farmers' use of pesticides in 1971.pdf

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icDomain,Google-digitized

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athitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

Farmers' use of pesticides in 1971 : extent of crop use / [by Paul A. Andrilena

Andrilenas, Paul A.

[Washington] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, [National Economic Analysis

Division, 1975]

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d024881463

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2/33

H5).

ERVICE

CULTURE

ICREPORTNo.268

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esin1971...E tentofCropUse.ByPaulA. Andrilenas,

ce,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.AgriculturalEco-

rsusepesticidestocontrolcrop pestson

croplandacres.In1971,about45 percentofthe

dherbicides,26percentused insecticides,6percent

usednematocides,and10percent usedotherpesti-

,desiccants,growthregulators,miticides,andro-

ed41percentofcroplandacres(not includingpas-

erbicides,and15 percentwithinsecticides,2percent

percent withnematocides,andabout1percentwith

,Herhicides,Insecticides,Fungicides,Nematocides,

eptember1975


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orizedane pandedresearchprogramontheuseof

nephaseof thisprogramwasaperiodicfarm sur-

ntheuse ofpesticidesindifferentareasand on

oflivestock.Thosedata weretoprovideabasis

d benefitsofpesticidesandtoserveas ameasure

.

rmation,theEconomicResearchService(ERS)ob-

rdmeasureofthee tentofpesticideuseby

onpesticideusefor1971 wasgainedasapart of

ervice s(SRS)1971FarmProductionE penditure

chDivisionoftheStatistical ReportingService

amplefromwhichfarmerswereselectedforinterview.

hofSRShelpeddevelopthe finalformatofthepesti-

rmProductionE penditureSurveyquestionnaire.The

osupervisedcollectionofthedata throughtheir

tionE penditureSurveyisconductedannually,the

ncludedonce every5years,appro imately.Thus,

dprobably in1977.

tismadetomycolleagues,HermanDelvo,Theodore

oftheInputs andFinanceProgramArea,NationalEcon-

S,whoassistedinmakinga qualitycheckonthere-

wledgementisalsomadetoLarryOtto andDouglas

roup,CommodityEconomicsDivision,ERS,whodeveloped

cessingsystemthattabulatedthe data.

othethousandsof farmerswhoprovidedthedata

ProductionE penditureSurvey.Withouttheirini-

spublicationwouldnotbe possible.

ralreportstobepublished onfarmuseofpesti-

UseofPesticidesin1971...Q uantities,Agricultural

waspublishedin uly1974.


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nCrops,1966-713

onC rops, 19715


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rsusepesticides--weed,insect,ordiseasecon-

percent oftheircroplandacreage.In1971, latest

e,about45 percentofthefarmersgrowingcrops

tusedinsecticides,6 percentusedfungicides,2per-

nd10percentusedother pesticides(includingdefoli-

egulators,miticides,androdenticides).

agetreatedwith pesticidesincreasedsubstan-

erbicides (weedcontrolchemicals)contributedthe

a61-percentjumpinnumberof acrestreated.About

(e cludingpastureandrangeland)wastreatedwith

ndover three-fourthsofthecotton,corn,rice,and

pplications.

percentoftheir cropland(e cludingpasture)with

oste tensivelyontobacco,peanuts,fruits,and

ercentagegainsinusefrom1966 to1971occurredin

e productionofthreecropsconsideredminorusers-

beans.Useoncottonwentfrom54to 61percent;wheat,

9percent;andsoybeans,4-8percent.

nly2 percentofallcropacreage.However,about

acreagewastreatedwiththesediseasecontrolchem-

ngicidesona largeproportionofthefruitand

ntof thecropacreagewastreatedwithnema-

he tobaccoacresandlessthan10 percentofthe

.Lessthan5 percentoftheacresof theothercrops

ications.

esticideswaslimitedto certainselectedcrops.

obaccowastreatedwithplantgrowthregulatorstocon-

ddesiccantswereusedon aboutathirdof allcot-

torswereusedoncitrus andapplestocontrolfruit

arvest.

streated withherbicides,insecticides,orfun-

mswithannual agriculturalsalesof$40,000ormore

annualsalesof$2,500or less.Theselargefarms

pacres withherbicides;thesmallfarmstreated15

usedon32 percentoftheacreson largefarms,but

llfarms.Forfungicides,about4percentof theacres

d,andless than2percentonsmall farms.


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8/33

ICIDES

OPUSE

ationalEconomicAnalysisDivision

agesoffarmersusingpesticidesfor weed,insect,

thercontrolpurposesaswellas percentagesofacres

sticideuseis presentedbytypeofpestcontrol by

followingpesticidesareconsidered:

edtokillor inhibitthegrowth

sedtokillor inhibitinsectsand

organisms

mpoundsusedfordiseasecontrol

oftensoilfumigants,usedtocon-

ootsofcropplants

tsanddesiccants,chemicalsused

regulators,

etheplant growth

calsusedtokill

reparationsintended

basedonanenumerativesurveyofabout8,600

yearin394countiesthroughoutthe48 contiguous

Theinformationon pesticideusewasgatheredasa

yconductedbythe StatisticalReportingServicethat

uctione pendituresfor1971.Theinterviewsprovidedde-

tentofuse,pesticidecosts,and quantitiesofspecific

ggrowingcrops,storedcrops, livestock,andbuildings

ouselivestock.

erviewwasbasedon atwo-stagemultipleframe

sentallU.S.farms.Thefirststageof samplingcon-

sor groupsofcounties.Theseformedtheprimary

dinvolvedselectingfarmswithineachprimarysam-


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sdiscussedinthis reportandtheStateseach

e2. Cropsincludedinthegroupedcategoriesare

asaretotal acresofeachcropgrownin eachregion.

nthisreport isassociatedwithcropsplanted

all seedingsfromthepreviousyearareincluded.

seed,storedcrops, storagebuildings,-farmyards,

cerows,irrigationditches,roadbanks,oranyother

edinthis report.

SEONCROPS,1966-71

sesubstantiallybetween1966and1971. The

includingpasture)treatedwith pesticidesincreased

oover50percentin 1971.Totalacrestreatedwith

ndfungicidesallwentup,but theincreaseinacres

sespeciallynoticeable--from98millionin1966 to

1).\jAcrestreated withinsecticidesrose14mil-

hfungicidesincreased3 million.

rnledallother cropsinthenumberof acres

1971,corn ssharewas58million acres,orabout

agetreatedtocontrolweeds.Together,cornand

verhalfthecrop acrestreatedforweedcontrolwith

uringtheperiod,soybeansreplacedwheatasthe crop

eageon which-herbicideswereused.Cottonandsor-

elymoreimportantusers(table1) .Herbicideswere

setwocropsaswell asonwheatandother grains.

pacres treatedwithinsecticides--over35per-

hum,andcotton representedabout63percentof

nsectcontrol.

edsubstantiallyonseveralcrops consideredre-

softhistypeof pesticide.Althoughnumbersremain

withinsecticidestripledfrom1966 to1971andsoy-

umacrestreatedwentfrom330,000acresin 1966to

vinginsecticidesthelongest--fruitsandvege-

modestchangesinacrestreated.Probablychangesinacres

lsinfluenceinsecticideuseonthese cropsmorethan

eateruseofinsecticides.

eanutgrowersaccountedfor about26percentof

dwith thistypeofpesticide.Fruitand vegetable

offungicides,employedless--70percentofallacres

966downto 37percentin1971.

e endofthereport,startingon page9.


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12/33

SEONCROPS,1971

msusingpesticides oncrops(over50percent)

eageinmajorcropstreatedwith pesticidesreflect

esticideuse duringthelasttwodecades.A great

receivingherbicidetreatment,anduntreatedacresare

acres planted.Fore ample,herbicidesareusedon

creage,about80percentofcorn acres,and95percent

ensivecoverageofcropacreswithherbicidesand the

eandinsecticideuse indicatesthat,forcertaincrops,

withpesticidesare beginningtoleveloff.However,

to growbecausemorepesticidesarebeingusedper

hemicals)areusedprimarilyas asubstitutefor

chanicalcultivation.Usehasincreasedrapidly inthe

45percentofthe farmersusedherbicidesin1971on

res(notincludingpastureand rangeland)(tables2

usingherbicidesandthe percentageofacres

ductionregion,andsize offarmoperation.Fore -

susingherbicideson cropsrangedfromabout1per-

forrice (table2).Generally,morefarmersreported

ewerusedherbicidesonhay,pasture,and mostfruits.

cidesrangedfromabout1 percentforhayand

ce.Herbicideswereappliedtomorethan 75percent

d peanutacres(table4). Morethanhalfthesoy-

potatoacreagewere alsotreatedforweedcontrol.

rus,otherdeciduousfruits,andsummerfallowwerethe

25 percentoftheacreagewastreated.

fcropland(noti ncludingpastureandrangeland)

centin theSouthernPlainsto62 percentintheCorn

oportionofaspecific cropistreatedin there-

oste tensivelyandwhereweatherconditionsarefa-

ample,weedcontrolchemicalsareusedon12 percentof

lains;there,cornisnota primarycrop.However,

as CornBeltandLakeStates over85percentofthe

ontrol.Abouthalforless ofthecottonacresare

hePacific andMountainregions,comparedwithal-

ehumidDelta,Southeast,andAppalachianregions.

ut70 percentofthewheatacresin LakeStates,

ons,whereweedsareaproblemand herbicidesarere-

regions,whereweedsarelessofa problem,fewer

ample,intheNorthernPlains,wherelargeacreages

about50percent aretreatedwithherbicides.Inthe

wheatisgrown,lessthan5 percentofthewheatre-

t.


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sebetweengeographicareaslargelystemmedfrom

.Inthe LakeStatesandNorthernPlains,wherecorn

,almost70 percentofthefarmersusedherbicides

Plains,whererangelandismoreimportantandweather

oweedgrowthincorn, smallgrains,andothercrops;

efarmersusedherbicides.Incontrast,over60 per-

CornBeltandabout50 percentintheNortheastused

rgeoperationsusedmoreherbicides.Onlyabout

hesmallestfarmsreportedusingthistype ofpesti-

to80 percentoffarmerswithsalesover$40,000a

dbyregionor crop,thedifferencesbetweensmall

otas greatintermsof theproportionofacres

Onthesmallestfarms,herbicideswereappliedto

es.Whenpastureandrangelandwerenotincluded,per-

gingfromalowof 15percentforthe smallestfarmsto

argestfarms.

insecticidesvaried,dependingoncropsgrown,

e.Insecticideshavebeenused tocontrolinsectson

fruitandvegetablecropsfor manyyears.Morere-

pliedmoree tensivelyonsuchcropssuchas cornand

nareaswherethesecrops areimportanttendstobe

.Generally,thelarger farmstreatedagreaterpro-

e withinsecticides.

e farmersreportedusingcropinsecticides,they

fewacres(table2). Only6percentofthe crop

drangeland,orabout15 percentofthecropacres not

eland,weretreatedforinsectcontrol (table8).The

adthehighest proportionofcropland(notincluding

atedwithinsecticides.Onthe otherhand,lessthan

d(notincludingpastureandrangeland)inthe North-

Mountainregionsreceivedinsecticidetreatment.

min theproductionofvegetables,fruits,to-

rlyall themajorproducingareas,farmerstreated

nd deciduousfruitacreagewithinsecticides.Also,

tionof thepotatoacreage,particularlyinthe

ccoandpeanutacreagein theSoutheastandAppala-

beenassociatedwithcotton,and morerecently,

cticideswereusedon 60percentofthecotton and

rnacres.Generally,ahighproportionof cottonland

cottonis importantthePacific,DeltaStates,and

ceptionistheSouthernPlainsregion.Insecticides

tof thecornin theCornBeltand43percent inthe


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14/33

5percentin theLakeStates.

cticideusewerealsoapparentfor someother

utafourth ofthesorghumacresweretreatedand in-

over athirdin theDeltaStatesandNorthernand

st80percentin theSoutheast.Over40percentof

heSoutheast,afourthin theSouthern lains,less

taStates,andonly1 percentintheCornBelt.

ific regions,about36percentofthe farmers

rops,c omparedwithonly15percentinthe Moun-

differenceinusereflectsthecrops growninthe

nsectinfestations.Inthe Pacificregionwhere

esareimportantfarmersused insecticidesinthe

nthe Mountainregion,however,theimportant

small grainsareoften producedwithouttheuseof

usinginsecticidesandthe percentageofacres

zeoffarm.About11 percentofallfarmswithsales

usedinsecticides,comparedwithcloseto60 percent

0,000(table 9).Thesmallestfarmstreatedaslit-

es(not includingpastureandrangeland);thelarg-

ercent (table10).

own,largefarms generallyused,insecticideson

cropacres.Fore ample,6percentofthe cornre-

ntonthesmallestfarms,comparedwith51 percentfor

.For othercrops,percentagesofacrestreated

allestand thelargestfarmswere,respectively,60

rcentfor tobacco,68and85percentfor peanuts,and

entfor potatoes.Chemicalcontrolofinsectswas

ofthecirtusand appleacreageonthesmallestfarms

eon thelargestfarms.

susingfungicidesandthe shareofacrestreated

llcrops andallregionsareconsidered.About6 per-

ungicidestocontrolcropdiseaseson about0.8per-

ngpastureandrangeland),orabout2 percentofthe

.Fungicideswereusedthemost e tensivelyonpea-

s.

eaterproportionofcroplandacres withfungicides

mparedwithotherregions.Fourteenpercentof the

not includingpastureandrangeland)receivedfungicide

heDeltaStates,Northeast,andPacificregionseach

12). TheSoutheast sfarmersusedfungicidesthe

vegetableacreage.Inthe Northeast,Irishpotatoes,

tsweretheimportantusersof fungicides.Delta

cidesthemoste tensivelyonotherdeciduousfruits


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15/33

econtrolvariedfor specificcropsbyregion.

heastpotato-growingareas,farmersusedfungicideson

comparedwithless than25percentofthe acresin

herimportantpotato-producingarea.Mostoftheapple

and Northeastwastreatedwiththistypeof pesti-

on,lessthan20 percentoftheacreagewas

yfarmsize. Forallcropsin theUnited

oftheoperatorsoffarmswithsales oflessthan

gicides,comparedwithalmost15percentof farmswith

able 13).Thedifferenceinproportionofacres

estandlargestfarmswasgreatestin theNortheast,

astregions(table14).

lcropsvariedby farmsize.Fore ample,the

eatedonthesmallestand thelargestfarmswere,re-

86percentfor peanuts,13percentand69percentfor

49percentforotherfruits andnuts(table15).

mersusednematocideson lessthan1percentof

3).Nematocideswereusedthemoste tensivelyon

oftobaccofarmersused nematocidesonaboutafourth

whatlessthan10 percentofthepeanutacreswere

essofthesugarbeet,Irish potato,vegetableand

ocideapplications.

des,includingdefoliants,desiccants,fumigants,

lators,quitee tensivelyonafewcrops.However,

opacreagewastreated withtheseproductsbyonly

tables2and3).

ercentof thetobaccoacreagewastreatedwith

cides,mostlyplantgrowthregulatorsforsuckercon-

dtoa largeshareofthecitrus andappleacreage,

ting andtouseas harvestaids.Mostofthe

inthe Southeastregionandoverhalftheapple

ePacificregion.

mostlydesiccantsanddefoliants,wereusedon

acres.Theywereusedin almostallregionsgrowing

ensivelyintheSoutheastandDeltaStates regions.


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16/33

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