'Based on this coincidence of perception, programme priorities and the recognition of theoverall relevance of public policy analysis by the Caribbean countries, in March 1997, FAOand the EC agreed to share financial resources and to carry out the Project "Forestry PolicyStudy in the Caribbean Countries". The objectives of the Study are: to contribute tounderstanding the ways and mechanisms through which forestry policies are formulated andimplemented; to describe their general effectiveness and to identify the needs andopportunities for strengtheninv, the Caribbean countries' capacity in forestry formation andanalysis.

The countries to be covered by the joint financial resources of FAO and EC under thisagreement were the following: Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; EasternCaribbean Small Islands, Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica;Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname, and Trinidadand Tobago. The following overseas countries and ten-itories of EU Member States were alsoincluded in the agreement: (Netherlands) Aruba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curacao,Saha. Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin); (United Kingdom) Anguilla; Cayman Islands;Monserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands; British Virgin Islands.

FAO specifically included Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Grenada as well as Cubain order to obtain a general overview of the regional situation. The study, and all other costsincurred with respect to Cuba, were financed exclusively from FAO's Regular Programmeresources.

All the country studies were can-ied out under the technical supervision of the Policy andPlanning Division of the Forestry Department of FAO, with the exception of those for Haitiand Suriname. The studies for these two countries were prepared respectively by GOPA andthe University of Louvain, under independent projects financed by EC DGVIII.

1.2 Project development

The development of the project included three main phases. First, the preparation of a forestrypolicy report for each of the countries, tenitories and departments mentioned above. This firstphase also included a meeting with the consultants recruited for the preparation of the countryreports. This meeting Was considered necessary in order to secure uniformity in thepreparation of the reports and in the approach for the gathering of information, and to discussthe conceptual framework of research as an additional means of building capacity in the fieldof forestry policy. The outline proposed in that meeting for the preparation of the reports andthe list of regional consultants are given in Annexes I and II, respectively.

The second phase consisted of the analysis and synthesis of the information gathered tlu-oughthe country reports. The results of that analysis are presented in this report.

50

unavoidable that sustainable development would be in due time explicitly recognized by the regional organizations working in the socio-economic areas .

Based on this co incidence of perception, programme priorities and the recognition of the overall relevance of public policy analysis by the Caribbean countries, in March 1997, FAO and the EC agreed to share financial resources and to cany out the Project "ForestlY Policy Study in the Caribbean Countries". The objectives of the Study are: to contribute to understanding the ways and mechanisms tlu'ough which forestry policies are fonnulated and implemented; to describe their general effectiveness and to identify the needs and opportunities for strengthening the Caribbean countries' capacity in forestry fOlmation and analysis.

The countries to be covered by the joint financial resources of FAO and EC under this agreement were the following: Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Eastern Caribbean Small Islands, Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. The fol lowing overseas countries and territories ofEU Member States were also included in the agreement: (Netherlands) Artlba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin); (United Kingdom) Anguilla; Cayman Islands; Monserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands; British Virgin Islands.

FAO specifically included Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Grenada as well as Cuba in order to obtain a general overview of the regional situation . The study, and all other costs incurred with respect to Cuba, were financed exclusively from FAO's Regular Programme resou rces.

All the country studies were carried out under the technical supervision of the Policy and Planning Division of the Forestry Department of FAO, with the exception of those for Haiti and Suriname. The studies for these two countries were prepared respectively by GOPA and the University of Lou vain , under independent projects financed by EC DGVIII.

1.2 Project development

The development of the project included tlu'ee main phases. First, the preparation of a forestry policy report for each of the countries, territories and departments mentioned above. This first phase also inc luded a meeting with the consultants recruited for the preparation of the country reports. This Illeeting ;'vas considered necessary in order to secure uniformity in the preparation of the reports and in the approach for 'the gathering of information, and to discuss the concepl1ml framework of research as an additional means of building capacity in the field of foreslTY policy. The outline proposed in that meeting for the preparation of the reports and the list of regiona l consultants are given in Annexes I and II, respectively.

The second phase consisted of the analysis and synthesis of the information gathered through the country reports. The results of that analysis are presented in this report.

51

The third phase was to be the holding of a workshop from 25 to 28 May 1998 in Trinidad andTobago to discuss with a selected group of experts, the findinc2s of the research and to obtaintheir inputs for the preparation of the final publication.

The methodology by which this project was developed ensured that it focused mainly onforestry policy. The information provided in the country studies represents a rich database forfurther analysis, identification of key topics for forestry policy research, and exchange ofexperiences by other organizations and independent researchers. It should be kept in mind thatthese documents do not represent a complete picture of countries' forestry sector but of themain issues 'd11C1 situations related to forestry policy.

5 1

The third phase was to be the holding ofa workshop from 25 to 28 May 1998 in Trinidad and Tobago to discuss with a selected group of experts, the findings of the research and to obtain their inputs for the preparation of the final publication.

The methodology by which tlus project was developed ensured that it focused mainly on forestry poli cy. The information provided in the country studies represents a rich database for further ana lys is, identification of key top ics for forestry policy research, and exchange of experi ences by other organizations and independent researchers. It should be kept in mind that these documents do not represent a complete picture of countries' forestry sector but of the mai n issues and situations related to forestry policy.

53

CHAPTER II: CURRENT FORESTRY POLICY SITUATION IN THEREGION

1.1 The conceptual framework

Achievements in the forestry sector are determined largely by the assumptions made,paradigms provided and values held by its most influential stockholders. Therefore, a clearunderstanding of the contextual framework for forestry policy, is a necessary condition fordesigning appropriate activities for country capacity building and for promoting bettereffectiveness of policy iniplementation.

A main and currently held concept among forestry specialist and stockholders in the region isthe one regarding "National Forestry Policy". It is envisaged to be a set of written overarchingprinciples, decisions and plans that serve to guide governments in securing transparency,participation, proper teclmical decisions and efficiency. It is also held be a definitive, or atleast long-lasting, set of niles.

Policy analysts, government officers from the forestry sector, NGO staff and forestry experts,in general, assign an inordinate importance to the existence of a "national forestry policy".The slow pace of progress towards acceptable forest management and the state of forestdegradation, is frequently attributed to the lack of "a" national forestry policy or to its weakdesign and implementation. A "national forestry policy" is considered to be a fundamentaltool for securing proper management and conservation of forests and for ensuring the fullpotential contribution of forestry to development.

The study identified many instances of the validity of this concept in the region and how ithas been a detenninant of what countries have achieved in the forestry sector. The emphasison having a "national forestry policy" is predominant in the largest countries with moreextensive forest resources, such as Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad andTobago. This view was also held by countries, such as Haiti and the Dominican Republic,where forest resources were important before the degradation of their forest resources in thepreceding decades. The concept is also used in the small countries with relatively importantforest resources, such as the Bahamas, Dominica and Saint Vincent. Table 1 shows that, overa substantial period of time and following this conceptual approach, many countries haveprepared and legitimized written general statements known as "national forestry policy".

53

CHAPTER II: CURRENT FORESTRY POLICY SITUATION IN THE REGION

2.1 The conceptual framework

Achievements in the forestry sector aTe determined largely by the assumptions made, paradigms provided and values held by its most influential stockholders. Therefore, a clear understanding of the contextual framework for forestry policy, is a necessary condition for designing appropriate activities for country capacity building and for promoting better effectiveness of policy implementation.

A main and cLUTently held concept among forestry specialist and stockholders in the region is the one regarding "National Forestry Policy". It is envisaged to be a set of written overarching principles, decisions and plans that serve to guide govemments in securing transparency, participation, proper technical decisions and efficiency. It is also held be a definitive, or at least long-lasting, set of mles.

Policy analysts, government officers from the forestry sector, NGO staff and forestry expelis, in general , assign an inordinate importance to the existence of a "national forestry policy". The slow pace of progress towards acceptable forest management and the state of forest degradation, is frequently attributed to the lack of "a" national forestry pobcy or to its weak design and implementation. A "national forestry policy" is considered to be a fundamental tool for securing proper management and conservation of forests and for ensuring the full potential contribution of forestry to development.

The study identified many instances of the validity of this concept in the region and how it has been a determinant of what countries have achieved in the forestry sector. The emphasis on having a "national forestry policy" is predominant in the largest countries with more extensive forest resources, such as Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. This view was also held by countries, such as Haiti and the Dominican Republic, where forest resources were impOliant before the degradation of their forest resources in the preceding decades. The concept is also used in the small countries with relatively important forest resources, such as the Bahamas, Dominica and Saint Vincent. Table 1 shows that, over a substantial period of time and following this conceptual approach, many countries have prepared and legitimized written general statements known as "national forestry policy".

54

Table 1: Status of forestry policy statements in countries with important forestresources (Source: Forestry Policy Country Reports, FAO 1998)

The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, Barbados, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Turksand Caicos, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda do not have forestry policy statements in thesame sense that the countries richer in forest resources have (Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, St.Vincent, Suriname and Trinidad). In these less favoured countries tIle concept of forestrypolicy is more influenced by the obvious connection of ecosystems derived from their smallarea and the clear relation between nature and the main economic sectors, particularlytourism. Consequently more attention has been given to matters related to land use planningand countries' economic development plans. Forestry policy is, thus, considered more as aninstrument for guiding the physical plarming and development of these countries, such policyhaving been formalized through ordinances, acts and regulations regarding nature, inparticular, trees.

Although a common criticism of forestry specialists and analysts is that one major weaknessis the lack of policies, this analysis shows that the majority of the countries that are richer inforests have developed and adopted their policy statements a long, time ago. In the smallercountries, where the resource is physically less important, ordinances, acts and regulationshave also been in place for periods going back for several decades in most cases. Table 2shows the dates of enactment of laws and re2ulations on forest and trees in several smallcountries in the Caribbean.

Country Forestry policy Date Forestry Law Environmental policy

Dominica No 1975

Hani No

Dominican Republic No 1962, 1967.1982

Suriname No 1947, 1992

Bahamas Yes 1953, 1996

Belize Yes 1997

Cuba Yes 1959

Guyana Yes 1954 Yes, 199?

Jamaica Yes 1886, 1935,1945, 1984.1996

St. Vincent Yes 1989

Trinidad & Tobago Yes 1942,1981 Yes. 1997

54

Table 1: Status of forestry policy statements in countries with important forest I'esources (Source: Forestry Policy Country Reports, FAO 1998)

Coulltry Forestry policy Date Forestry Law Environmental policy

Dominica No 1975

Haiti No

Dominican Republic No 1962, 1967,1982

Suri name No 1947, 1992

Bahamas Yes 1953 , 1996

Belize Yes 1997

Cuba Yes 1959

Guyana Yes 1954 Yes, 199?

Jamaica Yes 1886, 1935, 1945, 1984, 1996

St. Vincent Yes 1989

T ri nidad & Tobago Yes 1942,198 1 Yes, 1997

The Netherl ,Ulds Antilles and Aruba, Barbados, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda do not have forestry policy statements in the same sense that the countries richer in forest resources have (Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Suriname and Tri nidad). In these less favoured countries the concept of forestry policy is more influenced by the obvious connection of ecosystems derived from their small area and the clear relation between nature and the main economic sectors, patiicularly to uri sm. Consequently more attention has been given to matters related to land use platming and countri es' economic development plans. Forestry pol icy is, thus, considered more as an instrument for guiding the physical planning and development of these countries, such policy having been fonnali zed through ordinances, acts and regulations regarding nature, in particular, trees.

Although a common criticism of forestry specialists and analysts is that one major weakness is the lack of policies, thi s analysis shows that the majority of the countries that are richer in forests have developed and adopted their policy statements a long time ago. In the smaller countri es, where the resource is physically less important, ordinances, acts and regulations have also been in place for periods going back for several decades in most cases. Table 2 shows the dates of enactment of laws and regulations on forest and trees in several small countri es in the Caribbean.

55

Table 2: Laws and regulations on nature, trees, management and conservation in thesmall countries in the Caribbean (Source: Forestry Policy Country Reports, FAO 1998)

The evidence gathered by the study strongly suggests that the low performance in the forestrysector is not due to the lack of national forestry policies but, first, to the inadequate currentconceptual framework and understanding of what public policy is; second , the lack of skill inanalysis, decision making and evaluation; and, third, absence of the necessary complementaryaction programmes for policy implementation. Forestry policy needs to be understood as adynamic process driven by social demands and emergin.2 issues with a need continuously tocan-y out analysis and make decisions. Emphasis has to shift from the present one, placed onobtaining a written legal document, to one dominated by the achievement of physical goalsand targets. Declaration of grand and noble intentions should be complemented by thedefinition of measurable objectives and mechanisms to secure government and countryaccountability and performance. To face these challenges successfully, government decisionmakers and forestry technicians need lo be provided with the skills of analysis and trained inthe methods of policy formulation and evaluation.

1.1 Policv intention and content

A major expectation of the countries with larger forest resources (Belize, Cuba, Guyana andSuriname) and others with a sufficient area for plantations (Dominican Republic, Jamaica) isto make forest production a meaningful contributor to economic development. Thedegradation of resources and the intention to arrest it, especially deforestation, is also an areareceiving major attention in individual country policies.. Conservation, biodiversity protection.coastal concem and erosion are equally relevant. Another main emphasis of policy intentionin these countries is the creation of stronger institutions and improvement of governmentcontrol. These country policies are also more specifically addressed to forests, instead of thewhole tenitory, as is the case in the small countries. Environmental policy is an emergingtrend in some countries of the region and, tluough it, general principles for the use of forestsand for the forestry sector are also being established. Table 3 summarizes (from the countryreports) the major focus of forestry policy in Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica,

Country Legal instrument dealing with trees and nature

Anguilla 1904, 1972*

Antigua and Barbuda 1941, 1952

Barbados 1951, 1972, 1981

British Virgin Islands 1954

Dominica 1953, 1959, 1978

Guadeloupe 1922, 1924, 1946, 1986

Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 1991

Saint Lucia 1946, 1957, 1983

St. Kitts and Nevis 1904, 1924, 1927, 1940

55

Table 2: Laws and regulations on nature, trees, management and conservation in the small countries in the Caribbean (Source: Forestry Policy Country Reports, FAO 1998)

Country Legal instrument dealing with trees and nature

Anguilla 1904, 1972·

Antigua and Barbuda 1941,1952

Barbados 1951 ,1972, 1981

British Virgin Islands 1954

Dominica 1953, 1959, 1978

Guadeloupe 1922, 1924, 1946, 1986

Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 1991

Saint Lucia 1946, 1957, 1983

St. KillS and Nevis 1904, 1924,1927, 1940

The evidence gathered by the Shldy strongly suggests that the low perforn1ance in the forestry seclor is not due to the lack of national forestry policies but, first, to the inadequate current conceptua l framework and understanding of what public policy is; second, the lack of skill in ana lysis, decision making and evaluation; and, third, absence of the necessary complementalY action programmes for policy implementation. Forestry policy needs to be understood as a dynamic process dri ven by social demands and emerging issues with a need continuously to · carry out analysis and make decisions. Emphasis has to shift from the present one, placed on obtaining a written legal document, to one dominated by the achievement of physical goals and targets. Declaration of grand and noble intentions should be complemented by the defin ition of measurable objectives and mechanisms to secure government and country accountabi lity and perfonnance. To face these challenges successfully, government decision makers and forestry technicians need to be provided with the skills of analysis and trained in the methods of policy formulation and evaluation.

2.2 Policy intention and content

A major expectation of the countries with larger forest resources (Belize, Cuba, Guyana and Suriname) and others with a sufficient area for plantations (Dominican Republic, Jamaica) is to make forest production a meaningful contributor to economic development. The degradation of resources and the intention to arrest it, especially deforestation, is also an area receiving major attention in individual countlY policies .' Conservation, biodiversity protection, coastal concern and erosion are equally relevant. Another main emphasis of policy intention in these countri es is the creation of stronger institutions and improvement of goverm11ent contro l. These country policies are also more specifically addressed to forests , instead of the whole territory, as is the case in the small countries. Environmental policy is an emerging trend in some countri es of tbe region and, tlu'ough it, general principles for the use of forests and for the forestry sector are also being established. Table 3 sun1l1arizes (from the country reports) the major focus of forestry policy in Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica,

56

Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Table 3 also shows, for some of the countries, the mainoriginators of the policy and the major outputs achieved through policy implementation. Inthis table, the language and terms used in the country policy documents have been quotedliterally in order to reflect the style and practice in the definition of objectives and goalswithin the forestry sector.

Table 3: Nlain Policy intention of Forestry in larger countries: Bahamas, Belize, Cuba,Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago (Source: Forestry PolicyCountry Reports, FAO 1998)

Co u nt Ty Main policy intention

Bahamas The Government of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas recognizes theimportance of forestry as a vital facet of land use and :lives its fullest support toforest conservation. management and development in the national interest.

establish a legally constituted forest estate to increase the yields of sawlogsand other forest products on a sustained basis;manage the designated forest estate to increase the yields of sawlogs and otherforest products on a sustained basis;provide fire protection and develop management systems compatible with theconservation and protection of fresh groundwater resources;develop sustained wood resources for the promotion of local forest industries;manage designated forest conservation areas for amenities, recreation orprotection of rare, fragile or threatened ecological associations.encourage tree planting or forest development on suitable private lands;manage and sustain a comprehensive forest research programme to provide asound technical base to improve management and development, and inparticular identify silvicultural data directed towards improving the financialyields of species important to the national economy; andensure that the Government derives a reasonable return for licensed rights.

ORIGINThe originators of the 'policy statement included the senior technical level of theDLS (Forestry Section). In concert with the policy makers within the Ministry ofNational Security (the Minis(ry in which the forestry institution resided in 1986).along with a Senior Forestry Adviser from FAO.

OUTPUTNational Forestry Development Programme (NFP) 1997-2000 and allocation of al'und of BS85,000.

Belize create, maintain on a permanent basis, and develop a national forest estate,with recognition of the needs for agricultural development, forest products(both industrial/commercial and local), the protection of the naturalenvironment and of special nature reserves; .

improve the forest throue.h regeneration techniques; and increase productionfrom the forest;improve the quality of exported products to achieve assured markets;promote good forestry practices on private forest land;

o manage public lands outside the forest estate not yet used for agriculture;promote public awareness of the importance of forests;

o maintain an adequately staffed and financed Forest Department to can-y outthe objectives of the forestry policy.

56

Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Table 3 also shows, for some of the countries, the main originators of the policy and the major outputs achieved through policy implementation. In this table, the language and terms used in the country policy documents have been quoted litera lly in order to reflect the style and practice in the definition of objectives and goals within the forestry sector.

Table 3: Main Policy intention of Forestry in larger conntries: Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Snriname and Trinidad aud Tobago (Source: Forestry Policy Country Reports, FAO 1998)

Country

Bahamas

Belize

Main policy intention

The Government of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas recogmzes the importance of forestry as a vital facet of land use and gives its fu llest support to forest conservation, management and development in the national interest.

• establish a legally constituted forest estate to increase the yields of sawlogs and other forest products on a sustained basis;

• manage the designated forest estate to increase the yields of sawlogs and other forest products on a sustained basis;

• provide fi re protection and develop management systems compatible with the conservation and protection offresh groundwater resources;

• develop sustained wood resources for the promotion of local forest industries; • manage designated forest conservation areas for amenities, recreation or

protection of rare, fragile or threatened ecological associations. • encourage tree planting or forest development on suitable private lands; • manage and sustain a comprehensive forest research programme to provide a

sound technical base to Improve management and development, and 111

particular identify silvicultural data directed towards improving the fi nancial yields of species important to the national economy; and

• ensure that the Government derives a reasonable return for licensed rights.

ORJGIN The originators of the policy statement included the sen ior technical level of the DLS (Forestry Section). In concert with the policy makers within the Ministry of National Securi ty (the Ministry in which the forestry institution resided in 1986), along with a Senior Forestry Adviser from FAa.

OUTPUT National Forestry Development Programme (NFP) 1997-2000 and allocation of a fund of B$85,000.

• create, maintain on a permanent basis, and develop a national forest estate, with recognition of the needs for agricultural development, forest products (both industrial/commercial and local), the protection of the natural environment and of special nature reserves;

• improve the forest tlu·ough regeneration teclmiques; and increase production from the forest;

• improve the quality of exported products to achieve assured markets; • promote good forestry practices on private forest land; • manage public lands outside the forest estate not yet used for agriculture; • promote public awareness of the importance of forests; • maintain an adequate ly staffed and financed Forest Department to carry out

the objectives of the forestry policy.

57

Country Main policy intention

OUTPUT

creation of national parks and forest reserves covering approximately 37% ofthe country;silvicultural practices towards sustainable forest management being applied ina few selected forest reserves;NGO involvement in promoting public awareness, introducing forestrypractices on private land, managing private land outside the forest state;sharing of responsibilities for the management of some of the country'snational parks.

Cuba sustainable management, use and development of forest resources;achieve 27% of forest cover by 2015 through the plantation of an additional500 000 hectares;supply the country's timber demand;modernization of the forestry industry;higher aggregate products.

OUTPUT

increase forest cover from 13.4% in 1959 to 21% in 1996;450 000 hectares of forest plantations;preparation and approval (1997) of the Forestry Development Programme;more than 1 000 forestry engineers graduated between 1970 and 1997.

Guyana In the interest of present and future generations, to protect and make rational useof lands, mineral, flora, fauna and water resources.

conservation protection, management and utilization of forest resources whileensuring that the productive capacity of the forests for both goods and servicesis maintained and enhanced;conserve and improve the environment;promote sustainable forest activities, utilizing a broad range of forestresources and contributing to national development, while allowing fairreturns to investors;ensure watershed protection, from all types of forests, including those now onState lands, except that forests privately held or allocated to Amerindiancommunities shall be designated State forests.

.famaica the establishment of adequate arcas of forest reserves under public ownershipan.d their management on the basis of conservation and development formultiple use (protective, productive, scenic, recreational and wildlife);the encouragement of sound forest management on private lands;[he development of the use of native timbers and other forest products toprovide the highest possible proportion of the island's requirements;to give priority to conservation and protection of forests, management offorested watersheds, management of forest lands, promotion and regulation offorest industries, forest research, public awareness and environmentaleducation, forestry education and training.

Suriname to yield in perpetuity the maximum benefit for the community;the achievement of sustainable forest management by conserving permanentand provisionally maintained forests and ensuring sustainable production fromproduction forests;conservation of wildlife;maximizing the benefits to the nationpromotion of forest industry to enable the supply of forest products, the

Country

Cuba

Guyana

Jamaica

Suriname

57


OUTPUT

•

•

•

•

• •

• • •

creation of natiollal parks and forest reserves covering approximately 37% of the country; silvicultural practices towards sustainable forest management being applied in a few selected forest reserves; NGO involvement In promoting public awareness, introducing forestry practices on private land, managing private land outside the forest state; sharing of responsibi lities for the management of some of the country's national parks. sustainable management, use and development of forest resources; achieve 27% of forest cover by 2015 through the plantation of an additional 500 000 hectares; supply the country's timber demand; modernization ofthe forestry industry; higher aggregate products.

OUTPUT

• increase forest cover from 13.4% in 1959 to 21% in 1996; • 450 000 hectares of forest plantations; • preparation and approval (1997) of the Forestry Development Programme; • more than 1 000 forestry engineers graduated between 1970 and 1997.

Tn the interest of present and future generations, to protect and make rational use oflands, mineral, tlora, fauna and water resources.

• conservation protection, management and utilization of fo rest resources while ensuring that the productive capacity of the forests for both goods and services is maintained and enhanced;

• conserve and improve the environment; • promote sustainable forest activities, utilizing a broad range of forest

resources and conh·ibuting to national development, while allowing fair returns to investors;

• ensure watershed protection, from all types of forests, including those now on State lands, except that forests privately held or allocated to Amerindian communities shall be designated State forests .

• the establishment of adequate areas of forest reserves under public ownership and their management on the basis of conservation and development for multiple use (protective, productive, scenic, recreational and wildlife);

• the encouragement of sound forest management on private lands; • the development of the use of native timbers and other forest products to

provide the highest possible proportion of the island 's requirements; • to give priority to conservation and protection of forests , management of

forested watersheds, management of forest lands, promotion and regulation of forest industries, forest research, public awareness and environmental education, forestry education and training.

• to yield in perpehlity the maximum benefit for the community; • the achievement of sustainable forest management by conserving permanent

and provisionally maintained forests and ensuring sustainable production fi·om production forests;

• conservation of wildlife; • maximizing the benefits to the nation • promotion of forest industry to enable the supply of forest products, the

58

Policy intention in the small island states stresses the strategic importance of "nature" for thewell-being of their societies and for its value as production input to the economy. The policiesof these countries are focused on the essential role of nature for economic development. Theemphasis is not on the forest as a potential producer of timber products but on nature and treesas a key strategic component for the countries' social and economic stability. Accordingly,policies are aimed at the management of the entire natural and physical environment.

Emphasis is placed on ensuring harmony between economic development and natureconservation. The creation of national parks and protected areas appear as a major arca ofinterest. The policy intentions cover marine and tenestrial ecosysteMs, through explicitmandates for the protection of vegetation and marine coastal areas. Attention is given tomajor activities related to construction and infrastmcture development, such as quan-ying,milling, landfills and waste disposal. The protection of water supply receives special attentionin the policy documents, especially in those islands where it is scarce. An emerging guidelineis the requirement of EIA for major development projects. Table 4 shows the main policyintention for some of the countries of this group.


generation of foreign exchange, increase employment and diversification ofnational production.

OUTPUT

plantation of about 12 000 hectares;two million hectares under concession and incidental cutting licences witlllittle or no control of forest management; .

a total of 30 nature reserves covering 800 000 hectares (5% of the country)including tropical forestry ecosystems and coastal formations;management plans developed for 15 protected areas, due to lack of personneland financial resources management plans not being implemented.

Trinidadand Tobago

to allocate an adequate arca of land in strategic places for forestry purposes;to manage these resources for optimum combinations of their productive.protective, recreational, aesthetic, scientific and educational capabilities to:

i. contribute to sound overall land usage;ii. provide the required forest goods and sei-vices;

iii. contribute meaningfully to the overall socio-economic development of thecountry;

iv. conserve sufficient representative areas of natural ecosystems to ensure theirperpetuity;

v. ensure that the public is made aware of the importance and management offorests and forest resources;

vi. improve the quality of life for citizens.

OUTPUT

43 government forest reserves;13 government sanctuaries;42% of the country as State-owned;15 254 hectares of plantations.

Country

Trinidad and Tobago

58


generation of foreign exchange, increase employment and diversification of national production.

OUTPUT

• plantation of about 12 000 hectares; • two million hectares under concession and incidental cutting licences with

little or no control of forest management; • a total of 30 nature reserves covering 800 000 hectares (5% of the country)

including tropical forestry ecosystems and coastal formations; • management plans developed for 15 protected areas, due to lack of personnel

and financia l resources management plans not being implemented. • to allocate an adequate area of land in strategic places for forestry purposes; • to manage these resources for optimum combinations of their productive,

protective, recreational , aesthetic, scientific and educational capabilities to: I. contribute to sound overall land usage;

II. provide the required forest goods and services; III. contribute meaningfully to the overall socio-economic development of the

country; IV. conserve sufficient representative areas of natural ecosystems to ensure their

perpetuity; v. ensure that the public is made aware of the importance and management of

forests and forest resources; VI. improve the quality of life for citizens.

OUTPUT

• 43 govemment forest reserves; • 13 govemment sanctuaries; • 42% of the country as State-owned; • 15254 hectares of plantations.

Policy intention in the small island states stresses the strategic importance of "nature" for the well-being oflheir societies and for its value as production input to the economy. The policies of these countries are focused on the essential role of nature for economic development. The emphasis is not on the forest as a potential producer of timber products but on nature and trees as a key strategic component for the countries' social and economic stability. Accordingly, policies are aimed at the management of the entire natural and physical environment.

Emphasis is placed on ensuring harmony between economic development and nature conservation. The creation of national parks and protected areas appear as a major area of interest. The policy intentions cover marine and terrestrial ecosystems, through explicit mandates for the protection of vegetation and marine coastal areas. Attention is given to major activities related to construction and infrastructure development, such as quarrying, mining, landfills and waste disposal. The protection of water supply receives special attention in the policy documents, especially in those islands where it is scarce. An emerging guideline is the requ irement of ErA for major development projects. Tab le 4 shows the main policy intention for some ofthe countries of this group.

59

Table 4: Policy intentions in small countries (Source: Forestry Policy Reports, FAO1998)

Sustainability is considered equally important in both categories of countries. Many of thecountries of the region have become members of international conventions and agreements. Inseveral cases, the requirements of these international instruments have been an importantfactor in defining the intentions of the policies and the enactment of laws. Table 5 shows themembership of individual countries in international conventions and agreements.


Antigua andBarbuda

administer and promote conservation of forests, protection and management ofwildlife;to provide forests for public recreation;monitoring and controlling fuelwood extraction;protection of wildlife, soil and water resources;promoting research, training and education in forestry and wildlife systems.

Barbados tree preservation, town and country planning, soil conservation, output taxrefunds for tree planting (not fruits).

British Virgin ensure the integration of physical development, such as tourism, with the

Islands conservation of protected areas;ensure development in harmony with natural environment; create national parks;conservation of vegetation, marine coastal areas, protection and enhancement ofscenic quality, protected areas conservation, regulation of quan-ying.

Netherlands sustainable development; biodiversity conservation; well-being of citizens;

Antilles environmental protection; sustainable tourism; nature conservation; publicawareness of environment.

St. Kitts and protect natural and man-made environment;

Nevis protect water catchment;maintain environmental stability through preservation and, where necessary,restoration of the ecological balance that has been adversely affected bydepletion .of the island's forests;check soil and beach erosion;increase forest cover;satisfy the country's requirements for fuelwood, fodder and minor forestproducts.

59

Table 4: Policy intentions in small countries (Source: Forestry Policy Reports, FAO 1998)


Antigua and • administer and promote conservation of forests, protection and management of

Barbuda wildlife;

• to provide forests for public recreation;

• monitoring and control ling fuelwood extraction;

• protection of wildlife, soil and water resources;

• promoting research, training and education in forestry and wildlife systems.

Barbados • tree preservation, town and country planning, soil conservation, output tax refunds for tree planting (not fruits).

British Virgin • ensure the integration of physical development, such as tourism, with the

Islands conservation of protected areas;

• ensure development in hmmony with natural environment; create national parks;

• conservation of vegetation, marine coastal areas, protection and enhancement of scenic quality, protected areas conservation, regulation of quarrying.

Netherlands • sustainable development; biodiversity conservation; well-being of citizens;

Antilles enviromnental protection; sustainable tourism; nature conservation; public awareness of environment.

St. Kitts and • protect natural and man-made environment;

Nev is • protect water catchment;

• maintain environmental stability through preservation and, where necessary, restoration of the ecological balance that has been adversely affected by depletion ·of the island 's forests;

• check soil and beach erosion;

• increase forest cover;

• satisfy the country's requirements for fuel wood, fodder and minor forest products.

Sustainability is considered equally important in both categories of countries. Many of the countries of the region have become members of international conventions and agreements . In several cases, the requirements of these international instruments have been an important facto r in defining the intentions of the policies and the enactment of laws. Table 5 shows the membership of individual countries in international conventions and agreements.

Table 5: Membership of countries in international conventions and agreements (see annex III) (Source: Forestry Policy CountryReports, FAO 1998)

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2.3 Conclusions

61

Forestry professionals, policy analysts and major stakeholders in the Caribbean Regionconsidered that an official approved national forestry policy is an essential prerequisite forforestry development and sustainable resource management. Such a perception has been moredeeply ingrained in countries which have more land resources and larger areas of forests inthe region. The analysis shows that most countries of the region have developed and officiallyadopted such an instrument, some of them a long time ago. In the smaller countries, wherethis need is felt less strongly, various forms of legislation have been enacted for the use andconservation of nature and trees. In general, the principles for the use of resources containedin this body of regulations provide the principles and a strong mandate to countries regardingthe sustainable use of forests and trees.

Even those countries which reported that they did not have a policy statement, such asDominican Republic, the principles for sustainability exist either in their constitutions or inthe laws regarding forest use. In other cases, like Bahamas, policy statements, although notofficially adopted, have to some extent oriented the sector's development.

It seems that sustainability is a principle deeply rooted in government bureaucraciesresponsible for policy formation. More recently, these principles have started to appear in theprogrammes of the political parties. This fact might be evidence that politicians areresponding to an increasing public interest in forestry and environmental issues.

The reports also reveal that most of the countries have complemented their policy statementswith a number of specific policies, such as forest management, forest industries, research,human resources and forest administration. It shows that the meaning and role assigned topolicy statements might be hiding the important ongoing activities of analysis and evaluationthat should be carried out on a day-to-day basis in regard to specific issues and problems.

Notable progress has been achieved in countries with a formally adopted policy statement,such as Belize, Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago. But it is not evident that the situation of theforestry sector is in general better in countries with policy statements when compared withthose that do not have them. For example, the situation of the forestry sector in Jamaica, acountry with a national forestry policy, has many similarities with the situation in theDominican Republic and Suriname - two countries which have reported that they do not haveofficial forestry policies.

The general endorsement by countries of international conventions and agreements on theconservation and sustainable management of resources, suggests the perception that principlesfor sustainable use and biodiversity conservation are deep rooted in government statementsand political practice. These conventions, in turn, have brought about the adoption ofadditional legislation and rules regarding forests and nature.

Policy intention is generally expressed in qualitative, mainly biological, terms and driven by aclear interest that the use of resources responds to guidelines of the forestry discipline. Theemphasis on the fact that the use of the resources should be guided by biological rules that

61

2.3 Conclusions

Forestry professionals, policy analysts and major stakeholders in the Caribbean Region considered (hat an official approved national forestry policy is an essential prerequisite for forestry development and sustainable resource management. Such a perception has been more deeply ingrained in countries which have more land resources and larger areas of forests in the region. The analysis shows that most countries of the region have developed and officially adopted such an instrument, some of them a long time ago. In the smaller countries, where this need is felt less strongly, various forms of legislation have been enacted for the use and conservation of nature · and trees. In general, the principles for the use of resources contained in tillS body of regulations provide the principles and a strong mandate to countries regarding the sustainable use of forests and trees.

Even those countries which repOlied that they did not have a policy statement, such as Dominican Republic, the principles for sustainability exist either in their constitutions or in the laws regarding forest use. In other cases, like Bahamas, policy statements, although not officially adopted, have to some extent oriented the sector's development.

It seems that sustainabi lity is a principle deeply rooted in govel11ment bureaucracies responsible for policy formation. More recently, these principles have statied to appear in the programmes of the political parties. This fact might be evidence that politicians at'e responding to an increasing public interest in forestry and environmental issues.

The repoi1s also reveal that most of the countries have complemented their policy statements with a 1llU11ber of specific policies, such as forest management, forest industries, research, human resources and forest administration. It shows that the meaning and role assigned to policy statements might be hiding the important ongoing activities of analysis and evaluation that should be can-ied out on a day-to-day basis in regard to specific issues and problems.

Notable progress has been achieved in countries with a fonnally adopted policy statement, such as Belize, Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago. But it is not evident that the situation of the forestry sector is in general better in countries with policy statements when compared with those that do not have them. For example, the situation of the forestry sector in Jamaica, a country with a national forestlY policy, has many similarities with the situation in the Dominican Republic and Suriname - two countries which have reported that they do not have official forestry policies.

The general endorsement by countries of international conventions and agreements on the conservation and sustainable management of resources, suggests the perception that principles for sustainable use and biodiversity conservation are deep rooted in govenunent statements and political practice. These conventions, in tum, have brought about the adoption of add itional legislation atld rules regarding forests and nature.

Policy intention is generally expressed in qualitative, mainly biological, tenllS atld driven by a clear interest that the use of resources responds to guidelines of the forestry discipline. The emphasis on the fact that the use of the resources should be guided by biological rules that

62

secure conservation and health of the resources is quite clear in the policies of the larger andforest-rich countries. The State is seen as a major guarantor of the perpetuity and good use offorests; this fact is evident in the proposals for the creation of a forest estate in somecountries, such as the Bahamas and Belize. Special emphasis is given to securing adequatemanagement, creation of a stronger administration and technical skills. In the small countries,there is less emphasis on the creation of a forest estate; however, the intention of the policiesis equally ingrained in biological guidelines.

Although it is implicit that the forestry policies be aimed at the well-being of society and itsfuture g,enerations, few of the policies provide clear indications of economic goals, publicinvestment, and the use of market incentives. The social dimensions are also other aspects notexplicitly mentioned in most of the policies. The provisions for evaluation and governmentaccountability tlu-ough the reporting of progress in the achievement of policy goals arelacking in many of the country policies.

In general, analysts of the sector appear to have the feeling that there is a gap between thequality and comprehensiveness of the principles sustained by the body of policy statementsand legislation and the programmes and achievements in the sector. It would seem thatpolicies are not effectively translated into actions. This is reflected in the widespreaddissatisfaction among technicians and public opinion with the situation of the forestry sector'seconomic contribution to development, biodiversity conservation, the health and degradationof the resources and the pace of progress in addressing its problems.

However, positive signals exist regarding the implementation of forestry policies. Animportant number of protected areas have been created throughout the region; some countries,such as Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, have put under forest or protected areas a substantialproportion of their national territory. In other countries, such as Cuba, important areas ofreforestation have been established and it is reported that the forestry area has increased from13.4% to 21% of its territory. Guyana has provided facilities for research to the internationalcommunity and some progress in securing better forest management in the forests, underconcessions, is reported. In other countries, mid-term national forestry programmes llave beenprepared, although it seems that implementation has not always followed. Theseachievements are in line with the biological orientation and governmental leadership underwhich the forestry policies in the region have been formulated.

62

secure conservation and health of the resources is quite clear in the policies of the larger and forest-rich countries. The State is seen as a major guarantor of the perpetuity and good use of forests; this fact is evident in the proposals for the creation of a forest estate in some countries, such as the Bahamas and Belize. Special emphasis is given to securing adequate management, creation of a stronger administration and technical skills. In the small countries, there is less emphasis on the creation of a forest estate; however, the intention of the policies is equally ingrained in biological guidelines.

Although it is implicit that the forestlY policies be aimed at the well-being of society and its future generations, few of the policies provide clear indications of economic goals, public investment, and the use of market incentives. The social dimensions are also other aspects not explicitly mentioned in most of the policies. The provisions for evaluation and govenunent accountability through the reporting of progress in the achievement of policy goals are lacking in many of the country policies.

In general , analysts of the sector appear to have the feeling that there is a gap between the quality and comprehensiveness of the principles sustained by the body of policy statements and legislation and the progranunes and achievements in the sector. It would seem that policies are not effectively translated into actions. This is reflected in the widespread dissatisfaction among technicians and public opinion with the situation of the forestry sector 's economic contribution to development, biodiversity conservation, the health and degradation of the resources and the pace of progress in addressing its problems.

However, positive signals exist regarding the implementation of forestry policies. An important number of protected areas have been created throughout the region; some countries, such as Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, have put under forest or protected areas a substantia l proportion of their national terri tory. In other countries, such as Cuba, important areas of reforestation have been established and it is reported that the forestry area has increased fi'om 13.4% to 21 % of its territory. Guyana has provided facilities for research to the intemational community and some progress in securing better forest management in the fores ts, under concessions, is reported. In other countries, mid-term national forestry programmes have been prepared, although it seems that implementation has not always fo llowed. These achievements are in line with the biological orientation and govemmental leadership under which the forestry policies in the region have been fOlmulated.

63

CHAPTER III: FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES IN THE CARIBBEAN

The country reports provided an extensive list of the main issues and problems beingdiscussed and addressed in the region. Although the reports' level of detail on issues is notuniform, they provide a fair picture of the policy areas on which attention and efforts arecentred. In order to facilitate the understanding of the situation in the region, an attempt wasmade to classify the issues and problems under general categories. As in the case of theconceptual framework and policy content with respect to issues, some difference were foundbetween the big countries in the region and the small island states. The major categories ofissues in countries richer in forest resources and the small Island States are summarizedbelow.

3.1 Forestry Policy issues in larger countries: Belize, Dominican Republic, Guyana,Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

Land use

There is the feeling that a general "land use" policy and plan are two indispensable conditionsfor the sustainable management of forests. In some of the countries, the national land use planis considered as a prerequisite for forestry policy effectiveness. Such reasoning gives to landuse planning policy the category of a macro policy. It is felt that such an instrument will serveas a reference guideline for decision-making in forest land; will ease decision-making forassigning forest land to competitive uses, such as agriculture and mining; and will secure anoptimal allocation in environmental and socio-economic terms. The assumption of forestryspecialists and decision makers in the region seems to be that by having such a policy, theallocation of land resources to production and conservation will be made under rational termsand that optimal outputs for society will be obtained:This issue is one in which the countriesof the region assign an overall priority and should receive special attention in any follow-upactivities on forestry policy in the Caribbean.

People's participation

Policies securing people's participation are considered necessary for improving the rationalityand equity in granting concessions and in allocating forest land use. Several of the countriesunder this category (Belize, Dominican Republic, Guyana) report a number of mechanismsfor securing people's participation in the cuiTent planning and resolution of conflicts overforest lands. Some of the processes reported are ad hoc procedures varying from seminarswith communities to the recruitment of national experts and NG0s. Structured and alreadyproven social research methods, such as surveys, sampling, and techniques like questionnaireconstruction, that could make people's participation more objective, were not reported ashaving been used. Some of the efforts reported, although commendable, seem cumbersomeand not designed in such a way as to get the point of view of the stakeholders.

63

CHAPTER III: FORESTRY POLICY ISSUES IN THE CARIBBEAN

The country reports provided an extensive list of the main issues and problems being discussed and addressed in the region. Although the reports' level of detail on issues is not uniform, they provide a fair picture of the policy areas on which attention and efforts are centred. In order to fac ilitate the understanding of the situation in the region, an attempt was made to classify the issues and problems under general categori es. As in the case of the conceptual framework and policy content with respect to issues, some difference were found between the big countries in the region and the small island states. The major categories of Issues m countries richer in forest resources and the small Island States are summarized below.

3.1 Forestrv Policv issues in larger countJ'ies: Belize, Dominican Repnblic, Guvana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

Lalld use

There is the feeling that a general "land use" po licy and plan are two indispensable conditions for the susta inable management of forests . In some of the countries, the national land use plan is considered as a prerequisite for forestry policy effectiveness. Such reasoning gives to land use planning policy the category of a macro policy. It is felt that such an instmment will serve as a reference guideline for decision-making in forest land; will ease decision-making for assigning forest land to competitive uses, such as agriculture and mining; and will secure an optimal allocation in environmental and socio-economic tenns. The assumption of forestry specialists and decision makers in the region seems to be that by having such a policy, the al location ofland resources to production and conservation will be made under rational temlS and that optimal outputs for society will be obtained: This issue is one in which the countries of the region assign an overall priority and should receive special attention in any follow-up activities on forestry policy ill the Caribbean.

People's participation

Policies securing people's participation are considered necessary for improving the rationality and equity in granting concessions and in allocating forest land use. Several of the countries under this category (Belize, Dominican Republic, Guyana) report a number of mechanisms for securing people's participation in the cun-ent planning and resolution of conflicts over forest lands. Some of the processes reported are ad hoc procedures varying from seminars with communities to the recruitment of national expe11s and NGOs. Structured and already proven social research methods, such as surveys, sampling, and techniques like questionnaire construction, that could make people's participation more objective, were not reported as having been used. Some of the eff0l1s reported, although commendable, seem cumbersome and not designed ill such a way as to get the point of view of the stakeholders.

S'ustainable Forest Illanagenzent

This is an issue found in all larger countries. The general discussion is about appropriateforest management systems and the mechanisms for enforcing their use by private operators,be they individuals or corporations. Some of the restrictions on having sustainable forestmanagement are said to be the lack of information on the forests, inappropriate selectiveextraction, the use of inappropriate technology, low efficiency and difficulties in controlposed by technologies, such as mobile sawmills and chainsaws, and lack of capacity ondisease management and forest fires control. One main discussion point is the decisionregarding whether countries should wait until they have the necessary information,technology, human resources, and institutional capacity for sustainable forest management, orif they should start now with the utilization of the forests, learning in the process, and thenusing the lessons learnt to move steadily towards a sustainable forest management situation.In any case, the low percentage of forest under sustainable management is seen as a majorweakness and an undesirable situation.

Concession con tracts

For the countries with large forest resources the granting of forest concession contracts toprivate national and international firms is a common strategy. Main discussion in that respectis about the need for appropriately pricing the resource, securing contractors' compliance withthe terms of contracts, L,Tovernments' capacity .for securing sustainable forest management andthe potential negative environmental and socio-econornic impacts of large-scale operations.On the other hand, the countries in this category are concerned about the imbalance betweenthe large size of their forest resources and their low contribution to economic development.International NGOs and the media have actively participated in the discussion, expressingtheir concern about the potential negative impacts of this approach to forest resources.

IndlE,Ycnotts people and local C01111)11111ill'

That governments duly ensure the rights of indigenous peoples and communities whilepromoting forestry development and conservation, is a live topic of discussion reachingpolitical dimensions in several countries. In some cases, this issue is closely related to thegranting of concession contracts. The issue arises both when forests are assigned to foreign ornational corporations for utilization and when protected areas are created. The discussioninvolves topics in equity, as well as the right to preserve cultural values. It is felt thatsometimes the rights, knowledge and approaches of local people to forest management are notconsidered when decisions are taken for developing forest resources.

Linkages of macro-policies for economic development with the forestry sector

It is felt that national accounts, a major instrument in the selection of countries' options foreconomic development strategies and formulation of macro-policies, do not reflect fairly thepotentialities and the effective contribution of the forestry sector. Such a situation is thoughtlo be a major cause for the low budget allocation by governments to the organizationsresponsible for orienting the use and conservation of the forestry sector and to forestryprogrammes. It is considered that the underestimation of the potential of the forestry sector,

6464

Sustainable Forest Management

This is an issue found in all larger countries. The general discussion is about appropriate forest management systems and the mechanisms for enforcing their use by private operators, be they individuals or corporations. Some of the restrictions on having sustainable forest management are said to be the lack of information on the forests, inappropriate selective extraction, the use of inappropriate technology, low efficiency and difficulties in control posed by technologies, such as mobile sawmills and chainsaws, and lack of capacity on disease mfUlagement and forest fires control. One main discussion point is the decision regarding whether countries should wait until they have the necessary infonnation, technology, human resources, and institutional capacity for sustainable forest management, or if they should start now with the utilization of the forests, leaming in the process, and then using the lessons leamt to move steadily towards a sustainable forest management situation. In any case, the low percentage of forest under sustainable management is seen as a major weakness and an undesirable situation.

Concession contracts

For the countries with large forest resources the granting of forest concession contracts to private national and intemational firms is a common strategy. Main discussion in that respect is about the need for appropriately pricing the resource, securing contractors ' compliance with the terms of contracts, governments' capacity for securing sustainable forest management and the potential negative envirolUllental and socio-economic impacts of large-scale operations. On the other hand, the countries in this categOlY are concel11ed about the imbalance between the large size of their forest resources and their low contribution to economic development. International NGOs and the media have actively pm1icipated in the discussion, expressing their concern about the potential negative impacts of this approach to forest resources.

Indigenous people and local COl1ll1ltlllitV rights

That governments duly ensure the rights of indigenous peoples and Commul1llIes while promoting forestry development and conservation, is a live topic of discussion reaching political dimensions in several countries. In some cases, this issue is closely related to the granti ng of concession contracts. The issue arises both when forests are assigned to foreign or national corporations for utilization and when protected areas are created. The discussion involves topics in equity, as well as the right to preserve cultural values. It is felt that sometimes the rights, knowledge and approaches of local people to forest management are not considered when decisions are taken for developing forest resources.

Linkages o(lIIacro-policies [or economic develoPlllent with the (OI'esl1·v sector

It is felt that national accounts, a major instrument in the selection of countries' options for economic development strategies and f0l111ulation of macro-policies, do not reflect fairly the potentialities and the effective contribution of the forestry sector. Such a situation is thought to be a major cause for the low budget allocation by govel11J11ents to the organizations respons ible for orienting the use and conservation of the forestry sector and to forestry programmes. [t is considered that the underestimation of the potential of the forestry sector,

65

prevents proper linkages and synergy of national economic development macro-policies withthe forestry sector.

Public investment in the forestry sector

Higher availability of investment sources and funds are considered necessary for acceleratingthe development of the sector. Finding ways for making these funds available is considered amajor need. There is currently a discussion about the means to secure the flow of such capitalto the forestry sector. Some countries are considering whether to achieve a financialautonomy of their forestry sector from the income of royalties and taxes from forestoperations. Others are discussing options, such as forestry funds and financial incentives.There are arguments suggesting that activities based on forest resources should receivepreferential financial treatment due to specificities, such as long-teml maturation and lowreturn to investment. A major concern exists as to how to secure required capital .for

strengthening institutions, sustainable forest management and plantations for re-greeningcountries.

EC01101111C, financial ond fiscal analysis

Public administrations and governments, in general, are considered not efficient enough insecuring equity in the distribution of the benefits derived from the use of forest resources,especially in relation to local comMunities and indigenous people. Another aspect ofinefficiency is attributed to governments' lack of capacity for collecting taxes and royaltiesgenerated from forestry activities. Additionally, the system of taxes, determination of theproper levels and collection are judged as being to complicate to be put in practice.

Government administrative efficiency

A major failure of government administration is considered the lack of control and the poorenforcement of sustainable forest management. The cause of this situation has its origins inpoorly defined institutional responsibility among government agencies, and the great numberof legal acts not ahvays complementary and updated. Forestry institutions are in generaldescribed as under-funded, understaffed, not properly structured, without the necessaryequipment to operate, and lacking the necessary vehicles and communication systems.

Policy implementation, monitoring al.'! evaluation

It is considered that not enough attention is given to the analysis and documentation of theevaluation of how well the current policy allows for the achievement of the country'sobjectives. In some cases, it is felt that some development policies might be contributing tothe degradation and loss of forest resources. In some countries, there is the perception thatforestry problems and issues have been analyzed sufficiently, that sound proposals exist andthat what is lacking is the political will to implement such recommendations.

Deforestation

The loss of forest cover is seen as on.e of the most negative results of the countries' lack ofinstitutional capacities and appropriate policies. A major discussion is taking place regarding

65

prevents proper linkages and synergy of national economic development macro-policies with the forestry sector.

Public illVeSlIllent ill the forest,.v sector

Higher availability of inveshllent sources and funds are considered necessalY for accelerating the development of the sector. Finding ways for making these funds available is considered a major need. There is cUlTently a discussion about the means to secure tbe flow of such capital to the forestry sector. Some countries are considering whether to achieve a financial autonomy of their forestry sector from the income of royalties and taxes from forest operations. Others are discussing options, such as forestry fi.1l1ds and financial incentives. There are arguments suggesting that activities based on forest resources should receive preferential financial treatment due to specificities, such as long-term maturation and low return to investment. A major concern exists as to how to secure required capital for strengthening institutions, sustainable forest management and plantations for re-greel1lng countries.

Economic. financial and fiscal Clnalvsis

Public administrations and governments, in general, are considered not efficient enough in securing equ ity in the distribution of the benefits derived from the use of forest resources, especially in relation to local communities and indigenous people. Another aspect of inefficiency is attributed to governments' lack of capacity for collecting taxes and roya lties generated fi'om forestry activities. Additionally, the system of taxes, detennination of the proper levels and collection are judged as being to complicate to be put in practice.

Governmellt admillistrative efiiciencv

A major failure of government administration is considered the lack of control and the poor enforcement of sustainable forest management. The cause of this situation has its origins in poorly defined institutional responsibility among govemment agencies, and the great number of legal acts not always complementary and updated. Forestry institutions are in general described as ullder-f'l1l1ded, understaffed, not properly structured, without the necessary equipment to operate, and lacking the necessary vehicles and communication systems . .

Folicv implementatioll. monitoring and evaluation

It is considered that not enough attention is given to the analysis and documentation of the evaluation of how well the current policy allows for the achievement of the country's objectives. In some cases, it is felt that some development policies might be contributing to the degradation and loss of forest resow·ces. In some countries, there is the perception that forestry problems and issues have been analyzed sufficiently, that sound proposals exist and that what is lacking is the political will to implement such recommendations.

Deforestation

The loss of forest cover is seen as one of the most negative results of the countries' lack of institutional capacities and appropriate policies. A major discussion is taking place regarding

66

the methods to be used to stop the rate of deforestation and degradation of forests and startre-greening the country's territory. In many cases, agricultural development and miningactivities are identified as major causes of deforestation. Large-scale forest plantation is themost common envisaged option for balancing or revelling the present rates of deforestation.

Conservation versus resource use

An important confrontation between conservationists and those advocating economicdevelopment occurs regarding the amount of land that should be put under protected areas. Inthose cases in which protected areas or forest reserves have been created, the discussionconcerns the use of protected areas for economic purposes and the opportunity costs tocommunities. Regulations for use of buffer zones is emerging, as another important issue.Table 6 shows the main issues by categories for a selected number of large countries (Belize,Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname Trinidad andTobago).

3.7 Forestry policy issues in small islands

In small island states, the issues regarding the connection between economic development andits dependence on nature is a clear point of concern. Other issues are related to the countries'particular physical and economic characteristics. The most important type of issue derivedfrom the analysis of the cases of Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, CaymanIslands, Netherlands Antilles and Curaçao St. Kitts and Nevis, and Turks and Caicos are listedbel ow.

Laird rise and development

In this group of countries, the discussion on land use concerns the need for a national planembracing all types of activities. Topics, such as carrying capacity, urban settlementlocations, extent of agricultural areas, are considered as part of this issue. Land use isconsidered in the framework of country master plans for development. The financialimplications for the preparation and implementation of these plans have not been assessed. Itis felt that the countries do not have all the required capacity for the preparation of such plans.

Tourism development

This activity is a major source of economic development in many countries of the region andespecially for some small islands. However, it could also represent a major threat to thesustainability of these countries. Without proper care, this activity can bring seriousdegradation to the ecosystems and features that are the inain attraction to visitors and onwhich it depends. It is a matter of concern in many small island states that an economic boom,due to tourism in the medium term, is followed by a drastic recession. Such a situation,implies high social and negative impact on people's well-being. The degree to which the verylimited vegetation resources, space and natural ecosystem should be set aside for developmentof tourism is a major cun-ent issue in these countries.

66

the methods to be used to stop the rate of deforestation and degradation of forests and start re-greening the country's territory. In many cases, agricultural development and mining activities are identified as major causes of deforestation. Large-scale forest plantation is the most common envisaged option for balancing or revetting the present rates of deforestation.

Conservation versus resource use

An impottant confrontation between conservationists and those advocating economic development occurs regarding the amount of land that should be put under protected areas. In those cases in which protected areas or forest reserves have been created, the discussion concerns the use of protected areas for economic purposes and the opportunity costs to communities. Regulations for use of buffer zones is emerging as another important issue. Table 6 shows the main issues by categories for a selected number of large countries (Belize, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname Trinidad and Tobago).

3.2 Forestt·y policy issues in small islands

In small island states, the issues regarding the cotmection between economic development and its dependence on nature is a clear point of concern. Other issues are related to the countries' particular physical and economic characteristics. The most important type of issue derived from the analysis of the cases of Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Netherlands Antilles and Curayao St. Kitts and Nevis, and Turks and Caicos are listed below.

Land Lise and developmelll

In this group of countries, the discussion on land use concel11S the need for a national plan embracing all types of activities. Topics, such as carrying capacity, urban settlement locations, extent of agricultural areas, are considered as part of this issue. Land use is considered in the framework of country master plans for development. The financial imp li cations for the preparation and implementation of these plans have not been assessed. It is fe lt that the countries do not have all the required capacity for the preparation of such plans.

Tourism developmenl

This activity is a major source of economic development in many countries of the region and especially for some small islands. However, it could also represent a major threat to the sustainability of these countries. Without proper care, this activity can bring serious degradation to the ecosystems and features that are the main attraction to visitors and on which it depends. It is a matter of concem in many small island states that an economic boom, due to tourism in the mediulll (em], is followed by a drastic recession. Such a situation, implies high social and negative impact on people 's well-being. The degree to which the very limited vegetation resources, space and natural ecosystem should be set aside for development of tourism is a major current issue in these countries.

Table 6: Major forestry issues in Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica' Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago(Source: Forestry Country Policy Reports, FAO 1998)

Land use People'sparticipation

Sust. trestmanagement

ConcessionContracts

indigenouspeople

Linkagesmacro-policies

publicinvestmenI

economicand financialanalysis

Governmentefficiency

policyimplementation

deforestation conservation vs.resource use

Bahamas x X N N X X

Belize X N X X X X X X X X

Cuba X X

Dominicanrepublic

X X X N X N X X X N

Guyana X X N X X N

I laiti X X X

Jamaica X N X N X X

Suriname X X X X X X X X X

Trinidad&Tobaeo

X N X X X N X

Table 6: Major forestry issues in Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica' Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago (Source: Forestry Country Policy Reports, FAO 1998)

Land use ]'eoplc's SusL rorest Concession Ind igenous Linkages public economic Govern ment policy de forestation conservat ion vs. participation management Contracts people macro-pol icies investmen and financia l efficiency implementation resource use

t analysis

Bahamas X X X X X X

Beli ze X X X X X X X X X X

Cuba X X

Dominican X X X X X X X X X X

republic Guyana X X X X X X

Haiti X X X

Jamaica X X X X X X

Suriname X X X X X X X X X

Trinidad X X X X X X X

&Tobago

People's sensitivity to ellVir072717ental health

The lack of a -widespread understanding of the value and services derived from trees,vegetation cover and of the environment, in general, is felt as one reason for the destruction ofthese resources. It is considered that a strong public education campaign is necessary forguiding the countries' development in such a way as to be more nature friendly.

Creation of protected areas (considering private ownership)

The creation of protected areas is considered a main policy option for ensuring natureconservation in this group of countries. In contrast to the largest countries, where the creationof protected areas affects mostly public lands in the small states, this action will affect landsand property rights of private citizens. Hence, decisions will bring new regulations andrestrictions to community activities. Policy formulation regarding this issue requires specialcountry capacities and skills in people's participation, negotiation, dispute resolution and inpolicy analysis in general.

Water resources

Water availability, quality, disposal of liquid waste and run-off are major concerns in most ofthe small island states. In spite of the awareness of the importance of this resource, theeconomic and social dimensions and the implications of degrading its potentiality has notbeen defined in many countries of the region.

Exteirsive grazing

Extensive grazing is an activity- practised in many of the small islands. There is a clearunderstanding that it has negative effects on the vegetation cover and on other economicactivities such as agriculture. It originates mainly from livestock, but special cases, likemonkeys in St. Kitts and Nevis, are also reported. There are valid reasons for defendingextensive grazing, such as the economic dependence of a certain sector of the population onthis activity. However, the social, economic and environmental costs do not seem to bedefined and consequently informed decisions are not being taken in this regard.

Ouarrying, Mining and landfill

The demand for construction material, roads, and the need of land for hotel and urbandevelopment constitute another factor of forest cover and vegetation losses. Such activitiesfrequently have negative impacts on fauna and water resources. The discussion centres aroundits importance to the major economic activities of the countries and the long-termsustainability of the islands' ecosystems.

Other issues in this group of countries are the destruction of mangroves, the need for trees inurban settings, and management of plant pests. Tables 7 summarizes the major categories ofissues in the small island states

6969

People's sensitivitv to environmental health

The lack of a widespread understanding of the value and services derived from trees, vegetation cover and of the environment, in general, is felt as one reason for the destruction of these resources. It is considered that a strong public education campaign is necessary for guiding the countries' development in such a way as to be more nature fliendly.

Creation o[protected areas (considerin.g private own.ership)

The creation of protected areas is considered a main policy option for ensuring nature conservation in this group of countries. In contrast to the largest countries, where the creation of protected areas affects mostly public lands in the small states, this action will affect lands and property rights of private citizens. Hence, decisions will bring new regulations and restrictions to community activities. Policy formulation regarding this issue requires special country capacities and skills in people's participation, negotiation, dispnte resolution and in policy analysis in general.

Water resources

Water availability, quality, disposal of liquid waste and run-off are major concems in most of the small island states. In spite of the awareness of the importance of this resource, the economic and social dimensions and the implications of degrading its potentiality has not been defined in many countries of the region.

Extensive grazing

Extensive grazing is an activity practised in many of the small islands. There is a clear understanding that it has negative effects on the vegetation cover and on other economic activ ities such as agriculhlre. It originates mainly from livestock, but special cases, like mOllkeys in St. Kitts and Nevis, are also reported. There are valid reasons for defending extensive grazing, such as the economic dependence of a celiain sector of tbe population on th is activity. However, the social, economic and environmental costs do not seem to be defined and consequently infollned decisions are not being taken in this regard.

Ouarrving. mininf! and land fill

The demand fo r construction material, roads, and the need of land for hotel and urban development constitute another factor of forest cover and vegetation losses. Such activities frequently have negative impacts on fauna and water resources. The discussion centres around its impoltance to the major economic activities of the countries and the long-telln sustai11ability ofthe islands' ecosystems.

Other issues in this group of countries are the destruction of mangroves, the need for trees in urban settings, and management of plant pests. Tables 7 summarizes the major categories of issues in the small island states

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Table 7: Major issues and problems in small islands (Source: Forestry Policy Reports,FAO 1998)

3.3 Conclusions

The issues listed above were identified through the preparation of the country reports for eachof the countries included in this study. They are subjects of intense debates in many of thesmall island states, and several of them were on the political agendas of these countries whilethis study was under way. As a response, various countries have created special commissionsand ad hoc technical groups for the analysis of some of the issues and for the identification ofviable policy options. These sets of issues represent societies' main concern, and areas inwhich forestry policy intervention is most required. Therefore, opportunities exist forpartnerships within countries and with the international aid community interested in forestrypolicy. The situation described should not be taken as presenting a negative picture of theforestry sector in the region. It represents evidence collected objectively on matters of mostconcern to the people in the region that consequently constitute the areas in which policyanalysis and policy formation is required.

Tables 6 and 7 strongly suggest that the priorities for forestry policy intervention in the regionare: land use planning, deforestation, sustainable forest management, people's participation,indigenous people and local communities rights, macro-policies and the forestry sector, publicinvestment in forestry, governance of the forestry sector and institutions, policy evaluation,water resources and forestry, extensive grazing, quanying, creation of protected areas, publicawareness of environment and development of tourism.

Most of the issues identified still need to be analyzed more fully before decisions can be madeat economic and political levels. Convincing and objective responses have to be given to suchquestions as: Will more financial resources to institutions (for monitoring and lawenforcement capability) change things in a fundamental way? Is the complete controlproposed in some countries physically and financially feasible? Is the lack of institutionalresources a major cause of the present resource situation, and if yes how much resources arenecessary and how will they affect public finance? How can these resources be provided in a

I .ii nil use Peoplesensitivity toenvironment

Trees inurbansetting

:1Iangrovedestruction

Waterresources

Plantpests

Quarryingand sandmining

Protectedarea creation

Extensivegrazing

Tourismdevelopntent

Antigua and

Barbudax N x x N X

Angu i la x x

13arbados x x N

CaymanIslands

x x x

BritishVirginislands

x x N x

St. Kitts &

Nevisx x x

Nether-landsand Curaçao

x \ x x X

'Turks and

Caicosx N X x

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Table 7: Major issues and problems in small islands (Source: Forestry Policy Reports, FAO 1998)

Land usc Pcoille Trees in Mangrove Water 1)lant Quarrying Protected Extensive Tourism sensitivity to urban destruction resources pests a nd sand area creation grazi ng dcvclo l)ment enviro nment setting mi ni ng

Antigua and x x x x x x x x x Barbuda An gLlila x x x Barbados x x x x Caym:lI1 x x x x Isl ands British x x x x x x Virgi n Islands S .. Kitts & x x x Nevis Nether-lands x x x x x and Cura~ao

Turks and x x x x Caicos

3.3 Conclusions

The issues li sted above were identified through the preparation ofthe country reports for each of the countries included in this study. They are subjects of intense debates in many of the small island states, and several of them were on the political agendas of these countries while this study was under way. As a response, various countries have created special commissions and ad hoc teclmical groups for the analysis of some of the issues and for the identification of viable policy options. These sets of issues represent societies ' main concem, and areas in which forestry policy intervention is most required. Therefore, opportunities exist for partnerships within countries and with the intemational aid community interested in forestry policy. The situation described should not be taken as presenting a negative picture of the fo reS[TY sector in the region . It represents evidence collected obj ecti vely on matters of 1110st concern to the people in the region that consequently constitute the areas in which policy ana lysis and pobcy f0l111ation is required .

Tables 6 and 7 strongly suggest that the priorities for forestry policy intervention in the region are: land use platming, deforestation, sustainable forest management, people's patticipation, indigenous people and local communities rights, macro-policies atld the forestry sector, public investment in forestry, govemance of the forestry sector and institutions, policy evaluation, water resources and forestry, extensive grazing, quarrying, creation of protected areas, public awareness of enviromnent and development oftourisl11.

Most of the issues identified still need to be analyzed more fully before decisions can be made at economic and political levels. Convincing and objective responses have to be given to such questions as: Will more financial resources to institutions (for monitoring and law enforcement capability) change th ings in a fundatnental way? Is the complete control proposed in some countries physically and financially feas ible? Is the lack of institutional resources a major cause of the present resource situation, and if yes how much resources are necessary and how will they affect public finance? How can these resources be provided in a

71

ssustainable way? How important are the current benefits received by commtmities fromuncontrolled grazing? If all uncontrolled grazing is eliminated, how will the economy ofcountries taking this decision be affected, who will benefit and who will lose, and what arethe magnitudes of such transactions? Considering the variety and diversity of the issues, it isunderstandable that this is a huge task which, in many of the cases, demand an analysiscapacity greater than that available at individual country level.

Even in the cases in which the capacity might exist, the nature and characteristic of many ofthe issues are such that they will not disappear just by being properly analyzed. Creating anenabling environment, accompanying policy implementation and monitoring, requires acontinuous capacity and actions at regional and country levels. Furthermore, new issues andproblems will arise calling also for decision makers' attention and analysis. This should notdiscourage those interested in solving such problems. Continuous policy analysis is a demandof the countries' social life and one main duty of public servants. However, this reality callsfor the development of capacity for continuous analysis, infomation search and storage, andinstitutional memory. Forestry Policy analysis should become an integral part of ForestryAdministrations and Governments' day-to-day activities.

The country reports revealed that forestry issues are of a multidisciplinary character. Many ofthem touch on matters that are beyond the realm of natural sciences. The need for analysisbased on a multidisciplinary approach was evidenced. The tools and the methods ofeconomics, sociology, public administration, to mention just the most relevant, should play animportant role in the search for options for confronting forestry issues. Other reasons for amultidisciplinary approach are the close relationship between sources of economicdevelopment (tourism, mining, services) and trees, forests and vegetation in the region andthe need to ensure financially and politically feasible forestry policies.

The magnitude of the task and the multidisciplinary capacity required when compared to thecountries' means -- human resources, size of the economy and administrative capacities--strongly suggest that a regional response is one alternative that should receive seriousconsideration. The combination of regional institutions, national expertise, universities, andresearch centres, plus the use of information technology, could create a synergy and developpotentialities commensurate with the task to be faced.

It should be said that although clear differences were found in the main issues between thetwo groups of countries, many similarities and overlaps do exist between them in areas, suchas land use, goverrunental administrative capacity, legislation and public investment. It is feltthat the differences found do not exclude the opportunities of joint action by the small andlarge countries.

Finally, it is stressed that, to date, forestry policy has been reactive; analysis and actioncoming just after issues or problems have reached a certain degree of crisis. There is a needfor a more proactive approach with more attention being paid to monitoring, performanceassessment and scenario preparation, that will allow for a greater degree of early detection ofemerging trends and issues and the planning and identification of actions before crisisdimensions are reached.

71

ssustainable way? How important are the current benefits received by commumtJes from uncontrolled grazing? If all lU1controlled grazing is eliminated, how will the economy of countries taking this decision be affected, who will benefit and who will lose, and what are the magnitudes of such transactions? Considering the variety and diversity (}f the issues, it is understandable that this is a huge task which, in many of the cases, demand an analysis capacity greater than that available at individual country level.

Even in the cases in which the capacity might exist, the nature and characteristic of many of the issues are such that they will not disappear just by being properly analyzed. Creating an enabling environment, accompanying policy implementation and monitoring, requires a continuous capacity and actions at regional and country levels. Furthermore, new issues and problems will arise calling also for decision makers' attention and analysis. Tllis should not discourage those interested in solving such problems. Continuous policy analysis is a demand of the countries ' social life and one main duty of public servants. However, this reality calls for the development of capacity for continuous analysis, infomlation search and storage, and institutional memory. Forestry Policy analysis should become an integral part of ForestJ·y Administrations and GovenU11ents ' day-to-day activities.

The country reports revealed that forestry issues are of a multidisciplinary character. Many of them touch on matters that are beyond the realm of natural sciences. The need for analysis based on a multidisciplinary approach was evidenced. The tools and the methods of economics, sociology, public administration, to mention just the most relevant, should play an important role in the search for options for confronting forestry issues. Other reasons for a multidisciplinary approach are the close relationship between sources of economic development (tourism, mining, services) and trees, forests and vegetation in the region and the need to ensure financially and politically feasible forestry policies.

The magnitude of the task and the multidisciplinary capacity required when compared to the countries' means -- human resources, size of the economy and administrative capacities-strongly suggest that a regional response is one alternative that should receive serious consideration. The combination of regional institutions, national expel1ise, universities, and research centres, plus the use of infonnation technology, could create a synergy and develop potentialities commensurate with the task to be faced.

It should be said that although clear differences were found in the main issues between the two groups of countries, many similarities and overlaps do exist between them in areas, such as land use, governmental administrative capacity, legislation and public investment. It is felt that the differences found do not exclude the oPP0l1unities of joint action by the small and large countJ·ies.

Finally, it is stressed that, to date, forestry policy has been reactive; analysis and action coming just after issues or problems have reached a certain degree of crisis. There is a need for a more proactive approach with more attention being paid to monitoring, perfornlance assessment and scenario preparation, that will allow for a greater degree of early detection of emerging trends and issues and the plamling and identification of actions before crisis dimensions are reached.

CHAPTER IV: THE PROCESS OF FORESTRY POLICY FORMATION

The Forestry Policy Reports showed that in the region the processes for forestry policyformation fall under three main approaches. The first one corresponds to countries having anexplicit forestry policy formation, with clear and legitimized procedures that define thedifferent stages regarding inputs and responsibilities for preparation of analysis anddecision-making. A balance between the technical and political levels seems to exist or atleast the technical side seems to have some degree of recognition and power. The countriesfollowing this approach are Barbados, Jamaica and Netherlands Antilles and Curacao.

The second approach is characterized by situations in which a set of stages from issueidentification to option selection exists. However, the various stages are fewer, less structuredand defined than in the first approach mentioned above. The procedures for action on issuesseem to be less .formal and they are not always followed in a systematic way. The processseems to be dominated by the stages corresponding to the political decision andlePjtimization, with a great part of the analysis conducted through the debates for thepreparation of law. Ang,uilla, Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands,Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Turks and Caicos were found to follow this appmach.

The third approach is in place in those countries that do not have an explicit set of stages forpolicy analysis at the technical level. When confronted with the need to act on issues, ad hocprocedures, such as the recruitment of consultants and the creation of commissions, are used.Countries that appear to be using this approach are Bahamas, Belize, Dominican Republic,Guyana, Haiti, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Somedetails regarding specific countries follow.

4.1 Countries with an explicit process for policy formation

Barbados

The process is made up of two main levels of analysis and decision-making, the technical andthe political legitimization. At the technical level, the main steps of rational policy analysisare considered: issue definition, option identification, option selection and decision-making(identifying action or selecting preferred action or actions) and an important step for policyimplementation is identified: the preparation of a programme. The second level is the politicaland legitimization one, carried out by the Office of the Attorney General, the Ministerconcerned, the Parliament, the Senate and the Head of State.

The country report did not provide infomiation on the methods and tools of analysis used atthe technical level. There is no mention of the type of procedures and changes and whosepoints of view prevail when discrepancies arise between the technical and political levels.

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CHAPTER IV: THE PROCESS OF FORESTRY POLICY FORMATION

The Forestry Policy Reports showed that in the region the processes for forestry policy formation fall under three main approaches. The first one corresponds to countries having an explicit forestry policy f0l111ation, with clear and legitimized procedures that define the different stages regarding inputs and responsibilities for preparation of analysis and decision-making. A balance between the teclmical and political levels seems to exist or at least the teclmical side seems to have some degree of recognition and power. The countries following this approach are Barbados, Jamaica and Netherlands Antilles and Curacao.

The second approach is characterized by situations in which a set of stages from issue identification to option selection exists. However, the various stages are fewer, less structured and defined than in the first approach mentioned above. The procedures for action on issues seem to be less formal and they are not always followed in a systematic way. The process seems to be dominated by the stages corresponding to the political decision and legitimization, with a great part of the analysis conducted through the debates for the preparation of law. Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Blitish Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Turks and Caicos were found to follow this approach.

The third approach is in place in those countries that do not have an explicit set of stages for policy analysis at the teclmical level. When confronted with the need to act on issues, ad hoc procedures, such as the recruitment of consultants and the creation of commissions, are used. Countries that appear to be using tIlls approach are Bahamas, Belize, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Some details regarding specific countries follow.

4.1 COllntries with an explicit process for policv formation

Barbados

The process is made up of two main levels of analysis and decision-making, the technical and the political legitimization. At the teclullcal level, the main steps of rational policy analysis are considered: issue definition, option identification, option selection and decision-making (identifying action or selecting prefelTed action or actions) and an impoliant step for policy implementation is identified: the preparation of a programme. The second level is the political and legitimization one, camed out by the Office of the Attorney General, the Minister concerned, the Parliament, the Senate and the Head of State.

The couiltry report did not provide information on the methods and tools of analysis used at the technical level. There is no mention of the type of procedures and changes and whose points of view prevail when discrepancies arise between the technical and political levels.

Jamaica

Jamaica's country report identified a formal model by which the high political level, theCabinet or the Minister of Government, in response to a technical study or public enquiry,develops its policies. The technical input is shown as following. a 1,vell-known modeldeveloped by the Government Management Institute for National Development. It comprisesissue search, deciding role responsibilities, problems and issues definition, setting objectivesand priorities, policy implementation and evaluation.

A second model is defined as characterized by responding to the recognition of persistentproblems by international agencies or foreign organizations.

Netherlands Antilles and Curaçao

The policy report for the Netherlands Antilles and Curacao described a quite complete modelfor the process of policy formation as being in place in the Netherlands Antilles. This modelis applied to two main arcas: Strategic Development Plans and Nature Policies. The modelincludes the following steps: issue search and agenda setting, deciding how to decide, issuesdefinition, forecasting, setting objectives and priorities, option analysis, implementation,monitoring, control, evaluation and impact on policy. Mechanisms for people's participationand reaching consensus were also indicated. Although there are no details on the part of theprocess by which the policies are legitimized, evidence is given regarding the fact thatimplementation follows policy forrnation in the Netherlands Antilles at a degree higher thanin the other countries analyzed.

4.2 Countries with legislative-centred processes

Antigua and Barbuda. Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis

It is reported that a formal model including issue search, agenda setting, decision-making andaction taking (implementation) is used.

For these countries, international and regional forestry and related environmental initiatives,such as the "Forestry Principles, and international conventions are judged to have had a greatdeal of influence on the setting of the agenda for policy analysis and on the policies draftedafterwards.

The country study underlined that in these three countries infomiation was not found on: howissues and problems were identified and included in the government agenda; what were thetools for option identification and selection, forecasting, objectives setting, and mechanismsfor implementation of policy. Limited information, lack of local analytical capacity and noimplementation are other weaknesses attributed to the policy process in these countries. It wasreported that there exists a perception amongst the persons interviewed that althoughimportant for the country, the policy processes have been externally driven and top down.

7373

Jamaica

Jamaica's country report identified a fonnal model by which the high political level , the Cabinet or the Minister of Govenunent, in response to a technical study or public enquiry, develops its policies. The technical input is shown as following a well-known model developed by the Government Management Institute for National Development. It comprises issue search, deciding role responsibilities, problems and issues definition, setting objectives and priorities, policy implementation and evaluation.

A second model is defined as characterized by responding to the recognition of persistent problems by intemational agencies or foreign organizations.

Netherlands Antilles and Curw;:ao

The policy report for the Netherlands Antilles and Curacao described a quite complete model for the process of policy formation as being in place in the Netherlands Antilles. This model is applied to two main areas: Strategic Development Plans and Nature Policies. The model includes the following steps: issue search and agenda setting, deciding how to decide, issues definition, forecasting, setting objectives and priorities, option analysis, implementation, monitoring, control, evaluation and impact Oil policy. Mechanisms for people's participation and reaching consensus were also indicated. Although there are no details on the part of the process by which the policies are legitimized, evidence is given regarding the fact that implementation follows policy fonnation in the Netherlands Antilles at a degree higher than in the other countries analyzed.

4.2 Countries with legislative-centred processes

Antigua and Barbuda. Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis

It is reported that a formal model including issue search, agenda setting, decision-making and action taking (implementation) is used.

For these countries, international and regional forestry and related environmental initiatives, such as the "Forestry Principles", and international conventions are judged to have had a great deal of influence on the setting of the agenda fo r policy analysis and on the policies drafted afterwards.

The country study underlined that in these three countries information was not found on: how issues and problems were identified and included in the government agenda; what were the tools for option identification and selection, forecasting, objectives setting, and mechanisms for implementation of policy. Limited information, lack of local analytical capacity and no implementation are other weaknesses attributed to the policy process in these countries. It was reported that there exists a perception amongst the persons interviewed that although important for the country, the policy processes have been externally driven and top down.

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AnauiIla, British Virgin Islands. Cayman Islands, and Turks and Caicos

These countries present a very similar picture amongst them. The identification and decisionto take action on issues of national relevance occur either at the executive level based onanalysis made by governmental technical staff or identified out of cot-ma-amities' demands.Analysis and option selection is made at both the administrative (teci-mical) level and theexecutive (legitimization decision-making) level. However, decisions are taken at theexecutive level. In those cases in which consensus is not achieved, a committee is created andcharged to prepare a discussion paper.

Issues of sectoral relevance are handled by the ministries concerned. The process ofteninvolves the creation of committees for analysis and consultation with stakeholders, actionand implementation remaining within the administrative realm.

4.3 Countries without structured processes

Bahamas, Belize, D011alliCall Republic, Haiti. Sari17allle

These countries seem to have no structured process for forestry policy formation on thetechnical side. The drafting of laws and their enactment and reaction to key incidents (thepolitical-legitimization component) seems to prevail in all of them as a procedure to policyformation. The Dominican Republic is placing a major emphasis on consensus agreementfrom the population and a process known as "National Dialogue". This process relies on theparticipation of the syndicates, civil organizations and Christian church; through thecelebration of provincial assemblies, the issues are analyzed and national priorities for actionset.

Guyana

In the preparation of its cun-ent forestry policy statement, the procedure consisted of therecruitment by the Government of Guyana of an external consultant working under verygeneral terms of reference ("to give special attention to Guyana's economic situation and toenvironmental aspects of forestry"). The consultant was responsible for the preparation of areport identifying the main issues and problems. This phase was followed by the preparationof position papers on the identified issues by the staff of the Forestry Commission andnational consultants. The position papers were presented to selected stakeholders. Finally, theforestry policy statement was drafted by a team fornied by a group of specialists in thefollowing discipline: land use planning, biology, forest industry and marketing, anthropologyand forestry. Representatives of an NGO and of the indigenous people were included in theteam. The Forestry Commission is responsible for the implementation, and is reported to havealready put in place the mechanism for accomplishing this task.

St. I 'incent and the Grenadines

This country follOwed a process very similar to that adopted in Guyana. With thecollaboration and in accordance with the requirement of CIDA, reports were prepared byinternational consultants. They were then discussed with NG0s, representatives from the

74

Anguilla. British Virgin Islands. Cavman Islands. and Turks and Caicos

These countries present a very similar picture amongst them. The identification and decision to take action on issues of national relevance occur either at the executive level based on analysis made by governmental technical staff or identified out of communities' demands. Analysis and option selection is made at both the administrative (teclmical) level and the executive (legitimization decision-making) level. However, decisions are taken at the executive level. In those cases in which consensus is not achieved, a committee is created and charged to prepare a discussion paper.

Issues of sectoral relevance are handled by the ministries concerned. The process often involves the creation of committees for analysis and consultation with stakeholders, action and implementation remaining within the administrative realm.

4.3 Countries without structured processes

Bahamas. Belize. Dominican Republic. Haiti. Suriname

These countries seem to have no structured process for forestry policy fonnation on the technical side. The drafting of laws and their enactment and reaction to key incidents (the political-legitimization component) seems to prevail in all of them as a procedure to policy formation. The Dominican Republic is placing a major emphasis on consensus agreement from the population and a process known as "National Dialogue". This process relies on the participation of the syndicates, civi l organizations and Christian church; through the celebration of provincial assemblies, the issues are analyzed and national priorities for action set.

Guvana

In the preparation of its current forestry policy statement, the procedure consisted of the recruitment by the Govenunent of Guyana of an external consultant working under very general tem1S of reference ("to give special attention to Guyana's economic situation and to envirolUuental aspects of forestry"). The consultant was responsible for the preparation of a report identifying the main issues and problems. This phase was followed by the preparation of position papers on the identified issues by the staff of the Forestry Commission and national consultants. The position papers were presented to selected stakeholders. Finally, the forestry policy statement was drafted by a team formed by a group of specialists in the following discipline: land use plmming, biology, forest industry and marketing, m1thropology and forestry. Representatives of an NGO and of the indigenous people were incl~lded in the team. The Forestry Commission is responsible for the implementation, and is reported to have already put in place the mechanism for accomplishing this task.

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Thi s country fo llowed a process very similar to that adopted in Guyana. With the collaboration and in accordance with the requirement of CIDA, reports were prepared by intel1lational consultants. They were then discussed with NGOs, representatives from the

75

private sector, the Government and, in particular, with the Forestry Division. Priorities andobjectives to be achieved were then set. The reports were submitted to the Minister ofAgriculture who in turn submitted them to the Cabinet for approval. To accomplishimplementation, the necessary legislation has been enacted and the strengthening of theForestry Division is in progress. No mechanism was considered for policy evaluation andreview.

Trinidad and Tobago

For the review of its forestry policy, Trinidad and Tobago has adopted a procedure includingthe following staiL,res: acknowledge the Government's policies on forestry, the environmentand other related topics; recognize existing international conventions and agreements; identifyand analyze key issues and problems relating to the forestry sector; consider possibleoutcomes; define sector objectives and priorities; develop strategies for meeting objectives;create, manage and maintain systems for policy implementation, monitoring and control;evaluation and review through approved methodologies; and make policy changes asrequired.

Cuba

The process of policy formation in Cuba was not described in sufficient detail. There appearsto be a high political commitment. The important achievements in forest protection andplantation establishment are evidence of such commitment.

4.4 Conclusions

The highest degree of con-elation between policy formation and implementation occurred inthe Netherlands Antilles where the forestry policy is a precondition in the preparation of theStrategic Development Plan; Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago, in which notable achievementsin conservation, forest management, human resources creation, and public investment havebeen achieved; and Barbados, where the influence of the technical units seems to be strongerthan in other countries, due precisely to the clear definition of roles and responsibilities.

The fact that important progress in implementation and achievement of goals has beenobtained in countries with a high stnictured process, as well as countries without, mightsuggest that having a clearly defined process is not a necessary condition for improvingforestry development. However, what seems to have been the determining factor in thosemore successful cases, is the degree of political will and the effective integration of forestrygoals into the national economic development plan. In the Netherlands Antilles, the mandateof policy formation has emanated from the Government. Such mandate has been given largelydue to the fact that the preparation of development, nature and financial plans is a prerequisitefor receiving from the Netherlands the agreed development aid. In this case, financial interestshave been translated into political will for the process of policy forniation that isautomatically linked to public investment and implementation. These same requirements haveensured monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the policies. Cuba, although notacting under the pressure of external pre-conditions on financial matters, has counted with acontinuous political support to reforestation programmes. The case of Barbados seems to

75

private sector, the Government and, in particular, with the Forestry Division. Priorities and objectives to be achieved were then set. The reports were submitted to the Minister of Agriculture who in turn submitted them to the Cabinet for approval. To accomplish implementation, the necessary legislation has been enacted and the strengthening of the Forestry Division is in progress. No mechanism was considered for policy evaluation and revIew.

Trin idad and Tobago

For the review of its forestry policy, Trinidad and Tobago has adopted a procedure including the following stages: acknowledge the Government's policies on forestry, the' envirolUnent and other related topics; recognize existing international conventions and agreements; identify and analyze key issues and problems relating to the forestry sector; consider possible outcomes; define sector objectives and priorities; develop strategies for meeting objectives; create, manage and maintain systems for policy implementation, monitoring and control; evaluation and review through approved methodologies; and make policy changes as required.

The process of policy fonnation in Cuba was not described in sufficient detail. There appears to be a high political commitment. The important achievements in forest protection and plantation establislUl1ent are evidence of such commitment.

4.4 Conclusions

The highest degree of correlation between policy fornlation and implementation occurred in the Netherlands Antilles where the forestry policy is a precondition in the preparation of the Strategic Development Plan; Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago, in which notable achievements in conservation, forest management, human resources creation, and public investment have been achieved; and Barbados, where the influence of the technical units seems to be stronger than in other countries, due precisely to the clear definition of roles and responsibilities .

The fact that important progress in implementation and achievement of goals has been obtained in countries with a high structured process, as well as countries without, might suggest that having a clearly defined process is not a necessary condition for improving forestry development. However, what seems to have been the determining factor in those more successful cases, is the degree of political will and the effective integration of forestry goals into the national economic development plan. In the Netherlands Antilles, the mandate of policy formation has emanated from the Government. Such mandate has been given largely due to the fact that the preparation of development, nature and financial plans is a prerequisite for receiving from the Netherlands the agreed development aid. In this case, financial interests have been translated into political wi ll for the process of policy formation that is automatically linked to public investment and implementation. These same requirements have ensured monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the policies. Cuba, although not acting under the pressure of external pre-conditions on financial matters, has counted with a continuous political support to reforestation programmes. The case of Barbados seems to

76

answer the important political implications of responding to public opinion and old traditionin abiding by institutional procedures. Trinidad and Tobago, with a less structured process,seems also to have counted with the political will of its governments for conservation matters.

In view of the above evidence, the need for an explicit structured process of policy formationdoes not loose its importance. A clear, objective process for policy formation is necessary tomaintain the political will and, even more, it may be an important instrument in obtainingpolitical will, when it does not exist, by providing, sound evidence of the political andsocio-economic implication of the forestry related issues, as Well as forcing governmenttransparency and accountability. Although a well structured process might not be a sufficientcondition for tbrestry development, the evidence strongly suggests that it is an important andnecessary one.

In the countries with a less structured process, the low relation of policy with implementationand adequate public investment seems to be associated with the low quality of issueidentification and description, as well as to the fact that option analysis and selection ismostly presented in a descriptive way, providing little quantitative evidence of political,social and economic implications. Another reason seems to be a lack of clear understandingof the procedures of decision-making at the political and legislative levels. In fact, the reportsfrom these countries show the following characteristics:

the methods and tools for objective analysis are seldom mentioned;the specific responsibilities for each stage of the process are not always clearly identified;the availability of information for sound analysis is mentioned as a serious restriction;the concept of a holistic policy seems to prevail in many of those countries;the analysis seems to be mainly based on , and much stronger in, the aspects related tonatural sciences;the policy formation approaches seem to be influenced by the conceptual understanding ofthe overall importance of overarching forestry policy statement;creating capacity for policy analysis on a continuous basis is not perceived as a priority;inadequate attention is given to securing forestry policy implementation; although theinitial analysis of the issues is assigned mostly to the technical levels in general thepolitical legitimizing component of the policy formation process seems to be the mostinfluential, resulting in the absence of adequate checks and balances;the expertise of disciplines like economics, political economy, public administration,sociology, just to mention the most important, seems to be playing a minor role at thetechnical level; there is little evidence that effective multidisciplinary capacities are beingused;there is no provision for continued day-to-day policy analysis, decision-inaking andcreation of capacity in this area.

In several countries, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent andthe Grenadines among them, it was found that there is the perception that main forestry policyformation exercises have been externally driven and have had a top down approach. Such afact is mentioned as one of the causes for scant follow up and implementation.

The processes described in the reports are an incomplete picture of what is happening in thecountries. All countries have well established procedures and experience in the formation of

76

answer the important political implications of responding to public opinion and old tradition in abiding by institutional procedures. Trinidad and Tobago, with a less structured process, seems also to have counted with the political will of its governments for conservation matters.

In view of the above evidence, the need for an explicit structured process of policy formation does not loose its importance. A clear, objective process for policy fonnation is necessary to maintain the political will and, even more, it may be an important instrument in obtaining political will, when it does not exist, by providing sound evidence of the political and socio-economic implication of the forestry related issues, as well as forcing govenmlent transparency and accountability. Although a well structured process might not be a sufficient condition for forestry development, the evidence strongly suggests that it is an important and necessary one.

In the countries with a less structured process, the low relation of policy with implementation and adequate public investment seems to be associated with the low quality of issue identification and description, as well as to the fact that option analysis and selection is mostly presented in a descriptive way, providing little quantitative evidence of political, social and economic implications. Another reason seems to be a lack of clear understanding of the procedures of decision-making at the political and legislative levels. In fact, the reports fi'om these countries show the following characteristics:

• the methods and tools for objective analysis are seldom mentioned; • the specific responsibilities for each stage of the process are not always clearly identified; • the availability of information for sound analysis is mentioned as a serious restriction; • the concept ofa holistic policy seems to prevail in many of those countries; • the analysis seems to be mainly based on , and much stronger in , the aspects related to

natural sciences; • the policy formation approaches seem to be influenced by the conceptual understanding of

the overall importance of overarching forestry policy statement; • creating capacity for policy analysis on a continuous basis is not perceived as a priority; • inadequate attention is given to securing forestry policy implementation; although the

initial analysis of the issues is assigned mostly to the technical levels in general the political legitimizing component of the policy formation process seems to be the most influential , resu lting in the absence of adequate checks and balances;

• the expeltise of disciplines like economics, political economy, public administration, sociology, just to mention the most important, seems to be playing a minor role at the teclmical level; there is little evidence that effective multidisciplinary capacities are being used;

• there is no provision for continued day-to-day policy analysis, decision-making and creation of capacity in this area.

In several countries, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent and the Grenadines among them, it was found that there is the perception that main forestry policy formation exercises have been externally driven and have had a top down approach. Such a fact is mentioned as one of tlle causes for scant follow up and implementation.

The processes described in the reports are an incomplete picture of what is happening in the countries. All countries have well established procedures and experience in the fonnation of

77

policies through their legislative bodies. However, this information suggests that there is aneed for comparative government research and training in the basic methods of policyanalysis and formation. Such training should include both the technical staff as well - andequally important - as the staff of the political-legitimization level. The new exercises used toensure people's participation, for example in Netherlands Antilles and the DominicanRepublic, could be thoroughly studied, and if they prove valid, such experience could be ofvalue to other countries in the region.

77

policies through their legislative bodies. However, this information suggests that there is a need for comparative govemment research and training in the basic methods of policy analys is and fomlation. Such training should include both the technical staff as well - and equally important - as the staff of the political-legitimization level. The new exercises used to ensure people's participation, for example in Netherlands Antilles and the Dominican Republic, could be thoroughly studied, and if they prove valid, such experi ence could be of value to other countries in the region.

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CHAPTER V: INSTITUTIONS AND FORESTRY POLICY RESEARCH

Forestry organizations, with few exceptions, are described as having inadequateorganizational structures, insufficient budgets, a chronic lack of personnel and equipment, lowinfluence in the countries' economic development plans and with scarce political support.This situation is felt to be one important factor contributing to the lack of sustainable forestmanagement in the region.

Regarding the organizational structure, it was found that some institutions are cunentlycarrying out a process of reform and capacity building. Some others are analyzing thepossibilities of new forms of organizational anangements. A particular example is thecreation of parastatal bodies like the Foundations being considered in Suriname and Trinidad.This approach implies the delegation of functions that until now have been fundamental togovernments, such as the collection of royalties, control of forestry activities and monitoring.

The high number of agencies with responsibilities in the forestry sector, which creates muchoverlapping, poor coordination and inadequate legislation, was identified as a majorconstraint, to the achievement of goals in the sector. An additional common constraint is saidto be the lack of political will to support the con-ection of this situation.

The creation of organizations responsible for the environment and the assigning to them ofresponsibility for policy analysis and formation is an emerging trend in the region. Turks andCaicos have a Ministry of Natural Resources; in Guyana the Environmental ProtectionAgency is responsible for formulating policies on all aspects of the environment includingforests; in Trinidad, the Environmental Management Authority, created in 1995, is

responsible for environmental policy and coordination.

The processes of decentralization being carried out in several countries are also affecting theexisting forestry organizations. Effective decentralization of forestry administrations,accompanied by the assigm-nent of clear and specific geographical responsibilities anddelegation of authority, seems to result in an improvement of performance and management.It also seems to be getting more commitment and response from local communities. Such isthe case of the Netherlands Antilles and Curaçao with its quasi-autonomous governmentsystem.

It was found that the fimction of policy analysis is almost absent in the stnicture of theforestry services. The organizational structures are mostly based on the functions required forforest management and control. Policy analysis, especially when important resources areinvolved, is the responsibility of higher echelons within the ministry, where the forestryorganizations are located or with central planning agencies. The creation of specific policyanalysis agencies, or creation of units within the forestry institutions, is an emerging trend. InGuyana, the Forestry Commission has a Policy and Planning Division. In the Cayman Islands,the Department of Planning oversees and monitors all national developmental activities andsets broad guideline policies for other governmental institutions. In the Dominican Republic,the National Technical Forestry Commission (CONATEF) was created as an independent

79

CHAPTER V: INSTITUTIONS AND FORESTRY POLICY RESEARCH

Forestry organizations, with few exceptions, are described as having inadequate organizational structures, insufficient budgets, a chronic lack of personnel and equipment, low influence in the countries' economic development plans and with scarce political support. This situation is felt to be one important factor contributing to the lack of sustainable forest management in the region.

Regarding the organizational structure, it was found that some institutions are currently carrying out a process of reform and capacity building. Some others are analyzing the possibilities of new forms of organizational arrangements. A particular example is the creation of parastatal bodies like the Foundations being considered in Suriname and Trinidad. This approach implies ihe delegation of fi.mctions that until now have been fundamental to govet11ments, such as the collection of royalties, control of forestry activities and monitoring.

The high lllunber of agencies with responsibilities in the forestry sector, which creates much overlapping, poor coordination and inadequate legislation, was identified as a major constrain\ to the achievement of goals in the sector. An additional common constraint is said to be the lack of political will to support the correction of this situation.

The creation of organizations responsible for the environment and the assigning to them of responsibi lity for policy analysis and fonnation is an emerging trend in the region. Turks and Caicos have a Ministry of Natural Resources; in Guyana the Enviromnental Protection Agency is responsible for fot111ulating policies on all aspects of the environment including forests; in Trinidad, the Enviromnental Management Authority, created in 1995, is responsible for environmental policy and coordination.

The processes of decentralization being carried out in several countries are also affecting the ex isting forestry organizations. Effective decentralization of forestry administrations, accompanied by the assignment of clear and specific geographical responsibilities and delegation of authority, seems to result in an improvement of perf0t111anCe and management. It also seems to be getting more commitment and response from local communities. Such is the case of the Netherlands Antilles and Cura<yao with its quasi-autonomous goveillillent system.

It was found that the function of policy analysis is almost absent in the structure of the forestry services. The organizational structures are mostly based on the functions required for forest management and control. Policy analysis, especially when inlPortant resources are involved, is the responsibility of higher echelons within the ministry, where the forestry organizations are located or with central planning agencies. The creation of specific policy analysis agencies, or creation of units within the forestry institutions, is an emerging trend. In Guyana, the Forestry Conunission has a Policy and Planning Division. ill the Cayman Islands, the Department of Plmming oversees and monitors all national developmental activities and sets broad guideline policies for other goveillinental institutions. In the Dominican Republic, the National Teclmical Forestry Commission (CONATEF) was created as an independent

80

forestry agency with the special mandate of policy analysis and formation. In small countrieswith vet-y few staff, this approach might not be adopted in the medium term.

In some countries, the institutional weakness of the specific forestry agencies has partiallybeen compensated by the delegation of responsibilities to a number of different governmentalor quasi-v,overnmental agencies. In other cases, some branches of the specific forestryagencies have found ways to be better staffed and financed. Such a situation is more evidentin regard to protected areas. In Suriname, where the forestry service has almost disappeared.for lack of means, the Nature Conservation Division, under the same service, has managed tomaintain a higher level of performance and better public opinion acceptance. It has alsomanaged to get some additional funding from international sources. In the DominicanRepublic, the National Park Direction has also managed to maintain a level of work whichattracts funding more effectively than the National Forestry Direction. These organizationsalso have personnel with a higher commitment to their work. In Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, the electricity service has been authorized to intervene in watershed managementwhen considered necessary. In several of the small island states, the National TrUSi plays animportant role in nature and protected areas management. In the case of the NetherlandsAntilles, forestry functions are completely carried out by a network of organizations insteadof the traditional main forestry agency of countries richer in forests.

Regarding personnel, although achievements in the formation of forestry professionals hasoccurred at regional level, many forestry agencies were reported to be understaffed. Theprofessionals working in the forestry agencies graduated mostly in natural sciences. On theother hand, officers interviewed during the preparation of the country reports considered thatthe best qualified professionals were not always assigned permanently to the field, and hencenot participating in the implementation of the policies and directly leading field activities.Most often the best prepared cadres are concentrated in the headquarters offices. Due to lackof transportation, their capacity is not fully utilized.

Policy research being carried out in the region is almost limited to studies fordecision-making, especially to the study of technical issues and problems. The attention tomedia analysis and to the study of the process, by which policies are fonned, has been almostcompletely neglected.

80

forestry agency with the special mandate of policy analysis and formation. In small countries with very few staff, this approach might not be adopted in the medium teml.

In some countries, the institutional weakness of the specific forestry agencies has pa!1ially been compensated by the delegation of responsibilities to a number of different govel1lmental or quasi-govenunental agencies. In other cases, some branches of the specific forestry agencies have found ways to be better staffed and financed. Such a situation is more evident in regard to protected areas. In Suriname, where the forestry service has almost disappeared for lack of means, the Natme Conservation Division, under the same service, has managed to maintain a higher level of perfol1nance and better public opinion acceptance. It has also managed to get some additional funding from international sources. In the Dominican Republic, the National Park Direction has also managed to maintain a level of work which attracts funding more effectively than the National Forestry Direction. These organizations also have persOlmel with a higher commitment to their work. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the electricity service has been authorized to intervene in watershed management when considered necessary. In several of the small island states, the National Trust plays an important role in nature and protected areas management. In the case of the Netherlands Antilles, forestry functions are completely carried out by a network of organizations instead of the traditional main forestry agency of countries richer in forests .

Regarding persOlmel, although achievements in the formation of forestry professionals has occurred at regional level, many forestry agencies were reported to be understaffed. The professionals working in the forestry agencies graduated mostly in natural sciences. On the other hand, officers interviewed during the preparation of the country reports considered that the best quali fi ed profess ionals were not always assigned permanently to the field, and hence not participating in the inlplementation of the policies and directly leading fi eld activities. Most often the best prepared cadres are concentrated in the headquaI1ers offices. Due to lack of transportation, their capacity is not fully utilized.

Policy research being caITied out in the region is almost limited to studies for decision-making, especially to the study of teclmical issues and problems. The attention to metha analysis and to the study of the process, by which policies are fOlllled , has been almost completely neglected.

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CHAPTER VI: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION

A common understanding of experts and stakeholders is that in the Caribbean region forestresources are diminishing and that the full potential contribution of the sector to societal well-being is not being achieved. However, the reports on forestry policy prepared in the course ofthis study, covering 28 countries and territories, provide evidence of opportunities foreffectively revelling this situation.

The region has well trained and experienced human resources, a network of regionalorganizations, a tradition of inter-governmental collaboration and an increasing awareness ofthe importance of forests and vegetation to its development. The potential of the region'shuman resources has been proven in the development of tourism, public infrastructureconstruction, trade and industry. On the other hand, a great number of professionals have beentrained in forestry and environmental science in the last decades. With such experiencealready in place, it should be relatively easy to provide local professionals with the skills and'methods of forestry policy analysis.

There is a network of national and regional organizations, some of them with many years ofexperience, well staffed and with a good record in areas related to policy analysis or requiringanalytical capacities. The University of the West Indies (UWI), the Caribbean Commtmityand common Market (CARICOM), the Caribbean Centre for Development Administration(CARICAD), and the Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) are only a few examples ofregional organizations that attest to the region's tradition of approaching developmentchallenges in a collaborative way. These organizations have gathered an important amount ofinformation and knowledge of the region of great value to future work on forestry policyanalysis and research. At the same time, these organizations with their knowledge of peopleand of the country situation represent a logical starting platform for promoting forestry policyin the region.

The interest in nature, forestry and trees and the understanding of the close connection withand the very special relevance to sustainable development is growing. In certain countries,there is evidence of concrete and important achievements, as well as a background ofexperience and knowledge in natural sciences gained after years of dedicated work. With theworst of the economic crisis overcome, it seems that there will be more room for introducingnature, forestry and trees into the core of the countries' political agenda. In fact, some of themare 'already doing that. Societies are more alert and the new information technologies haveshrunk distances and times of communication. Governments are feeling the active monitoringof their constituencies and international public opinion and responding positively to it.

Due to the characteristics of the countries and the pattern of demand for forestry policyanalysis the response to improve forestry analysis in the region has more probability to beeffective if carried out within a -framework of regional partnership. Partnership is understoodas a joint regional action at many levels and in a number of strategic areas, oriented bywell-defined national and regional goals. There are two major prerequisites for action underthe partnership approach. First, the forestry specialists should accept the need to open theforestry field to the analysis by specialists from other disciplines and objectively consider the

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CHAPTER VI: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION

A common understanding of experts and stakeholders is that in the Caribbean region forest resources are diminishing and that the full potential contribution of the sector to societal wellbeing is not being achieved. However, the reports on forestry policy prepared in the course of this study, covering 28 countries and tenitories, provide evidence of opportunities for effectively reverting this situation.

The region has well trained and experienced human resources, a network of regional organizations, a tradition of inter-govenmlental collaboration and an increasing awareness of the importance of forests and vegetation to its development. The potential of the region's human resources has been proven in the development of tourism, public infrastructure construction, trade and industry. On the other hand, a great number of professionals have been trained in forestry and environmental science in the last decades . With such experience already in place, it should be relatively easy to provide local professionals with the skills and methods of forestry policy analysis.

There is a network of national and regional organizations, some of them with many years of experience, well staffed and with a good record in areas related to policy analysis or requiring analytical capacities. The University of the West Indies (UWI), the Caribbean Community and conunon Market (CARICOM), the Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD), and the Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) are only a few examples of regional organizations that attest to the region's tradition of approaching development challenges in a collaborative way. These organizations have gathered an important amount of information and knowledge of the region of great value to future work on forestry policy analysis and research. At the same time, these organizations with their knowledge of people and of the conntry situation represent a logical starting platfonn for promoting foreshy policy in the region.

The interest in nature, forestty and trees and the understanding of the close cOlmection with and the very special relevance to sustainable development is growing. In certain countries, there is evidence of concrete and important achievements, as well as a background of experience and knowledge in natural sciences gained after years of dedicated work. With the worst of the economic crisis overcome, it seems that there will be more room for introducing nature, forestry and trees into the core of the countries' political agenda. In fact, some of them are already doing that. Societies are more alert and the new inf0ll11ation technologies have shrunk distances and times of communication. Govemments are feeling the active monitoring of their constituencies and international public opinion and responding positively to it.

Due to the characteristics of the countries and the pattern of demand for forestry policy analysis the response to improve forestry analys is in the region has more probability to be effective if carri ed out within a framework of regional partnership. Partnership is understood as a joint regional action at many levels and in a number of strategic areas, oriented by well-defined national and regional goals. There are two major prerequisites for action under the partnership approach. First, the forestry specialists should accept the need to open the foresh·y field to the analysis by specialists from other disciplines and objectively consider the

82

new interpretations and points of view that will arise. Second, the regional scarce resourcesshould be focused on strate2.-ic policy and institutional matters. Several areas of action forpromoting capacity for forestry policy analysis under the partnership approach are mentionedin the following sections.

6.1 Political agencias

Leaders and senior officers are normally busy and overburdened with work. They are a targetgroup difficult to reach especially if the purpose is to train them. However, there are severalimportant reasons that make this group a strategic target for increasing their knowledge andinterest in forestry policy. First, the country studies revealed the importance of political willin forestry policy implementation and in the performance of the sector. Second, politicalleaders and senior decision makers are key factors in securing the appropriate linkagesbetween macro-economic policies and forestry policy. Third, they play a key role in securingthe appropriate inclusion of forestry in national development plans and allocation of publicinvestment. A series of regional meetings of top senior government decision makers andpolitical leaders to discuss ways of coordinating and collaborating in the field of forestrypolicy, is a major follow up action to this project. A complementary action to be taken withthis target group is a series of seminars designed to train public officers in recentdevelopments in public administration and policy analysis more related to the sustainablemanagement of forest resources. These seminars will also provide opportunities to discusswith the region's leaders specific emerging issues, such as gender analysis, people'sparticipation, carbon sequestration, etc. This action is an important step towards bringingforestry policy to the same level of quality achieved in other sectors, such as education, healthand public building.

6.2 Public administration

The body of knowledge of forestry experts should be complemented with the methods andtheories of Public Administration discipline. Its sophisticated methods and tools already inuse should be put at the disposal of the forestry sector. It is not expected that by doing that amiraculous solution will be found. However, it will help considerably in providing forestryexperts with the capacity to present the case for forestry in a more convincing way. Theemerging generation of political leaders and public servants is another key target group thatshould be exposed to the methods and theoretical background of Public Adtninistrationdiscipline.

Partnerships with forestry faculties, forestry governmental agencies and training centres forpolitical leaders, aimed at introducing public administration in their curricula is a strategy thatcould have important positive effects in the forestry sector in the medium term. Formalcourses in the universities, distance learning programmes, national short courses, institutionalstrengthening workshops, exchange of staff between countries of the region and withcountries from other regions, internship in international and regional organizations, specialprogrammes and projects for the advancement of public administration related to forestry andpolicy analysis and creation of think-tanks, are some of the means to achieve this goal.

82

new interpretations and points of view that will arise. Second, the regional scarce resources should be focused on strategic policy and institutional matters. Several areas of action for promoting capacity for forestry policy analysis under the partnership approach are mentioned in the following sections.

6.1 Political agendas

Leaders and senior officers are nOlmally busy and overburdened with work. They are a target group difficult to reach especially if the purpose is to train them. However, there are several important reasons that make this group a strategic target for increasing their knowledge and interest in forestry policy. First, the country studies revealed the importance of political will in forestry policy implementation and in the performance of the sector. Second, political leaders and senior decision makers are key factors in securing the appropriate linkages between macro-economic policies and forestry policy. Third, they playa key role in securing the appropriate inclusion of forestry in national development plans and allocation of public investment. A series of regional meetings of top senior govemment decision makers and political leaders to discuss ways of coordinating and collaborating in the field of forestry policy, is a major follow up action to this project. A complementary action to be taken with this target group is a series of seminars designed to train public officers in recent developments in public administration and policy analysis more related to the sustainable management of forest resources. These seminars will also provide opportunities to discuss wi th the region's leaders specific emerging issues, such as gender analysis, people 's participation, carbon sequestration, etc. This action is an impOliant step towards bringing forestlY policy to the same level of quality achieved in other sectors, such as education, health and public building.

6.2 Public administration

The body of knowledge of forestry experts should be complemented with the methods and theories of Public Administration discipline. Its sophisticated methods and tools already in use should be put at the disposal of the forestry sector. It is not expected that by doing that a miraculous so lution will he found. However, it wi ll help considerably in providing foresh·y experts with the capacity to present the case for forestry in a more convincing way. The emerging generation of political leaders and public servants is another key target group that should be exposed to the methods and theoretical background of Public Administration discipline.

Partnerships with forestlY faculties , forestry govenunental agencies and training centres for political leaders, aimed at introducing public administration in their cUlTicula is a strategy that could have important positive effects in the forestry sector in the medium term. Fonnal courses in the universities, distance leaming programmes, national short courses, institutional strengthening workshops, exchange of staff between countries of the region and with countries from other regions, intemship in intemational and regional organizations, special programmes and projects for the advancement of public administration related to forestry and po li cy analysis and creation of think-tanks, are some of the means to achieve this goal.

83

6.3 Networks and information technolo2v development

The state of the art in information technology provides the opportunity for putting together amassive amount of data, technical material and almost free technical expertise. Commonprotocols and standardization of communications, data storage, indexing, acquisition ofcompatible equipment are a few of the specific areas through which better policy analysis andimplementation can be promoted. Networks and discussion groups on specific problems,specialized databases, monitoring of issues and problems, assessment of progress and keepingup-to-date with technical developments, are other potentialities for helping the region to pooltogether the resources now scattered because of its particular geographical determinants.

6.4 Policv research

The country reports, especially the information derived from the identification of =Tentissues presented in Chapter III, constitute in themselves an agenda for forestry research in theregion. However, given the great number of issues identified, a serious effort of strategicplanning should be made to set priorities for research. Some specific topics for policy analysisand research are listed below as examples:

land use: analysis of its assumptions and expected resultsidentification and definition of problems and policy issuesmacro-economic implications of forestry sector development prospectsdemand quantification on forestry: mid-term outlookCaribbean regional organizations: agenda for action in policy analysisdeveloping ongoing forestry policy analysis mechanismscomparative govenunent studies: improving forestry policy implementationparticipation methods in forestry policy analysis and its effectivenessprivatization in forestry: opportunities and potential impactsglobal capital markets and the forestry sector

6.5 Bilateral and multinational commercial and conservation partnership

The Caribbean region is characterized by a high level of interaction and collaborationamongst its countries. However, it appears that in forestry matters, there are manyopportunities that have not yet been fully exploited. Knowledge of sustainable forest-management, creation of protected areas and administration, use of the facilities of forestrytraining centres, sharing of experience in fostering policy implementation are only a few areasin which the collective experience and capacity are important but are not being fully used.

In commercial terms, some of the islands have particular handicraft skills and technologyknowledge regarding timber products, such as for example, boat construction, but have scarceraw material to develop such comparative advantages. At the same time, there are countriesrich in forest resources that are under-utilized because of lack of financially viableopportunities. Commercial partnership based on technology and availability of forest

83

6.3 Networks and information technologv development

The state of the art in infomlation technology provides the opportunity for putting together a massive amount of data, teclmical material and almost free technical expertise. Common protocols and standardization of conmmnications, data storage, indexing, acquisition of compatible equipment are a few of the specific areas through which better policy analysis and implementation can be promoted. Networks and discussion groups on specific problems, specialized databases, monitoring of issues and problems, assessment of progress and keeping up-to-date with technical developments, are other potentialities for helping the region to pool together the resources now scattered because of its particular geographical determinants.

6.4 Policv research

The country reports, especially the information derived from the identification of cutTent issues presented in Chapter III, constitute in themselves an agenda for forestry research in the region. However, given the great number of issues identified, a serious effort of strategic planning should be made to set priorities for research. Some specific topics for policy analysis and research are listed below as examples:

• land use: analysis of its assumptions and expected results • identification and definition of problems and policy issues • macro-economic implications of forestry sector development prospects • demand quantification on forestry : mid-teml outlook • Caribbean regional organizations : agenda for action in policy analysis • developing ongoing forestry policy analysis mechanisms • comparative govemment studi es: improving forestry policy implementation • participation methods in forestry policy analysis and its effectiveness • privatization in forestry: opportunities and potential impacts • global capital markets and the forestry sector

6.5 Bilateral and multinational commercial and conservation partnership

The Caribbean region is characterized by a high level of interaction and collaboration amongst its countries. However, it appears that in forestry matters, there are many opportunities that have not yet been fully exploited. Knowledge of sustainable forest

. management, creation of protected areas and administration, use of the facilities of forestry training centres, sharing of experience in fostering policy implementation are only a few areas in which the collective experience and capacity are important but are not being fully used.

In commercial tenTIs, some of the islands have-particular handicraft skills and technology knowledge regarding timber products, such as for example, boat construction, but have scarce raw material to develop such comparative advantages. At the same time, there are countries rich in forest resources that are under-utilized because of lack of financially viable opportunities. Commercial pmtnership based on technology and availability of forest

84

resources, developed within the principles of sustainable development, is an opportunity forprofiting from the comparative advantages of some countries for the production of highadded-value products. The analysis of regional demand for wood products and theimplications of market liberalization is another area that deserves attention.

6.6 Using the existing regional organizations

Existing regional institutions, like the Caribbean Development Bank and CARICOM, have aproven analytical capacity that could be applied to the analysis of forestry policy. However,establishing effective collaboration with those organizations requires, in turn, decision makersand forestry specialists able to formulate clear questions and expected results. Thecombination of the expertise of the regional organizations above mentioned, with the one ofthe forestry discipline, could bring about a break-throw-2,h in the identification of policyoptions for the forestry sector.

84

resources, developed within the principles of sustainable development, is an opporhmity for profiting from the comparative advantages of some counh-ies for the production of high added-value products_ The analysis of regional demand for wood products and the implications of market liberalization is another area that deserves attention_

6.6 Using the existing regional organizations

Existing regional instihltions, like the Caribbean Development Bank and CARICOM, have a proven analytical capacity that could be app lied to the analysis of forestry policy. However, estab li shing effective collaboration with those organizations requires, in turn, decision makers and forestry specialists able to formulate clear questions and expected results. The combination of the expertise of the regional organizations above mentioned, with the one of the forestry discipline, could bring about a break-through in the identification of policy options for the forestry sector.

COUNTRIES

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

Mr. McRonnie HenryChief Forestry OfficerMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries,Land and Housing

Nevis and Temple StreetsSt. John'sTel. No.: (268) 462 1213Fax. No.: (268) 462 6104

BELIZE

Mr. Oswald° SabidoPrincipal Forest OfficerBelize Forest DepartmentMinistry of Natural ResourcesMarket SquareBelmopanTel. No.: (501) 823412/822711Fax. No.: (501) 822333

CUBA

Mr. Elias LinaresDirector Nacional ForestalMinisterio de la AgriculturaAve Independencia y Conill Plaza CLa HabanaTel. No.: (537) 817875Fax. No.: (537) 335086

85

ANNEX 1- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

DOMINICA

Mr. Eliud WilliamsPermanent SecretaryMinistry of Agriculture and the Environment22 Roses LaneElmsaallTel. No.: (767) 448 2401Fax. No.: (767) 448 7999

GRENADA

Mr. Rolox FrederickChief Forestry Officer (Ag.)Forestry DepartmentMinistry of AgricultureMt. WhedaleSt. George'sTel No.:(473) 440 2934Fax. No.: (473) 440 6197E-mail: <[email protected]>

GUYANA

Mr. Godfrey MarshallSenior Assistant Commissioner of ForestsGuyana Forestry CommissionLot 1 Water StreetKingston, GeorgetownTel. No.: (592) 2 53521Fax. No.: (592) 2 68956

DOIVIINICAN REPUBLICBARBADOS

Mr. José MartinezMr. Ralph Famum Deputy Minister for Natural ResourcesSenior Agricultural Officer Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture and KM. 6 1/2 Autopista DuarteRural Development Jardines del Norte

Graeme Hall Santo DomingoChrist Church Tel. No.: (809) 547 2189Tel. No.: (246) 428 4150 Fax. No.: (809) 227 1281Fax. No.: (246) 420 8444 E-mail: <[email protected]>

85

ANNEX 1 - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

COUNTRIES

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

Mr. McRonnie Henry Chief Forestry Officer Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Land and Housing

Nevis and Temple Streets St. John's Tel. No .: (268) 462 1213 Fax. No.: (268) 462 6104

BARBADOS

Mr. Ralph Farnum Senior Agricultural Officer Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Graeme Hall Christ Church Tel. No.: (246) 428 4150 Fax. No.: (246) 4208444

BELIZE

Mr. Oswaldo Sabido Principal Forest Officer Belize Forest Department Ministry of Natural Resources Market Square Belmopan Tel. No .: (501) 823412/82271 1 Fax. No.: (501) 822333

CUBA

Mr. Elias Linares Director Nacional Forestal Ministerio de la Agricultura Ave Independencia y Conill Plaza C La Habana Tel. No.: (537) 817875 Fax. No .: (537) 335086

DOMINICA

Mr. Eliud Will iams Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment 22 Roses Lane Elmsaall Tel. No.: (767) 448 240 I Fax. No .: (767) 448 7999

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Mr. Jose Martinez Deputy Minister for Natural Resources Ministry of Agriculture KM. 6 112 Autopista Duarte Jm·dines del Norte Santo Domingo Tel. No.: (809) 547 2189 Fax. No.: (809) 227 1281 E-mai l: <di [email protected]>

GRENADA

Mr. Rolox Frederick Chief Forestry Officer (Ag.) Forestry Department Ministry of Agriculture Mt. Whedale St. George's Tel No.:(473) 440 2934 Fax. No. : (473) 4406197 E-mail : <[email protected]>

GUYANA

Mr. Godfrey Marshall Senior Assistant Commissioner of Forests Guyana Forestry Commission Lot 1 Water Street Kingston, Georgetown Tel. No.: (592) 2 53521 Fax. No.: (592) 2 68956

HAITI

Mr. Jean OgéDirecteur du Service ForestierMinistere de l'AgricultureDamien - Route Nationale #1Port-au-PrinceTel. No.: (509) 22 1867Fax. No.: (509) 22 3591

Mr. Louis ButeauCoordonnateur Projet Assistance Techniquepour la protection des Parcs et ForetsMinistere de l'EnvironnementTurgeau, Impasse Colon #9Port-au-PrinceTel. No.: (509) 45 5217Fax. No.: (509) 45 1022E-mail: <atppf(e),Comp.net>/<[email protected]>

JAMAICA

Ms. Marilyn HeadleyConservator of ForestsForestry DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture173 Constant Spring RoadKingston 8Tel. No.: (876) 924 2125Fax. No.: (876) 924 2626E-mail: <[email protected]>

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

Ms. Jacqueline Cramer-ArmonyExecutive DirectorSt. Christopher Heritage SocietyBank StreetBasseten-eTel. No.: (869) 465 5584Fax. No.: (869) 465 5584

Mr. Augustus MerchantForestry and Agriculture OfficerMinistry of Agriculture, Lands, Housingand Development

CharlestownTel. No.: (869) 469 5521/2294Fax. No.: (869) 469 1806

86

ST. LUCIA

Mr. Brian JamesChief Forestry OfficerDepartment of ForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Lands, Fisheriesand Forestry

4th Floor NIS Building, WaterfrontTel. No.: (758) 450 2078Fax. No.: (758) 450 2287

ST. VINCENT Als/D THEGRENADINES

Mr. Nigel WeekesDirector of ForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Industry and LabourMurray's RoadKingstownTel. No.: (809) 457 8594Fax. No.: (809) 457 8502

SURINAME

Mr. Iwan KrolisForestry AdvisorMinistry of Natural ResourcesMr. Dr. J.C. de Mirandastraat,11-15ParamariboTel. No.: (597) 474666/410121Fax. No.: (597) 472911

Mr. Ke-Soen Ng-A-ThamAdvisor to the Minister of Natural ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesMr. Dr. J.C. de Mirandastraat, 11-15ParamariboTel. No.: (597) 474666/410121Fax. No.: (597) 472911

Mr. Ferdinand BaalHead, Nature Conservation DivisionSuriname Forest ServiceMinistry of Natural ResourcesCornelis JongbawstraatParamariboTel. No.: (597) 479431/475845Fax. No.: (597) 422555/410256E-mail: <[email protected]>

HAITI

Mr. Jean Oge Directeur du Service Forestier Ministere de l'Agriculture Damien - Route Nationale #1 Port-au-Prince Tel. No.: (509) 22 1867 Fax. No. : (509) 22 3591

Mr. Louis Buteau Coordonnateur Projet Assistance Technique pour la protection des Parcs et Forets Ministere de l'EnvirOimement Turgeau, Impasse Colon #9 Port-au-Prince Tel. No.: (509) 455217 Fax. No.: (509) 45 1022 E-mail: <[email protected]>1

<[email protected]>

JAMAICA

Ms. Marilyn Headley Conservator of Forests Forestry Department Mi nistry of Agriculture 173 Constant Spring Road Kingston 8 Tel. No.: (876) 924 2125 Fax. No.: (876) 924 2626 E-mail: <conforest@cwjamaica .com>

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

Ms. Jacqueline Cramer-Armony Executive Director St:. Christopher Heritage Society Bank Street Ba sseterre Tel. No.: (869) 465 5584 Fax . No .: (869) 465 5584

Mr. Augustus Merchant Forestry and Agriculture Officer Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Housing and Development Charlestown Tel. No.: (869) 469 5521 /2294 Fax. No.: (869) 4691806

86

ST. LUCIA

Mr. Brian James Chief Forestry Officer Department of Forestry Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Fisheries and Forestry

4th Floor NIS Building, Waterfront Tel. No.: (758) 450 2078 Fax. No.: (758) 450 2287

ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

Mr. Nigel Weekes Director of Forestry Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Labour Murray's Road Kingstown Tel. No.: (809) 4578594 Fax. No.: (809) 4578502

SURINAME

Mr. Iwan Krolis Forestry Advisor Ministry of Natural Resources Mr. Dr. I.e. de Mirandastraat, 11-15 Paramaribo Tel. No.: (597) 474666/410121 Fax. No.: (597) 47291 1

Mr. Ke-Soen Ng-A-Tham Advisor to the Minister of Natural Resources Ministry of Natural Resources Mr. Dr. J.e. de Mirandastraat, 11 -15 Paramaribo Tel. No.: (597) 474666/410121 Fax. No.: (597) 472911

Mr. Ferdinand Baal Head, Nature Conservation Division Suriname Forest Service Ministry of Natural Resources Comeli s Jongbawstraat Paramaribo Tel. No.: (597) 479431 /475845 Fax. No.: (597) 422555/410256 E-mail: <[email protected]>

THE FRENCH TERRITORIES

GUADELOUPE

Mr. Pascall PerfettiniForestry EngineerOffice National des ForétsDirection Regionale GuadeloupeBP 648 Jardin Botanique97 100 Basse TerreTel. No.: (590) 992891Fax. No.: (590) 81487

MARTINIQUE

Mr. Maurice BoissonRegional DirecteurOffice National des ForêtsBP 57897 207 Fort-de-FranceTel. No.: (596) 607070Fax. No.: (596) 635667

ARUBA AND THE NETHERLANDSANTILLES

ARUBA

Mr. Andre Van SchaikHead of Nature ManagementDepartment of Agriculture - ArubaPiedra Plant 114-AOranjestadTel. No.: (297) 858102Fax. No.: (297) 855639E-mail: <[email protected]>

CURAÇAO

Mr. Nico VisserThe Department of Public Health andEnvironmental Hygiene

Schouwburgweg 24WillemstadTel. No.: (599) 9 4655300Fax. No.: (599) 9 4612154E-mail: <[email protected]>

87

CONSULTANTS

Mr. Christopher RussellForestry OfficerDepartment of Lands and SurveyOffice of the Prime MinisterEast Bay and Armstrong StreetsNassauBAHAMASTel. No.: (242) 322 2328/9Fax. No.: (242) 322 5830

Mr. Tim Van den BrinkEco Vision/CarmabiMargrietlaan 10CURACAONETHERLANDS ANTILLESTel. No.: (599) 9 7369533Fax. No.: (599) 9 7366175E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Kenneth King596 Munroe StreetRepublic Park, East BankGeorgetownGUYANATel. No.: (592) 2 56455Fax. No.: (592) 2 56455

Mr. Sheriff FaizoolDeputy DirectorForestry DivisionMinistry of Agriculture Land and MarineResourcesLong Circular RoadSt. JamesTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 622 5658Fax. No.: (868) 628 5503

Mr. Antony RamnarineDirectorForest Resources and Inventory ManagementForestry DivisionMinistry of Agriculture Land and MarineResourcesLong Circular RoadSt. JamesTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 622 5658Fax. No.: (868) 628 5503

THE FRENCH TERRITORIES

GUADELOUPE

Mr. Pascali Perfettini Forestry Engineer Office National des Forets Direction Regionale Guadeloupe BP 648 Jardin Botanique 97 100 Basse Ten-e Tel. No .: (590) 992891 Fax. No. (590) 8 1487

MARTINIQUE

Mr. Maurice Boisson Regional Directeur Office National des Forets BP 578 97207 Fort-de-France Tel. No.: (596) 607070 Fax. No .: (596) 635667

ARUBA AND THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

ARUBA

Mr. Andre Van Schaik Head of Nanll·e Management Department of Agriculture - Aruba Piedra Plant I 14-A Oranjestad Tel. No.: (297) 858 102 Fax. No.: (297) 855639 E-mail: <[email protected]>

CURA<;:AO

Mr. Nico Visser The Department of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene

Schouwburgweg 24 Willemstad Tel. No.: (599) 9 4655300 Fax. No.: (599) 9 4612154 E-mail: <mil vomi [email protected]>

87

CONSULTANTS

Mr. Christopher Russell Forestry Officer Department of Lands and Survey Office of the Prime Minister East Bay and Armstrong Streets Nassau BAHAMAS Tel. No. : (242) 322 2328/9 Fax. No.: (242) 322 5830

Mr. Tim Van den Brink Eeo VisioniCan-nabi Margrietlaan 10 CURACAO NETHERLANDS ANTILLES Tel. No.: (599) 9 7369533 Fax. No.: (599) 9 7366175 E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Kenneth King 596 Munroe Street Republic Park, East Bank Georgetown GUYANA Tel. No.: (592) 2 56455 Fax. No.: (592) 2 56455

Mr. Sheriff Faizool Deputy Director Forestry Division Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources Long Circular Road St. James TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No.: (868) 622 5658 Fax. No.: (868) 628 5503

Mr. Antony Ramnarine Director Forest Resources and Inventory Management Forestry Division Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources Long Circular Road St. James TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No.: (868) 622 5658 Fax. No.: (868) 628 5503

Mr. Rory Fraser487 Ohio AvenueMort:antownWest Virginia, 26505UNITED STATES OF AMERICATel. No.: (304) 291 2670Fax. No.: (304) 293 2441E-mail: <fraser(g,)wvnvm.wvnet.edu>

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,ACADEMIC CENTRES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITYSECRETARIAT

Mr. John BrowmanAgricultural AdviserAgricultural Development UnitBank of Guyana BuildingChurch Street and 1 Avenue of the RepublicGeorgetownGUYANATel. No.: (592) 2 69281-9Fax. No.: (592) 2 67816E-mail: <[email protected]><con t2karicom.ortz>

CARIBBEAN CONSERVATIONASSOCIATION

Ms. Glenda MedinaExecutive DirectorSavannah LodgeThe Gan-isonSt. Michael'sBARBADOSTel. No.: (246) 426 5373Fax. No.: (246) 429 8483E-mail: <cca2caribsurticom>

88

CARIBBEAN FOREST CONSERVATIONASSOCIATION

Mr. Louis GuyPresident77B Saddle RoadMaravalTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 622 2322E-mail: <[email protected]>

CARIBBEAN NATURAL RESOURCESINSTITUTE

Ms. Tighe GeogheganAssociate Director1113 Strand StreetClu-istiansted, St. CroixU.S. VIRGIN ISLANDSTel. No.: (340) 773 9854Fax. No.: (340) 773 5770E-mail: <[email protected]>

EASTERN CARIBBEAN INSTITUTEOF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Mr. Carlton SamburyAssistant DirectorCaroni North Bank RoadCentenoTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 646 2566/2650Fax. No.: (868) 646 2650

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENTBANK

Mr. Kan i KeipiSenior Forester1300 New York AvenueN.W. Washington D:C., 20577UNITED STATES OF AMERICATel. No.: (202) 623 1939Fax. No.:(202) 623 1786E-mail:<[email protected]>

Mr. Rory Fraser 487 Ohio Avenue Morgantown West Virginia, 26505 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel. No.: (304) 2912670 Fax. No.: (304) 293 2441 E-mail: < fra [email protected]>

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, ACADEMIC CENTRES AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

CAJUBBEAN SECRETARIAT

Mr. John Browman Agricultural Advi ser Ab~·icultural Development Unit Bank of Guyana Building

COMMUNITY

Church Street and I Avenue of the Republic Georgetown GUYANA TeL No.: (592) 2 69281-9 Fax. No.: (592) 2 67816 E-mail: <confl @caricom.org> <con f2 @caricom.org>

CARIBBEAN ASSOCIATION

Ms. Glenda Medina Executive Director Savannah Lodge The Garrison SI. Michael's BARBADOS Tel. No.: (246) 426 5373

CONSERVA nON

Fax. No.: (246) 429 8483 E-mail: <cca2caribsurfcom>

88

CARIBBEAN FOREST CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION

Mr. Louis Guy President 77B Saddle Road Maraval TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No. (868) 622 2322 E-mail: <[email protected]>

CAJUBBEAN NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE

Ms. Tighe Geoghegan Associate Director 1113 Strand Street Christiansted, St. Croix U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS Tel. No.: (340) 773 9854 Fax. No.: (340) 773 5770 E-mail: <[email protected]>

EASTERI~ CARIBBEAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Mr. Carlton Sambury Assistant Director Caroni North Bank Road Centeno TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No.: (868) 646 2566/2650 Fax. No.: (868) 646 2650

rNTER-AMERICAN BANK

Mr. Kari Keipi Senior Forester 1300 New York Avenue

DEVELOPMENT

N.W. Washington D:C., 20577 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel. No.: (202) 623 1939 Fax. No.:(202) 623 1786 E-mail:<[email protected]>

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FORENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Mi-. Stephen BassDirector, Forestry and LandUse Programme

3 Endsleigh StreetLondonWC 1H ODDUNITED KINGDOMTel. No.: (44) 171 388 2117Fax. No.: (44) 171 388 2826E-mail: <[email protected]>

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OFTROPICAL FORESTRY

Mr. William EdwardsAssistant Director forInternational Cooperation

USDA Forest ServiceUPR Experimental Station GroundsTocaguas RoadRio PiedrasPUERTO RICO, 00928-5000Tel. No. (787) 766 5335Fax. No.: (787) 766 6302E-mail: <[email protected]>

UNITED NATIONSDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Dr. Carol JamesSenior Sustainable Development Adviser19 Keate StreetPort-of-SpainTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 623 7056Fax. No.: (868) 623 1658E-mail: <[email protected]>

89

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

Mr. Ulric TrotzProject ManagerCaribbean Planning for the Adaptation toGlobal Climate Change

Centre for Environment and DevelopmentCERMES BuildingCave HillBARBADOSTel. No.: (246) 417 4581Fax. No.: (246) 424 4204E-mail: <[email protected]>

WORLD BANK

Mr. Thomas WhiteForest Economist1818 H. StreetN.W. Washington D.C., 20433UNITED STATES OF AMERICATel. No.: (202) 473 3095Fax. No.: (202) 522 3540E-mail: <[email protected]>

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Ms. Marjukka MiihönenEuropean CommissionG1207/32DGVIII/A/1Rue de la Loi 200B-1049BrusselsBELGIUMTel. No.: (32) 2 2956911Fax. No.: (32) 2 2966472E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Marcel Van OpstalCharge d'Affaires a.i.European UnionOffice of the European Commission in BelizeBlake Building, Third FloorComer Hutson and Eyre StreetsBelize CityBELIZETel. No.: (501) 2 32070Fax. No.: (501) 2 72785

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Mr. Stephen Bass Director, Forestry and Land Use Programme

3 Endsleigh Street London WC IHODD UNITED KINGDOM Tel. No.: (44) 171 3882 117 Fax. No. : (44) 171 3882826 E-mail: <[email protected]>

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL FORESTRY

Mr. William Edwards Assistant Director for International Cooperation USDA Forest Service UPR Experimental Station Grounds Tocaguas Road Rio Piedras PUERTO RICO, 00928-5000 Tel. No. (787) 766 5335 Fax. No.: (787) 766 6302 E-mail: <[email protected]>

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Dr. Carol James Senior Sustainable Development Adviser 19 Keate Street Port-of-Spain TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No.: (868) 623 7056 Fax. No.: (868) 623 1658 E-mail: <[email protected]>

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UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

Mr. Ulric Trotz Project Manager Caribbean Planning for the Adaptation to Global Climate Change

Centre for Environment and Development CERMES Building Cave Hill BARBADOS Tel. No.: (246) 417 4581 Fax. No.: (246) 424 4204 E-mai l: <[email protected]>

WORLD BANK

Mr. Thomas White Forest Economist 1818 H. Street N.W. Washington D.C., 20433 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Tel. No.: (202) 473 3095 Fax. No.: (202) 522 3540 E-mail: <[email protected]>

EUROPEAN COMlVlISSION

Ms. Marjukka Mahonen European Commission GI207/32 DGVIIlIAII Rue de la Loi 200 B-1049 Brussels BELGIUM Tel. No.: (32) 2 2956911 Fax. No.: (3 2) 2 2966472 E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Marcel Van Opstal Charge d'Affaires a.i. European Union Office of the European Commission in Belize Blake Building, Third Floor Corner Hutson and Eyre Streets Belize City BELIZE Tel. No.: (501) 2 32070 Fax. No.: (501) 2 72785

Mr. Rainer SchierhorstRural Development AdviserEuropean UnionDelegation of the European Commissionin Jamaica

8 Olivier RoadKingston 8JAMAICATel. No.: (876) 924 6333-7Fax. No.: (876) 924 6339E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Marc JansenEconomic AdviserEuropean CommissionDelegation of the European Commissionin Suriname

Dr. S Redmonstraat, 239ParamariboSURINAMETel. No.: (597) 433502Fax. No.: (597) 493076E-mail.: <delsur(q,)sr.net>

Mr. Edwin DixonFirst Counsellor (Rural Development)European UnionDelegation of the European Commissionin Trinidad and Tobago

2nd Floor - The Mutual Centre16 Queen's Park WestPort-of-SpainTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTel. No.: (868) 622 6628/6355Fax. No.: (868) 622 6355

FOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION OF THEUNITED NATIONS

Mr. Manuel Paveri-AnzianiChief, Forestry Policy and Institutions BranchForestry Policy and Planning DivisionForestry DepartmentViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomeITALYTel. No.: (39) 06 570 54140Fax. No.: (39) 06 570 55514E-mail: <[email protected]>

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Mr. Merilio MorellForestry Officer (Institutions)Forestry Policy and Institution BranchForestry Policy and Planning DivisionForestry DepartmentViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomeITALYTel. No.: (39) 06 570 54140Fax. No.: (39) 06 570 55514E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Claus-Martin EckelmannForestry OfficerSubregional Office for the Caribbean6th Floor, Tom Adams Financial CentreBridgetownBARBADOSTel. No.: (246) 426 7110-1Fax. No. (246) 427 6075E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Rainer Schierhorst Rural Development Adviser European Union Delegation of the European Commission in Jamaica

8 Olivier Road Kingston 8 JAMAICA Tel. No.: (876) 924 6333-7 Fax. No.: (876) 924 6339 E-mail: <[email protected]>

Mr. Marc Jansen Economic Adviser European Commission Delegation of the European Commission in Suriname

Dr. S Redmonstraat, 239 Paramaribo SURINAME Tel. No.: (597) 433502 Fax. No.: (597) 493076 E-mail.: <[email protected]>

Mr. Edwin Dixon First Counsell or (Rural Development) Eu ropea n Union Delegation of the European Commission in Trinidad and Tobago

2nd Floor - The Mutual Cenh·e i 6 Queen's Park West Port-of-Spa in TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Tel. No.: (868) 622 6628/6355 Fax. No.: (868) 622 6355

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Mr. Manuel Paveri-Anzian i Chief, Forestry Policy and Institutions Branch Forestry Policy and Planning Division Forestry Department Vlale delle Terme di Caracalla 00 I 00 Rome ITALY Tel. No.: (39) 06 570 54140 Fax. No .: (39) 06 570 55514 E-mail: <[email protected]>

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Me. Merilio Morell Forestry Officer (Institutions) Forestry Policy and Institution Branch Forestry Policy and Planning Division Forestry Department Viale delle Temle di Caracalla 00100 Rome ITALY Tel. No. : (39) 06 570 54140 Fax. No.: (39) 06 570 55514 E-mail : <Merilio.MorelI@fao .org>

Me. Claus-Martin Eckelmann Forestry Officer Subregional Office for the Caribbean 6th Floor, Tom Adams Financial Centre Bridgetown BARBADOS Tel. No.: (246) 426 7110- I Fax. No. (246) 4276075 E-mail: <[email protected]>

DAY l (Monday 25 May)

Arrival of participants

14.00 - 18.00 Registration and arrangements for the panels responsible for the technicalpresentations

10.00 -2130 Reception

Day 2 (Tuesday 26 May)

09.00 09.45 Opening Ceremony

09.45 )0 Coffee Break

10.00 10.45 Review of the Expert Consultation's working arrangements: objectives,expected results, procedures, formation of working groups, identification ofrapporteurs and setting the agenda (securing participation and introduction ofrelevant aspects and subjects.). Proposals for and amendments to the formatof the Consultation by participants

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ANNEX 2- AGENDA

10.4 - 11.45 First technical session: Presentation of the analysis and synthesis of the studyof forestry policies in the Caribbean, methodology of analysis, assumptions,constraints and main findingsPresenters

Mr. Manuel Payen, Chief, FONP, FAOMr. Merilio Morell, Forestry Officer (Institutions), Forestry Policy andInstitutions Branch (FONP), FAO

11.45 - 13.00 Plenary discussion and recommendations on the analysis and synthesis

13.00 - 14.30 Lunch Break

14.30 15.00 Second technical session: Panel on key forestry policy issues in the Caribbeanlo be formed by one of the consultants who worked on the preparation of the

country reports, one specialist on planning and policy, one representative of anational forest service and one representative of the private sector

15.00 - 16.00 Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on key forestrypolicy issues

14.00 - 18.00

19.00 - 21.30

09.00 - 09.45

09.45 - 10.00

10.00 - 10.45

, 10.45 . 11.45

11.45 - 13.00

13.00· 14.30

14.30·· 15.00

15.00· 16.00

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ANNEX 2 - AGENDA

DAY 1 (Monday 25 May)

AlTival of participants

Registration and arrangements for the panels responsible for the technical presentations

Reception

Day 2 (Tuesday 26 May)

Opening Ceremony

Coffee Break

Review of the Expert Consultation's working arrangements: objectives, expected results, procedures, fonnation of working groups, identification of rapporteurs alld setting the agenda (securing participation and introduction of relevant aspects and sUbjects.). Proposals for and amendments to the f011l1at of the Consultation by patticipants

First teclmical session: Presentation of the analysis and synthesis of the study of forestry policies in the Caribbean, methodology of analysis, assumptions, constraints and main findings Presenters - Mr. Manuel Paveri, Chief, FONP, FAO - Mr. Merilio Morell, Forestry Officer (Institutions), Forestry Policy and

Institutions Branch (FONP), FAO

Plenary discussion and recommendations on the atlalysis and synthesis

Lunch Break

Second teclmical session: Panel on key forestry policy issues in the Caribbean - to be fonned by one of the consultants who worked on the preparation of the cOlUltry repOlts, one specialist on planning and policy, one representative of a national forest service and one representative of the private sector

Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on key forestry policy issues

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16.00 - 16.15 Coffee Break

16.15 - 17.00 Planning for the working groups on the first and second technical sessions;I. Development and preparation of agendas of work

DAY 3 (Wednesday 27 May)

08.30 - 09.30 Third technical session: Panel on countries' responses to key policy issues,medium term scenarios - to be formed by .one representative from agovernment central planning level, one from a national forestry sector, onerepresentative from a regional development organization and one from aninternational organization

09.30 - 10.30 Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on countries'responses to key policy issues

10.30- 10.45 Coffee Break

10.45 - 11.45 Fourth technical session: Panel on options for forestry policies and directionsfor national and international actions in support of the development ofappropriate policies for sustainable development, forestry policy research inthe Caribbean; and creating conditions for monitoring and future studies - tobe fonned by four experts from forestry agencies, governmental economicand planning sectors, international funding agencies and FAO

11.45 - 12.30 Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on actions andrecommendations

12.30- 14.00 Lunch Break

14.00 - 16.00 Working group sessions and preparation of reports

16.00- 16.15 Coffee Break

16.15 - 17.30 Continuation of working group sessions and preparation of reports

DAY 4 (Thursday 28 May)

08.30- 10.3 Continuation of working group sessions and preparation of reports

10.30 - 10.45 Coffee Break

10.45 - 12.30 Continuation of working group sessions and preparation of reports

12.30 - 14.00 Lunch Break

16.00 - 16.15

16.15 -17.00

08.30 - 09.30

09.30 - 10.30

10.30 - 10.45

10.45 - 11.45

11.45 - 12.30

J 2.30 - 14.00

14.00 - 16.00

16.00 - 16.15

16.15 -17.30

08.30 - 10.3

J 0.30 - 10.45

10.45 - 12.30

12.30 - 14.00

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Coffee Break

Planning for the working groups on the first and second technical sessions; Development and preparation of agendas of work

DAY 3 (Wednesday 27 May)

Third technical session: Panel on countries' responses to key policy issues, medillln tenn scenarios - to be fOtmed by 'one representative from a government central planning level, one from a national forestry sector, one representative from a regional development organization and one from an international organization

Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on countries' responses to key policy issues

Coffee Break

FOlllih teclmical session: Panel on options for forestry policies and directions for national and international actions in support of the development of appropriate policies for sustainable development, forestry policy research in the Caribbean; and creating conditions for monitoring and future studies - to be formed by four expelis from forestry agencies, governmental economic and planning sectors, international funding agencies and F AO

Plenary discussion and agenda setting for the working group on actions and recommendations

Lunch Break

Working group sessions and preparation of reports

Coffee Break

Continuation of working group sessions and preparation of reports

DAY 4 (Thursday 28 May)

Continuation of working group sessions and preparation of reports

Coffee Break

Continuation of working group sessions and preparation ofrepolis

Lunch Break

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ANNEX 3- PROFILE OF PANELLISTS IN TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MR. ANDRE VAN SCHAIK

Mr. Van Schaik works at the Department of Agriculture, Animal husbandry and Fisheries,Aruba. From 1994 to 1997, he coordinated a research project on land-use planning and natureconservation at this Department. Since 1997, Andre has been Head of the new NatureManagement Division of the Agricultura! Department, concerned with national parkinitiatives, conservation issues and research. He also participated in veaetation surveys andnative flora research on Aruba.

DR. KENNETH KING

Dr. King holds a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of London; a Bachelor degreewith first-class honours in forestry from the University of Wales; and a Doctorate ofPhilosophy in land-use planning and land economics from the University of Oxford. He hasbeen awarded the Doctorate of Science from the University of Wales for his work on theeconomics of rural development.

He has been Assistant Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO) and Head of its Forestry Department.

He has been the first Director-General of the International Centre for Research in Agro-forestry.

Dr. King has been Minister of Economic Development and Minister for Privatization in hishome country, Guyana.

MR. KE-SOEN ALFRED NG-A-THAM

Mr. Ng-A-Tham graduated from the University of Delft (Holland) with a Civil Engineeringdegree in 1966. From 1977 to 1975, he was Head of hydropower Bureau in Suriname. He wasPermanent Secretary of the Ministry of Natural Resources from 1983 to 1986. Since 1987, hehas been Advisor to the Minister of Natural Resources in Suriname; lie has acted as Chairmanof the Negotiation Commission for large-scale concessions in forestry and is Co-CounterpartCoordinator of the FAO Technical Cooperation Project, GCP/SUR/001/NET "ForestryAdvisory Assistance to the Ministry of Natural Resources in Suriname".

DR. KARI KEIPI

Dr. Keipi is the Senior Forester of the Inter-American Development Bank; he has beenworking with forestry issues in Latin America and Caribbean for the past 18 years. His areasof responsibility include forestry, biodiversity and related climatic issues at the Bank inWashington D.C.

He has a PhD degree from Oregon State University, USA and from PhD degree in Agricultureand Forestry from Helsinki University in his native country, Finland

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ANNEX 3 - PROFILE OF PANELLISTS IN TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MR. ANDRE V AN SCHAlK.

M.r. Van Schaik works at the Department of Agriculture, Animal husbandry and Fisheries, Aruba. From 1994 to 1997, he coordinated a research project on land-use planning and nature conservation at this Department. Since 1997, Andre has been Head of the new Nature Management Division of the Agricultural Depruiment, concerned with national park initiatives, conservation issues and research. He also participated in vegetation surveys and native flora research on Aruba.

DR. KENNETH KING

Dr. King holds a Bachelor of Laws degree from the Uni versity of London; a Bachelor degree with first-class honours in forestry from the University of Wales; and a Doctorate of Philosophy in land-use planning and land economics from the University of Oxford. He has been awarded the Doctorate of Science from the University of Wales for his work Oil the economics of rural development.

He has been Assistant Director-General of the Food ruld Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Head of its Forestry Department.

He has been the first Director-General of the International Centre for Research IJ1 Agroforestry.

Dr. King has been Minister of Economic Development and Minister for Privatization in hi s home country, Guyana.

MR. KE-SOEN ALFRED NG-A-THAM

Mr. Ng-A-Tham graduated from the University of Delft (Holland) with a Civil Engineering degree in 1966. From 1977 to 1975, he was Head of hydropower Bureau in Suriname. He was Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Natural Resources from 1983 to 1986. Since 1987, he has been Advisor to the Minister of Natural Resources in Suriname; he has acted as Chaill11an of the Negotiation Commission for large-scale concessions in forestry and is Co-Counterprui Coordinator of the F AO Technical Cooperation Project, GCP/SUR/OOlINET "ForestlY Advisory Assistance to the MinistlY of Natural Resources in Suriname".

DR. KARl KElPI

Dr. Keipi is the Senior Forester of the Inter-American Development Bank; he has been working with forestry issues in Latin America and Caribberul for the past 18 years. His areas of responsibility include forestry, biodiversity and related climatic issues at the Bank in Washington D.C.

He has a PhD degree from Oregon State University, USA and from PhD degree in Agriculture and Forestry fi·om Helsinki University in his native country, Finland

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MRS. JACQUELINE CRAMER-ARMONY

Mrs. Armony is Executive Director of the St. Clu-istopher Heritage Society, a Non-Govemmental Organization of St. Kitts. She has held this position since 1995. Ms. Armonyhas been associated with the Society since its inception in 1989 and served as its firstPresident for three years.

Bom in Trinidad and Tobago, she received her fonuative education in Trinidad and Tobago,St. Kitts and Barbados. She obtained her BA degree, majoring in French, from McGillT Jniversity, in 1971, following which she returned to St. Kitts and entered the teachingprofession. She taught at the secondary school for 24 years before taking up her currentposit ion.

Together with her husband, she operates a small sheep farm and honey business.

DR. RORY FRASER

Dr. Fraser, a national of Guyana, presently lectures on Forest Policy, Economics and GlobalForestry at the West Virginia University, USA. He has worked in Jamaica and the USA.

His formal training was received (B.Sc. Forestry) at the University of New Brunswick,Canada and (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) at the Pennsylvania State University in the USA.

MS. MARILYN HEADLEY

Ms. Headley is Conservator of Forests in the Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture,Jamaica, a position she has held since November 1996.

A past student of the St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago) Campus of the University of theWest Indies, she graduated with a BSc (Hons.) degree in Agriculture. She obtained aCerti ficate in Forestry Research and Silvicultural Practises from the University of Oxford,England.

Her experience in forestry spans 22 years. She has 1,vorked with the Jamaica PromotionsCorporation of the USA. She has also worked as a Consultant on Forestry and AgricultureManagement

MS. GLENDA MEDINA

Ms. Medina is the Executive Director of the Caribbean Conservation Association, a regionalmembership Non-Govemmental Organization (NGO), which has been devoted, since 1967 tothe conservation of the natural, historical and cultural heritage in the wider Caribbean.

A zoologist by profession, Ms. Medina graduated with a degree in Ornithology.

94

MRS. JACQUELINE CRAMER-ARMONY

Mrs. Armony is Executive Director of the St. Christopher Heritage Society, a NonGovemmental Organization of St. Kitts. She has held this position since 1995. Ms. Aml0ny has been associated with the Society since its inception in 1989 and served as its first President for three years .

Bom in Trinidad and Tobago, she received her fonnative education in Trinidad and Tobago, St. Kitts and Barbados. She obtained her BA degree, majoring in French, from McGi II University, in 1971, following which she returned to St. Kitts and entered the teaching profession. She taught at the secondary school for 24 years before taking up her cun-ent position.

Together with her husband, she operates a small sheep farm and honey business.

DR. RORY FRASER

Dr. Fraser, a national of Guyana, presently lechlres on Forest Policy, Economics and Global Forestry at the West Virginia University, USA. He has worked in Jamaica and the USA.

His [ormal training was received (B .Sc. Forestry) at the University of New Brunswick, Canada and (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) at the Pennsylvania State University in the USA.

MS. MARlLYNHEADLEY

Ms. Headley is Conservator of Forests in the Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculhlre, Jamaica, a position she has held since November 1996.

A past shldent of the St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago) Campus of the University of the West Indies, she graduated with a BSc (Hons.) degree in Agriculture. She obtained a Certificate in Forestry Research and Silviculhlral Practises fi'om the University of Oxford, England .

Her experience in forestry spans 22 years. She has worked with the Janlaica Promotions Corporation of the USA. She has also worked as a Consultant on Forestry and Agriculture Management

MS. GLENDA MEDINA

Ms. Medina is the Executive Director of the Caribbean Conservation Association, a regional membership Non-Govenunental Organization (NGO), which has been devoted, since 1967 to the conservation of the natural , historical and cultural heritage in the wider Caribbean.

A zoologist by profession, Ms. Medina graduated with a degree in Ornithology.

95

Her career spans work in management of protected areas, recovery programmes ofendangered species, community and civil participation, wildlife inventories and NGOdevelopment.

MR. SHERIFF FAIZOOL

Mr. Faizool is currently the Acting Director of Forestry in the Ministry of Agriculture Landand Marine Resources. He has over 31 years experience in forestry. He has been mainlystationed at the Forestry Division of the Ministry.

He is National Coordinator for the Tropical Forestry Action Programme for Trinidad andTobago. He has conducted various FAO consultancies in the regional Belize, Grenada, andTrinidad and Tobago. He has a BSc degree in Forestry from the University of NewBrunswick, Canada and an MSc degree in Parks and Recreation from Michigan StateUniversity, USA.

DR. CAROL JAMES

Dr. James graduated fi-om the University of the West Indies with a BSc First Class HonoursDegree in Natural Sciences and a PhD degree in Zoology. She established and headed for 10years the Wildlife Section, Forestry Division of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Shethen joined UNDP, spent two years in Barbados before assuming her present responsibilitiesin the Port of Spain Office. She now has responsibility for providing technical advice andassistance on implementing activities related to the environment and development in 24Caribbean countries.

MR. TIM VAN DEN BRINK

'VII-. Van den Brink has been working as a Consultant for Eco Vision in Curaçao since 1993.He also works as a Consultant for the Antillean and Island Governments (federal and islandlevel) on poliey preparation in the field of nature management. He is an active member of anumber of Antillean Non-Governmental Organizations (environment).

He is a biologist by profession, having graduated from the University of Groninjen. He has adegree in Environmental/Administrative Law.

MR. JOSE MARTINEZ

Mr. Martinez is a national of the Dominican Republic. He obtained a BSc in Agriculture,majoring in Soil Science (1986) and in Forestry (1988). He began his professional career inthe Ministry of Ag,riculture and was responsible for natural resources inventory andevaluation, from 1987 to 1992. He was Executive Director of PRONATURA, the NationalEnvironmental Fund, from 1992 to 1996. He was appointed Deputy Minister for NaturalResources, Ministry of Agriculture in 1996; he currently holds that position.

95

Her career spans work in management of protected areas, recovery programmes of endangered species, community and civil participation, wildlife inventories and NGO development.

MR. SHERIFF FAIZOOL

Mr. Faizool is currently the Acting Director of Forestry in the Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources. He has over 31 years experience in forestry. He has been mainly stationed at the Forestry Division of the Min istry.

He is National Coordinator for the Tropical Forestry Action Programme for Trinidad and Tobago. He has conducted various FAO consultancies in the regional- Belize, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago. He has a BSc degree in Forestry from the University of New Brunswick, Canada and an MSc degree in Parks and Recreation from Michigan State University, USA.

DR. CAROL JAMES

Dr. .lames graduated from the University of the West Indies with a BSc First Class Honours Degree in Natural Sciences and a PhD degree in Zoology. She established and headed for 10 years the Wild li fe Section, Forestry Division of the GovenU11ent of Trinidad and Tobago. She then jo ined UNDP, spent tvvo years in Barbados before assuming her present responsibilities in the Port of Spain Office. She now has responsibility for providing technica l advice and assistance on implementing activities related to the environment and development in 24 Caribbean countries.

MR. TIM V AN DEN BRINK

Mr. Van den Brink has been working as a Consultant for Eco Vision in Curayao since 1993. He also works as a Consultant for the Antillean and Island GovelIDllents (federal and island level) on policY preparation in the field of nature management. He is an active member of a number of Antillean Non-Govel11mental Organizations (environment) .

He is a biologist by profession, having graduated from the University of Groninjen. He has a degree in Environmental! Administrative Law.

MR. JOSE MARTINEZ

Mr. Martinez is a national of the Dominican Republic. He obtained a BSc in Agriculture, majoring in Soil Science (1986) and in Foreshy (1 988). He began his professional career in the Ministry of Agriculture and was responsible for natural resources inventory and eva luation, fi·om 1987 to 1992. He was Executive Director of PRONATURA, the National Environmenta l Fund, from 1992 to 1996. He was appointed Deputy Minister for Natural Resources, Minish·y of Agricu lture in 1996; he currently holds that position.

96

MR. GODFREY MARSHALL

Mr. Marshall joined the Guyana Forestry Conimission (GFC), Guyana, in December 1972.He currently holds the position of Senior Assistant Commissioner of Forests. During the pastthree years, he has been Head of the Forest Resources Management Division of the GFC. Heis a graduate of the Eastern Caribbean institute of Agriculture and Forestry (Trinidad andTobago) and of the Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lauras (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

DR. ULRIC TROTZ

Dr. Trotz is cuiTently the Project Manager of the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation toClimate Change (CPACC) project at the UWICED (University of the West Indies Centre forEnvironment and Development), Cave Hill Campus, UWI, a position he has held sinceDecember 1997. Before joining UWICED, DR. Trotz held various positions, namely:

1 99 1 - 1997 Director, Science and Technology Division, Commonwealth Secretariat,London

1981 - 1991 Director, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus,Guyana

1975 - 1981 Head, Department of Chemistry, University of Guyana1976- 1981 Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana1984 - 1991 Adviser to the Government of Guyana, on Science and Technology

Dr. Trotz' research interests, include: natural products chemistry, ethnobotany, biodiversity,science and tecluaology, policy, technology transfer.

He has a BSc (Hons.) degree in Chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD(Organic Chemistry) from the University of Toronto.

MR. OSWALDO SABIDO

Mr. Sabido is Deputy to the Chief Forest Officer, Belize Forest Department, Ministry ofNatural Resources of Belize. His forestry experience spans 22 years. His work focus is inforest management. Mr. Sabido received his forestry education in Mexico, Trinidad andTobago, the United Kingdom and the USA.

DR. CLAUS-MARTIN ECKELMANN

Dr. Eckelmann is the Forestry Officer of the Subregion& Office for the Caribbean, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in Barbados. His responsibilitiescover forestry issues for the insular Caribbean, as well as Belize, Guyana and Suriname.

Dr. Eckehnarm is not new to the region; he was FAO Forestry Officer at its Representation inTrinidad and Tobago, from 1993 to 1996. During his tenure, he provided technical assistanceto the Caribbean Technical Cooperation Network on Forestry and Related EnvironmentalMatters; he will continue as Coordinator of the Network under his new assignment. Hestudied forestry in Germany and in Mexico. He has a PhD in Forestry.

96

MR. GODFREY MARSHALL

Mr. Marshall joined the Guyana Forestry Commission (GFC), Guyana, in December 1972. He cunently holds the position of Senior Assistant Commissioner of Forests. During the past three years, he has been Head of the Forest Resources Management Division of the GFC. He is a graduate of the Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (Trinidad and Tobago) and ofthe Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lauras (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

DR. ULRIC TROTZ

Dr. Trotz is currently the Project Manager of the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Ch~U1ge (CPACC) project at the UWlCED (University of the West Indies Centre for Envi ronment and Development), Cave Hill Campus, UWl, a position he has held sll1ce December 1997. Before joining UWICED, DR. Trotz held various positions, namely:

1991 - 1997 Director, Science and Teclmology Division, Commonwealth Secretariat, London

1981 - 1991 Director, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Guyana

1975 - 1981 Head, Department of Chemistry, University of Guyana 1976 - 1981 Dean, Faculty ofNahll'al Sciences, University of Guyana 1984 - 1991 Adviser to the Govenunent of Guyana, on Science and Technology

Dr. Trotz' research interests, include: natural products chemistlY, ethnobotany, biodiversity, science and technology, policy, technology transfer.

He has a BSc (Hons.) degree in Chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD (Organic Chemistry) fi-om the University of Toronto.

MR. OSW ALDO SABIDO

Mr. Sabido is Deputy to the Chief Forest Officer, Belize Forest Depatiment, Ministry of Natural Resources of Belize. His forestry experience spans 22 years . His work focus is in forest management. Mr. Sabido received his forestry education in Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, the United IGngdom and the USA.

DR. CLAUS-MARTINEO~ELMANN

Dr. Eckelmann is the Forestry Officer of the Subregional Office for the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in Barbados. His responsibilities cover fo restry issues for the insular Caribbean, as well as Belize, Guyana atld Suriname.

Dr. Eckelmann is not new to the region; he was FAO Forestry Officer at its Representation in Trinidad and Tobago, Ii-om 1993 to 1996. During his tenure, he provided technical assistance to the Caribbean Teclulical Cooperation Network on Forestry and Related EnviroJUllental Matters; he will continue as Coordinator of the Network under his new assigJUllent. He studied forestry in GermatlY and in Mexico. He has a PhD in Forestry.

97

ANNEX 4- REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN THECONSULTATION

Within the region there are a number of existing organizations that contribute to the forestrysector. These include the following:

FAOCaribbean Community SecretariatCaribbean Conservation AssociationCaribbean Forest Conservation AssociationCaribbean Natural Resources InstituteEastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of the West Indies

There are a number of international agencies and groups that are active in the region orbilaterally. They include the following:

The World BankUnited Nations Development ProgrammeEnternational Institute for Environment and DevelopmentEnter-American Development BankInternational Institute of Tropical Forestry

97

ANNEX 4 - REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE CONSULTATION

Within the region there are a number of existing organizations that contribute to the forestry sector. These include the following:

• FAO • Caribbean Community Secretariat • Caribbean Conservation Association • Caribbean Forest Conservation Association • Caribbean Natural Resomces Institute • Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry • University of the West Indies

There are a number of intemational agencies and groups that are active III the region or bi laterally. They include the following:

• The World Bank • United Nations Development Programme • International Institute for Environment and Development • Inter-American Development Bank • Intemational Lnstitute of Tropical Forestry

99

ANNEX 5 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS

Consultants responsible for the preparation of the country reports

Country Consultant

Anguilla S. Faizool

Antigua and Barbuda R. Fraser

Bahamas C. Russell

Barbados R. Famum

Belize E.D. Green

British Virgin Islands S. Faizool

Cayman Islands S. Faizool

Cuba E.G. Linares

Dominica R. Fraser

Dominican Republ ic C. Casanova

Grenada Y. Renard

Guadeloupe Y. Renard

Guyana K. King

Haiti University of Louvain

Jamaica K. Hall

Martinique Y. Renard

Netherlands Antilles and Curacao T. Van den Brink

St. Kitts and Nevis R. Fraser

St. Lucia Y. Renard

St. Vincent and the Grenadines K. King

Suriname Gesellschaft fuer Orzanisation, Planung un Ausbildung

(GOPA-Consultants)

Trinidad and Tobago A. Ramnarine

Turks and Caicos S. Faizool

99

ANNEX 5 - NA TIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS

Consnltants responsible for the preparation of the conn try reports

Conntrv

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda

Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

British Virgin Islands

Cayman Islands

Cuba

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guyana

Haiti

Janlaica

Martinique

Netherlands Antilles and Curacao

St. K itts and Nevis

St. Lucia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Suriname

Trinidad and Tobago

Turks and Caicos

Consultant

S. Faizool

R. Fraser

C. Russell

R. Farnum

E.D. Green

S. Faizool

S. Faizool

E.G. Linares

R. Fraser

C. Casanova

y. Renard

Y. Renard

K. King

University of Lou vain

K. Hall

y. Renard

T. Van den Brink

R. Fraser

y. Renard

K. King

Gesellschaft fuer Organisation, Planung un Ausbildung

(GOPA-ConsuJtants)

A. Ramnarine

S. Faizool

101

ANNEX 6- INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS SUBSCRIBED TO BYCOUNTRIES OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION

1940 Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the WesternHemisphere (Western Hemisphere)The Convention seeks to preserve all species and genera of native American fauna and florafrom extinction, and to preserve areas of extraordinary beauty, striking geological formationsof aesthetic, historic or scientific value.

1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as WaterfowlHabitat (Ramsar)The Convention aims to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands,recognizing their fundamental ecological functions and their economic, cultural, scientific andrecreational value. Parties are to designate at least one national wetland for inclusion in a Listof Wetlands of International Importance, cooperate in the exchange of information and trainpersonnel for wetland management.

1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural HeritageThe Convention calls on State Parties to ensure that effective and active measures are takenfor the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage situatedon its territory.

1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes andOther Matter (London Dumping Convention)The Convention's purpose is to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to encourageregional agreements supplementary to the Convention. It covers all seas, and all deliberatedisposal of wastes other than that incidental to the normal operation of ships, aircraft, etc.

1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES)The Convention aims to protect certain endangered species, including animals and plantswhether dead or alive, and any recognisable parts or derivatives thereof, from over-exploitation by means of a system of import/export permits.

1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship (Marpol)The Convention aims to preserve the marine environment by achieving the completeelimination of international pollution by oil and other harmful substances and theminimization of accidental discharge of such substances.

1978 Treaty for Amazonian CooperationThe Treaty aims to promote the harmonious development of the Amazon region and permitequitable distribution of the benefits of such development among the contracting Parties. Thetreaty provides for, among others, hannonious development with a view to the preservation ofthe environment and the conservation and rational utilization of natural resources.

101

ANNEX 6 - INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS SUBSCRIBED TO BY COUNTRIES OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION

1940 Convention on Natnre Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere (Western Hemisphere) The Convention seeks to preserve all species and genera of native American fawla and flora frol11 extinction, and to preserve areas of extraordinary beauty, striking geological fonnations of aesthetic, hi storic or scientific value.

1971 Convention on Wetlands of Internatioual Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) The Convention aims to stem the progressive encroaclU11ent on and loss of wetlands, recognizing their fu ndamental ecological functions and their economic, cultural, scienti fic and recreational value. Parties are to designate at least one national wetland for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, cooperate in the exchange of information and train personnel for wetland management.

1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage The Convention calls on State Parties to ensure that effective and active measures are taken [or the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultmal and natural heritage situated 011 its territory.

1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention) The Convention's purpose is to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention. It covers all seas, and all deliberate disposal of wastes other than that incidental to the nonnal operation of ships, aircraft, etc.

J 973 Convention 011 International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The Convention aims to protect cetiain endangered species, including animals and plants whether dead or alive, and any recognisable parts or derivatives thereof, from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits.

1973 Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship (Marpol) The Convent ion aims to preserve the marine environment by achieving the complete elimination of international pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental di scharge of such substances.

J 978 Treaty fo.· Amazonian Cooperation The Treaty aims to promote the hannonious development of the Amazon region and petl11it equitable distribution of the benefits of such development among the contracting Parties. The treaty provides for, among others, harmonious development with a view to the preservation of the environment and the conservation and rational utilization of natural resources.

102

1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (BonnConvention)The Convention seeks to protect those species of wild animals that migrate across or outsidenational boundaries. It includes two annexes, which list endangered migratory species andmigratory species, respectively.

1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerThe Convention aims to protect human health and the environment against adverse effectsresulting from modifications of the ozone layer. Parties agree, among other things, to controlactivities that cause adverse effects through modification of the ozone layer, to cooperate inresearch concerning substances and processes that modify the ozone layer on human healthand environmental effects of such modifications, on alternative substances and technologies,and on systematic observation of the State of the ozone layer.

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone LayerThe Protocol's purpose is to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures tocontrol global emissions of substances that deplete it. The Parties agree to control annualconsumption and production of predefined substances; most developing countries may delaycompliance by ten years.

1989 Basle Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and their DisposalThe Convention sets up obligations for State Parties with a view to reducing transboundarymovements of wastes to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficientmanagement of such wastes, minimizing the amount and toxicity of hazardous wastesgenerated and ensuring their environmentally sound management, and assisting developingcountries in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes theygenerate.

1990 Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) to theConvention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of theWider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)The Protocol's purpose is to encourage Parties to establish protected areas of coastal andmarine areas of the Wider Caribbean region and to ensure the protection of endangeredspecies of wild fauna and flora in the region.

1992 Convention on Biological DiversityThe Convention seeks to conserve biological diversity, promote the sustainable use of itscomponents, and encourage equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization ofgenetic resources. Such equitable sharing includes appropriate access to genetic resources, aswell as appropriate transfer of technology, taking into account existing rights over suchresources and such technology.

1992 United Nations Framework Convention 011 Climate ChangeThe Convention's purpose is to regulate levels of greenhouse gas concentration in theatmosphere, so as to avoid the occun-ence of climate change on a level that would Unpedesustainable economic development, or compromise initiatives in food production.

102

1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) The Convention seeks to protect those species of wild animals that migrate across or outside national boundaries. It includes two almexes, which list endangered migratory species and migratory species, respectively.

1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer The Convention aims to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from modifications of the ozone layer. Parties agree, among other things, to control activities that cause adverse effects through modification of the ozone layer, to cooperate in research conceming substances and processes that modify the ozone layer on human health and environmental effects of such modifications, on alternative substances and teclmologies, and on systematic observation of the State of the ozone layer.

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer The Protocol's purpose is to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control global emissions of substances that deplete it. The Parties agree to control almual consumption and production of predefined substances; most developing countries may delay compliance by ten years.

1989 Basle Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and theil' Disposal The Convention sets up obligations for State Parties with a view to reducing trans boundary movements of wastes to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes, minimizing the amount and toxicity of hazardous wastes generated and ensuring their environmentally sound management, and ass isting developing countTies in environmenta lly sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate,

1990 Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPA W) to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention) The Protocol's purpose is to encourage Pmiies to establish protected areas of coastal and marine areas of the Wider Caribbean region and to ensure the protection of endangered species of wi ld fauna and flora in the region.

1992 Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention seeks to conserve biological diversity, promote the sustainable use of its components, and encourage eq uitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resomces. Such equitable sharing includes appropriate access to genetic resources, as well as appropriate transfer of technology, taking into account existing rights over such resources and such techno logy.

1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The Convention'S purpose is to regulate levels of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, so as to avoid the occurrence of climate change on a level that would impede sustainable economic development, or compromise initiatives in food production.

103

1994 Barbados Declaration issued at the Global Conference on the SustainableDevelopment of Small Island Developing StatesThe Declaration adds political impetus to the 15-chapter draft Action Programme for theSustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.

1994 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those countriesexperiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in AfricaThe objective of this Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate he effects ofdrought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly inAfrica, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation andpartnership an-angements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistentwith Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development inaffected areas.

103

1994 Barbados Declaration issned at the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States The Declaration adds political impetus to the 15-chapter draft Action Programme for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.

1994 'United Nations COllvention to Combat Desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa The objective of this Convention is to combat desel1ification and mitigate he effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desel1ification, particularly in Africa, tlu'ough effective action at all levels, supported by intemational cooperation and pat1nership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas.

FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO FORESTRY PAPERS

1 Forest utilization contracts on public land, 1977(E F S)

2 Planning forest roads and harvesting systems, 19773 (E F S)3 World list of forestry schools, 1977 (E/F/S)3 Rev.1 World list of forestry schools, 1981 (E/F/S)3 Rev.2 World list of forestry schools, 1986 (E/F/S)4/1 World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade 1- Vol. 1,

1977 (E F S)4/2 World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade -

Vol. 2, 1977 (E F S)5 The marketing of tropical wood in South America, 1976

(E S)6 National parks planning, 1976 (E F S-)7 Forestry for local community development, 1978

(Ar E F S)8 Establishment techniques for forest plantations, 1978

(Ar C E F S)9 Wood chips - production. handling, transport, 1976

(C E S)10/1 Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the

tropics - 1. Principles and methodology, 1978(E F S)

10/2 Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in thetropics -2. Data collection and calculations, 1978 (E F S)

11 Savanna afforestation in Africa, 1977 (E F)12 China: forestry support for agriculture, 1978 (E)13 Forest products prices 1960-1977, 1979 (E/F/S)14 Mountain forest roads and harvesting, 1979 (E)14 Rev.1 Logging and transport in steep terrain, 1985 (E)15 AGRIS forestry - world catalogue of information and

documentation services, 1979 (E/F/S)16 China: integrated wood processing industries, 1979

(E F S)17 Economic analysis of forestry projects, 1979 (E F S)17 Sup.1 Economic analysis of forestry projects: case studies, 1979

(ES)17 Sup.2 Economic analysis of forestry projects: readings, 1980 (C

E)18 Forest products prices 1960-1978, 1980 (E/F/S)19/1 Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing

plantation wood species - Vol. 1, 1980 (E)19/2 Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing

plantation wood species - Vol. 2, 1980 (E)20 Forest tree improvement, 1985 (C E F S)20/2 A guide to forest seed handling, 1985 (E S)21 Impact on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid

tropics, 1980 (E F S)2211 Forest volume estimation and yield prediction -

Vol. 1. Volume estimation, 1980 (C E F S)22/2 Forest volume estimation and yield prediction

- Vol. 2. Yield prediction, 1980 (C E F S)23 Forest products prices 1961-1980, 1981 (EJF/S)24 Cable logging systems, 1981 (C E)25 Public forestry administrations in Latin America, 1981 (E)26 Forestry and rural development, 1981 (E F S)27 Manual of forest inventory, 1981 (E F)28 Small and medium sawmills in developing countries, 1981

(E S)29 World forest products, demand and supply 1990 and

2000, 1982 (E F S)30 Tropical forest resources, 1982 (E F S)31 Appropriate technology in forestry, 1982 (E)

32 Classification and definitions of forest products, 1982(Ar/E/F/S)

33 Logging of mountain forests, 1982 (E F S)34 Fruit-bearing forest trees, 1982 (E F S)35 Forestry in China, 1982 (C E)36 Basic technology in forest operations, 1 982 (E F S)37 Conservation and development of tropical forest

resources, 1982 (E F S)38 Forest products prices 1962-1981, 1982 (E/F/S)39 Frame saw manual, 1982 (E)40 Circular saw manual, 1983 (E)41 Simple technologies for charcoal making, 1 983 (E F S)42 Fuelwood supplies in the developing countries, 1983 (Ar E

F S)43 Forest revenue systems in developing countries, 1983 (E

F S)44/1 Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 1. Examples from

eastern Africa, 1983 (E F S)44/2 Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 2. Examples from

southeastern Asia, 1984 (E F S)44/3 Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 3. Examples from

Latin America, 1986 (E S)45 Establishing pulp and paper mills, 1983 (E)46 Forest products prices 1963-1982, 1983 (E/F/S)47 Technical forestry education - design and implementation,

1984 (E F S)48 Land evaluation for forestry, 1984 (C E F S)49 Wood extraction with oxen and agricultural tractors, 1986

(E F S)50 Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa, 1984 (E F)50/1 Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa - seven

case-studies, 1985 (E)51/1 Studies on the volume and yield of tropical forest stands -

1. Dry forest formations, 1989 (E F)52/1 Cost estimating in sawmilling industries: guidelines, 1984

(E)52/2 Field manual on cost estimation in sawmilling industries,

1985 (E)53 Intensive multiple-use forest management in Kerala, 1984

(E F S)54 Planificación del desarrollo forestal, 1984 (S)55 Intensive multiple-use forest management in the tropics,

1985 (E F S)56 Breeding poplars for disease resistance, 1985 (E)57 Coconut wood - Processing and use, 1985 (E S)58 Sawdoctoring manual, 1985 (E S)59 The ecological effects of eucalyptus, 1985 (C E F S)60 Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects,

1985 (E F S)61 Forest products prices 1965-1984, 1985 (E/F/S)62 World list of institutions engaged in forestry and forest

products research, 1985 (E/F/S)63 Industrial charcoal making, 1985 (E)64 Tree growing by rural people, 1985 (Ar E F S)65 Forest legislation in selected African countries, 1986 (E F)66 Forestry extension organization, 1986 (C E S)67 Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America,

1986 (E)68 Appropriate forest industries, 1986 (E)69 Management of forest industries, 1986 (E)70 Wildland fire management terminology, 1986 (E/F/S)71 World compendium of forestry and forest products

research institutions, 1986 (E/F/S)72 Wood gas as engine fuel, 1986 (E S)

,

FAD TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAa FORESTRY PAPERS

2 3 3 3 Rev.1 3 Rev.2 4/1

4/2

5

6 7

8

9

10/1

Forest utilization contracts on public land, 1977 (E F 5) Planning forest roads and harvesting systems, 1977 (E F S) World list 01 forestry schools, 1977 (EiF/5) World Jist of forestry schools, 1981 (EIF/S) World list of forestry schools, 1986 (EiF/S) World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade 1- Vol. 1, 1977 (E F 5) World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade -Vol. 2, 1977 (E F S) The marketing of tropical wood in South America, 1976 (E 5) National parks planning, 1976 (E F S") Forestry for local community development, 1978 (Ar E F 5) Establishment techniques for forest plantations, 1978 (Ar C E" F 5) Wood chips - production, handling, transport, 1976 (C E5) Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the tropics - 1. Principles and methodology, 1978 (E F 5)

10/2 Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the tropics - 2. Data collection and calculations, 1978 (E F S)

11 Savanna afforestation in Africa, 1977 (E F) 12 China: forestry support for agriculture, 1978 (E) 13 Forest products prices 1960-1977, 1979 (EiF/5) 14 Mountain forest roads and harvesting, 1979 (E) 14 Rev.l Logging and transport in steep terrain, 1985 (El 15 AGRrS forestry - world catalogue of information and

documentation services, 1979 (EiF/S) 16 China: integrated wood processing industries, 1979

(E F 5) 17 Economic analysis of forestry projects, 1979 (E F S) 17 Sup.1 Economic analysis of forestry projects: case studies, 1979

(E 5) 17 Sup.2 Economic analysis of forestry projects: readings, 1980 (C

E) 18 Forest products prices 1960-1978, 1980 (EiF/5) 19/1 Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing

plantation wood species - Vol. 1, 1980 (El 19/2 Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing

plantation wood species - Vol. 2, 1980 (E) 20 Forest tree improvement, 1985 (C E F S) 20/2 A guide to loresl seed handling, 1985 (E 5 ) 21 Impact on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid

tropics, 1980 (E F 5) 22/1 Forest volume estimation and yield prediction -

Vol. 1. Volume estimation, 1980 (C E F S) 22/2 Forest volume estimation and yield prediction

- Vol. 2. Yield prediction, 1980 (C E F 5) 23 Forest products prices 1961-1980, 1981 (EiF/5) 24 Cable logging syslems, 1981 (C E) 25 Public forestry administrations in Latin America, 1981 (El 26 Forestry and rural development, 1981 (E F S) 27 Manual of forest inventory, 1981 (E F) 28 Small and medium sawmills in developing countries, 1981

(E 5) 29 World forest products, demand and supply 1990 and

2000, 1982 (E F 5) 30 Tropical forest resources, 1982 (E F S) 31 Appropriate technology in forestry, 1982 (El

32

33 34 35 36 37

38 39 40 41 42

43

4411

44/2

44/3

45 46 47

48 49

50 50/1

51/1

5211

5212

53

54 55

56 57 58 59 60

61 62

63 64 65 66 67

68 69 70 71

72

Classification and definitions of forest products, 1982 (Ar/EiF/5) Logging of mountain forests, 1982 (E F S) Fruit-bearing forest trees, 1982 (E F S) Forestry in China, 1982 (C E) Basic technology in forest operations, 1982 (E F S) Conservation and development of tropical forest resources, 1982 (E F S) Forest products prices 1962-1981 , 1982 (EIF/S) Frame saw manual, 1982 (E) Circular saw manual, 1983 (E) Simple technologies for charcoal making, 1983 (E F S) Fuelwood supplies in the developing countries, 1983 (Ar E F 5) Forest revenue systems in developing countries, 1983 (E F 5) Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 1. Examples from eastern Africa, 1983 (E F S) Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 2. Examples from southeastern Asia, 1984 (E F S) Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 3. Examples from Latin America, 1986 (E S) Establishing pulp and paper mills, 1983 (E) Forest products prices 1963-1982, 1983 (EiF/5) Technical forestry education - design and implementation, 1984 (E F 5) Land evaluation for forestry, 1984 (C E F S) Wood extraction with oxen and agricultural tractors, 1986 (E F5) Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa, 1984 (E F) Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa - seven case-studies, 1985 (E) Studies on the volume and yield of tropical forest stands -1. Dry forest formations, 1989 (E F) Cost estimating in sawmilling industries: guidelines, 1984 (E) Field manual on cost estimation in sawrnilfing industries, 1985 (E) Intensive multiple-use forest management in Kerala, 1984 (E F 5) Planificaci6n del desarrollo forestal, 1984 (S) Intensive multiple-use forest management in the tropics, 1985 (E F 5) Breeding poplars for disease resistance, 1985 (E) Coconut wood - Processing and use, 1985 (E S) Sawdoctoring manual, 1985 (E S) The ecological effects of eucalyptus, 1985 (C E F S) Monitoring and evaluation of partiCipatory forestry projects, 1985 (E F 5) Forest products prices 1965-1984, 1985 (EiF/S) World list of institutions engaged in forestry and forest products research, 1985 (EiF/S) Industrial charcoal making, 1985 (E) Tree growing by rural people, 1985 (Ar E F S) Forest legislation in selected African countries, 1986 (E F) Forestry extension organization, 1986 (C E S) Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America, 1986 (E) Appropriate forest industries, 1986 (E) Management of forest industries, 1986 (E) Wildland fire management terminology, 1986 (EIF/S) World compendium of forestry and forest products research institutions, 1986 (EiF/S) Wood gas as engine fuel, 1986 (E S)

73 Forest products: world outlook projections 1985-2000,1986 (E/F/S)

115 Forestry policies of selected countries in Asia and thePacific, 1993 (E)

74 Guidelines for forestry information processing, 1986 (E) 116 Les panneaux à base de bois, 1993 (F)75 Monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India - an 117 Mangrove forest management guidelines, 1994 (E)

operational guide, 1986 (E) 118 Biotechnology in forest tree improvement, 1994 (E)76 Wood preservation manual, 1986 (E) 119 Number not assigned77 Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and 120 Decline and dieback of trees and forests - A global

provenances, 1986 (E) overview, 1994 (E)78 Appropriate wood harvesting in plantation forests,

1987 (E)121 Ecology and rural education - Manual for rural teachers,

1995 (E S)79 Small-scale forest-based processing enterprises,

1987 (E F S)122 Readings in sustainable forest management,

1994 (E F S)80 Forestry extension methods, 1987 (E) 123 Forestry education - New trends and prospects, 199481 Guidelines for forest policy formulation, 1987 (C E) (E F S)82 Forest products prices 1967-1986, 1988 (E/F/S) 124 Forest resources assessment 1990- Global synthesis,83 Trade in forest products: a study of the barriers faced by 1995 (E F S)

the developing countries, 1988 (E) 125 Forest products prices 1973-1992, 1995 (E F S)84 Forest products: World outlook projections - Product and 126 Climate change, forests and forest management -

country tables 1987-2000, 1988 (E/F/S) An overview, 1995 (E F S)85 Forestry extension curricula. 1988 (EJF/S) 127 Valuing forests: context, issues and guidelines, 199586 Forestry policies in Europe, 1988 (E) (E F S)87 Small-scale harvesting operations of wood and non-wood 128 Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical forest

forest products involving rural people, 1988 (E F S) plantation resources, 1995 (E)88 Management of tropical moist forests in Africa,

1989 (E F P)129 Environmental impact assessment and environmental

auditing in the pulp and paper industry, 1996 (E)89 Review of forest management systems of tropical Asia,

1989 (E)130 Forest resources assessment 1990 - Survey of tropical

forest cover and study of change processes, 1996 (E)90 Forestry and food security, 1989 (Ar E S) 131 Ecologia y enseñanza rural - Nociones ambientales91 Design manual on basic wood harvesting technology,

1989 (E F S)básicas para profesores rurales y extensionistas, 1996 (S)

132 Forestry policies of selected countries in Africa, 1996(Published only as FAO Training Series, No. 18) (E/F)

92 Forestry policies in Europe - An analysis, 1989 (E) 133 Forest codes of practice - Contributing to environmentally93 Energy conservation in the mechanical forest industries,

1990 (ES)sound forest operations, 1996 (E)

134 Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical94 Manual on sawmill operational maintenance,

1990 (E)forests - A primer, 1997 (E)

135 Guidelines for the management of tropical forests -95 Forest products prices 1969-1988, 1990 (E/F/S) 1. The production of wood. 1998 (E)96 Planning and managing forestry research: guidelines for 136 Managing forests as common property, 1998 (E)

managers, 1990 (E) 137/1 Forestry policies in the Caribbean - Volume 1:97 Non-wood forest products: the way ahead, 1991 (ES) Proceedings of the Expert Consultation, 1998 (E)98 Timber plantations in the humid tropics of Africa, 1993 137/2 Forestry policies in the Caribbean - Volume 2: Reports of

(E F) 28 selected countries and territories, 1998 (E)99 Cost control in forest harvesting and road construction,

1992 (E)100 Introduction to ergonomics in forestry in developing

countries, 1992 (E F I)101 Management and conservation of closed forests in tropical Availability: December 1998

America, 1993 (E F P S)102 Research management in forestry, 1992 (E F S) Ar - Arabic Multil - Multilingual103 Mixed and pure forest plantations in the trOpics C - Chinese Out of print

and subtropics, 1992 (E F S) E - English In preparation104 Forest products prices 1971-1990, 1992 (E/F/S) I - Italian105 Compendium of pulp and paper training and research F - French

institutions, 1992 (E) P - Portuguese106 Economic assessment of forestry project impacts, 1992 S - Spanish

(E/F)107 Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest

management - Principles and concepts, 1993 (E/F/S) The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO108 A decade of wood energy activities within the Nairobi Sales Agents or directly from Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale

Programme of Action, 1993 (E) delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.109 Directory of forestry research organizations, 1993 (E)110 Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on Forestry

Research, 1993 (E/F/S)111 Forestry policies in the Near East region - Analysis and

synthesis, 1993 (E)112 Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical countries,

1993 (E)113 Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen and in vitro cultures of

perennial woody plant species, 1993 (E)114 Assessing forestry project impacts: issues and strategies,

1993 (E F S)

73

74 75

76 77

78

79

80 81 82 83

84

85 86 87

88

89

90 91

92 93

94

95 96

97 98

Forest products: world outlook projections 1985-2000, 1986 (EiF/S) Guidelines for forestry information processing, 1986 (E) Monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India - an operational guide, 1986 (E) Wood preservation manual, 1986 (E) Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances, 1986 (E) Appropriate wood harvesting in plantation forests , 1987 (E) Small-scale forest-based processing enterprises, 1987 (E F S) Forestry extension methods, 1987 (E) Guidelines for forest policy formulation, 1987 (C E) Forest products prices 1967-1986, 1988 (EIF/S) Trade in forest products: a study of the barriers faced by the developing countries, 1988 (E) Forest products: World outlook projections - Product and country tables 1987-2000, 1988 (EiF/S) Forestry extension curricula, 1988 (EIF/S) Forestry policies in Europe, 1988 (E) Small-scale harvesting operations of wood and non-wood forest products involving rural people, 1988 (E F S) Management of tropical moist forests in Africa , 1989 (E F P) Review of forest management systems of tropical Asia, 1989 (E) Forestry and food security, 1989 (Ar E S) Design manual on basic wood harvesting technology, 1989 (E F S) (Published only as FAO Training Series, No. 18) Forestry policies in Europe - An analysis, 1989 (E) Energy conservation in the mechanical forest industries, 1990 (E S) Manual on sawmill operational maintenance, 1990 (E) Forest products prices 1969-1988, 1990 (EIF/S) Planning and managing forestry research: guidelines for managers, 1990 (E) Non-wood forest products: the way ahead, 1991 (E S) Timber plantations in the humid tropics of Africa, 1993 (E F)

99 Cost control in forest harvesting and road construction, 1992 (E)

100 Introduction to ergonomics in forestry in developing countries , 1992 (E F I)

115

116 117 118 119 120

121

122

123

124

125 126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136 137/1

137/2

Forestry policies of selected countries in Asia and the Pacific , 1993 (E) Les panneaux a base de bois , 1993 (F) Mangrove forest management guidelines, 1994 (E) Biotechnology in forest tree improvement, 1994 (E) Number not assigned Decline and dieback of trees and forests - A global overview, 1994 (E) Ecology and rural education - Manual for rural teachers, 1995 (E S) Readings in sustainable forest management, 1994 (E F S) Forestry education - New trends and prospects, 1994 (E FS) Forest resources assessment 1990 - Global synthesis, 1995 (E F S) Forest products prices 1973-1992, 1995 (E F S) Climate change, forests and forest managementAn overview, 1995 (E F S) Valuing forests: context, issues and guidelines, 1995 (E F S) Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical forest plantation resources, 1995 (E) Environmental impact assessment and environmental auditing in the pulp and paper industry, 1996 (E) Forest resources assessment 1990 - Survey of tropical forest cover and study of change processes, 1996 (E) Ecologfa y ensenanza rural - Nociones ambientales basicas para profesores rurales y extensionistas, 1996 (S) Forestry policies of selected countries in Africa, 1996 (ElF) Forest codes of practice - Contributing to environmentally sound forest operations, 1996 (E) Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests - A primer, 1997 (E) Guidelines for the management of tropical forests -1. The production of wood, 1998 (E) Managing forests as common property, 1998 (E) Forestry policies in the Caribbean - Volume 1: Proceedings of the Expert Consultation, 1998 (E) Forestry policies in the Caribbean - Volume 2: Reports of 28 selected countries and territories , 1998 (E)

101 Management and conservation of closed forests in tropical Availability: December 1998

102 103

104 105

106

107

108

109 11 0

111

112

America, 1993 (E F P S) Research management in forestry, 1992 (E F S) Mixed and pure forest plantations in the trdpics and subtropics, 1992 (E F S) Forest products prices 1971 -1 990, 1992 (EiF/S) Compendium of pulp and paper training and research institutions, 1992 (E) Economic assessment of forestry project impacts, 1992 (ElF) Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management - Principles and concepts, 1993 (EIF/S) A decade of wood energy activities within the Nairobi Programme of Action, 1993 (E) Directory of forestry research organizations, 1993 (E) Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on Forestry Research, 1993 (EiF/S) Forestry policies in the Near East region - Analysis and synthesis, 1993 (E) Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical countries, 1993 (E)

113 Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen and in vitro cultures of perennial woody plant species, 1993 (E)

114 Assessing forestry project impacts; issues and strategies, 1993 (E F S)

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Multil - Multilingual Out of print In preparation

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fao forestry paper 137/1. forestry policies in the …m. hosny el-lakany assistant director-general...

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