fb3465 trade tools technical

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TechnicalTables

Contents

Conversion Factors .........................................................................................2Decimal Equivalents .......................................................................................3Drilling Cutting Speeds ................................................................................11Material - Drilling Speeds .............................................................................13Twist Drills - Recommended Sharpening Angles ................................14Horsepower Requirements ..........................................................................15Reamers & Reaming .......................................................................................16Useful Tapers .....................................................................................................17Hardness Conversion Table ..........................................................................18Milling Cutters Pripheral Speeds ...............................................................20Tapping Problems & Causes ........................................................................21Tapping Lubricants .........................................................................................22Tapping Speeds ...............................................................................................23Tapping Speed Chart .....................................................................................24Basic Thread Profile for ISO Inch (Unified) & ISO Metric ....................25Basic Profile for Whitworth (BSW,BSF & WHIT.) Thread Forms .........26Tapping Drill Size Chart

ISO Metric ...............................................................................................27UNF ...........................................................................................................28 UNC ..........................................................................................................29 BSW ..........................................................................................................30 BSF & BA ..................................................................................................31NPSF & NPT - NPTF .............................................................................32BSPF & BSPT ...........................................................................................33

Bandsaw Data ...................................................................................................34Bandsaw Blade Speed Chart .......................................................................35Solution of the Oblique-Angled Triangle ...............................................36Solution of the Right-Angled Triangle .....................................................37

Trade Tools Ltd Page 2

Conversion Factors To Convert Into MultiplyInches Millimetres 25.4Millimetres Inches 0.03937Yards Metres 0.9144Meters Yards 1.0936Miles Kilometres 1.609Kilometres Miles 0.621Square Inches Sq. Centimetres 6.45Sq. Centimetres Sq. Inches 0.155Sq. Yards Sq. Metres 0.836Sq. Meters Sq. Yards 1.196Sq. Miles Sq. Kilometers 2.59Sq. Kilometres Sq. Miles 0.386Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 16.39Cubic Centimetres Cubic Inches 0.061Cubic Yards Cubic Meters 0.76Cubic Metres Cubic Yards 1.308Ounces (Avoir) Grammes 28.35Grammes Ounces (Avoir) 0.0353Lbs(Avoir) Kilogrammes 0.4536Kilogrammes Lbs (Avoir) 2.2046Cwts. Kilogrammes 50.8Kilogrammes Cwts 0.01968Tons Kilogrammes 1016.0Kilogrammes Tons 0.000984Gallons Litres 4.546Litres Gallons 0.22Tons per Sq. inch Kgms per Sq. mm 1.575Kgms Per Sq. mm Tons per Sq. inch 0.635Sq. Meters Acres 0.000247Acres Sq. Metres 4046.9Sq. Yards Acres 0.000206Acres Sq. Yards 4840.0Horse Power Watts 746.0Watts Horse Power 0.00134Gallons of Water Pounds 10.0Pounds of Water Gallons 0.100Cubic Feet of Water Gallons 6.23Gallons of Water Cubic Feet 0.16


Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Gauge Inch Frac. mm Gauge Inch

.300 .012

.320 .013 .813 67 .032

.343 80 .014 .82 .032

.350 .014 .838 66 .033

.368 79 .015 .85 .034

.380 .015 .88 .035 1/64 .397 .016 .889 65 .035

.400 .016 .9 .035

.406 78 .016 .914 64 .036

.420 .017 .92 .036

.450 .018 .940 63 .037

.457 77 .018 .95 .037

.480 .019 .965 62 .038

.500 .020 .98 .039

.508 76 .020 .991 61 .039

.520 .021 1.00 .039

.533 75 .021 60 .040

.550 .022 59 .041

.572 74 .023 .041

.580 .023 58 .042

.600 .024 57 .043

.610 73 .024 .043

.620 .024 .045

.635 72 .025 56 .047

.650 .026 3/64 .047

.660 71 .026 .047

.680 .027 .049

.700 .028 .051

.711 70 .028 55 .052

.720 .028 .053

.742 69 .029 54 .055

.750 .030 .055

.780 .031 .057

.787 68 .031 .059 1/32 .794 .031 53 .060

.800 .032 .061Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes.

Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.


Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Gauge Inch Frac. mm Gauge Inch 1/16 1.588 .0625 2.705 36 .1065

1.6 .6300 2.75 .10831.613 52 .0635 7/64 2.778 .10941.65 .0650 2.794 35 .11001.7 .0669 2.8 .11021.702 51 .0670 2.819 34 .11101.75 .0689 2.85 .11221.778 50 .0700 2.870 33 .11301.8 .0709 2.9 .11421.85 .0728 2.946 32 .11601.854 49 .0730 2.95 .11611.9 .0748 3.00 .11811.930 48 .0760 3.048 31 .12001.95 .0768 3.1 .1220

5/64 1.984 .0781 1/8 3.175 .12501.994 47 .0785 3.2 .12602.00 .0787 3.25 .12802.05 .0807 3.264 30 .12852.057 46 .0810 3.3 .12992.083 45 .0820 3.4 .13392.1 .0827 3.454 29 .13602.15 .0846 3.5 .13782.184 44 .0860 3.569 28 .14052.2 .0866 9/64 3.572 .14062.25 .0886 3.6 .14172.261 43 .0890 3.658 27 .14402.3 .0906 3.7 .14572.35 .0925 3.734 26 .14702.375 42 .0935 3.75 .14762.381 .0938 3.797 25 .14952.4 .0945 3.8 .14962.438 41 .0960 3.861 24 .15202.45 .0965 3.9 .15352.489 40 .0980 3.912 23 .15402.5 .0984 5/32 3.969 .15622.527 39 .0995 3.988 22 .15702.55 .1004 4.00 .15752.578 38 .1015 4.039 21 .15902.6 .1024 4.089 20 .16102.642 37 .1040 4.1 .16142.65 .1043 4.2 .16542.7 .1063 4.216 19 .1660

Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes. Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.



4.25 .1673 15/64 5.953 .23444.3 .1693 6.00 .23624.305 18 .1695 6.045 B .2380

11/ 64 4.366 .1719 6.1 .24024.394 17 .1730 6.147 C .24204.4 .1732 6.2 .24414.496 16 .1770 6.248 D .24604.5 .1772 6.25 .24614.572 15 .1800 6.3 .24804.6 .1811 1/ 4 6.350 E .25004.623 14 .1820 6.4 .25204.7 13 .1850 6.5 .25594.75 .1870 6.528 F .2570

3/ 16 4.762 .1875 6.6 .25984.8 12 .1890 6.629 G .26104.851 11 .1910 6.7 .26384.9 .1929 17/64 6.747 .26564.915 10 .1935 6.75 .26574.978 9 .1960 6.756 H .26605.00 .1969 6.8 .26775.055 8 .1990 6.9 .27175.1 .2008 6.909 I .27205.105 7 .2010 7.00 .2756

13/ 64 5.159 .2031 7.036 J .27705.182 6 .2040 7.1 .27955.2 .2047 7.137 K .28105.220 5 .2055 9/ 32 7.144 .28125.25 .2067 7.2 .28355.3 .2087 7.25 .28545.309 4 .2090 7.3 .28745.4 .2126 7.366 L .29005.410 3 .2130 7.4 .29135.5 .2165 7.493 M .2950

7/ 32 5.556 .2188 7.5 .29535.6 .2205 19/64 7.541 .29695.613 2 .2210 7.6 .29925.7 .2244 7.671 N .30205.75 .2264 7.7 .30315.791 1 .2280 7.75 .30515.8 .2283 7.8 .30715.9 .2323 7.9 .31105.944 A .2340 5/ 16 7.938 .3125




8.00 .3150 10.25 .40358.026 O .3160 10.262 Y .40408.1 .3189 10.3 .40558.2 .3228 13/32 10.319 .40628.204 P .3230 10.4 .40948.25 .3248 10.490 Z .41308.3 .3268 10.5 .4134

21/64 8.334 .3281 10.6 .41738.4 .3307 10.7 .42138.433 Q .3320 27/64 10.716 .42198.5 .3345 10.75 .42328.6 .3386 10.8 .42528.611 R .3390 10.9 .42918.7 .3425 11.00 .4331

11/ 32 8.731 .3438 11.1 .43708.75 .3445 7/ 16 11.112 .43758.8 .3465 11.2 .44098.839 S .3480 11.25 .44298.9 .3504 11.3 .44499.00 .3543 11.4 .44889.093 T .3580 11.5 .45289.1 .3583 29/ 64 11.509 .4531

23/64 9.128 .3594 11.6 .45679.2 .3622 11.7 .46069.25 .3642 11.75 .46269.3 .3661 11.8 .46469.347 U .3680 11.9 .46859.4 .3701 15/32 11.906 .46889.5 .3740 12.00 .47249.525 .3750 12.1 .47649.576 V .3770 12.2 .48039.6 .3780 12.25 .48239.7 .3819 12.3 .48439.75 .3839 31/64 12.303 .48449.8 .3858 12.4 .48829.804 W .3860 12.5 .49219.9 .3898 12.6 .49619.922 .3906 1/ 2 12.7 .500010.00 .3937 12.75 .502010.084 X .3970 12.8 .503910.1 .3976 12.9 .507910.2 .4016 13.00 .5118



Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Inch Frac. mm Inch 33/ 64 13.097 .5156 23/32 18.256 .7188

13.1 .5157 18.5 .728313.2 .5197 47/64 18.653 .734413.25 .5217 18.75 .738213.3 .5236 19.00 .748013.4 .5276 3/4 19.050 .7500

17/32 13.494 .5312 19.25 .757913.5 .5315 49/64 19.447 .765613.6 .5354 19.5 .767713.7 .5394 19.75 .777613.75 .5413 25/32 19.844 .781213.8 .5433 20.00 .7874

35/64 13.891 .5469 51/64 20.241 .796913.9 .5472 20.25 .797214.00 .5512 20.422 .804014.25 .5610 20.5 .8071

9/ 16 14.288 .5625 13/16 20.638 .812514.5 .5709 20.75 .8169

37/64 14.684 .5781 21.00 .826814.75 .5807 53/64 21.034 .828115.00 .5906 21.25 .8366

19/32 15.081 .5938 27/32 21.431 .843815.25 .6004 21.5 .8465

39/64 15.478 .6094 21.75 .856315.5 .6102 55/64 21.828 .859415.75 .6201 22.00 .8661

5/ 8 15.875 .6250 7/8 22.225 .875016.00 .6299 22.25 .876016.25 .6398 22.5 .8858

41/64 16.272 .6406 57/64 22.622 .890616.5 .6496 22.75 .8957

21/32 16.669 .6562 23.00 .905516.75 .6594 29/32 23.019 .906217.00 .6693 23.25 .9154

43/64 17.066 .6719 59/64 23.416 .921917.25 .6791 23.5 .9252

11/ 16 17.462 .6875 23.75 .935017.5 .6890 15/16 23.812 .937517.75 .6988 24.00 .9449

45/64 17.859 .7031 61/64 24.209 .953118.00 .7087 24.25 .954718.25 .7185 24.5 .9646


Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Inch Frac. mm Inch31/32 24.606 .9688 31.0 1.2205

24.75 .9744 31.25 1.230325.00 .9843 1.15/64 31.353 1.2344

63/64 25.003 .9844 31.5 1.240225.25 .9941 1.1/4 31.75 1.2500

1 25.400 1.0000 32.0 1.259825.5 1.0039 1.17/64 32.147 1.265625.75 1.0138 32.5 1.2795

1.1/64 25.797 1.0156 1.9/32 32.544 1.281226.0 1.0236 32.766 1.2900

1.1/32 26.194 1.0312 1.19/64 32.941 1.296926.25 1.0335 33.0 1.299226.5 1.0433 1.5/16 33.338 1.3125

1.3/64 26.591 1.0469 33.5 1.318926.75 1.0531 1.21/64 33.734 1.3281

1.1/16 26.988 1.0625 34.0 1.338627.0 1.0630 1.11/32 34.131 1.343827.25 1.0728 34.5 1.3583

1.5/64 27.384 1.0781 1.23/64 34.528 1.359427.5 1.0827 1.3/8 34.925 1.375027.75 1.0925 35.0 1.3780

1.3/32 27.781 1.0938 1.25/64 35.322 1.390628.0 1.1024 35.5 1.3976

1.7/64 28.178 1.1094 1.13/32 35.719 1.406228.25 1.1122 36.0 1.417328.5 1.1220 1.27/64 36.116 1.4219

1.1/8 28.575 1.1250 36.5 1.437028.75 1.1319 1.7/16 36.512 1.4375

1.9/64 28.972 1.1406 1.29/64 36.909 1.453129.0 1.1417 37.0 1.456729.25 1.1516 1.15/32 37.306 1.4688

1.5/32 29.369 1.1562 37.5 1.476429.5 1.1614 1.31/64 37.703 1.484429.75 1.1713 38.0 1.4961

1.11/64 29.766 1.1719 1.1/2 38.100 1.500030.0 1.1811 1.33/64 38.497 1.5156

1.3/16 30.162 1.1875 38.5 1.515730.25 1.1909 1.17/32 38.894 1.531230.5 1.2008 39.0 1.5354

1.13/64 30.559 1.2031 1.35/4 39.291 1.546930.75 1.2106 39.5 1.5551

1.7/32 30.956 1.2188 1.9/16 39.688 1.5625


Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Inch Frac. mm Inch

40.0 1.5748 1.15/16 49.212 1.93751.37/64 40.084 1.5781 49.5 1.94881.19/32 40.481 1.5938 1.61/64 49.609 1.9531

40.5 1.5945 50.0 1.96851.39/64 40.878 1.6094 1.31/32 50.006 1.9688

41.0 1.6142 1.63/64 50.403 1.98441.5/8 41.275 1.6250 50.5 1.9882

41.5 1.6339 2 50.800 2.00001.41/64 41.672 1.6406 51.0 2.0079

42.0 1.6535 2.1/32 51.594 2.03121.21/32 42.069 1.6562 52.0 2.04721.43/64 42.466 1.6719 2.1/16 52.388 2.0625

42.5 1.6732 53.0 2.08661.11/16 42.862 1.6875 2.3/32 53.181 2.0938

43.0 1.6929 2.1/8 53.975 2.12501.45/64 43.259 1.7031 54.0 2.1260

43.5 1.7126 2.5/32 54.769 2.15621.23/32 43.656 1.7188 55.0 2.1654

44.0 1.7323 2.3/16 55.562 2.18751.47/64 44.053 1.7344 56.0 2.20471.3/4 44.450 1.7500 2.7/32 56.356 2.2188

44.5 1.7520 57.0 2.24411.49/64 44.847 1.7656 2.1/4 57.150 2.2500

45.0 1.7717 2.9/32 57.944 2.28121.25/32 45.244 1.7812 58.0 2.2835

45.5 1.7913 2.5/16 58.738 2.31251.51/64 45.641 1.7969 59.0 2.3228

46.0 1.8110 2.11/32 59.351 2.34381.13/64 46.038 1.8125 60.0 2.3622

46.434 1.8281 2.3/8 60.325 2.375046.5 1.8307 61.0 2.4016

1.27/32 46.831 1.8438 2.13/32 61.119 2.406247.0 1.8504 2.7/16 61.912 2.4375

1.55/64 47.228 1.8594 62.0 2.440947.5 1.8701 2.15/32 62.706 2.4688

1.7/8 47.625 1.8750 63.0 2.480348.0 1.8898 2.1/2 63.500 2.5000

1.57/64 48.022 1.8906 64.0 2.51971.29/32 48.419 1.9062 2.17/32 64.294 2.5312

48.5 1.9094 65.0 2.55911.59/64 48.816 1.9219 2.9/16 65.088 2.5625

49.0 1.9291 2.19/32 65.881 2.5938


Decimal Equivalents Frac. mm Inch Frac. mm Inch

66.0 2.5984 82.0 3.22832.5/8 66.675 2.6250 3.1/4 82.550 3.2500

67.0 2.6378 83.0 3.26772.21/32 67.469 2.6562 3.9/32 83.344 3.2812

68.0 2.6772 84.0 3.30712.11/16 68.262 2.6875 3.5/16 84.138 3.3125

69.0 2.7165 3.11/32 84.931 3.34382.23/32 69.056 2.7188 85.0 3.34652.3/4 69.850 2.7500 3.3/8 85.725 3.3750

70.0 2.7559 86.0 3.38582.25/32 70.644 2.7812 3.13/32 86.519 3.4062

71.0 2.7953 87.0 3.42522.13/16 71.438 2.8125 3.7/16 87.312 3.4375

72.0 2.8346 88.0 3.46462.27/32 72.231 2.8438 3.15/32 88.106 3.4688

73.0 2.8740 3.1/2 88.900 3.50002.7/8 73.025 2.8750 89.0 3.50392.29/32 73.819 2.9062 90.0 3.5433

74.0 2.9134 3.9/16 90.488 3.56252.15/16 74.612 2.9375 91.0 3.5827

75.0 2.9528 92.0 3.62202.31/32 75.406 2.9688 3.5/8 92.075 3.6250

76.0 2.9921 93.0 3.66143 76.200 3.0000 3.11/16 93.662 3.68753.1/32 76.994 3.0312 94.0 3.7008

77.0 3.0315 95.0 3.74023.1/6 77.788 3.0625 3.3/4 95.250 3.7500

78.0 3.0709 96.0 3.77953.3/32 78.581 3.0938 3.13/16 96.838 3.8125

79.0 3.1102 97.0 3.81893.1/8 79.375 3.1250 98.0 3.8583

80.0 3.1496 3.7/8 98.425 3.87503.5/32 80.169 3.1562 99.0 3.89763.3/16 80.962 3.1875 100.0 3.9370

81.0 3.1890 3.15/16 100.012 3.93753.7/32 81.756 3.2188 4 101.6000 4.0000


DrillingTable of Cutting Speeds

Fractional Size DrillsPeripheral SpeedFt.min 20 30 50 70 80 100m/min. 6 9 15 21 24 30Drill diam mm Revolutions Per Minute 1/ 64 4,897 7,346 12,243 17,140 19,588 24,485 1/ 32 2,449 3,673 6,121 8,570 9,794 12,243 3/ 64 1,629 2,443 4,072 5,701 6,515 8,144 1/ 16 1,222 1,833 3,056 4,278 4,889 6,112 5/ 64 978 1,467 2,445 3,424 3,913 4,891 3/ 32 814 1,222 2,036 2,851 3,258 4,072 7/ 64 698 1,047 1,746 2,444 2,793 3,492 1/ 8 611 917 1,528 2,139 2,445 3,056 5/ 32 489 734 1,223 1,712 1,956 2,445 3/ 16 407 611 1,019 1,426 1,630 2,037 7/ 32 349 524 873 1,222 1,397 1,746 1/ 4 306 458 764 1,070 1,222 1,528 5/ 16 244 367 611 856 978 1,222 3/ 8 204 306 509 713 815 1,019 7/ 16 175 262 437 611 698 873 1/ 2 153 229 382 535 611 764 9/ 16 136 204 340 475 543 679 5/ 8 122 183 306 428 489 611 11/ 16 111 167 278 389 444 556 3/ 4 102 153 255 356 407 509 13/ 16 94 141 235 329 376 470 7/ 8 87 131 218 306 349 437 15/ 16 81 122 204 285 326 407 1/ 1 76 115 191 267 306 3821.1/8 68 102 170 238 272 3401.1/4 61 92 153 214 244 3061.3/8 56 83 139 194 222 2781.1/2 51 76 127 178 204 2551.5/8 47 71 118 165 188 2351.3/4 44 65 109 153 175 2181.7/8 41 61 102 143 163 2042 38 57 95 134 153 1912.1/4 34 51 85 119 136 1702.1/2 31 46 76 107 122 1532.3/4 28 42 69 97 111 1393 25 38 64 89 102 1273.1/2 22 33 55 76 87 1094 19 29 48 67 76 95

R.P.M for Perpheral Speeds not given, can be obtained by simple addition or subtraction, eg.: 150ft./min =100 – 50 = 1,146 R.P.M (for 1/2” dia.)

60ft./min = 80 – 20 = 4,886 R.P.M (for 3/64”dia.)


DrillingTable of Cutting Speeds

Metric Size DrillsPeripheral SpeedFt.min 20 30 50 70 80 100m/min. 6 9 15 21 24 30Drill diam mm Revolutions Per Minute0.5 3,878 5,817 9,695 13,573 15,512 19,3891.0 1,939 2,908 4,847 6,786 7,756 9,6951.5 1,293 1,939 3,232 4,524 5,171 6,4632.0 971 1,456 2,427 3,397 3,883 4,8542.5 776 1,165 1,941 2,717 3,105 3,8823.0 647 970 1,617 2,264 2,587 3,2343.5 554 832 1,386 1,940 2,218 2,7724.0 485 728 1,213 1,698 1,940 2,4254.5 431 647 1,078 1,509 1,724 2,1565.0 388 582 970 1,359 1,552 1,9406.0 323 485 809 1,132 1,294 1,6177.0 277 416 693 970 1,109 1,3868.0 243 364 606 849 970 1,2139.0 216 323 539 755 862 1,07810.0 194 291 485 679 776 97011.0 176 265 441 617 706 88212.0 162 243 404 566 647 80913.0 149 224 373 522 597 74614.0 139 208 346 485 554 69315.0 129 194 323 453 517 64716.0 121 182 303 424 485 60617.0 114 171 285 399 457 57118.0 108 162 269 377 431 53919.0 102 153 255 357 409 51120.0 97 146 243 340 388 48522.0 88 132 221 309 353 44124.0 81 121 202 283 323 40426.0 75 112 187 261 299 37328.0 69 104 173 243 277 34630.0 65 97 162 226 259 32335.0 55 83 139 194 222 27740.0 49 73 121 170 194 24345.0 43 65 108 151 172 21650.0 39 58 97 136 155 19460.0 32 49 81 113 129 16270.0 28 42 69 97 111 13980.0 24 36 61 85 97 12190.0 22 32 54 75 86 108100.0 19 29 49 68 78 97

R.P.M for Peripheral Speeds not given, can be obtained by simple addition or subtraction e.g 150ft/min = 100 -50 = 1,146 R.P.M (for 10mm dia.)

60ft./min. = 80 - 20 = 4,886 R.P.M (for .5mm dia)


Material – Drilling SpeedsMaterial

Cutting speed Pointangle

degrees

Lip clearanceangle

degreesft/min m/minCast ironSoft grey 100-150 30-45 90 10Close-grained 80-90 25-27 118 10Malleable 70-80 22-25 118 10Alloy 50-70 15-22 118-130 12Chilled 10-25 3-8 118-130 10SteelFree-cutting mild 100-150 30-45 118 10Up to 40 ton 80-110 25-35 118 1040-60 ton 45-70 14-22 118 1060-80 ton 30-45 9-14 125 12Over 80 ton 10-25 3-8 130 6-12Manganese 5-20 1.5-6 130-140 6-12Stainless martensitic 30-50 9-15 118 10Stainless austenitic 15-40 4.5-12 118-130 10Non-ferrousAluminium 200-300 60-90 100 15Aluminium Alloys 150-250 45-75 100 15Brass - soft 150-250 45-75 118 15 Brass - hard 100-200 30-60 118 15Bronze - ordinary 100-200 30-60 118 15Bronze - high-tensile 70-100 22-30 118 10-15Copper 100-200 30-60 100 15OthersNickel alloys 5-40 1.5-12 130 6-12Nimonics 5-30 1.5-9 130 6-12Bakelite/vulcanite 100-150 30-45 90 10Other plastics 100-250 30-45 90 10

Feeds Using high speed Twist Drills for General Purpose Work

Drill Diameter Inches Feed/Rev. Inches Drill Diameter mm Feed/Rev. mm1/16 - 3/32 .0015 - .0025 1.6 - 3.0 0.04 - 0.061/8 - 5/32 .002 - .004 3.0 - 4.0 0.05 - 0.103/16 - 7/32 .003 - .006 4.0 - 5.5 0.075 - 0.151/4 - 5/16 .004 - .008 5.5 - 8.0 0.10- 0.203/8 - 7/16 .006 - .010 8.0 - 11.0 0.15 - 0.251/2 - 9/16 .008 - .012 11.0 - 14.5 0.20 - 0.305/8 - 11/16 .009 - .013 14.5 - 17.5 0.23 - 0.333/4 - 13/16 .010 - .014 17.5 - 20.5 0.25 - 0.367/8 - 15/16 .011 - .015 20.5 - 24.0 0.28 - 0.381 - 1.1/8 .012 - .016 24.0 - 28.5 0.30 - 0.401.1/4 - 1.1/2 .014 - .018 28.5 - 38.0 0.35 - 0.45Over 1.1/2 .015 - .019 Over 38.0 0.40 - 0.50


Standard Point

This point is suitable for general purpose drilling

135˚

Used for hard and tough materials e.g manganese steel

Split Point

The split point minomises end thrust and maximises centre cutting efficiency Recommended for difficult materials and deep hole drilling.

Recommeded Sharpening Angles for Twist Drills

Correct Geometry


Horsepower RequirementsHorsepwer required for a given job can be calculated from the following formula, which is based on a metal removal rate of one cubic inch per minute per horsepower in mild steel.

The machinability Constant C, allows 255 for cutter dulling and 60% power effeiency at the Spindle nose

WHEREhp = Horsepowerd = Depth of cut (inch)w = Width of Cutting teetht = number of cutting teethf = feed per toothR.P.M = Cutter SpeedC = Machnability constant (see table)T = Table feed per minute

Machinability Constant CAluminium 4.0

Brass and Bronze 2.5

Cast Iron Ferrite 1.5

Stainless Steel Free Machinig 1.0

Steel up to 150 Brinell 1.0

Steel up to 300 Brinell .6

hp = d x w x t x f x R.P.M C


Size of Reamed Hole When Pre-Drilled When Pre-Core DrilledUp to 10 inc. 0.30 0.20Over 10 to 14 inc. 0.40 0.25Over 14 to 18 inc. 0.50 0.25Over 18 to 30 inc. 0.50 0.30Over 30 to 50 inc. 1.00 0.40The figures below are similar approximations when required in the imperial system.Size of Reamed Hole When Pre-Drilled When Pre-Core DrilledUp to 3/8" inc. .010 .007Over 3/8" to 3/4" inc. 1/64 .010Over 3/4" to 1.1/4" inc. .020 .012Over 1.1/4" to 2" inc. 1/32 1/64

Reamers and ReamingReaming is a recognised method of producing holes of good finish, with dimensional accuracy.

Reamers are classified into various types. These are the solid type, which have taper or parallel shanks with the body or cutting diamter, the shell type which are used on Arbors, and the inserted adjustable blade type.

All the types can be manufactured in various qualities of steel. They are generally manufactured from a straight high speed steel, a high speed steel with varying amounts of cobalt additiives, or have carbide tips or solid carbide ends.

To obtain the best results when using reamers it is essential that the reamers are made to ‘work’. Is is a common fault to prepare holes for reaming with too little stock left in. If only a bare amount is left in the hole before reaming, the reamer will scrape and rub, and quickly show wear and consequently loss of diameter.

Stock Removal By Reaming

Below are listed general approximations of the amount of stick to be removed by a reamer. The first column shows stock removal when a two flute drill bit only has been used. The second, when a core drill has been used as a pre-finishing tool. In anticipation of metrication, all figures are in millmetres and the derived drill diameters are all stocked sizes for whole millimetre reamers.


Useful Tapers Taper per Included Angle Angle with Centre Lineft. n diam.

1/64" 4' 28" 2' 14"1/16" 17' 54" 8' 57"1/8" 35' 49" 17' 54"3/16" 53' 43" 26' 51"1/4" 1° 11' 37" 35' 48"5/16" 1° 29' 31" 44' 46"3/8" 1° 47' 25" 53' 43"7/16" 2° 5' 19" 1° 2' 40"1/2" 2° 23' 13" 1° 11' 36"9/16" 2° 41' 7" 1° 20' 33"5/8" 2° 59' 0" 1° 29' 30"11/16" 3° 16' 54" 1° 38' 27"3/4" 3° 34' 47" 1° 47' 24"13/16" 3° 52' 40" 1° 56' 20"7/8" 4° 10' 33" 2° 5' 17"15/16" 4° 28' 25" 2° 14' 13"1" 4° 46' 19" 2° 23' 9"1.1/8" 5° 22' 3" 2° 41' 2"1.1/4" 5° 57' 46" 2° 58' 53"1.3/8" 6° 33' 28" 3° 16' 44"1.1/2" 7° 9' 9" 3° 34' 35"1.5/8" 7° 44' 49" 3° 52' 24"1.3/4 8° 20' 27" 4° 10' 14"1.7/8" 8° 56' 4" 4° 28' 2"2" 9° 31' 38" 4° 45' 49"2.1/4" 10° 42' 42" 5° 21' 21"2.1/2" 11° 53' 38" 5° 56' 49"2.3/4" 13° 4' 24" 6° 32' 12"3" 14° 15' 0" 7° 7' 30"3.1/4" 15° 25' 26" 7° 42' 43"3.1/2" 16° 35' 39" 8° 17' 50"3.3/4" 17° 45' 41" 8° 52' 50"4" 18° 55' 29" 9° 27' 44"80.0 24 36 61 85 97 12190.0 22 32 54 75 86 108100.0 19 29 49 68 78 97


Hardness Conversion TableDiamond Pyramid

Hardness No.

Brinell Hardness

No.

Rockwell C. Scale

Hardness No.

Tensile Strength

Tons / sq.in. Kilos / sq.mm.

940 68.0920 67.5900 67.0883 66.5865 66.0848 65.5832 65.0 150 236817 64.5 147 231800 64.0 145 228787 63.5 142 223772 63.0 140 220759 62.5 139 218746 62.0 137 215733 61.5 135 212720 61 133 209697 60 129 203674 59 126 198653 58 123 193633 57 120 189613 56 117 184595 55 114 179577 54 112 176560 510 53 109 171544 500 52 107 168528 487 51 104 163513 475 50 102 160498 464 49 100 157484 450 48 98 154471 442 47 96 151458 432 46 94 148446 421 45 92 145434 410 44 90 142423 401 43 88 139

Not

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ract

icab

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etho

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Hardness Conversion TableDiamond Pyramid

Hardness No.

Brinell Hardness

No.

Rockwell C. Scale

Hardness No.

Tensile Strength

Tons / sq.in. Kilos / sq.mm.

412 390 42 86 135402 381 41 85 134392 371 40 83 132382 362 39 81 129372 353 38 80 126363 344 37 78 123354 336 36 76 120345 327 35 74 117336 319 34 72 113327 311 33 70 110318 301 32 68 107310 294 31 67 105302 286 30 65 102294 279 29 64 101286 273 28 62 98279 267 27 61 96272 261 26 59 93266 258 25 58 91260 253 24 57 90254 248 23 55 88248 243 22 54 85243 239 21 53 84238 235 20 52 82228 226 50 79217 216 47 74207 206 45 71196 195 43 68187 187 41 65176 176 39 61165 165 37 58145 145 33 52131 131 30 47

Involute Gear CuttersNo. 8 Cuts Gears of 12 to 13 teeth No. 4 Cuts Gears of 26 to 34 teethNo. 7 " " 14 to 16 " No. 3 " " 35 to 54 " No. 6 " " 17 to 20 " No. 2 " " 55 to 134 " No. 5 " " 21 to 25 " No. 1 " " 134 to a rack


N.B. (a) Material over 80tons/in2 (126kg/mm2) may cause machining problems.

(b) These recommendations are based on using modern machines under good conditions. The finish desired, condition of material, rigidity of fixture, type of machine and the available power all affect performance.

Peripheral Speeds for High Speed Steel Milling Cutters

Work Material Cutting SpeedFeet/Min. m/Min.

Non Alloy SteelsUp to 0.4%C incl. 150/220 B.H.N. 85/120 26/36Over 0.4%c to 0.7%c incl. 180/255 B.H.N. 60/100 18/30Over 0.7%C 200/280 B.H.N. 40/80 12/24Alloy SteelsUp to 60tons/in2 (94.5kg/mm2) 50/80 15/24Over 60-80 tons/in2 (94.5kg/mm2 - 126kg/mm2) 30/60 9/18

Grey Cast Iron 80/120 24/36Alloyed Cast Iron 40/70 12/21Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys 100/250 30/76Brass 100/150 30/45Brass Leaded 100/200 30/60Bronze 100/200 30/60Bronze High Tensile 50/100 15/30


Tapping Problems and Their CausesTrouble Possible Cause

Chips clogging flutes

Wrong type of tap, insufficient chamfer, incorrect cutting-face angle, rough flutes, flutes improperly reground, lack of lubrication or wrong type.

Stripped or chipped threads

Misalignment, careless handling, dull tap, tap too hard, improper application or surface-treated taps, improper sharpening of tap.

Torn threads in tapped part

Incorrect cutting-face angle (usually too small), tap drill too small, chips clogging flutes, broken threads on taps, improper resharpening of tap, lack of lubricant or wrong type.

Tap sticking or binding

Tap drill too small, tap lands too wide, incorrect cutting-face angle, lack of lubricant or wrong type, surface treatment (lubricant) needed.

Excessive tap wear Material is abrasive or inclusions are present (surface-treated tap required), misalignment.

Cutting face breakdown Incorrect cutting-face angle, surface treatment required.

Overheating of tapExcessive land width, lack of lubricant or wrong type, dull tap, excessive flank contact (pitch-diameter relief required), excessive tapping speed.

Poor finish on thread in tapped part

Incorrect cutting-face angle (usually too small), tap drill too small, insufficient number of chamfered threads, dull tap, lack of lubricant or wrong type.

Excessive frictional drag and power requirement

Point size on tap too large, dull tap, incorrect cutting-face angle, incorrect tapping speed, lack of lubricant or wrong type, incorrect or inadequate equipment, misalignment.

Tap breakage

Wrong type of tap, dull tap, tap incorrectly ground, tap drill too small, drilled hole too shallow, misalignment of tap and hole, wrong machine, incorrect fixture or tap-holding device, work-hardened material, lack of lubricant or wrong type.


Use of a suitable lubricant or cutting compound is necessary on most tapping operations. The following table lists general recommendations for the type of lubricant. However, better results can sometimes be obtained by the use of one of the many modified or specialised lubricants recommended by cutting oil specialists.

Proper application of the lubricant is just as important as the type used. To be effective, ample quantities of lubricant must reach the chamfer or cutting portion of the tap during the entire tapping operation. In many cases, the lubricant must also aid in controlling or disposing of the chips.

The flow of lubricant should be directed into the hole rather than at the tap and should have sufficient pressure to wash the chips away from the hole as much as possible. Also, if the flow is not continuous, it should start before the tap enters the hole and continue until the tap is completely reversed out of the hold. In this way, ample oil is provided at the start of the cut and loose chips will be suspended in the oil so that they do not interfere with the tap reversing out of the hole. On machines where the work revolves and the tap is stationery, it is desirable to use several streams of lubricant on opposite sides of the tap, especially on horizontal tapping.

We recommend Relton Rapid Tap as a good all round Tapping lubricant.

Material being Tapped Suggested Lubricant

Aluminium and Magnesium Kerosene and lard oil or light mineral oil

Brass and Bronze Soluble oil or light mineral oil

Malleable Iron Soluble oil or sulphur base oil

Cast Iron Dry or soluble oil

Steel Sulphur base oil

Plastic and Bakelite Dry

Zinc Die Castings Soluble oil

Tapping Lubricants


Tapping speeds depend on many factors, including the machine, the material being tapped, the design of the hole, the lubricant, and the style of tap used. No exact rules can be given that take into account all of these variables, but the following information can be used as a guide in determining a start point and course to follow for obtaining maximum performance.

Course thread taps should be run near the low range while higher speeds may be used for fine threads. The above values should also be modified according to the following suggestions.

REDUCE SPEED FORlarge diameters high percentage of threadcourse pithes short chamfer tapsdeep holes hard materials

Material Being Tapped Peripheral Speed of Tap (feet per minute)Aluminium and Magnesium 50-100Brass – soft 80-120Brass – hard 70-100Bronze – soft 60-80Bronze – hard 40-50Malleable Iron 25-50Cast Iron – soft 75-95Cast Iron – medium 65-85Cast Iron – hard 25-50Cast Steel 20-35Steel Forgings 40-60Steel - 200 Brinell 40-60Steel - 300 Brinell 25-35Steel - 400 Brinell 15-25Steel - 500 Brinell 5-15Stainless Steel 10-20Tool Steel 10-25Plastics and Bakelite 40-70Zinc Die Castings 90-120

Tapping Speeds


Tapp

ing

Spee

d C

hart

Perip

hera

l Sp

eed

Feet

Pe

r Min

ute

Size

of T

ap3

45

68

1012

1/4

5/16

3/8

7/16

1/2

5/8

3/4

7/8

1Re

volu

tions

Per

Min

ute

2077

268

261

155

446

640

235

430

624

420

417

515

312

210

287

7625

965

853

764

692

582

503

442

382

306

255

218

191

153

127

109

9530

1157

1023

917

830

699

603

531

458

367

306

262

229

183

153

131

115

3513

5011

9410

7096

981

570

461

953

542

825

730

626

721

417

815

313

440

1543

1364

1222

1107

932

804

707

611

489

407

349

306

244

204

175

153

4517

3615

3513

7512

4610

4890

573

668

855

045

839

334

427

522

919

617

250

1929

1705

1528

1384

1165

1005

884

764

611

509

437

382

306

255

218

191

5521

2218

7616

8115

2212

8111

0697

384

167

356

048

042

033

628

024

021

060

2315

2046

1833

1661

1397

1206

1061

917

733

611

524

458

367

306

262

229

6525

0822

1719

8617

9915

1413

0711

4999

379

566

256

849

739

733

128

424

870

2701

2387

2139

1938

1630

1407

1238

1070

856

713

611

535

428

357

306

267

8030

8627

2824

4522

1418

6316

0814

1512

2297

881

569

861

148

940

734

930

690

3472

3069

2750

2491

2096

1809

1592

1375

1100

917

786

688

550

458

393

344

100

3858

3410

3056

2768

2329

2010

1768

1528

1222

1019

873

764

611

509

437

382

120

4630

4093

3667

3321

2795

2412

2122

1833

1467

1222

1048

917

733

611

524

458

140

5402

4775

4278

3875

3261

2815

2476

2189

1711

1426

1222

1070

856

713

611

535


The basic form is derived from an equilateral triangle which is truncated 1/8 of the height at the major diameter and 1/4 of the height at the minor diameter. The corresponding flats have a width of P/8 and P/4 respectively.

In practice, clearance is provided beyond the P/8 flat on internal threads and beyond the P/4 flat on external threads. These clearances are usually rounded.

HX = 0.88603P = Triangular HeightHN = 0.54127P = Basic Height of Internal Thread & Depth

of Thread EngagementH = 0.61344P = Basic Height of External ThreadR = 0.1443P

Basic Thread Profile for ISO Inch (Unified) and ISO Metric


British Standard Whitworth Form

The sides of the thread form an angle of 55° with one another, and the top and bottom of the full triangle are truncated one-sixth of the height. The actual deoth of the thread is equal to two-thirds of the height of the generating triangle and is equal to 0.6403 times the pitch. The crests and roots are rounded to a radius of 0.137329 times the pitch.

HX = 0.960491P = Triangular HeightHN = 0.640327P = Basic Height of Thread R = 0.1373P

Basic Profile for Whitworth (BSW, BSF and WHIT.) Thread Forms


Tapping Drill Size ChartFor Approx 75% Thread

I.S.O. Metric

Nominal Diameter T.P.I. Tapping Drill2.0 0.4 1.60mm2.5 0.45 2.05mm3.0 0.5 2.50mm3.5 0.6 2.90mm4.0 0.7 3.30mm4.5 0.75 3.70mm5.0 0.8 4.20mm6 1.0 5.00mm7 1.0 6.00mm8 1.0 7.00mm8 1.25 6.80mm9 1.25 7.80mm10 1.0 9.00mm10 1.25 8.80mm10 1.5 8.50mm11 1.5 9.50mm12 1.25 10.80mmm12 1.75 10.20mm14 1.25 12.80mm14 1.5 12.50mm14 2.0 12.00mm16 1.5 14.5mm16 2.0 14.0mm18 1.5 16.5mm18 2.5 15.5mm20 1.5 18.5mm20 2.5 17.5mm22 1.5 20.5mm22 2.5 19.5mm24 2.0 22.0mm24 3.0 21.0mm27 3.0 24.0mm30 3.5 26.5mm33 3.5 29.5mm36 4.0 32.0mm



U.N.F (Unified)

Nominal Diameter T.P.I. Tapping Drill3 (.099) 56 2.10mm4 (.112) 48 2.35mm5 (.125) 44 2.65mm6 (.138) 40 2.90mm8 (.164) 36 3.50mm10 (.190) 32 4.10mm12 (.216) 28 4.60mm3/16 32 UNS 4.00mm1/4 28 5.50mm5/16 24 6.90mm3/8 24 8.50mm7/16 20 9.80mm1/2 20 11.50mm9/16 18 12.80mm5/8 18 14.5mm3/4 16 17.5mm7/8 14 20.5mm1 14 N.S. 24.0mm1 12 23.5mm1.1/8 12 26.5mm1.1/4 12 29.5mm1.3/8 12 32.5mm1.1/2 12 36.0mm



U.N.C. (Unified)

Nominal Diameter T.P.I. Tapping Drill3 (.099) 48 2.00mm4 (.112) 40 2.25mm5 (.125) 40 2.60mm6 (.138) 32 2.75mm8 (.164) 32 3.40mm10 (.190) 24 3.80mm12 (.216) 24 4.40mm1/4 20 5.10mm5/16 18 6.60mm3/8 16 8.00mm7/16 14 9.40mm1/2 13 10.80mm9/16 12 12.20mm5/8 11 13.5mm3/4 10 16.5mm7/8 9 19.5mm1 8 22.0mm1.1/8 7 25.0mm1.1/4 7 28.0mm1.3/8 6 31.0mm1.1/2 6 34.0mm1.3/4 5 39.0mm2 4.1/2 45.0mm



B.S.W (Whitworth)

Nominal Diameter T.P.I. Tapping Drill3/32 48 1.90mm1/8 40 2.55mm5/32 32 3.20mm3/16 24 3.70mm7/32 24 4.50mm1/4 20 5.10mm5/16 18 6.50mm3/8 16 8.00mm7/16 14 9.30mm1/2 12 10.50mm9/16 12 12.20mm5/8 11 13.5mm3/4 10 16.5mm7/8 9 19.5mm1 8 22.mm1.1/8 7 25.0mm1.1/4 7 28.0mm1.1/2 6 34.0mm1.34/4 5 39.0mm2 4.1/2 45.0mm



BSF

Nominal Diameter T.P.I. Tapping Drill3/16 32 4.00mm7/32 28 4.70mm1/4 26 5.40mm5/16 22 6.80mm3/8 20 8.30mm7/16 16 9.80mm1/2 16 11.00mm9/16 16 12.70mm5/8 14 14.0mm3/4 12 17.0mm7/8 11 20.0mm1 10 22.5mm1.1/8 9 26.0mm1.1/4 9 29.0mm1.1/2 8 34.5mm1.3/4 7 41.0mm2 7 47.0mm

B.A.

Nominal Diameter Approx T.P.I. Tapping Drill0BA (.2362) 25.4 5.10mm1BA (.2087) 28.2 4.50mm2BA (.1850) 31.3 3.90mm3BA (.1614) 34.8 3.40mm4BA (.1417) 43.1 3.00mm5BA (.1260) 47.9 2.65mm6BA (.1102) 52.9 2.30mm7BA (.0984) 52.9 2.05mm8BA (.0866) 59.1 1.80mm9BA (.0748) 65.1 1.50mm10BA (.0669) 72.6 1.40mm


Tapping Drill Size ChartNPSF (Dryseal)

Size T.P.I TappingDrill

1/8 27 8.50mm1/4 18 11.00mm3/8 18 14.5mm1/2 14 18.0mm3/4 14 23.0mm

NPT - NPTF (Dryseal)

Size T.P.I TappingDrill

1/8 27 8.40mm1/4 18 11.00mm3/8 18 14.5mm1/2 14 17.5mm3/4 14 23.0mm1 11.1/2 29.0mm1.1/4 11.1/2 37.5mm1.1/2 11.1/2 43.5mm2 11.1/2 56.0mm


Tapping Drill Size ChartB.S.P.F Parallel for Appox. 75% Thread

Diam. Australian SizeDesignation

T.P.I TappingDrill

1/8 G 1/8 6 28 8.80mm1/4 G 1/4 8 19 11.80mm3/8 G 3/8 10 19 15.5mm1/2 G 1/5 15 14 19.0mm5/8 G 5/8 16 14 21.0mm3/4 G 3/4 20 14 24.5mm7/8 G 7/8 22 14 28.5mm1 G 1 25 11 31.0mm1.1/4 G 1.1/4 32 11 40.0mm1.1/2 G 1.1/2 40 11 45.5mm1.3/4 G 1.3/4 45 11 51.5mm2 G 2 50 11 57.0mm

B.S.P.T Taper

Diam. Australian SizeDesignation

T.P.I TappingDrill

1/8 RC 1/8 6 28 8.20mm1/4 RC 1/4 8 19 10.80mm3/8 RC 3/8 10 19 14.5mm1/2 RC 1/2 15 14 17.5mm3/4 RC 3/4 20 14 23.0mm1 RC 1 25 11 29.5mm1.1/4 RC 1.1/4 32 11 38.0mm1.1/2 RC 1.1/2 40 11 43.5mm2 RC 2 50 11 55.0mm

Note 1 – Taper pipe threads of improved quality are obtained when the holes are taper reamed after drilling.

Note 2 – It may necessary to use a tapping drill size other than that tabled for some types of materials.


MachineFrequently check:• The Function of the chip brush• The wear and alignment of the guides• The band tension with a tension meter• The band speed with a tachometer• The coolant concentration with a refractometerConsult your Sales Engineer for free testing services.

Coolant/Cutting Fluid The coolant lubricates, cools and carries the chips from the cut. It is important to:• Use good cutting fluid• Use the recommended concentration fo cutting fluid• Make sure that the cutting fluid reaches the cut with low pressure

and large flow

WorkpieceMake sure that the work piece is firmly fixed so that it cannot vibrate or rotate.

Running InTo obtain the maximum blade life always use the recommeneded bland speed but lower the feed rate to 1/3 - 1/2 under the first 10 minutes of cutting.

During the next 10 minutes increase the feed rate in stages until you have reached the recommended feed rate.

Bandsaw Facts


Approx. Bandsaw Blade Speed Chart f/m for H.S.S Tipped Blading

Material

Material Thickness

1/4" - 1/2" 1/2” - 1”

TPI Speed TPI SpeedAluminium Alloy 14-10 1700 10-8 1500Aluminium - cast 14-10 900 10-8 800Bakelite 14-10 3400 10-8 3400Brass - cast 18-14 60 14-10 55Brass - hard 18-14 340 14-10 300Brass - sort 14-10 1500 10-8 1300Bronze Aluminium 24-18 330 18-14 330Bronze - Manganese 18-14 165 14-10 145Bronze - Phosphor 14-10 200 8-6 175Carbon or Cellotex 14-10 3600 10-8 3600Copper - hard 18-14 750 14-10 650Copper - sort 18-14 3000 14-10 2700Duraloy 18-14 90 14-10 80Graphite 24-18 2800 18-14 2800Iron - cast 18-14 140 14-10 125Iron - malleable 18-14 180 14-10 160Iron - meehanite 18-14 115 14-10 100Iron - Nickel 18-14 100 14-10 85Lead 14-10 2000 10-8 1800Mica 18-14 230 14-10 200Monel Metal 24-18 60 18-14 55Nickel Silver 18-14 210 14-10 190Perspex 14-10 3200 10-8 3000Rubber - hard 14-10 3000 8-6 2600Steel - manganese 18-14 115 14-10 100Steel - mild 14-10 190 10-8 180Steel - Molybdenum or Nickel 18-14 85 14-10 75Steel - Nickel Chrome 24-18 80 18-14 70Steel - rolled 18-14 160 14-10 145Steel - stainless or tool 18-14 60 14-10 55Tufnol or Zinc 14-10 1900 18-8 1700


Solution of the Oblique-Angled TriangleANY ONE SIDE & ANY TWO ANGLES KNOWNFor example: denote the known side a and the angle A and B

Then: C = 182° - (A + B) b = (a Sin B) ÷ (Sin A) c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A)

TWO SIDES & THE INCLUDED ANGLEFor example: denote the sides a & b and angle C

Then: Tan A = (A Sin C) ÷ (b + a Cos C) B = 180° - (A + C) c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A)

Area = (a x b x Sin C) ÷ 2

TWO SIDES & THE OPPOSIRE ANGLEFor example: Let the angle be A and the side a & b

Then: Sin B = (b Sin A) ÷ a c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A) C = 180° - (A + B)

Area = (a x b Sin C) ÷ 2

All SIDES GIVENFor example: Let the sides be a . b & c and the angles opp.A B & C

Then: Cos A = (b² + c² - a²) ÷ (2 bc) Sin B = (b Sin A) ÷ a C = 180° - (A + B) Area = (a x b Sin C) ÷ 2


Solution of the Oblique-Angled Triangle

Formulae For Side And AngelsData Known Formulae

a & b c = √ (a²- b²) Sin B = b ÷ a C = 90° - Ba & c b = √(a² - c²) Sin C = c ÷ a B = 90° - Cb & c a = √(b² + c²) Tan B = b ÷ c C = 90° - Ba & B b = a Sin B c = a Cos B C = 90° - Ba & c b = a Cos C c = a Sin C B = 90° - Cb & B a = b ÷ Sin B c = b Cot B C = 90° - Bb & C a = b ÷ Cos C c = b Tan C B = 90° - Cc & B a = c ÷ Cos B b = c Tan B C = 90° - Bc & c a = c ÷ Sin C b = c Cot C B = 90° - CA.B.C Infinite number of solutions

A = HYPOTENUSEB = PERPENDICULARC = BASE

SINE B = b

a COSEC B = b

a

TAN B = b

a COTAN B = b

a

CCS B = b

a SEC B = b

a


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