mmmm , ybnfl ai<*} v«5 t>ina^f>nn*OT .v-tffu^Hfl #Hrt»..i)iKum.l « jwil ,u^f. lo>r-)ti^09^Bll .r.4*!**!,,,,, ^11 t»| lii rjijii V i* ' <£< » *71 T>> Hvofl »Wi tuiHU to n »<»n »i»o'3 ,ik; MK .%>:»! ^u<u* >o'< > it >i, i,i\ f VOLOMli Ylll. UkW*li 1«tl |-.i | mi.HI1 II 11- l \mm> fiarln»'H|iwttin on it* i: mf* ^ ji t if. MACLEAN. e: .! .» > ,,.* m* TMUrat.Publiihsd weekly at three dollar* a year.; with aa. addition, when not paid within thrta motitlii'i of twenty por cent per annoiti. Two new, mihaeribere may take the paper ( fie* ttetbro in edvanoe) and tew at twenty.' I 9mkt aubeoribcee,-not receiving thoir paper* il Uwp. n»V P** yaar'e aubuoripliun with ton dqlUn, in advance- A year** auWsrlptioh a1«rty« due in ad ranee. 'P*perr not discontinued tesoto/WnabMriber* ii»m>in.-'w. 11/ . / -ffverfirrmmfr not exceeding tfiljno* inserted f w on# doll u tho firsl time, mid fifty coals oaoh 'lVMquent tirrto. Fqr* iniertionn hi interval* of t*r6 week* 75 o inuVflcr the fir«t, mid a dollar if the Interval* are longer. Payment due in advenoe for edreriUeitooiUf. When the number of Meeittone. ie not. nvir^ed 011 the copy, tho aiyprtUninanl will.bo inaorted, and chargod ti l ordered out. ICPThe pottage mnetho paid on Inttere to the editor on tHo boainea* of the office, ''"wwwwnv-aweaanwyew ArrsortiATR koon, pi<hb air, and ex. KRCISJC, TVRCK3SARY TO THE HEALTHY coNurrtox or dairy cattle. That the natural temperature of food for ruminant animal* in tho moot appropriate, in perhaps too plain n proposition to Iw dispu'ed ; hut in the general man. agenmnt of cows in the vicinity of po. pulou* places, this important fact is entirclv disregarded. Man, it is IciiOj is omnivorous. His stomach is nearly equally well adapted to tho digestion of animal'and vegetable food, of solids or fl lids. Ho is also a rookihg'animal, nmf cun recoivo his food nt varying temporaluron. But it is different with rtiminant animals. They nre essentially hcMiiirijroits, nml should recejve litis Itiitd of alnn'ifit, at a natural te«1iq><?1rijture, lii-fore it nas undergone certain tfhqmical changes, and not ns is lb? case ift yjte form of slop, reeking hot Ironv.tho distillery. Tln:ir immense complex concocting organs must ha*c sums, thing olsq to haiploy them, besides receiving *ntne thirty or -forty gallons, of slush pev day, which contain* hut n small quail* Wy^ VMclaWs nwitcr in lim form *»f A/rh'di»i*eniirtn!ed through it. To fulfil the obvjoiis 'design of nature, tlury must hate rood which minti*otian. Without the' jkoWijr'iir rnmitini-'ion^ or in familiar phrase. Without' a they wrfl Ungual pn,d diei Ifonce A liltlo grass or ^ay qaunoCbo disjwnstid with. Bit a jjtlk ia m*t enough. Tuey must have DM food in ^ulficicnt q uantity to fill their tdoinachs. .Xhp. COW I hot is fed OH lMliltory.sl'ip, so for as \yo know, use* but una of her fornr atomaclis ; all tl|o rc*»t aro idle; of course, tho.ro must. follow gttfol functional dent wgiumnul. And when this'kind of diet in received into the ay.-:, tem, it is rapidly sicked up by trie thou*, and mhsorlietit VcSsr4!*, and thrown into the ht<»od ; and !ief<»rc it'becomes nniuuit. istcd, probably in the course of ten mill tiles it hegtiislo fib straindd through the organ* of llie udder, in the form of a blue, tfalery^insipul secfciion, called in'lk. Howi very different is the process of forming milk out of solid food ! By the complicated a|>paratua ulrcady descrilicd, the food undergoes various mod fictitious nd chnngo-i. First, it is piirlia'dy cliuw. cd and mixed wilh tho saliva; it then descend* into tit© rumen, where it gradually trne©r*e* it« vnriom conijtirtincntH, and' i» probably retained several hour*, until it ii thoroughly macerated ; next il passes into the reticulum in srriall portion*, and there being softened and obvdred Villi mucus, hy a hintt of anti.|tcrisl-itrje action it is thrown into the mouth.. Here, ' .by a compound ihoVion of the lover jnjw, lyilf Internal and half vertical,* leisurely repented from thirty to forty lllIMhL A(l l»iu*h anil /»e iU- . * f n.~ n.r vh*« n*», tilt! 5UUUIKI proceas of mastication is completed ; and being reduced to a proper cons.stance, it again swallowed, and glides directly into the omasum, where it sustains some Changes not well understood. It next passes into the abntnasum, or last stomach, %#hore 'it is mixed with certain flu. id's equivalent to the gastric juice in the human stomadh, and thus is Converted into a soft pulpy mass nailed chyme, from which the small vessels of a portion of Ahf digest tvo lujif, still .lower down, call. «d Uuleals, hy a peculiar power wliich may he denominutcd vital chemistry, manufacture that hlaad fluid,chyle, which contain* in itselfall the ultimate elements of animal IkmJics. Thin, then, ia an elabWdUA animalizcd product, containing lift almndnnce-of oxygen and carbon, with adfne nitrogen, and titled for conversion into a I l>u men, gelatin, Ahrirr, mr any of the rtVn«tW».VA aI.A(a*1m _r aJ_». kJ . " ifivtiiinniN I7ICIHCHI9 Ul If III fll HI IKW1ICM. The formed from it iit tfrhMqoetotty jftitt) in nt/tlae elemental winch nre rrquir. ,w(nsle» UP ,he »f the eyetem. Of tourer, #lU».iiM!)|>^rAlfi4 ffoiW/M *"» mailed, «l»a Jj *«d « » "UrtftftWRi fr»»«H tl»A i n«#a.:wwi:h»iw^ «fjtf#mg off* frmm e*swHeii^en$to<*tibr<<il»WWirtJ^wiq-! iHyqflfuwwiMr AM*«»wwfc»fi MM mums!' 'nr gilgur ^r'| J-f" t'ii "" * > 4 .fhrJmlale INffyVHo ,l<rh- ,,wy Wiffc^oriw-tf'; r T v ClfEF ,'*i:t lr>; i- (: '4 iUm .> . t..*,",- w;rt: it? 1 |!* V j< ;. .. f , ,-. in fecti thofQ U jcry little if any nppro prmle mutter..40; make it out of. It i known that the food of animal* mux fiecemarily consiiU of ono of the thru< great siaminal principles.a taccharine an oiltfy or eu\aluminous principle. Thu ghliiiiiNioiM and herbaceous m at ten*, 01 which tuminantu lecdt contain two o tbe*e> viz i the saccharine nnd the glitiin Our, which it n nioditicntion of the nlhti iniunu*, while every part of on nnirna contains albumen and oil. But how much saccharine matter can it l>c sup posed is left in the slop of the distillery or in brcwors* grainr, after, by the pro cess of fermentation, all the alcohol thn cun bo obtained is extracted from it ?. Spirit, or alcohol, is the direct product ol the sacoharino portion of the grains nnd as it is npidly developed by ferinea tation, it is hardly probablo that any rc< mains irehind uncleeomposed. As glutei is insoluble in water, and does not si readily ferment as the saccharine princf pie, it is probable that brewers* grain? contain n considerable quantity of it. Indeed it inny be snid to contain the only nutritious principle that can he obtained from them. It is fully established by the experiments of Majciulie and other physiologists, that a diet, to be complete, must contain more or less of these three stuininal principles. Such at least must ho the diot of man. . Although animals may form a chyle, nnd even live a while on oho of these clases of nlimuntn, yot it if impossible that they can do so for a great length of limn. No proper chylo can be obtained from the digestion of such food ; consequently no healthy blood can he formed, and none of the secretions hi: healthy. T.iis, then, is another important reason why the health of cows cannot lie maintained on distillery-slop and suuilar kinds of food. Healthy chyle is so similar in its pro. parties to blond, that it has been called li. quid blitod; nnd Vauqueliii, n celebrated chcitMtf, even regards it as fibrin in an imperfect stale. Hut when the food, a* is tfic case with distillery-slop, is of sucli a nature that proper chyle* cannot be formed from it, vvu would naturally expect, when used and taken up hy the ah. sorbcnts/tliat the entire system would he tilled with the watery and innutritions flu. id, ami such, as will subsequently appear, is the actual condition of animals so fed. Such food contains no Carboti, which constitutes (he greater pioportion of tibrin, or muscular l»:>re ; ot course n> fibre or flesh can be formed. for the very .good reason that there is nothing present to furnish ttio materials essential to its formation'. fii view of these facta, though uniinstructed l»v experience, as to the actual respite, we might confidently anticipate the deleterious' cfleets which are known to take place, and must fiver he consequent upon the use of unwholesome ami iutfufliciont food. Hut there nro other conditions which arc essential to the health of these animals, which may be concisely noticed. First, Pure air is indispensably necessary. Any other conclusion than this would ho as contrary to the known law> of life and health, as to the common sense of mankind. The effects of living in foil mr, are manifested hy tho debility which ensue*-.impaired digestion, depression o the vital functions, and oftentimes tin I generation or diseases of the most malignant and fatal character. Now as air h rendered impure hy every thing which im pedes its circulation, .hut especially h} .4 I..- !- 1 I ma urcHiu (imi pcispirauon 01 nnimnl: | crowded together in small nml close »j> pertinents; the presence of cxcienicuti and .stench, and putrifying animal am I vegetable matter, which, even with tin I strictest regard to cleanliness, unavoiJ ably accumulates by immuring them ii confined stables, such a condition, in the absence of ull other prejudicial causes cannot fail to prove destructive to liealtl and life. Second, Exercise, It is as evidently the design of nature that cnttlo shoulc enjoy that bodily activity which is produced liy the natural action of their owr limbs, in moving from place to place fui the means of subsistence, as it is that vc gctables should lie left undisturbed in tlx hoi I from which tlicy imbibu their nour ishmcnt. Cattle were necessarily cmlu ed with powers of locomotion in order t< neck their own sul»*ir<tonc« ; and it ii self.cvidcnt that they cannot lie condctn ned to a torpid vegetable condition will . irnponity. Nature, ever unerring in her instincts prompts the hounding frolics of ynnnj .1 hi mo la; oh woll as the mors clumsy ttutn Iiohi of the old. ** 'Iticrro must," remark; Addison, »«be frequent motions, agitu tibis, (o mix, digest, and separate tin jtlicea contained in the body, as well a: I«s!«M5 «n.l cl.«w lh»» inli,» . !« < <»f.ng,sh AM si'i"!"" f.rrna^d luatMig looe. Ktcrciso ferment* (lie burners, OMfeUtcw jot*M»*f prtH»«i ciia nonls* tbioms «tH nature iiHfltsfcotforci distributions » m \ tttf #' ^ w v iU <omwM4ivr II ill j II I j II II f t Mi . ' » " "h IAW, SOUTH-C AKOLII^ i > it i< m i < ' i "~r 'r » i. without whith tho body cnhnnt subsist n s vigor." And in ordor to this healthy Ad it tion of tho vital function, it is hot tiuffl u ciont that exercise lm taken occasional^ >. and at lotur intervals, but.when the wnmi e permits, it should l»o taken daily. Com i inon souse and observation, independent f of physiological knowledge, might lea< . (la to the conclusion, that nuy other man . I ageuiont of cattle than that here augment I od, must load to the derangement o v health, nnd fatal diseases..Hartley\ . Essay on Milk. ' CULTUllK OF COTTOJf. There are many around us who (Iiinl 1 the surfnco«culture of cotton, or of crops, n ' new.fnnglud notion, and scout at the idea. ' All encroachments on es nhlislied usages i and customs are received in this very » way. There are others who think it hn» ; done and will do for the north, but will 1 not in tho south. I will stato one cir » cumstance, nnd closo by citing one fact, In 1533, I think, I planted in the saint ' field, about twenty acres of cotton, as usu nl barred ofi* and scrnpod. Tho 8ub.se qucnt culture was entirely with the hoc I and sweep, the latter merely shaved the - surface, probably to the depth of one half to ono inch ; also throe acres, and cultivated us was customary; plowing three limes and hoeing. There was hut n path of eighteen to twenty.fo;ir inchos dividing. Land as near similar as couhl t lie, only the first pieco had hocn cleared s live years, nnd tho second pieco only two years ; therefore, the lattar should have resisted the drought best. Mr. William Montgomery, my neighbor, n practical farmer of some thirty years' standing, ridiculed my notion, us I had tieen hut recently froin school. I to»k him into the field to look at it. Ho admitted that the unptoughcd land was the best crop, and hid sustained itself the best through the season, hut could not uccount forjt. Now every gardener knows tins fact, that his garden returns him a greater income i; than any- other spot he can cultivate, The plough never enters, nor is tho earth disturbed two inches frotn March till July. He cultivates tho surface entire, hiving previously spnded deep and manured' well. Then, if this he so in relation to raising vegetables »,f the tap-root and hori7.oi1t.il root families in tho garden, may it not be wejl to try it clsewheic. ospoci} ally as more Jand oasi he cultivated and kept cleaner 1.Western Fanner. From Sinclair'* Huc'jandry. LIMk. There is perhaps no country in Lurope, where calcined lime is used to wo great an extent, nnd in such quantities, as in the more improved and improving districts of Scotland. This may lie partly owing to tho total absence of chulk, which abounds in en many parts of Engfnnd. and which renders calcined time less ne( cessary there; hut it is'principally to lie attributed to the groat benefit that has lieon deiived from its use. In bringing in new or maiden soils, the use of lime is found to ho so essential, that little good could be done without it. Its first application, in particular, gives a degree of 1 permanent fertility to tho soil, which can 1 lie imparted by no other manure. Its of. ; fects, indeed, uro hardly to be credited, I hut their correctness cannot be disputed. i Maiden soils, in Lammcrmuir, of a tolcrn. I hie quality, will, with the force of sheep*' . dung, or other anunnl manures, produce a middling crop of oats, or ryo ; hut the richest uuiinul dung dues not unable them to bring any oilier grain to maturity..* Pens, hurley, or wheat, will set out with every nppeuranco of miccvu; hut when 4 tlio pens arc in bloom, and the other grains * nrc putting forth thoenr, they proceed no s fnrthor, nnd dwindle awny in fruitless I abortion.* Tho same soils, after getting ? a Hiiflicinnt quantity of lime, will produce every species of grnin, nnd in good sen, sous hring them to maturity, in all future . times, always supposing the ground to he under proper culture, nnd tiie climate ( adopted to tho crop. This fact proves, that oats nnd rye require less calcareous matter than wUnt is necessary for other grains; that lime nets nunn alterativo, na well as un nctlvo inedicmo, and that the defects in the constitution of tho soil nro 1 cured, even after the stimulant and ferti. r iizmg effects of the luno have long ceased to operate. Lime is also peculiarly bene. ; ticial in improving niuirish soils, by making them produce good herbage, where nothing but heath and othor unpalatable } grasses grow formerly. The cxpenso ol , this article in Aborducnshiro is stated tc be enormous, very little of it being produced in that country ; yet lime is there considered to b« absolutely necessaryand, indeed, the foundation of ail suhstnn * lial improvements. J It is supposed, how- * Marl, although containing calcareous matter * is not so effective. It will produco oaU, barley and early peas in abundaucc, and in somo situu '» tions will also produce wheat, wlicn the season it s favorable ; but wheat crops cannot be <Jt'pcndc< I upon from paerl aloaq. t, Communication .from Mr. Barclay, Mill o » Knocklcith. It is observed, that lime has aomr timea been withheld both from low land* aftc r fallow-, Mid from hilly land* after turnip* ; but it . all thaao caucs, with an evident low to the ojcu pant, by a docriMfc ol' produce t!ir'ut t!c wlwic eourec. v - *1 i . l '* < V I is 1 » H - f'e :i 1; ,bi« : l, TUESDAY, JANUARY IS ? ' ' J» . 01 » * QV.U-+>.» vft j i "' r.i. n il 1ii r. "I* nr. r r Mh i i,, I ,T:>- * i r -/'V <J - * . ;:f , v. iiClTj 1 over, not-to lie no useful 6a the trefl-shoro, I »« in the mora inland ilisti lets, front the i E anil being perhaps mixed with tn»a*aholla. I i The importance of litno as a manoreia < i strikingly exemplified'by the fpllOwingrn- t y formation from Mr. Walker of Meileo- I t dean : He entered into the possession of < j that farm twonty.fivo years ago, and then gave the whole farm, (with iheoxception I of a few acres of the richest soil in differ* j ent fields, which had for ages been ma- I nured as infield,) a go«»d dose of lime . \ 1 From the newly-limed land, hie returns < wcro fully equal to his expectations, and | greatly superior to those from the richest » t spots that had received no lime. Being I very desirous to ascertain how long the < limed land would maintain its superiority, s ' | ho kept both the liincd and unlimed under I f the anmo management in every respect, I ( during hia first lease of twenty-one years; f and lio enn affirm, that at the end of Ihnt 5 period, his crops upon the limed land wero ; equally good, and as much superior to I ' those of the unliincd lond, os they wcro t ' at the commencement thereof. Having j - got a new lease of that farm, he proposes t laying lime upon every spot ofground that c was not limod formerly, being convinced n that ho has been a considerable loser hy (J his experiment. (low long therefore the i effects of lime may last, he will not tuko a , upon himself to foresee ; hut he can safely t say, that there is land upon his brother's t properly at Wooden, that was liincd by t his father upwards of thirty yoars ngo, f where the cfleets of the lime, upon every c crop, i.rc still as apparent as when it was c first laid on the land. I It is proposed, in discussing this s-ubject, |i very shortly to explain the following par. f ticulnrs : 1. Tho soils to which luno is u applicable ; 2. The distance from which n it has been carried; '!. The quantity ;t oRed ; 4. The best inodo of slacking ; f r, TK- . ~ l r : I I HU *.<IIIIIII«III lUUIII-n "I .1 |>l>l|l'<| I lull ; (j 0. The platl of top drossing thn surface; v 7. Tlie price; 8. The n*u of pounded f limestone; mid, 0. The caused which a may occasion its failure. <j 1. Tin* manure is certainly well cal- p culnled for rl.iy lands. Some recommend { laying on n certain quantity of it, to the n amount of 20 holla ol shell*, or 120 hush* h els to the Scotch, or 00 to the Engli-di g were, nlid us hot os possible, every time a the Innd is fallowed. This plan, however, n is objected to from respectable authority ; rr and it-is caulomled. that so small a qttnn h tity qf lime shells is quite uufit fur stimu. 2 Istingnny kind of sod, except where it is a of a dry tnnirish nature, and not formerly tl limed. To lime land every time it is in d fallow, seems unnecessary, more especial, n ly if a sufficient quantity were applied o in the first instance.£ From 00 to 70 h barley hulls per 8cotc.ii acre, or froin 300 e to 420 bushels per Scotch, that is, from n 286 to JjfjG bushels per English acre, nro quantities frequently given in East Lothi- si an. in regard to loams, if they arc in p good condition, and in good heart, pur- p Imps liming onco iti the course of two ro- \i lotions will be xuiticicnt.§ It is h rule, b however, in regard to ihu .application oi' n lime, and other calcareous manures, that 1 i they should only he applied to land in u c dry statu, nnd well drained. n 2. It is astonishing the distance front p which limo is carried in some parts of U Scollund. Mr. liluckie, of Holydenn, in j Roxburgh slice, drives it twenty, two miles, and the carriage, when hired, is Is. Gel. per hull of shells. In the parish of Moffat, where of lute considerable improvements j have been carried on, and corn, turnips, and clover, raised in great perfection, 1000 feet above the level of the sea, the litno is carried from Douglas, at twenty-seven ^ and ttin tv miles distance. It is sometimes r} carried on the borders, hut in no great t, quantity, about thirty, or even thirty.two ^ miles ,|[ and in Aberdeenshire, it is driven j, that distance inland, after being imported |, from Sunderland. jj 3. The quantity used varies much. It t is evident that strong deep soils require n ^ greater quaintly titan those which are p light and shallow. Baron Hepburn is of 0 opinion, (hut it should he applied frequent- n ly, nnd in small quantities at a time, es- q peciully on gravelly bottomed loams, r which are upt to become too open nnd pliablo by nil over dose of lime ; by follow- u mg this practice, he finds his crops won- . derf'iiliy improved, both in regard to quan- w tity and quality. Mr. Robertson of La- |, <1 vkirk states, that lie bus never seen lime y used in loo great n quantity, if the land ( is judiciously cropped ; if otherwise, it n will ultirnntcly hurt the soil. lie has laid j ; on no less n quantity than 101) bolls of fj shells, 4 Winchester bushels each, per t) p Knglish aero, and frequently with much (, success. On dry fresh land n less quanti- n ' ty will do. Mr. Bluckio of (lolydcan . ( considers sixteen bolls of shells, on such v land, n Hulficicnt dressing. Dr. Coventry r ' is of opinion, that in geiicrul, about G tons ; of untucked or newly,burnt lime, of nino- ; ty or ninoty.livo per cent, of polity, may r lio sufficient for tho statute acre* of hind H ' that hom no*er boon limed ; hut if the . ' limo he impure, a greater propert on will { I t Mr. John Shirrcflf remark*, that to apocify a | quantity for all lunda in impossible, ao much dc- 4 peuda upon the depth and quality of the noil; also j on th* quantity of calcareoun mutter, either prer vioualy applied or originally in tho aoH. t $ Communication from George Putcraon, Erq. , of Caatlo-IIuntty. U Communis .lion from Mr. Wulkcr of Mellcndealt * ' t t .yi. ' j sr ,u 31 -,M r 4tfi -lft e* <-" ,rt?i > u vj j »Jt; <. ^ ,( .'. ,,,-j ,. ,.j ): »?; tin '-ill' HI! I ,1 >' 1 . o> i*» v(I jrjji.md Sr.* M, 1843. ': ' m ' *» l:»-i li **' - ! . -« \*CT ' l-U JI .v I ' ' r r. be requisite. Several intelligent farmer* Wo W opinion, that not leaa than 60 or .70 bolls of lime shells per a ere, should ha laid rm a strong clay anil, and that this quantity, with judioious cropping, will be sufii(icnt Tor a lease of nineteen or twenty. >no years. Thn information transmitted to rneiby \lr. VVntker of Mcllendoan upon this subect, is of peculiar importance, as he has imcd perhaps more land than any individual in the whole island, and in the rout so of thirty years has triod various nxteriments in regard to tho quantity that ihriuld he applied per acre. On newly >rokon.up land from old turf, he has laid >n from 20 and 25 to 40 and 45 boll* of ihulls, of 4 Winchester bushels each, per English aero. On light and thin (outield) soils, the crop on that part of the ictd that was limed at tho rata of 20 and 15 bolls per acre, was as rough, and apicarcd equally good, with tho crop on tho and that had received 40 bolls per acre; tut when it came to be thrashed out, the rrain was found very inferior in qunnli. y, and still more so in quality. Upon :luv soils, the effects of the lime, where i small quantity wan laid, were hnrdlv lisccrniblo; while that part of the Held hat received 40 and 45 bolls produced nit ibundnut crop. Finding the produce of ho land that was limed with a small qu.an- ity so very inferior, ho laid on, (when i he land came to be rcJallowed). *20 or 25 tolls more, the efloets of which were nov. ( ir perceptible. Ho is thcroforo decidedly < if opinion, that every kind of soil should lave n good doso at once, in which case ic considers no repetition to he necessary or n long time after; but if repented at ill, tho second liming should be consider- iltly greater than the first, which seems o bo tho general opinion of the Scotch sinners. As to repeated liming in small inutilities Mr. Walker it] convinced, that vliatovrr is laid out in that way, lifter the irst dose, is so much money thrown way. lie can give no slrongor proof, if his conviction in that respect, than his irnctice upon tho form of Rutherford.. < Ie entered to that farm in Juny* 1S03. I nd since that time hns gono over eight \ uiidred and fifty acres; und though o t ;roat part of it constats of a light dry soil, i nd the lime hue to he carried twenty.four r twenty-five miles, consequently at n ] rent expense, yet on no part of the farm oh iio luid less than 40 bolls of shells, or ID Winchester bushels per English acre, nil on many places fully 50 bolls. No. j tiing, in his opinion, ussiinilntcs tho pro. uco of outfield, to that of infield land so ouch, as a good dose of lime laid on Rt nee. The consequence of this Hining as been, tho most productive crops, of very description, to bo seen in all that eighborhood. Mr. Aitchison, of Clement's Wells, a|. o has found that lime answers every pur* oso ho could wish, in promoting the imroveinent ot his estate in Peebles shire, 'hero the climate is cold and moist. (Io ogan to improve that properly in 1800, nil in OcUber, 1811, he had laid on it, 0,380 hulls, or 62,310 Winchester hushIs. llis ridges ore 18 loot broad ; nnd ccording to the quuntity ho wishes to ut on per acre, his overseer has tho fulnving table to conduct the operation, f it is proposed to lay on 25 bolls per acre, betwixt each heap, of ono lir. lot each, thero ought to be a distance of 304 foot. i y'j boils, .... .25* 1 35 do 22 1 40 do 10 I 45 do 17 1 ind in tho snino proportion as high ns 0 bolls. He never puts on less than 25 oils, or 150 bushels of shells, per Scotch, ' 130 bushels per English ncro,) mid on eavy land he litis gone the length of 70 oils. Tho day the lime comoa to the leld, a mun follows the carts, nod covers t up immediately with earth, by which, 1 enerally in a few days, it is reduced to owder. When in that state, it is spread n the land. After trying soveral other aethods, this was found to he the best.. The improvement effected by lime on hat property has been very great. 4. The slacking of lime completely is most important operation. The common node is, to lay it in heaps from tho kiln pon the ground intended to bo limed ; lit this, nlthough the most expeditious, is y no means tho most advantageous me. I hod. In the Brat place, if the lime is not II of the same quality, (which is seldom ho cuse.) the host lime commonly dtttf'l ves irut, and the inferior quality continues inslneked; ho that it must either be spread >i that stuto, or the good lirno must he Mowed to rccoivo too much moisture, or gain to re>absorb its lixed air, both of tdiich should he prevented,. The best node of slacking, is to lay down the shells n a henp near to wntcr, and by otico turnng ami watering tho whole mass, it is educed to a conipleto powder; in which Into it should bo applied to the soil, and iloughcd in immediately uithn shallow arrow, whon thero is no douht hut it will nix more intimately with the soil, than »y tlio former method.TI This |>!an, how. svor, Iri attended with nn additional cxinnto of considerable magnitude. The necessity of slacking calcined lime, is konn after it is burnt ns |»o8*ihlo, is oh. rious. If any sudden ruin shoulJ fall, it V Communication from Mr. R< nnic of I>ini.it i!j. uout. ^ a ti '.' > ' » »» < .* : AW 4 -hn^H- qr»t*> 5wv:j| t»l eniil '/. tVV'»,,» 5M " auVf >«#i ntiiM*«J| jrjit'ii ' KtU' ,n;il»ii<» "a«> liov* « 1n*l ,li<:: » ' ' Hi m i\*wni*r~ms!Bst9s»s£2' Owldl ,t»WI*r> i.'inhf r>J b»i «< j« orii ri -v vl'tK/Mq l» u-.m M mmf « c>* . ?». " 11 1 lilU rl ,.,a 'f' . r*A* )i t)»i*r ifM , .r£ *n Would bo «*tfv«*ttfd1 HHd i*«W»r »''h«; hfC can thftrfi«|Mrm7ifp Md rOixlt'fcqdfdly arith the adit f nttr would double tM qtlllffj lily Have the aaOr>o'ifOod pfi«M,r Kv«n after it: hear been Vedi»<i*<riu ipswdsr* if any mia should happen'to fall, i»r:atf by any meann it receive to«> much moisture, while it lies thin spread on the MKfate of the field, it will partly be formed intb (mid insoluble cakes, *nd may remain in' thee slnto far years/ without mixing" with^-of* being of the least benefit to, Uiewbil. - lit tho course of repented ploughing*, Mr. Patterson, of Casllo fiuntiv, has observed pieces of hard lime cimie up. ns inMlubb as if they had bean pirccsof an old build* in8Considering these circumstance*, I was much pleased to find, that it mode had been discnvored by Mr. Ncit ll;rllingal, in Kifo, which obviates these difficulties.. His plan is, to lay the calcined lime do*it on any thick head-ridge or good earth* within the field where it is to be applied, and the instant it is so, two men are ready to uinko up a compost of the litno-shells itnd earth ; three cart.loads of earth to one cart of shells, rnised to a ridgo long and narrow, fivo feet high, that rain may not enter it. Tho moisture in the earth thicks or reduces tho lime to a powder; it iwells to n considerable bulk, and then all cracks and openings nrc closed with a «pado, and n littlo more earth put over the whole. In this way, ho has had it Ire* rpicntly mixed up for six mouths, nnd in i>no particular instance fifteen months, before it was carted nwoy , nnd yet when carried on lo tbo land nnd spread, tho whole mass put on the oppcnrnncc of w liito limo, flying with the wind, as if uewly from tho kiln. This mode ho means al* ways to follow, being certain of its ad van* tngo. It can ho mixed m> intimately with tho soil as if new from tho kiln, and lie has lind crops from it, in IhiSyWny, superior to an equal quantity of hot limu* both tried without dung. The application common* ly is lo the summer-fallow : ho has also applied it to pasture, quite hot, and in compost as above described, nod found )o(h to answer well: but the time of tip. ilicution was July,, and ho soon found, hat it ought to lie at least one year or noro before the field was ploughed. Mr. Rallingal having used from 500 to 100 bolls per annum, for several years, Iii9 ixperrenco may be confidently relied on. lie romarks, Ihut lime, ifexpnscd to rain, ir even to frost, nnd slacked like mortar, oses half its cflcct ; no care cnu then nix u intimately witn mc so:l. 11 is land s wet, nnd often when the limn is driven infit (or carting upon tho field, nor are he ridges prepared for sprending tho lime; vithoul having fullcn upon such a pine, hereforn, ho could never have used time 0 equal advuntngc. 11 o adds, that an ntelligent neighbor of his, brings his linio rroin tho kiln, lays it in small heaps, about 1 firlot of shells in each heap, or four maps j)cr boll, on tho fallow; covers hose instantly with earth, which slacks ho lime, nnd when it is completely so, hu spreads it in powder, qjito hot, on the Inf. ows, nnd ploughs it in with a light furrow. This saves labor ami rxpenso. Ho icvcr uses water in slacking lime, and tho fleets of his practice nro very good ; tho :arth, or rather tho moisture in it, slacks Ihc lime most completely, and no water is accessary.This is an excellent practice, nnd very common in many counties: nnd nianjsintelligent fanners prefer it to the other plan, which they think would bo attended with too much expense to bo generally imitated. At tho samo time, in intirnato mixture with the soil is of the utmost importance in the application of lime; any plan that contributes to that object merits attention. 4. Mr. Dudgeon, of Prirr.rosQ.HiiI, considers it to bo the most advantageous mode, of applying limo, to lay it on rn n [lowdory stnte, upon ground when under summer-fallow, before tho follow receives Iho last furrow, Mini then to mix it intimately with Ihc soil, by hnrrowing before it is ploughed in. In rcgnrd to liming fallows, Mr. llcnnie of IMnntnssio observes, that it is the most profitable mode of ap- plication, it it is laid on at a propor « asoit. lie has been in llio practice, for thcso ten years pnst, of laying liinc on his follows* from tho 1st of April to llio 1st of Octoher, and always found, that the first laid on produced the best crops, which he ascribes to its being mnro minutely mixed with tho soil, by tho moro numerous ploughing* and barrowings, and of courso tho fermentntion moro complete, than whnt is laid on late in the season: June and June and July, thereforo, are to bo preferred, so that the lime maybe completely mixed with thu soil before the crop This is un important fact, it ftg generally supposed tlu»t when inserted i.(l tho form of hot lime, in i» stale of perfect powder, its effects are great :r and moro im mediate than in any other way. lty Mr. Il^itinga!'* ptao, tho lime can bo carried to the iiold in autumn, or even in winter, which, though an old practice, could not bo doim with equal safety, as under the proposed system, t A corresnondcnt cnniemla » .«* »:. t »nak IIIIIO in n^ll laid on the land in small heap*. and immediately covered with oarth, which in a damper moist season alack* or falls it but ho frequently puts en water from a water earl, which stacks it directly, and it is immediately spread in that quick slate, harrowed, and ploughed in, when it mixes most intimately with the soil. Lime should he in pow. der, and the land in n powder-like state, when it>i> laid on. j < * - < % l.t , -. . * i ' I*.
