farhan mian

selected works

ALL IMAGES APPEARING IN THIS BOOK ARE THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF FARHAN MIAN AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, COPIED, TRANSMITTED OR MANIPULATED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION.

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.Arch.) 2014

Robert A. M. Stern Architects 2HLW International 16Najmi Bilgrami Collaborative 22SZFM Design Studio 26Tooling Geodesics 308 Power Street 48POSCO-KEDI Collaborative 66South Star 76Reconsidering Megaform 82266 Benefit Street 94Prince Laboratory 1002V Geodesic Dome 108333 Roosevelt Avenue 114Design Principles 122Glass Sculpture 132Analog & Digital 136Resume 145

CONTENTS

Robert A. M. Stern ArchitectsNew York, NY

Harvard UniversityThe John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University selected Robert A. M. Stern Architects(RAMSA) for architectural and interiors services in the widely published remodeling of their existing campus.

RAMSA’s focus on a walk able, connected campus will feature a new ‘gateway’ into Harvard from the Eliot Street. This will bring the public into a new raised courtyard with a social stair terraced planter, all above a sunken loading dock.

Three new pavilions will attach with the two main structures: the adjoining Belfer, Littauer and Rubenstein buildings and the separate Taubman building.

“Among other additions, there will be six new classrooms, a student lounge and study area, a new dining area and event space, a conference room above the din-ing room, a winter garden atrium, and a flexible common space that HKS officials refer to as ‘skunk works’.”

- The Harvard Crimson

Construction aims to be completed by January 2018.

4

Available upon request:Work samples from Construction Documents Drawing SetDelivered to client - May 22, 2015

RAMSAAs a team of designers we employed tools at several scales to produce work with accuracy to maintain feasibility and cater to the needs of the Cambridge’s Planning Board.

The primary coordination tool during Schematic, Design Development and Construction Document phases was Revit 2014.

Physical modeling in our model shops aided in scaling elements for the grander design.

A variety of classroom arrangements from an in-house matrix were selected for this project for their adaptive formats.

Other projects with RAMSA:

University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT

Terraced planter

East courtyard

1/2” = 1’-0” Study models

8

West Pavilion entry Dining/Lounge

Cluster classroom Skunk-work classroom

Dining Lounge Student lounge

Skunk-work classroom Social stair

Student lounge Conference room

10

View from John F. Kennedy Street

View from Eliot Street

The Gateway Building

12

The Gateway Building

View across the Charles Hotel

Existing HKS Campus

The HKS Courtyard

14

The West Pavilion Building

The South Pavilion Building

HLW International LLPNew York, NY

PanasonicHLW International LLP and Gensler came together with tech giants Panasonic North America to activate Newark, NJ. The $200 million, 12 story office compelx opened July 19th 2013.

“When completed, it will be the first new office building with leaseable space in Newark in years.

Panasonic is also planning a 58,600-square-foot technology complex across the river in Harrison, a short PATH train ride away.”

- The Star Ledger

Other projects with HLW:

Google’s Chelsea Market, New York, NY

YouTube Studios, Los Angeles, CA

The Mets, New York, NY

School of Visual Arts, New York, NY

Exterior building skin.

Primary stair-case construction. 18

5th floor construction.

Executive floor construction.

Main lobby construction.

20

Panasonic North America Headquarters.

Primary stair-case rendering.

Najmi Bilgrammi CollaborativeKarachi, Pakistan

HeadquartersThe Najmi Bilgrami Collaborative acquired a cast-concrete shell measuring in at 100 X 200 yards. Operating in the basement under the historic ill Park district of Karachi, there was a desperate need for facility expansion.

Now in Phase 6 of the Defence Housing Authority sector the city there is access now to modern infrastructure and relatively open transportation networks. The interiors feature a composition of laminated woods and tiles tied in with furniture and ornamentation designed by NBCL.

The new office features a retail outlet for the firm’s furniture line which has featured in Milan’s design fair. An intimate and innovative environment for collaborative work allows for this community of RISD graduates to exercise their expertise.

NBCL Headquarters.

SZFM Design StudioSan Francisco, CA

Pleasant HillThe geometry of the site and scale of the strategic planning project proved a fruitful exercise for a small-scale firm to address. A series of retail outlets and two resteraunts with outdoor seating were designed.

SZFM Design Studio specializes in architectural ornamentation and their blue glazed tile work made its way into several projects including this spread across Pleasant Hill’s downtown scape.

Other projects with SZFM:

Lafayette Mercantile, Lafayette, CA

Bay Street, Emeryville, CA

Del Paso Boulevard, Sacramento, CA

Evergreen Village Square, San Jose, CA

Strategy diagram.

28

Site plan.

Tooling GeodesicsHaiti

Tooling Infrastructure

An on-going investigation of space frames fueled the mass production of systems within a budget for deployment in Haiti.

“Cholera—a curable, preventable disease that had not existed in Haiti in over a century—emerged following the 2010 earthquake and ran rampant throughout the country.

To address this need, MASS continues to explore interventions and methods to scale alternatives to safe water and sanitation infrastructure to stem this outbreak and thwart future incidence of diarrheal disease.”

-MASS Design Group

Konrad Wachsmann. Architecture D’Aujourd’Hui 91 September 1960: 185

32

Material Manipulation

After several interations of potential assemblies it was decided that a two-frequency geodesic dome massed at a height of eight feet would best express the low-tech efficiency of the tooling process.

Eight sets of pressing molds: six carved from maple wood and two from medium-density fibreboard; were generated to stamp sheet metal into the required geometries.

34

Hub Prototype (Top Plate)

Hub Prototype (Bottom Plate)

Registration

Flashing

36

20 GA Aluminum

22 GA Steel

Myogaksa temple.

Pentagonal Bottom

Pentagonal Top

38

Pentagonal Top

Pentagonal Bottom

Myogaksa temple.Hexagonal Top

Hexagonal Bottom

40

Hexagonal Top

Hexagonal Bottom

Myogaksa temple.Pentagonal Plate

Pentagonal Plate

42

Hexagonal Plate

Hexagonal Plate

Inhabitable review

These molds were successful in pressing flashing using a basic pinewood compound lever press. However, a high capacity hydraulic press was brought in to form sheets of aluminum at 20 guage thicknesses and steel at 22 guage thicknesses. For the installation, alumnium was chosen as the desirable medium for the joinery.

In a final attempt to illustrate the potential behind the exercise, tin cans recycled from the Rhode Island School of Design’s cafeteria were formed and displayed. One could imagine steel drums carrying materials on-site to Haiti could be re-appropriated as for these space frames.

Two-Frequency Dome

Detail

44

Processing

Hydraulic Press (25 Ton capacity)

Manual Registration

46

Automated Pipe Cutter

Inventory

REFERENCES

The Turning Point of Building, Konrad Wachsmann, Reinhold (1961)

Theo Jansen: The Great Pretender, Theo Jansen, Nai010 Publishers (2013)

Critical Path, R. Buckminster Fuller, Macmillan (1981)

Richard Sera Sculpture: Forty Years, Kynaston McShine, MOMA (2007)

www.desertdomes.com

Review

8 Power StreetProvidence, RI

8 Power Street

The Department of Architectural Studies at the Rhode Island School of Design has maximized its student capacity. The historic building hosts a fabrication facility in the basement with low-ceilings and access limitations. The following is a proposal for an addtion to the Bayard Ewing Building.

50

G-100TITLE PAGEWestern Entry

Code Specifications

Building Code EditionInternational Building Code 2006 Edition

Dates of ConstructionOriginal: 1848Renovation: 1976-77

Uses and Occupancy ClassificationGroup B

Number of Stories3

Floor AreaGround Floor: 8,136 sq.ft.First Floor: 2,088 sq.ft.Roof Floor: 2,700 sq.ft.Total Floor: 12,924 sq.ft.

Construction Type2A

Project NameBEB Addition

Project DescriptionAddition

Project Address8 Power Street, Providence RI 02903

Project ContactRhode Island School of Design (RISD)2 College Street, Providence RI [email protected]

Project Owner/TenantRhode Island School of Design (RISD)2 College Street, Providence RI [email protected]

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G-203SUSTAINABILITY

METROPOLITAN AREA+ REDUCED AIR & WATER POLLUTION+ HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION+ A LITTLE MORE GREEN IN A JUNGLE OF GREY

CITY-PROPER+ FILTERED RAINWATER+ REDUCED POWER CONSUMPTION+ REDUCED AIR & WATER POLLUTION

G-204SUSTAINABILITY

BLOCK+ FILTERED RAINWATER+ HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION+ FOLIAGE+ FILTERED AIR EXHAUST

G-205SUSTAINABLILITY

DIAGRAM

Sustainability

Thee full seasons of Rhode Island provide interesting scenarios to exploit.

The skins arrangement allows for flexibility to accomodate for strong Western winds during January and open up during the summer to a public greenspace overlooking Providence’s famous man-made canal.

There is enough room at roof level to mediate the flow of water and with the plumbing systems centered in the building, drainage can be diverted for recycling or reuse.

G-202SUSTAINABILITY

CONCEPT

G-200SPATIAL CONCEPT

LOW BAY

BRIDGE

HIGH BAY

MASSING CONCEPT


LOW BAY

BRIDGE

HIGH BAY

MASSING CONCEPT


LOW BAY

BRIDGE

HIGH BAY

MASSING CONCEPT

Western Entry Western Facade

Southern Wall Interior Western Entry

G-500RENDERINGS

Western Entry Eastern Courtyard

Inhabitable Roof

56G-500

RENDERINGS

Program

The proposed addition displaces an existing parking spread serving the campus and adjacent businesses.

With the spaces now below grade the facility serves an open wood shop and digital fabrication space.

The structural system allows for freedom from column interruptions. Two offices exist alongside the northern wing of the loading dock while additional storage space for incoming materials can be found under the bridge to the Bayard Ewing Building and its primary street.

58

A-200WEST

ELEVATION

Structure

The adjacent Power Street has been reappropraited as an elevated lobby and bridge below which a loading dock was designed to accomodate the heavy trafficing of materials and machinery.

A collage of polycornate, corten steel, concrete and a steel skeleton give the addition dramatic variabilities in light and texture.

The truss system allows both levels above grade to be suspended from an external system issuing a lightweight mass.

Corten Steel Panels

An exterior skin element used on the western and southern facades. The weather-resistant panels create a constrast to the polycarbonate panels.

Polycorbonate Panels

An exterior skin element with a built-on layer of UV. It is intended to create a translucent wall blurring the line between interior and exterior spaces. Manufactured within 170 miles of RI.

Concrete

Used as structural floor slabs, retaining walls and footing elements.

Steel Truss System

The primary structural component meant to create a lightweight building with an exposed skeleton.

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G-302 PRECEDENTS

Leutschenbach School; Zurich, Switzerland: Christian Kerez, 2009

G-302 PRECEDENTS

POSCO-KEDI CollaborativeSejong, South Korea

RISD + POSCO + KEDI

The steel distribution giant, POSCO and the Korean Educational Devlopment Institute (KEDI) have come to collaborate with the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) to reintroduce education as a routine and an architecture. To address contemporary issues our teams began with the enviornemnt of a middle school set in Sejong, a Special Self-Governing City’ in South Korea. Modular classroom dimensions were decided after a board meeting at POSCO’s headquarters in Seoul’s financial district. The proposal accounts for their pre-fabricaton and transportation limitations as opportunities to execute efficient, rapid installation. Cultural specificities to the system were defined and challenged by the KEDI. Surrounded by high-rise residential complexes, low-rise retail hubs and the famous mountains of the Korean region, the site called out for an oasis, mediating the rapidly developing urban fabric and the landscape.

Site model.

68

Aerial site view.

Urban context.

Myogaksa temple.

Aerial site view.

Urban context. Site plan.

70

Longitudinal site section.

Eastern elevation - student entry.

Northern elevation - main entry.

Modular architecture

Not restricted to enclosed spaces alone, a successful system treats adjacent, external spaces as modules. Their intervention creates a balanced grid and begins to define outside spaces as componenents with their own right. Their relationships with ‘roofed’ spaces creates nuances to passage occupants through a site. This particular system attempts to detail such relationships with the enviornment whilst testing the potential of light, shade and shadows. By articulating these nuances one is passaged through an intentionally dimmed corridor or is found facing a south-facing light shelf.

Special classrooms.

Structural strategy. Classroom module.

Roofing strategy.

South StarSejong, South Korea

Ruin architecture

“I thought of the beauty of ruins, of things nothing lives behind, and so I thought of wrapping ruins around buildings; you might say encasing a building in a ruin so that you look through the wall which has its aperture as is by accident.”

-Louis I. Kahn

This two-week study illustrates the capacity of ruins to accomodate southern light and water systems using the grid from which the greater forms were themselves designed.

The proposal is arrangedprogrammatically to accomodate elementary school students with a football field to the south-west section of the site, an assembly courtyard, classrooms and an auditorium.

Site study model.

78

Classroom ciculation.

Auditorium circulation.

Site plan.

Assembly space circulation.

Medium-density fibreboard model.

80

Longitudinal solar section studies.

Reconsidering MegaformIstanbul, Turkey

Mega-form’ vs. ‘ Mega-structure

As an urban element a mega-form should accommodate several programs into a single, cohesive gesture. A mega-structure attempts to encapsulate those programs into a physically unified architecture. This proposal argues the break away from a mega-structure concept by adopting a mega-form(ing) strategy: horizontal.

Site model.

84

Courtyard architecture

As a typology the systematic aggregation of I, C, U, T, H and most notable L-shaped modules have proved successful, particularly in the distribution of residential units. A project’s buildable area could reduce from, for instance, one-eighth of an acre to one-sixteenth of an acre allotted to each family. In this situation the L-shaped module succeeds where the remaining shapes fail as circulation and the passive solar heating footprint resolve the complications and limitations other typologies face.

Mega-form model study.

Public intervention

At a public scale the courtyard allows for social interaction by providing open-air spaces within the architecture for assembly to occur. Courtyards can be massed to compete with the plan of a city: 80,000 seat football stadiums; or transit concourses, which if serving only one train network should provide an intimate experience.

This district of Istanbul will take the formalities of courtyards into consideration but instead of relying onbuilding forms alone, the moment of arrival down into an open plaza hosts a variety of elements to encapsulate the traveler. With the transfer center to your back, a water body to your left, apple orchards ahead and galleries to your right, the occupant of this cross-plot, elemental courtyard is welcomed to a charged city stitched together by roots, fruit and water.

Urban context study.

88

Yenikapi’s existing program distribution.

90

Transfer center.

Highschool.

Yenikapi archive center

“During the archaeological excavation at the Yenikapı Marmaray construction site, it has been learned that Istanbul’s history dates back further than was previously thought, some 8,500 years.8,000-year-old skeletons were discovered and with the continuous excavations further graves have been unearthed. The graves reveal that Istanbul used to be home to the earliest settlements during the Stone Age. The skeletons were found in four prehistoric graves.

Other than skeletons, the digs have revealed 34 sunken ships dating back to the seventh and 11th centuries. The sunken ships have been conserved at the Istanbul University and the Underwater Research Institute in Bodrum. There were also remnants of some walls found during the excavations. They are now considered as the first city walls of Constantinople when it was founded as Byzantion.About 500 pieces taken from the relics unearthed during the Marmaray excavations were exhibited at the Istanbul Archeology Museum.”

The proposal features storage and workspaces for these archaeologists.

92

Archive storage and studios.

Public courtyard sketch.

266 Benefit StreetProvidence, RI

Memorial hall

The historic Memorial Hall houses RISD’s painting department and features an assembly hall for the Student Alliance on the third floor. Efficient heating and suffcient ventilation for fumes from the active studios demanded interventions exist for the internal systems currently at work and the dramatic thermal loss at two frequently used egresses. A modular framework was appropriated for the space to manage the thermal inconsistencies.

Memorial Hall.

96

Prince LaboratoryProvidence, RI

Brown UniversityPrince Engineering Laboratory was dedicated on May 4, 1962, with a panel discussion on “Engineering Education and Research – Stimulus to Modern Industrial Development.” Named the Frank John Prince Engineering Laboratory for its generous donor, director of the Universal Match Corporation of St. Louis and father of Frank C. Prince ’56, the two-story brick and concrete building, 270 long and 90 feet wide, provided room for research in structure and materials, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics. The subsonic wind tunnel formerly housed in the old Engineering Building and the transonic-supersonic wind tunnel from the Aerodynamics Research Laboratory in Merino Flats were moved into the Prince Laboratory, and a new shock tunnel was installed. The architects, Sherwood, Mills and Smith, designed the building with a large open area with a mezzanine, making it possible to observe the laboratory from the observation gallery without disturbing work in progress. The 163 small windows on the north and south sides were intended to “humanize” the interior. Triangular windows at the roof line provide light without using wall space, and the folded construction of the roof reduces vibration from heavy machinery. The contractor for the building was E. Turgeon Construction Company of Providence.

-Encyclopedia Brunoniana by Martha Mitchell

Urban context study.

102

Geroge Street elevation .

Brook Street section.

Enviornmental Control SystemsThe proposal features a spanning clerestory informing a glass skin at ground level to display completed projects and experiments. An inhabitable longitudinal light-shelf allows unobstructed passage over the space simultaneously reflecting southern sunlight into the workspace. Below the level of the proposedlight-shelf is an arrangement of apertures also designed longitudinally to illuminate existing office spaces.

A layering of acoutic panels, homasote and ‘quiet batt’ insulation allows for ninety-seven percent increase in sound absorption whilst managing thermal levels. Referencing products from Cordline, artificial lighting is brought to twelve feet above ground with adjustable reflectors allowing students to adjust lighting as needed.

An array of 4’ by 8’ photovoltaic panels will address the power consumption requirments and a medium-sized crane on a movable track on the western end of the structure allows for uninterrupted transportation of materials and projects to the adjacent two-way street.

hot air

cold air

daylight brought deeper into the space with paired

light shelves

Structure and systems section.

106

Brown University.

2VProvidence, RI

Geodesic domeThis multipurpose installation brings the physical and comuptational platforms of design in harmony. With a budget of $50, aluminum conduit struts were brought into Python-based scripting to determine efficient dimensions for fabrication and patterns for assembly. The joinery features a sequence of washers and a wingnut coated with a rust-proof film appropriating the structure for outdoor use. The two-frequency geodesic frame was donated to RISD’s Design Science course taught by Professor Carl Fasano.

40 Bowen Street, Providence, RI.

333 Roosevelt AvenuePawtucket, RI

BlossomThe Chinese Christian Church of Rhode Island, Early Childhood Education Center, a local YMCA branch and neighboring elderly housing community came to collaborate with the Rhode Island School of Design's Architectural Studies division at a location adjacent to the downtown district of Pawtucket, RI. The project sought to incorporate a host of expectations specific to each organization involved. The primary focus was to prepare a public garden layout for community renewal and local produce cultivation.

Following the economic decline of Rhode Island's textile industries and the abandonment of Slater Mill's cotton production the area remained underutilized for several decades. Within visible proximity of the historic Blackstone River the site was previously adapted as an informal gardening space by the elderly whilst the uprooting of trees created parking spaces for members of the Chinese Christian Church. Sparse vegetation and rugged topographic conditions deterred accessibility calling for an immediate undertaking to stimulate revitalization.

"As the coordinator of the course, and on behalf of the other faculty members teaching with me, we are pleased with the proposed work and believe that the project will add a wonderful public amenity to the developing Roosevelt Avenue, while serving as a sustainable model for future gardening projects,” said (Silvia)Acosta. “We are also confident that the church community will benefit greatly from the new programs brought to the site."

The project came to be known as Blossom.

Spring.

Design/buildSeventy-two individual designs were combined into eighteen proposals, further boiled down to six logistical site interventions. Architectural Design was a course practiced far beyond the confines of designated studio spaces, branching out to activate a community with the funding and support of Louis Yip, owner of Pui-O Corporation and founder of China Inn Restaurant.

Multiple iterations represented digitally and in full-scale prototypes were subject to mass critique allowing for a coordinated push to resolve master planning details and material possibilites.

A series of planting beds, a trellis system, sustainable sanitation network, community fire pit and multi-purpose pavilion were resolved and now feature at Blossom.

Architectural Design collaborative studio.

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Garden-bed pavilion.

Fire-pit pavilion.

LabyrinthDesign Principles

A knotA semester long endeavor to discover the tectonics of a knot. Pulling and tugging on papers of varying thicknesses alongside an array of modeling materials began to create spaces for occupancy. After resolving aggregation techniques, studios were asked to incorporate a manipulated ground into the process to create environmental relationships. Appropriate additions and revisits to the inherent logic of the knot fueled the process. Finally, in an attempt to dilute the overwhelming scales of each proposal, the site was assigned context. Suppression of the 'labyrinth' to match the context was the final phase in the series, although mediums for experimentation and modes for representation were produced in volume throughout the studio experience.

The Highwayman’s Hitch

ProcessKnotThe Highwayman's Hitch rope knot was translated into strips of vellum and bristol paper.

MassAfter a host of aggregation techniques were invented a bulk worked in unison.

GroundThere was then integration with a constructed ground.

EnclosureAfter analyzing its moments, a space for habitation was calibrated at 1/2”=1’-0”.

LabyrinthWith the history of the design process in mind and a fresh site for exploration, a labyrinth of spaces was articulated.

Labyrinth preliminary studies.

126

Labyrinth sketch study.

Labyrinth site model study.

128

Labyrinth site model study.

Labyrinth charcoal study.

SeriesGlass sculpture

Glass sculpture series.

134

Glass sculpture series.

106

Glass relief.Glass relief.

Digital & AnalogPhotography

Claudia (2010).

Funeral (2009).

Salman (2010).

The Bulb (2011).

Yale (2010).

Beinecke (2010).

Providence (2010).

Corey (2012).

David (2012).

David (2012).

Emma (2010).

Makoto (2010).

ResumeContact

Education

Rhode Island School of DesignBachelor of Architecture (B.Arch)Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.FA)Providence, RI2009-2014

Karachi Grammar School Cambridge University ExaminationsOrdinary and Advanced LevelsKarachi, Pakistan1999-2009

Honors & Awards

European Honors ProgramRome, Italy2013

The Andrew S. Bray ScholarshipRecipient

The Susan Dryfoos ScholarshipRecipient

RISD Donors ScholarshipRecipient

Community

Habitat for Humanity Volunteer construction teamJacksonville Beach, FLMarch 2011 Karachi Relief TrustVolunteer and donorKarachi, PakistanJuly 2010-present

Skills

ProductionManual orthographic drafting.High level of craftsmanship in prototype and product manufacturing using metals, plastics and wood including laser cutter and CNC fabrication.

SoftwareProficient in AutoDesk Revit 2015, 3DS Max, Sketch-Up, Auto-CAD, Rhinoceros 5.0 (Grasshopper + VRay), Adobe CSS and Microsoft Office (PC + Mac formats).

HardwareExperience with primary construction tools and heavy machinery including demolition saws, auger drills, jackhammers and TIG welders.

ProgrammingTrained to code in HTML, CSS with a basic knowledge of jQuery, Dreamweaver, Maya and Python.

PhotographyExperienced with DSLR and SLR technology, darkroom printing and Photoshop editing.

PersonalExcellent interpersonal and collaborative skills. Motivated, disciplined and organized.

Current

Seeking full-time employment at an innovative architecture studio to fulfill NCARB IDP requirements whilst gaining experience in consultant coordination and client presentation.

1500 hrs. Approved2240 hrs. Remaining

Experience

Robert A. M. Stern ArchitectsJunior Architectural DesignerNew York, NYAugust 2014-July 2015

HLW International LLCJunior Design InternNew York, NYJune-August 2013 SZFM Design StudioJunior Design InternSan Francisco, CAJune-September 2012

Providence Preservation SocietyDigital ModelerProvidence, RIJanuary-February 2013

Najmi Bilgrami CollaborativeJunior Design InternKarachi, PakistanJune-September 2010

333 Roosevelt AvenueDesign-Build MemberPawtucket, RIFebruary-May 2011

BEB Wood ShopTechnician AssistantProvidence, RIJanuary-June 2014

30 Prov WashingtonManagement AssistantProvidence, RIJune 2011-June 2014

Canazarro Fitness CenterSupervisorProvidence, RIFebruary 2009-June 2014

Contact

330 East 33rd StreetNew YorkNY, 10016United States

[email protected]

Dedicated to my Nani.

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ALL IMAGES APPEARING IN THIS BOOK ARE THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF FARHAN MIAN AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, COPIED, TRANSMITTED OR MANIPULATED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION.