farm and ranch health and safety surveys

Farm and Ranch Health and Safety Surveys

CS-CASH / USDA NASS Surveys 2011-2015CS-CASH / FMiD Survey 2018

Risto Rautiainen, PhD, Professor (Principal Investigator)Kelsie Musil, MS, Graduate Assistant (Co-Investigator)

Lorena Baccaglini, PhD, Associate Professor (Co-Investigator)

Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH)University of Nebraska Medical Center

Funded by: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH) U54 OH010162

CS-CASH/NASS CS-CASH/FMiD2011-2015 2018• Mail surveys designed by CS-CASH• Administered by USDA-NASS• Stratified random sample of

operations, 1000 per state• Conducted annually; 2 mailings, no

incentives• Four-page injury survey form• Five annual rounds of data

collected• Data analysis by CS-CASH research

• Online + Mail surveys• Administered by CS-CASH/UNMC• Stratified random sample of

operations, ~2500 per state• First conducted in 2018; 2 emails, 2

mailings, small prizes• Four page injury/illness/exposure/

PPE use form• Planned to continue semi-annually• Data analysis by CS-CASH +

students

Surveys covered a seven-state region

• Iowa• Kansas• Minnesota• Missouri• Nebraska• North Dakota• South Dakota

CS-CASH / USDA-NASS Survey Results 2011-2015

Farm and Ranch Operations

1777

1189

1747

13801161

8771071

49

390

91

251

310

279

414

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota

Num

ber o

f res

pons

esCS-CASH farm and ranch injury survey

Number responding operations by state, 2011-2015 (n=10,986)

Farm RanchSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 to 9 10 to 49 50 to 179 180 to 499 500 to 999 > 1000

Perc

enta

ge

Acres

Operations by size, all states combined

Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

< 2500 2500 to 4999 5000 to 9999 10000 to24999

25000 to49999

50000 to99999

> 100000

Perc

enta

ge

Sales ($)

Operations by total sales, all states combined


87.1%

6.1% 5.1%1.5%

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Family or Invidual Partnership Incoroporated Other

Type of Organization



73.11

67.17

70.06

62.96

71.07

75.47

71.60

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota

Perc

enta

geOperations with internet access

Operators

60.06

52.24

39.64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3

Average age of operators


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All

Perc

enta

geOperators by gender (%) (n=15,704)

Male FemaleSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3

Perc

enta

geTime operators spend at principal occupation

Farm/Ranch Work Other WorkSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

100% 75-99% 50-74% 25-49% 0-24%

Num

ber o

f ope

rato

rs

Percent of time worked on farm

Percentage of time worked on farm by all operators combined


Injuries

7.68

6.726.24

5.66

7.33

8.478.07

7.09

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota All

Inju

ries/

100

pers

on-y

ears

Injury rate for all operators by state, 2011-2015


7.53 7.52

6.15

8.15

6.26

7.09

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 All

Inju

ries/

100

pers

on-y

ears

Injury rate by year



7.53 7.52

6.15

8.15

6.26

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Inju

ries /

100

per

son-

year

sInjury rate and trend

89%

11%

Injuries by activity

Work

Leisure


6%

17%

40%

31%

6%

Injuries by location where injury occurred

Home/Office

Farm Building

Farm Yard

Field/Pasture

Road/Off-Farm


8%

5%

11%

26%11%

6%

0%

9%

4%

1%1%

18%

Injuries by cause/source of injury

TractorATVMachineryLivestockHand ToolPower ToolChemical/PesticideWorking SurfaceTruck/AutomobileOther VehicleWaterOther


10%

3%

4%

15%

15%11%

13%

18%

1%6%

4%

Injuries by injured body partHead/Neck

Eye

Chest/Trunk

Back

Arm/Shoulder

Finger

Hand/Wrist

Leg/Knee/Hip

Toe

Foot

OtherSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey

34%

16%12%

17%

9%

12%

Injuries by lost time due to disability

None

Less 1/2 a day

1/2 to 1 day

2 to 6 days

7 to 29 days

30 or more days


32%

56%

12%

Medical care required

None

Doctor/ClinicVisit

Hospitlization


CS-CASH / FMiD 2018 Survey Preliminary Results

Characteristics of responding farms and operators• 3209 respondents to mail surveys, 4569 operators• 2420 farms (86.4%), 299 ranches (10.7%), 81 both (2.9%) • Average ages: principal operators 60.9 years, second operators 50.3

years, and third operators 38.6 years of age. • Gender: principal operators 98% male, second operators 50.9% male,

third operators 83.2% male• Primary occupation farming: 89.0% of principal operators, 73.5% of

second operators and 67.6% of third operators

Table 1. Number and rate of injuries by operator

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All operators

Injuries reported 0 2541 937 294 3772

1 333 81 29 443

2 57 10 4 71

3 19 5 24

Total n of injuries 504 116 37 657

N of respondents 2950 1033 327 4310

Rate: Injuries / 100 17.1 11.2 11.3 15.2

12.2

14.6 14.8

17.6 17.6

12.5

15.0 14.4

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

IA KS MN MO ND NE SD Region

Injury Rate by State (Injuries/100 operators)

Table 2. Sources of most serious injuries by operatorOperator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators

Count % Count % Count % Count %Tractor 25 6.3 2 2.2 2 6.5 29 5.6ATV 14 3.5 5 5.5 19 3.7Machinery 67 16.9 21 23.1 6 19.4 94 18.1Truck/other vehicle 19 4.8 5 5.5 1 3.2 25 4.8

Power tool 13 3.3 1 1.1 14 2.7Hand tool 35 8.8 6 6.6 2 6.5 43 8.3Building/structure 15 3.8 4 4.4 19 3.7Ground/floor/surface 37 9.3 7 7.7 2 6.5 46 8.9Livestock 98 24.7 29 31.9 12 38.7 139 26.8Other 74 18.6 11 12.1 6 19.4 91 17.5

0Total number of injuries 397 100 91 100 31 100 519 100

5%4%

18%

5%

3%

8%

4%9%

27%

17%

Sources of Injury, 2018 Survey

TractorATVMachinery Truck/other vehiclePower toolHand toolBuilding/structureGround/floor/surfaceLivestockOther

Table 3. Respiratory conditions diagnosed by physician by operator

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators

Count % Count % Count % Count %

None 2266 80.1 783 80.6 265 86.9 3314 80.7

COPD 58 2.1 7 0.7 1 0.3 66 1.6

Asthma 129 4.6 44 4.5 10 3.3 183 4.5

Farmers lung 87 3.1 6 0.6 0 0 93 2.3

Sinus disease (Sinusitis) 147 5.2 50 5.1 8 0.03 205 5

Nasal inflammation (Rhinitis) 178 6.3 45 4.6 4 1.3 227 5.5

Environmental allergies 228 8.1 106 10.9 26 8.5 360 8.8

Total responses 2829 971 305 4105

Table 4. Diagnosed or self-assessed hearing lossby operator



None 1013 35.2 669 67.6 246 78.8 1928 46.1

Mild 1174 40.8 240 24.3 46 14.7 1460 34.9

Moderate 596 20.7 69 7 16 5.1 681 16.3

Severe 96 3.3 11 1.1 4 1.3 111 2.7


Table 5. Physician diagnosed skin conditions by operator



None 2305 80.9 873 89.3 284 91 3462 83.6

Irritant dermatitis 83 2.9 24 2.5 5 1.6 112 2.7

Allergic dermatitis 34 1.2 22 2.2 4 1.3 60 1.4

Skin cancer 396 13.9 53 5.4 18 5.8 467 11.3

Other 61 2.1 16 1.6 2 0.6 79 1.9


Table 6. Other conditions, resulting from extended work periods by operator



None 1475 52.2 543 55.6 179 58.1 2197 53.5

High stress level 879 31.1 251 25.7 75 24.4 1205 29.3

Sleep deprivation 727 25.7 224 23 63 20.5 1014 24.7

Exhaustion/fatigue 901 31.9 258 26.4 72 23.4 1231 30.0

Other 39 1.4 11 1.1 3 1 53 1.3


Table 7. Musculoskeletal pain or discomfort in different body areas by operator

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All OperatorsCount % Count % Count % Count %

None 951 33.5 430 44.7 182 59.1 1563 38.0Head 130 4.6 50 5.2 16 5.2 196 4.8Cervical 280 9.9 83 8.6 17 5.5 380 9.2Shoulders 788 27.7 176 18.3 38 12.3 1002 24.4Chest 88 3.1 16 1.7 3 1 107 2.6Elbows 200 7 35 3.6 11 3.6 246 6.0Forearms 101 3.6 34 3.5 11 3.6 146 3.6Lumbar 830 29.2 239 24.9 66 21.4 1135 27.6Wrist/hands 408 14.4 112 11.7 19 6.2 539 13.1Thighs 121 4.3 20 2.1 5 1.6 146 3.6Knees 861 30.3 176 18.3 37 12 1074 26.1Legs 292 10.3 69 7.2 14 4.5 375 9.1Ankles/feet 442 15.6 110 11.4 23 7.5 575 14.0Total responses 2840 961 308 4109 100.0

Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when exposed at high levels (% of time)

Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All operators

Respiratory 41.3 39.6 39.5 40.8

Hearing 30.6 29.3 29.9 30.3

Chemicals 53.9 52.3 52.3 53.4

Summary of results2011-2015 2018

• 10,986 farms, 15,704 operators• Response rates: 29% to 37%• Avg. injury rate: 7.2 / 100 operators• Avg. medical costs of injury:

• $1,513 out-of-pocket• $7,282 covered by insurance• $8,795 total• $35,180 (*4) incl. indirect costs

• 3,209 farms, 4,669 operators• Response rate: 20%• Injury rate: 14.4 / 100 operators• Avg. medical cost of injury:

• $1,934 out-of-pocket• $11,155 covered by insurance• $13,088 combined• $52,352 (*4) incl. indirect costs

• Prevalence: Respiratory 19%, Hearing 54%, Skin 16%, Stress 29%, Musculoskeletal 3%- 28%

• PPE use: Respiratory 41%, Hearing 30%, Chemicals 53%

Thank you!Risto Rautiainen, PhD, Professor

(Principal Investigator)Kelsie Musil, MS, Graduate Assistant

(Co-Investigator)Lorena Baccaglini, PhD, Associate

Professor (Co-Investigator)

Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH)

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Funded by: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH) U54 OH010162

farm and ranch health and safety surveys

Documents