fate of pesticides in environment or environmental polution by pesticides
TRANSCRIPT
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WELCOME
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Ecological fate of chemicals used in agriculture
II SEMINAR
Sundaresh
UHS13PGM396
Sr. M.Sc.(Hort.) Plant Pathology
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Topic division • Definitions
• Pesticide usage
• Fate of pesticides in environment
• Effects of pesticides
• Pesticide tragedies
• Control measures
• Reviews
• Conclusion
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Ecology
• At community level, ecology can be defined as complex interactions that exist among interdependent organisms that cohabitate the same geographical area and with their environment
• At individual level, it entails the relationships that exist between particular individual with numerous physical and biological factors
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Fate ?
• Developments of events outside a person’s control
• Life cycle of a chemical (pesticide) or biological (enzyme) pollutant after its release in the environment
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Losses caused by different pests
7 IIVR Extension Bulletin
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Agriculture pollution
• Contamination of soil, air and water environments due to farming activities
The primary agricultural pollutants are:
Nutrients(Nitrogen and phosphorus)
Pesticides
Sediments
Salts
Wastes
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Pesticides?
• A substance used for destroying of pests (insects or other organisms) harmful to cultivated plants or animals
• A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances specifically intended to prevent or repel or destroy or lessen the effect of a pest
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Pesticides includes
Herbicide Insecticide Nematicide Rodenticide Bactericide
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Fungicide Disinfectant Repellent Sanitizer…….etc
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Share (%) of different classes of pesticides used in India
11 IIVR Extension Bulletin
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Pesticide consumption (a.i., kg/ha) in different countries
12 IIVR Extension Bulletin
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13 http://www.krishijagran.com
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Fate of pesticides in environment
Transfer Processes
Adsorption
Volatilization
Spray Drift
Runoff
Leaching
Absorption
Breakdown Processes
Microbial breakdown Chemical breakdown Photo degradation
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Adsorption • Adsorption is the binding of pesticides to soil particles
• The amount a pesticide is adsorbed to the soil varies with the type of pesticide, soil moisture, soil pH and soil texture
• Pesticides are strongly adsorbed to soils that are high in clay or organic matter
• They are not strongly adsorbed to sandy soils
• Most soil-bound pesticides are less likely to give off vapours or leach through the soil
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Volatilization • Volatilization is the process of solids or liquids
converting into a gas, which can move away from the initial application site
• Pesticides volatize most readily from sandy and wet soils
• Hot, dry or windy weather and small spray drops increase volatilization
• Incorporation of the pesticide into the soil can help reduce volatilization
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Spray drift • Spray drift is the airborne movement of spray droplets away
from a treatment site during application
• Spray drift is affected by:
Droplet size – smaller- more likely they will drift
Wind speed – stronger- more pesticide spray will drift
Distance between nozzle and target plant or ground
• Drift may also hazard to people, domestic animals, pollinating
insects
• Drift can contaminate water bodies like ponds, streams, and
ditches; harm to the fish or other aquatic plants and animals 19
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Runoff • Runoff is the movement of pesticides in water over a
sloping surface
• The pesticides are either mixed in the water or bound to
eroding soil
• Runoff can also occur when water is added to a field
faster than it can be absorbed into the soil
• Runoff from areas treated with pesticides can pollute
streams, ponds, lakes, and wells
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• Pesticide residues in surface water can harm animals and contaminate groundwater
• Water contamination can affect livestock and crops downstream
• Pesticide losses from runoff are greatest when rains heavily right after the spray
• Reduce the chances of runoff by watching the weather forecast
• If heavy rain is expected, delay spraying to avoid runoff
• Irrigate according to label instructions
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Leaching
• Leaching is the movement of pesticides in water
through the soil
• Leaching occurs downward or sideways
• Groundwater may be contaminated if pesticides
leach from treated fields, mixing sites, washing
sites, or waste disposal areas
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Absorption • Uptake of pesticides and other chemicals into
plants or microorganisms
• Pesticide residues may be broken down or remain inside the plant or animal, when the animal dies or as the plant decays released back
• Some pesticides stay in the soil long enough to be absorbed by plants grown in a field years later
• They may damage or leave residues in future crops
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Degradation or Breakdown Processes
• Microbial breakdown is the breakdown of chemicals
by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria
• Chemical breakdown is the breakdown of pesticides
by chemical reactions in the soil
• Photo degradation or Photolysis is the breakdown of
pesticides by sunlight. All pesticides are susceptible to
photo degradation to some extent
• Hydrolysis: Water also degrades pesticides by dividing
large molecules into smaller ones
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Pesticide dissipation in the environment
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How fast and which pathway predominates depends on
chemical properties and environmental condition
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Biomagnification
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• The accumulation of more toxin in the bodies of organisms as move you from producers to primary consumers and then secondary consumers etc.
• It occurs when a chemical becomes more and more concentrated as you move up a food chain
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Review-1
Study on Bioaccumulation of Lindane in Various Tissues of Channa gachua from Aurangabad
District, India
(Shingare et al., 2009)
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Concentration of lindane in liver, kidney and body muscle of Channa gachua fish
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Review-2
Environmental Fate of Maneb
-Elizabeth Downing, 1999
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Review-3
Isolation of Bacteria for Degradation of Selected Pesticides
(Hussaini et al., 2013)
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Collection of soil samples (Maharashtra)
Isolation and Biodegradation
Characterization of bacterial isolates
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Study focuses on the isolation and characterization
of bacterial cultures for biodegradation of
pesticides commonly used in the agriculture
Sl.
No.
Isolates Identified cultures
1 B6 Acinetobacter radioresistens
2 B11 Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis
3 B12 Bacillus pumilus
4 B14 Serratia liquefaciens
5 B15 Serratia marcescens
6 B17 Burkholderia gladioli
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Per cent Pesticide degradation by the isolated
cultures
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Isolates Methyl
parath
ion
Endos
ulfon
Chloro
pyrifos
Igepa
l CO-
210
Dime
thoat
e
Mal
athi
on
Dia
zin
on
Acinetobacter
radioresistens
-- -- 38 -- -- 01 --
Pseudomonas
frederiksbergensis
10 04 -- -- 04 09 --
Bacillus pumilus -- -- 15 08 37 45 --
Serratia liquefaciens -- -- -- -- - 11 51
Serratia marcescens 01 -- 08 02 -- -- 34
Burkholderia gladioli -- -- -- -- 03 -- --
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Ecological effects of pesticides
Explained the environmental problems associated with
indiscriminate use of pesticides
• “Silent Spring” published in 1962
• Chemical and pesticide industry alarmed by book’s
success
• “Most influential book” on environmental movement 36
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Ecological effects of pesticides
• Loss of species diversity among the food
chains and food webs
• Effects on pollinators
• Effects on nutrient cycling in ecosystem
• Effects on soil erosion, structure and fertility
• Effects on water quality
• Effects on human beings
• Effects on birds
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Contd…
• Contaminate the food • Effects on fish and other aquatic organisms
• Pesticides disrupt the natural balance between pest and
predator insects
• Pesticides cause pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
• Pesticides may cause pest resistance
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Effects on pollinators
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Effects on water quality
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Dissolved pesticides in various river water in south Asia
(James, 2000)
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Name of
State
No. of Water
bodies
Rive
r
Lake/Tank/
Drain etc.
Andhra Pradesh 8 3 5
Assam 2 2
Delhi 1 1
Jharkhand 1 1
Gujarat 10 9 1
Haryana 3 2 1
HP 2 1 1
Karnataka 6 4 2
MP 5 4 1
Maharashtra 15 15
Meghalaya 5 1 4
Orissa 5 5
Punjab 3 3
Rajasthan 3 3
TN 7 7
Sikkim 1 1
UP 8 8
WB 1 1
TOTAL 86 71 15
Agrawal et al., 2010
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State wise polluted stretches in rivers and lakes in India
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Review- 4
Pesticide Pollution: Trends And Perspective
Anonymous, 2001
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Levels of DDT and HCH content in human blood
samples in general population in India
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City Year No. of
Samples
Total
DDT
(ppm)
Total
HCH
(ppm)
Lucknow 1980 25 0.02 0.022
Delhi 1982 340 0.71 0.49
Lucknow 1983 48 0.028 0.075
Delhi 1985 50 0.301 --
Ahmedabad (Rural) 1992 31 0.048 0.148
Ahmedabad (Urban)
1997 14 0.032 0.039
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Levels of DDT and HCH residues in human fats samples in general population in India
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Levels of DDT and HCH residues in human
milk samples in general population in India
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Reproductive performance of persons involved in spraying operation
• Data on reproductive toxicity were collected from 1,106
couples when the males were associated with the spraying of
pesticides (OC, OP and carbamates) in cotton fields.
Analysis of the reproductive performance
• A cytogenic study revealed a significant increase in chromatid
breaks and gaps in chromosomes in the workers exposed to
pesticides.
Abortion 15 %
Still births 2.6 %
Neonatal deaths 2.2 %
Congenital defects 0.1 %
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Review-5
Residues of DDT and its metabolites in
human blood samples in Delhi, India
Agarwal et al., 1976
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Concentrations of DDT and its metabolites in human whole blood samples from Delhi, India
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Contaminate the food
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Review - 6
Challenges of limiting pesticide residues in fresh vegetables: The Indian experience
Karanth, 2002
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Extent of pesticide contamination in
vegetables in Mysore City (%)
Total number of samples tested over 4 seasons: 514
Crop Nil HCH DDT HCH + DDT
Tomato 0 72 14 14
Egg plant 44 15 25 16
Chilli 0 57 28 15
Peas 40 39 11 0
Cow pea 14 70 12 4
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Pesticide residues (ppm) in market samples of fruits and vegetables
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Accelerated degradation of HCH in soil with application of
Agrocure (residual HCH in soil - ppm)
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Dose
applied
Without
Agrocure
With
Agrocure
Extra HCH
degraded
(μg/g)
Accelerated
degradation
(%)
30
days
90
days
30
days
90
days
30
days
90
days
30
days
90
days
50 ppm 24.8 1.4 15.7 1.1 9.1 0.3 36.7 21.4
100 ppm 57.4 2.1 37.2 1.5 20.1 0.6 35.1 28.6
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Efficacy of Baxeklen in the removal of HCH
from vegetables
Crop Residue
Burden
μ/100g
Residues
removed
μ/100g
% removal
Radish 26.6 22.8 87.0
Carrot 90.7 67.0 73.0
Lady’s finger 38.4 27.5 71.6
Tomato 10.4 9.1 87.5
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Review - 7
Persistent chlorinated pesticide residues in selected market vegetables of root and leaf
origin
Kumar et al., 2012
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Concentrations (range and mean) of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and lindane in selected vegetables
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Pesticide Min Max Mean SD SE* %
Aldrin <0.01 1.58 0.48 0.48 0.06 22
Dieldrin <0.01 .080 0.13 0.16 0.02 6
Heptachlor <0.01 2.80 1.03 0.83 0.11 48
Lindane <0.01 1.59 0.52 0.46 0.06 24
Total OCPs <0.01 6.00 2.16 1.61 0.21 100
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Concentrations (range and mean) of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and lindane in Sugar beet, Fenugreek and Coriander leaves
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MRLs for pesticide in vegetables: Comparison with of this study
ng/g Organochlorine Pesticide compounds
Aldrin Dieldrin Heptachlor Lindane
MRLs (maximum residual limits)
Europe 10 10 10 50
Indian 100 100 50 1000
Present
study
0.48 0.13 1.03 0.52
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Safeguards • Practicing Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Only using pesticides that are labelled for the intended crop
and pest
• Considering application site characteristics (soil texture, slope,
organic matter)
• Considering the location of wells, ponds and other water
bodies
• Measuring accurately
• Maintaining application equipment and calibrating accurately
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• Mixing and loading carefully
• Preventing back siphoning and spills
• Considering the impact of weather and irrigation
• Storing pesticides safely and securely
• Disposing of wastes safely
• Reducing off-target drift
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Pesticide tragedies
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• Aerial spraying of Endosulfan since 1976 in cashew
plantations spread over 4500 hectares three times in
a year around 15 villages in Kasaragod district
• The cashew plantations belong to the state owned
public sector company – Plantation Corporation of
Kerala (PCK)
• Aerial spray of Endosulfan using helicopters was
recommended by Government scientific bodies to
cut cost of manual labour
Kasargodu Endosulfon tragedy
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• Endosulfan has been banned by the
Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 for
production, use & sale, all over India
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Bhopal Gas Tragedy • Bhopal’s pesticide plant was built in 1969 to manufacture Sevin, a
pesticide used throughout Asia to kill beetles, weevils and worms
• The plant was operated by Union Carbide India, Limited, but an American company, Union Carbide Corporation, held more than half the stock
• The leak began on December 2, 1984, when water entered a tank that was used to store methyl isocyanate, a toxic gas and a key ingredient in Sevin
• The water reacted with the gas, causing extreme pressure and heat that possibly caused the tank to explode.
• The tank spewed 40 tons of poisonous gas into the air. The toxic cloud was mostly methyl isocyanate, a compound that can irritate the throat and eyes, cause chest pain and shortness of breath, and, in large doses trigger convulsions, lung failure and cardiac arrest 66
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Conclusion
• In modern agriculture use of pesticides is a must, but proper and efficient use has to be done
• To save current and also future generation, ecology; judicious use of chemicals is recommended
• Alternative strategies- Bio-pesticides, IPM
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