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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

The two most common reporting verbs are “say” and “tell”. They are usually in the past simple.

Sara says, “I am going to buy a new car next week.”” (DIRECT)                          

Reported clause:

Sara said (that) she was going to buy a new car the following week. (INDIRECT)

or

Sara told me (that) she was going to buy a new car the following week. (INDIRECT)

→ With the verb tell we need an object pronoun

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Although the most common reporting verbs are say and tell, there are a number of other reporting verbs such as “explain”, “assure”, “refuse”, “promise”, “warn”, etc. that can be used instead of say or tell to make reported statements and questions.

STRUCTURES:subject + reporting verb + (that) + clause

□ She explained (that) she had been abroad at the time. (‘that’ is optional)

subject + reporting verb + direct object + (that) + clause

□ They assured us (that) there would be no delay.

subject + reporting verb + infintive

□ He refused to work at weekends.

subject + reporting verb + direct object + infintive

□ She reminded me to come to the meeting.

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FCEby Matifmarin

GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Usually, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.DIRECT SPEECH

Simple present

"I always drink coffee", she said

Present continuous "I am reading a book", he explained.

Simple past "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.

Present perfect

"I have been to Spain", he told me.

Past perfect

"I had just turned out the light," he explained.

Present perfect continuous

They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".

Past continuous

"We were living in Paris", they told me.

Future

"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said

Future continuous

She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

REPORTED SPEECHSimple past

She said that she always drank coffee. Past continuous

He explained that he was reading a book Past perfect

He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday Past perfect

He told me that he had been to Spain Past perfect

He explained that he had just turned out the light.

Past perfect continuous

They complained that they had been waiting for hours.

Past perfect continuous

They told me that they had been living in Paris.

Present conditional

He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.

Conditional continuous

She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

NOTE: We do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true / a universal truth,

Examples:● He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.● They explained that it is very difficult to find an honest politician.● She told the children that the sun rises in the east.

We used the indirect speech to report what we have heard from other people

Let’s see some graphical examples!!

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Sorry, dear, I couldn’t hear you with the noise of the hairdryer. Did you say that Mary said that Peter and Sara …

Did you know …? I saw

Sara yesterday and she

said “Peter and Mary are having an affear.” Martin got the

sack last week.What? I can’t believe it.Who told you that he had

got sack?

It’s my weeding ring. My wife said I had to wear it here to stop me flirting with other

female.

No, dear! I said Sara told me that Peter and Mary were having

an affair.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

I am going to the opera this afternoon.

I saw Cathy two days ago and she told me she was going to the opera that afternoon.

There are also changes in time and adverbs in indirect speech.

The common rules are the following: Today changes to that day/the same day Tomorrow changes to the next day/the following day Yesterday changes to the day before/the previous day Next week/month/year changes to the following week/month/year Last week/month/year changes to the previous week/month/year Now/just changes to thenAgo changes to before Here changes to thereThis changes to that

Ready for a little test?Let’s go!!

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Report the following sentences:(1) Natàlia:"Our teacher will go to London tomorrow."

(2) Fátima:"I was writing a letter yesterday."

(3) Fabrizio:"My father flew to New York last year."

(4) Xavi:“Adrià went to the stadium an hour ago.“

(5) The teacher: “You should arrive earlier.”

(6) Glória said: “I wake up at six every day”

(7) Last week Núria said: “We will meet our new instructor tomorrow”

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

(1) Natàlia said that their teacher would go to London the next day.

(2) Fátima told me that she had been writing a letter the day before.

ANSWER

(3) Fabrizio told me that his father had flown to New York the year before.

(4) Xavi said (that) Adrià had gone / been to the stadium an hour before.

(5) The teacher recommend (that) we should arrive earlier.”

(6) Glória said (that) she woke up at six every day. / wakes up at six every day (Present if you consider it to be still true )

(7) Last week Núria said that they would meet their new instructor the following day.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Modals changesDirect Speech Indirect Speech Can CouldExamples:□ He said, "I can’t go to school today. - He said he couldn't go to school that day.□ The teacher told me "you can pass the exam." - The teacher told me I could pass the exam.

May MightExamples:□ She asked: “May I sleep here?” - She asked whether she might sleep there?□ The children said: “We may watch TV for two hours” - The children said they might watch TV for two hours.

Might MightExample:□ “You might come for a coffee tomorrow.”, he said. - He said that I might go for a coffee the following day.

Must Had to Example:□ The babysitter said to the children, "you must eat your meal" - The babysitter said to the children they had to eat their meal.“

Should ShouldExample:□ "We should do our homework", the teacher told us" - The teacher told us (that) we should do our homework.

Ought to Ought toExample:□ The doctor recommended, "you ought to sleep more" - The doctor recommended that I ought to sleep more.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

My mother always told me (that) I should get

rid of things I didn't like.

You must tell Peter he ought to work harder.

The boss said that you ought to work

harder.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

TYPES OF NOUNS

(1) Countable Nouns

(2) Uncountable Nouns.

(1) COUNTABLE NOUNS , these nouns can be either singular or plural, and are used with verbs in either the singular or the plural:

-  a meal, meals-  this dish, those dishes-  one colour, several colours-  An Indian meal consists of a variety of dishes. -  The dishes vary in colour, texture and flavour.

(2) UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS, these nouns are always used with a singular verb:

-  beauty, bread, fruit, milk, oil,  water, greed, hunger-  Fruit is served at the end of a meal.

□ If you want to talk about separate, countable pieces or quantities of uncountable nouns, you use an expression like:

-  a bit of,   a bottle of,  a piece of,  a slice of

□ The following nouns are uncountable:

-  advice,  equipment,  evidence,  furniture,  homework-  information,  knowledge,  luggage,  news,  work

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

SOME / ANY WITH COUNTABLES AND UNCOUNTABLES

We use some and any in front of plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

a) Some is usually used in positive statements:

- Some salt and pepper may be added. - Here is some information about Mexican food.

b) Any is usually used in negative statements and questions:

- We don't serve any drinks until seven in the evening.- Is there any milk left in the fridge?

c) Some can also be used in questions when you expect the answer to be 'yes', or you want to encourage someone to say 'yes':

- Could you get me some lemons?- Would you like some orange juice?

d) Any can also be used in positive statements when you don't want to mention a specific person or thing:

- Any bank will accept these traveller's cheques. - Call me any time this evening. I'll be in the whole time.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

Let’s practice a bit with Countable and Uncountable nounsChoose the suitable word or phrase in each sentence

1 a) Cathy is such a gossip | gossip that I'm afraid to tell her anything. 1 b) You shouldn't go around spreading a gossip | gossip about people.

2 a) Do you remember when the only place you could buy a paper | paper was your local newsagent shop? 2 b) She needs paper | a paper and a pen to write a letter.

3 a) Light | A light was still burning in the kitchen. 3 b) The windows let fresh air and light | a light into the living room.

4 a) How long has she been looking for work | a work? 4 b) She recognized the painting as an early work | early work by Claude Monet.

5 a) I'd like to propose a toast | toast to our new manager.5 b) I usually have toast | a toast and butter for breakfast.

6 a) She doesn't have the skills necessary to run business | a business. 6 b) Brian has decided to go into business | a business with his sister.

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FCEby Matifmarin GRAMMAR – UNIT 12

1a. a gossip → GOSSIP with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a person who listens to and passes on gossip.

1b. gossip → GOSSIP without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE)) => informal talk or stories about other people's private lives, that may be unkind or not true.

3a. a light → LIGHT with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a thing that produces light, especially an electric light.

2a. a paper → PAPER with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a newspaper.

2b. paper → PAPER without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE) => the material that is used in the form of thin sheets for writing or printing on, wrapping things.

3b.light → LIGHT without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE) => the energy from the sun, a flame, a lamp etc. that allows you to see things.

4a. work → WORK without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE) => employment.

4b. an early work → WORK with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a painting, book, play, piece of music etc.

5a. a toast → TOAST with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a call on other people to drink in honour of someone or something.

5a. toast → TOAST without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE) => bread that has been sliced and then made crisp and brown by heat.

6a. a business → BUSINESS with A/AN (COUNTABLE) => a shop; a firm; a company.

6b. a business → BUSINESS without A/AN (UNCOUNTABLE) => the activity of making, buying, selling or supplying goods or services for money.

ANSWER

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