farewell address prof.dr. martin mulder · about big brother and the holding company, it really is....
TRANSCRIPT
Parts of the Farewell address
1. Introduction.
2. Turbulent history of the chair group.
3. Alignment of the mission of ECS with WUR.
4. The genesis of the competence construct.
5. ECS competence research.
6. Competence overviews and syntheses.
7. Competence for life.
8. Conclusions.
9. Words of thanks.
Research questions of ECS
1.What competencies do people need in and around the transforming sectors of agrifood and the natural environment?
2.What learning arrangements can be provided to acquire these competencies?
3.How effective are these learning arrangements?
1st Chair in Education in Wageningen 1964
Focus on teacher education.
For pre-university general secondary education.
Lack of interest in the 1980s.
Switch to Agricultural Education in the 1990s.
Introduction of Environmental Education.
Collective mission?
Mission of WUR and ECS
WUR mission
● To explore nature and to improve the quality of life.
ECS mission
● To explore competence to improve the quality of life and society.
● To identify and promote competence in Wageningen domains, green education and related societal sectors.
CBE more popular than ever
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3H-och9Hfc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_EbseBknZA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjNYElRzRtI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RckLD9A0pqc
China, 2015
http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2015/09/14/china-improving-technical-and-vocational-education-to-meet-the-demand-for-high-skilled-workers
The Great Eight competence framework
(Bartram, 2005)
1. Leading and Deciding
2. Supporting and Co-operating
3. Interacting and Presenting
4. Analysing and Interpreting
5. Creating and Conceptualising
6. Organising and Executing
7. Adapting and Coping
8. Enterprising and Performing
Source: http://www.shl.com/OurScience/Documents/SHLUniversalCompetencyFramework.pdf
Competence in Medicine - Cornell Press, 2012
CanMeds Competency Framework, 2015
http://canmeds.royalcollege.ca/en/framework
Janis Joplin: 1943 – 1970
Band: Big Brother and the Holding Company
James Konrad (a music critic in the 1960s): It’s a shame about Big Brother and the Holding Company, it really is. Their lead singer, Janis Joplin, is the most important female vocalist since Aretha Franklin, but the musicians in the band are only slightly better than competent, and can’t begin to come up to her level.
“Philadelphia” (1993) -
Beckett against (Bob) Wheeler
WHEELER (Employer) Andrew (Beckett) brought AIDS into our offices, into our men's room. He brought AIDS to our annual ... family picnic ...
SEIDMAN (Co-worker) A jury might decide that Andy has a case.
WHEELER Waite a minute. The man was fired for incompetence, not because he has AIDS. You didn't know he was sick, did you, Bob?
KENTON (Co-worker) Holy Shit. Did you, Bob?
BELINDA CONINE (Attorney) Your Honor, Mr.
Beckett's incompetence nearly sabotaged a 350
million dollar suit.
The new Q in Skyfall – James Bond (2012)
Q: 007. I'm your new Quartermaster.
Bond: You must be joking.
Q: Why, because I'm not wearing a lab coat?
Bond: Because you still have spots.
Q: My complexion is hardly relevant.
Bond: Your competence is.
Q: Age is no guarantee of efficiency.
Bond: And youth is no guarantee of innovation.
Q: I'll hazard I can do more damage on my
laptop sitting in my pyjamas before my first
cup of Earl Grey than you can do in a year in
the field.
Code of Hammurabi, 1792-1750 BCE
Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established. A righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land. Translated by L.W. King (1910); Edited by Richard Hooker
‘... Hammurabi, le roi compétent ... ‘
Institutional Use of Competence
Rychen & Salganik (OECD, 2003).
European Commission (2005).
European Parliament and Council (2006).
European Social Partners (2006).
EQF – NQFs.
Assessment of Key Competences (EU, 2012).
European e-Competence framework 3.0 (CEN, 2014).
Riga Conclusions - Key Competence as policy option (2015).
Old roots of the word competence
Sanskrit: समर्थ (samartha).
Chinese: 作证能力 (zuò zhèng néng lì ).
Greek: ικανότης (Ikanotis) – the quality of being ikanos (capable), to have the ability to achieve something; skill (Plato, Lysis 2I5A; 380 BCE).
Latin: competens; competentia.
English: competence; competent.
French: compétence; compétent.
Dutch: competentie; competent (1504 CE).
In educational books (John Dewey, 1916)
The democratic ideal
Everybody should develop competence
To choose and pursue a career
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. An introduction to the philosophy of education.
New York: Macmillan.
The ‘new’ first publications on competence
Domas and Tiedeman (1950). Teacher competence: An annotated bibliography. J. exp. Educ, 19, pp. 101-218.
Barr (1950). Teaching competencies. In: W.S. Monroe (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational Research. New York: McMillan.
Morsh & Wilder (1954). Identifying the Effective Instructor: A Review of the Quantitative Studies. 1900-1952. Chanute AFB: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center.
Robert Winthrop White, 1959
An alternative for motivation psychology of Freud (unconscious drives) and Hull (drive reduction).
Children and adults are motivated to become competent in what they do.
Competence = the ability to interact effectively with the environment.
White, R.W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of
competence. Psychological Review, 66, 5, pp. 297-333.
Noam Chomsky, 1965
Competence is a the underlying linguistic ability to create and understand sentences, including sentences never heard before.
Performance is the linguistic output.
Knowing rules does not automatically guarantee being able to speak correctly.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.
Cambridge: MIT Press
Lawrence J. Peter & R. Hull, 1969
Peter, L. J. & Hull, R. (1969). The Peter Principle: Why Things Always Go Wrong. New York: William Morrow and Company.
David C. McClelland, 1973
Limited prognostic validity of intelligence
tests and school grades.
Testing what people actually can do
shows a better result.
Competencies should try to measure
clusters of life outcomes.
Criterion-based job analysis may lead to
overdetailed tests.
Competencies should be identified by
what superior performers do.
McClelland, D.C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than
for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14
Competence, performance and management
Engineering worthy performance – Tom Gilbert (1978)
The competent manager – Richard Boyatzis (1982)
Competence framework of Habermas,
(1984)
● Cognitive competence
● Linguistic competence
● Interactive competence
Michael Eraut and Robert Quinn
Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence, London: The Falmer Press
Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P. & McGrath, M. R. (1996). Becoming a Master Manager: A competency framework. New York : Wiley
Current state of competence practice
Professional associations – competence frameworks
Governmental organizations – competencies of teachers
Testing companies – competence measurement tools
Consultancy firms – competence dictionaries, advisory services for
assessment and development
Organizations – competence management systems
Educational institutions – implemented qualifications frameworks in
which competencies are integrated.
1. Which competencies?
Purchasing - Mulder et al (2005).
Agricultural extension - Karbasioun et al (2007).
HIV/AIDS in agricultural advisory work - Brinkman et al (2007).
Entrepreneurship - Mulder et al (2007), Lans (2009), Lans et al (2008; 2010; 2011)
Horticulture - Van der Heide et al (2008); Mulder et al (2011; 2013).
Interdisciplinarity in higher education - Spelt et al (2009).
Open innovation - Du Chatenier (2009) and Du Chatenier et al (2009, 2010).
Sustainable development - Wesselink and Wals (2011).
Argumentation competence - Noroozi (2013).
Multicultural cooperation - Popov et al (2013).
Competence of beginning elementary school teachers - Alake-Tuenter (2014).
Competence development in practical training – Khaled (2014).
2. Learning arrangements
Designing competence-based education – Mulder (2004), Wesselink (2010), Sturing et al (2012).
Pitfalls of CBE and how to overcome these - Biemans et al (2004), Biemans et al (2009).
CBE in Uganda - Kasule et al (2015); Ethiopia – Solomon (2016); Indonesia - Zainun et al (2015).
Argumentation- based CSCL - Noroozi et al (2011 a b; 2012 a b; 2013 a b).
Intercultural cooperation in international study groups - Popov et al (2012, 2014 a b).
Oral presentation competence - Van Ginkel (2015a b).
Interdisciplinary thinking - Spelt et al (2009).
Design principles for hybrid learning - Cremers et al (2014).
Learning in regional planning projects - Oonk (2016).
Team learning of teachers - Bouwmans et al (2016); Zoethout et al (2016).
3. Effectiveness
Entrepreneurship competence in greenhouse horticulture
(Lans, 2009; Lans et al 2008a b, 2010, 2014; Mulder et al
(2007).
Open innovation in large organizations (Du Chatenier,
2009; Du Chatenier et al 2009, 2010).
Authentic assessment in competence-based education
(Gulikers et al, 2009; Wesselink, 2010).
Argumentation competence (Noroozi (2013).
CBE in Ethiopia (Solomon, 2016).
Other studies.
Many partial reviews and critiques done
• Domas and Tiedeman, 1950 • Houston, 1974 • Grant et al, 1979 • Ellström, 1997 • Lum, 1999 • Rothwell and Lindholm, 1999 • Argüelles & Gonczi, 2000 • Westera, 2001 • Jones and Voorhees, 2002 • Hager, 2004 • Hyland, 2006 • Mulder, Weigel and Collins, 2007 • Smith, 2010 • Winterton, 2011 • Mulder, 2014
Time for a current comprehensive review
Collects the diverse viewpoints
regarding CBE
Unravels controversies in CBE
debates
Deepens the understanding of CBE
theory
Reviews policies and practices
regarding CBE
Assesses the value added of CBE
Points at research priorities in the
field of CBE
Knowledge
● product quality
● market
Skills
● multi-tasking
● information processing
Attitudes
● stress-tolerance
● feeling for sales
● open for change
Flower traders need professional
competence
Mulder, M. (2014). Conceptions of Professional Competence. In: S. Billett, C. Harteis, H. Gruber (Eds).
International Handbook of Research in Professional and Practice-based Learning. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 107-137.
Extreme competence: brilliance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJXnYMl_SuA
Riccardo Chailly Maria Joao Pires
My understanding: competencies are...
1. integrated capabilities,
2. consisting of clusters of knowledge, skills, and attitudes,
3. conditional for sustainable effective performance, including
● problem solving
● realizing innovation
● creating transformation,
4. in a certain profession, occupation, job, role, organisation, or situation.
Three types of competencies
1.0 – for specific tasks
2.0 – for known jobs
3.0 – for the unknown future
Models of competence for future life
DeSeCo Model of Key Competencies (2003).
Key competences (2006 European Union).
21st Century Skills (NCREL/Metiri Group, 2003).
The Essential Learning Outcomes (AAUC, 2008).
Seven Survival Skills for today’s students (Wagner, 2010).
P21 - 21st Century Skills Framework (2015).
Critical Competencies For Future Leadership (Vora, 2015).
http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/docs/P21_
Framework_Definitions_New_Logo_2015.pdf
Specified for subject areas...
https://www.neafoundation.org/content/assets/2012/11/Global%20Competence%20Content-Area%20Matrices.pdf
Global competency for an inclusive world
(OECD, 2016)
Source: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/aboutpisa/Global-competency-for-an-inclusive-world.pdf
Competence 3.0 – for the unknown future
Ambiguity handling
Argumentational reasoning
Balancing interests
Complex problem solving
Computational thinking
Creativity - creation
Entrepreneurship
Global competence
Intuition
Mindfulness
Negotiating meaning
Professional identity
Resilience
Sustainability
Transformation
Uncertainty handling
Source:
http://qaspire.com/201
6/01/06/leadership-
skills-for-the-future/
Personal- professional competence
Integrative learning
competence
Social- professional competence
Self-management and
career competence
Disciplinary and
interdisciplinary competence
Com
pete
nce f
or
life
Integrative learning
competence
• Ambiguity and uncertainty handling • Dealing with vulnerability and ambiguity • Developmental competence • Evaluation competence • Knowledge co-creation competence • Leadership competence • Synthesizing competence • Sustainability competence • Transformation competence
• Critical thinking and complex problem solving • Financial, economic, business literacy • Higher order thinking, sound reasoning • Inquiry and analysis • Mathematics literacy • Social sciences and humanities literacy • Languages literacy • Arts literacy • Digital (ICT) literacies • Media and information literacy • Reading, writing, numeracy, computational competence • Science, technology, design and inquiry literacies • Environmental literacy
Disciplinary and interdisciplinary
competence
Self-management and career competence
• Acting autonomously • Self-regulation competence • Civic knowledge and engagement • Life planning competence • Personal project planning competence • Responsibility • Managing for results • Prioritizing • Productivity • Accountability • Argumentative reasoning • Resilience and stamina • Sense of initiative, innovation and entrepreneurialism • Calculated risk taking competence • Lifelong learning competence
Personal- professional competence
• Adaptability, flexibility, agility • Anticipate and create change • Big picture visioning, global competence • Civic competence – balancing,
defending/asserting rights, interest, limits, needs • Cultural awareness and expression • Curiosity, imagination, and creativity • Emotions handling competence • Ethical reasoning and action • Health competence • Intuition, mindfulness and integrity • Managing complexity • Physical competence • Reflection and self-awareness competence
Social- professional competence
• Clarification competence • Collaboration in networks • Creating ecosystems for engagement • Interactive communication skills • Managing and resolving conflicts • Meaning negotiating competence • Multicultural literacy • Relating well to others • Social, interpersonal, cooperation competence • Teamwork
Final conclusions
There is a wide variation in competence theories.
The competence approach is much criticized.
But worldwide it is more popular than ever.
The concept has a long history – and is now institutionalized.
Many competence-based education initiatives concentrate on known tasks and present jobs.
But, we must also think about competence for the unknown future.
Research is needed into dedicated learning arrangements to develop future competence.