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fdi nin retail good or bad..?TRANSCRIPT
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952
Title: Foreign Direct Investment in Retail in India: Good or Bad?
Name: Amit Rohilla*, Manoj Bansal**
Official Address: *Department of Commerce, Gargi College (University of Delhi), Siri Fort
Road, New Delhi-110049
** Department of Commerce, R. K.S. D. (P. G.) College (E), (Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra), Ambala Raod, Kaithal-136027
Email id: *[email protected]; ** [email protected]
Phone/fax number of author(s): *+91-8860-82-8731; **+91-9812-39-4945
A brief biographical note of the author(s): Amit Rohilla [M. Com., MBA (Finance),
M.Phil. (Finance)] is currently Assistant Professor of Commerce at the Gargi College,
University of Delhi, Delhi. Earlier he has worked as a Lecturer in R.K.S.D. (P.G.) College,
Kaithal (Haryana). He is an active researcher and a teacher with an experience of more than 4
years in commerce and management. He has four papers to his credit out of which one has
been published in South Asian Journal of Marketing and Management Research (SAARJ).
He has also attended five seminars and one workshop. His area of interest is Finance and
Marketing.
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2163952
Title of the page: Foreign Direct Investment in Retail India: Good or Bad?
Abstract: Indian retail industry is a sunrise sector and many global players are willing to
enter this. Indian retail industry is one of the pillars of the Indian Economy. Since 1991, when
the policy of the liberalization was introduced by the Indian Government, FDI has been a
highly controversial issue. From the last 3-4 years our Government is talking about the FDI in
retail sector as there are some growth drivers for this sector. But, if the Government decides
to open up the doors for FDI in this sector then some consequences will be there. No doubt
that FDI plays a very important role in the development of any economy but this
development always has two aspects i.e. positive and negative. Experiences of FDI in retail
of various countries like China, Russia, Thailand, etc. have been good. We are of the opinion
that FDI should be allowed in retail sector in a phased manner but before that all the issues
pertaining to this must be resolved.
JEL Codes: E65, M3, O2
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Globalisation, Organized Retailing, Sunrise Sector,
Strategic Issues and Prospects, Unorganized Retailing.
Foreign Direct Investment in Retail India: Good or Bad?
By Amit Rohilla, Assistant Professor, Manoj Bansal, Lecturer Department of Commerce, Gargi College, Department of Commerce, R.K.S.D. (P.G.) College (E), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi (Kurukshetra University) Kaithal-136 027 Haryana
ABSTRACT
Indian retail industry is a sunrise sector and many global players are willing to enter this. Indian retail industry
is one of the pillars of the Indian Economy. Since 1991, when the policy of the liberalization was introduced by
the Indian Government, FDI has been a highly controversial issue. From the last 3-4 years our Government is
talking about the FDI in retail sector as there are some growth drivers for this sector. But, if the Government
decides to open up the doors for FDI in this sector then some consequences will be there. No doubt that FDI
plays a very important role in the development of any economy but this development always has two aspects i.e.
positive and negative. Experiences of FDI in retail of various countries like China, Russia, Thailand, etc. have
been good. We are of the opinion that FDI should be allowed in retail sector in a phased manner but before that
all the issues pertaining to this must be resolved.
1. INTRODUCTION
First of all–what is retailing? It is an interface between the manufacturer and the individual
consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the
producer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. A retailer
is one who stocks the manufacturer’s goods and is involved in the act of selling it to the
individual consumer, at a margin of profit. So in a nutshell it can be said that, retailing is the
last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain.
Indian Retail Reflections
Ranked 2nd
amongst developing markets, ahead of China.
Ranked 5th
amongst the 30 “Emerging Markets”–attractive for new retailers to enter.
Largest youth population in the world-(around 80 per cent).
Over 867 million people below 45 years of age! Median age 24.
Indian English Linguals more than the Europe put together.
The Real consumers middle class, catching the attention of the world (over 300 million).
Over 600 million Effective Consumers.
India to emerge as one of the Largest Consumer Markets of the world.
(KSA Technopak Study, 2005-06)
Retailing in an important social institution because about 30 per cent of what a customer
spends, goes on products & services that they buy from retailers. India’s retail sector is
globally recognized as the sunrise industry.
Trade is an important activity providing interface between the producer and consumer.
The value of trade (inclusive of wholesale and retail in the organized and unorganized
sectors) in India’s GDP at constant prices has grown from Rs. 433,967 crore in 2004-5 to Rs.
742,621 crore in 2010-11, at a CAGR of 9.4 per cent. As per the CSO’s QE, the growth rate
in 2010-11 was 9.1 per cent. The share of trade in GDP has been slightly above 15 per cent in
the last six years (15.4 per cent in 2010-11). With a high GDP growth in the last five years,
and high growth in consuming population, the retail business is of late being hailed as one of
the sunrise sectors in the economy. A.T. Kearney, an international management consultancy
firm, has identified India as one of the topmost retail destinations. Since 2006, India has been
allowing FDI in single brand retail to the extent of 51 per cent. In January 2012, the
government removed restrictions on FDI in the single brand retail sector, allowing 100 per
cent FDI. The retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy (Economic
Survey, 2011-12) (see TABLE 1).
TABLE 1: SHARE OF DIFFERENT SERVICES CATEGORIES IN GDP AT
FACTOR COST (CURRENT PRICES)
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10@ 2010-11* 2011-12**
Trade, hotels, & restaurants 17.1 17.1 16.9 16.6 16.9 25.2 #
Trade 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.1 15.4
Hotels & restaurants 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5
Transport, storage, &
communication 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.7
Railways 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8
Transport by other means 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.4
Storage 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Communication 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
Financing, insurance, real estate,
& business services 14.8 15.1 15.9 15.8 16.4 16.9
Banking & insurance 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.8
Real estate, ownership of
dwellings, & business services 9.3 9.6 10.3 10.4 10.6
Community, social, & personal
services 12.8 12.5 13.3 14.5 14.3 14.2
Public administration & defence 5.2 5.1 5.8 6.7 6.3
Other services 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.9 7.9
Construction 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.1
Total services (excluding
construction) 52.9 52.7 53.9 54.7 55.1 56.3
Total services (including
construction) 61.0 61.2 62.4 63.0 63.3 64.4
Computed from Central Statistical Office (CSO) data.
@ Provisional Estimates (PE) * Quick Estimates (QE) ** Advance Estimates (AE)
# Includes the share of both Trade, Hotels, & Restaurants and Transport, Storage & Communication for
2011-12
Retail trading companies have witnessed a decline in sales growth in 2010-11 by 12 per
cent and so far in 2011-12 by 9.4 per cent. A sharp rise in prices of branded apparels, due to
the imposition of 10.3 per cent excise duty as well as a rise in prices of yarn and fabrics, led
to lower consumer spending and this has hit the sales volumes of garment retailing
companies. However, during 2012-13 sales are expected to grow by 15.7 per cent. PAT
during 2011-12 is expected to show an impressive growth of 53.1 per cent and during 2012-
13 is expected to grow by 34.4 per cent (Economic Survey, 2011-12).
There is very high potential for retail productivity improvement. Therefore there is an
opportunity for the retailers to secure a good position in the market on the other hand; the
organized retail sector in India is growing continuously, so there may be a number of
initiatives in the near future. Companies may go for the expansion along with the strategic
measures to ensure the profitability. Government may also take some steps to maintain the
growth of this sector. One such initiative is to welcome the foreign players in this sector
through foreign direct investment.
FDI is there in India since 1991 when Indian Government announced the policy of
liberalization. Since its inception there has been a remarkable growth in the FDI inflows in
the country. The total amount of FDI in India came to around US$ 42.3 billion in 2001, in
2002 this figure stood at US$ 54.1 billion, in 2003 this figure came to US$ 75.4 billion, and
in 2004 this figure increased to US$ 113 billion. This shows that the flow of foreign direct
investment in India has grown at a very fast pace over the last few years
(http://business.mapsofindia.com) (see GRAPH 1).
GRAPH 1: FDI FLOW IN INDIA IN LAST FEW YEARS
42.3 54.1
75.4
113
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2001 2002 2003 2004
Bill
ion
US$
Year
According to the latest data released by the Department of Policy and Promotion (DIPP)
the FDI inflow during 2008-09 (from April 2008 to March 2009) stood at approximately US$
27.3 billion. According to the study conducted by UNCTAD India has achieved a substantial
85.1 per cent increase in FDI flows in 2008. This is the highest increase across all countries
whereas global flows have declined by 14.5 per cent (UNCTAD, 2008).
In recent years the avenues of the FDI have been shifted from export driven
manufacturing, natural resources and infrastructure to other areas such as services,
construction, tourism, off shore services and retailing. According to a study conducted by the
World Bank––cumulative FDI in the retail sector in the 20 largest developing countries
amounted to US$ 45 billion in 1998-2002 (it is about 7 per cent of the total of these
countries). The study also showed that in countries like Brazil, Thailand and Poland there was
significant FDI in retailing after the liberalization. Needless to say, but FDI has obviously
proved to be very beneficial for the overall development of the Indian economy and inter alia
has resulted in increased capital flow, improved technology, notable management expertise
and favourable access to international markets (Gupta, 2010).
2. GROWTH DRIVERS IN INDIA FOR RETAIL SECTOR
The pace of growth in retail in India is very fast and it is expected that it will grow up to US$
833 billion by the year 2013 and US$ 1.3 trillion by 2018 (at a compounded annual growth
rate of 10%). As the country has got a high growth rate, the consumer spending has also gone
up and is also expected to go up further in the future. In the last four years, the consumer
spending in India climbed up to 75%. As a result, the Indian retail industry is expected to
grow further in the future days. By the year 2013, the organized sector is also expected to
grow at a CAGR of 40% (see GRAPH 2).
GRAPH 2: ORGANIZED INDIAN RETAIL-THE OPPORTUNITY
The key factors that drive growth in retail industry are Young demographic profile
(Average age of an Indian homeowner has fallen to 27 from 40 years in the last decade),
increasing consumer aspirations, growing middle class income, improving demand from rural
markets, housing boom (An estimated 2.5 million new homes are required every year), rising
incomes and improvements in infrastructure are accelerating the retail growth. Increase in re-
location of people for professional & other reasons. Liberalization of the Indian economy,
increase in per capita income and the advent of double income families also helping in the
growth of retail sector. Further preferences of consumers are also changing, and they are
becoming quality conscious and shifting their culture from the traditional retail stores to
malls. They now prefer international brands like Nike, Apple, McDonalds, etc. instead of
local brands like Campa, Vico, etc. Internet revolution is making the Indian consumers more
accessible to the growing influences of domestic and foreign retail chains. Many online stores
are there like, Flipkart, Ebay, Rediff, etc. Satellite T.V. channels are in reach of everybody
nowadays and are helping in creating awareness about global products for local markets. For
example, some TV channels are there which sells products are-HomeShop18, IndiaToday,
etc. 47% (approximately) of the population of India is under the age of 20; and this may be
increase up to 55% by 2015. This young population is tech-savvy watch, more than 150
300
427
637
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2006 2010 2015
Bill
ion
US$
Year
satellite TV channels, and show very high propensity to spend, will immensely contribute to
the growth of the retail sector in the country. Some other factors are growth of nuclear
families set up leading to shift in preference of home decoration, increase in urbanization and
changing fashion concepts, increase in number of working women, hence change in the
outlook and tastes as also emergence of dual income households.
3. CONSEQUENCES OF FDI IN RETAIL
3.0. Why India is Attracting Global Retailers?
There are many reasons why India is attracting foreign players. And important point is that
there are a lot of employment opportunities in retail sector in India. Indian retail industry
occupies the second place, after agriculture, so far as employment is concerned. Presently
1.71 lakh persons (public sector) and 5.06 lakh persons (private sector) are directly engaged
in the organized wholesale and retail sector (Economic Survey-Statistical Appendix, 2011-
12).
According to Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM),
the retail sector will create 50,000 jobs in the next few years. According to the US Census
Bureau, the young population in India will constitute 53per cent of the total population by the
year 2020 and 46.5 per cent of the population by the year 2050—and it is much higher than
countries like the US, the UK, Germany, China etc. India’s demographic scenario is likely to
change favourably, and therefore, the scenario for the organized retail will also change
favourably. No doubt, major organized retailers have a far lesser reach in Indian market than
in other developed countries, the first-mover advantage of some retail players will contribute
to the sector’s growth. There is a very huge industry with no large players. Some Indian large
players have entered just recently like Reliance, Trent, etc. Moreover, India can support
significant players averaging US$1 billion in Grocery and US$0.3-0.5 billion in apparel
within next ten years. In addition to these, improved standards of living and continuing
economic growth, growing spending power and increasing number of conscious customers
aspiring to have quality and branded products in India are also attracting to global retail
players to enter the Indian market. The transition will open multiple opportunities for
companies and investors.
According to some industry experts, organized retail business in India is expected to
increase from 5 per cent of the total market in 2008 to 14-18 per cent of the total retail market
and reach US$ 450 billion by 2015 (McKinsey&Company, 2008). Furthermore, during 2010-
12, around 55 million square feet (square feet) of retail space will be ready in Mumbai,
National Capital Region (NCR), Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. Besides,
between 2010 and 2012, the organised retail real estate stock will grow from the existing 41
million square feet to 95 million square feet (Knight Frank India, May 2010).
So there is a golden opportunity for foreign players to enter the Indian market. Growth
rates of the industry both in the past and those expected for the next decade coupled with the
changing consumer trends such as increased use of credit cards, brand consciousness, and the
growth of population under the age of 35 are factors that encourage a foreign player to
establish outlets in India (Kalathur, 2009).
India thus continues to be among the most attractive countries for global retailers. Foreign
direct investment (FDI) inflows between April 2000 and April 2010, in single-brand retail
trading, stood at US$ 194.69 million, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion (Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 2003).
The Indian Council of Research in International Economic Relations (ICRIER), which
was appointed to look into the impact of BIG capital in the retail sector, has projected the
worth of Indian retail sector to reach $496 billion by 2011-12 and ICRIER has also come to
conclusion that investment of ‘big’ money in the retail sector would in the long run not harm
interests of small, traditional, retailers (Mukherjee & Patel, 2006). A number of international
retail players are thus looking at this opportunity to swarm this seemingly nascent sector and
exploit its unexplored potential. Consider the following plans of various companies:
1. Leading watchmaker Titan Industries Limited plans to invest about US$ 21.83 million
for opening 50 premium watch outlets Helios in next five years to attain a sales target
of US$ 87.31 million.
2. British high street retailer, Marks and Spencer (M&S) plans to significantly increase
its retail presence in India, targeting 50 stores in the next three years. M&S currently
operates 17 stores in India through a joint venture (JV) with Reliance Retail.
3. Chinese retail major, Yishion has entered the Indian market and plans to have at least
125 points of sales, including exclusive stores and multi-brand outlets, across India by
2012. First exclusive store in New Delhi has been opened in September 2010.
4. Spain’s Inditex, Europe’s largest clothing retailer opened the first store of its flagship
Zara brand in India in June 2010. It further plans to open a total of five Zara outlets in
India.
5. Bharti Retail, owner of Easy Day store—supermarkets and hypermarkets—plans to
invest about US$ 2.5 billion over the next five years to add about 10 million square
feet of retail space in the country by then, according to a company spokesperson.
6. Raymond Weil plans to invest US$ 883,665 in India during 2010, according to
Olivier Bernheim, President and CEO, Raymond Weil.
However, it is not out of place to mention here that the government policies towards FDI
are only hindering all the plans that do not make this a fairy tale for foreign players.
3.1. Challenges in Indian Retail Sector for Global Retailers
In India the retailing industry has a long way to go and to become a flourishing industry,
retailing needs to cross various obstacles. Following are the challenges:
1. Organized retail sector will face the competition from unorganized sector. The Indian
retail sector is full of the unorganized retailing with the dominance of small and
medium enterprises as opposed to the presence of few giant corporate retailing
outlets.
2. The trading sector is highly fragmented, with a large number of intermediaries who
operate at a strictly local level and there is no ‘barrier to entry’, so far as the structure
and scale of these operations are concerned (Singhal, 1999).
3. The tax structure in India favours small retail business as maximum retailers are sole
owners of the business and under the present tax regime tax rates are favourable for
the individual tax payers. It’s not in the case of organized retail as these businesses
established in the company form and has to pay huge taxes, which is negligible for
small retail business. Thus, the cost of business operations is very high in India.
4. There is absence of infrastructure facilities for the organized retailers like developed
supply chain and integrated IT management. This absence of adequate infrastructure
facilities, lack of trained work force and low skill level for retailing management
further makes the sector quite complex.
5. Rapid price changes, low margins, high cost of real estate, threat of product
obsolescence and heterogeneous consumer groups are the other challenges that the
retail sector in India is facing.
6. In India Government regulations and policies and real estate prices will affect the
retail industry.
7. Consumer spending pattern is not consistent and there is no consistent increase all
over the globe, so this may also pose problems for the retail sector. Consumer
spending may further contact as banks are very cautious in lending nowadays.
8. Organized retailers have been facing a difficult time in attracting customers from
traditional kirana stores, especially in the food and grocery segment.
9. This long impending approval includes a set of riders for the foreign investors, aimed
at ensuring the foreign investment makes a genuine contribution to the development
of Indian infrastructure and logistics, at the same time facilitating integration of small
retailers into the upgraded value chain. These riders could complicate potential FDI
investments, acting as a damper. Some of the key riders are: (see TABLE 2):
TABLE 2: RIDERS FOR THE MULTI-BRAND AND SINGLE-BRAND RETAIL
Parameters Multi-brand retail Single-brand retail
Ownership/
investment
requirement
Minimum investment of US$ 100
million by the foreign investor
The foreign investor should be an owner of the
brand
Investment towards
back-end
infrastructure
At least 50% of the investment by
the foreign company to be in back-
end infrastructure1
––
Location of stores
Stores to be restricted to cities with
a population of one million or more
(53 cities as per 2011 Census);
given constraints around real estate,
retailers are allowed to set up stores
within 10 km of such cities
––
Sourcing
At least 30% of manufactured items
procured should be through
domestic small and medium
enterprises (SMEs)
In respect of proposals involving FDI beyond
51%, 30% sourcing would mandatorily have to
be done from domestic SMEs and cottage
industries artisans and craftsmen
Sales ––
Products to be sold should be of a ‘single brand’
(only those brands which are branded during
manufacturing) only; sold under the same brand
name internationally
Approval of State While the proposals on FDI will be sanctioned by the Centre, approvals from each
Governments
required
State Government would be required
(Ghosh, Ray, & Shah, 2011), ICRA
4. ROLE AND IMPACT OF FDI IN INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR
Whatever decision is being taken by anyone there are always two aspects of it and allowing
FDI in retail in India is not an exception. This section throws light on both the aspects of the
FDI in retail in India.
4.0. Some Positive Aspects
In the battle between the advocators and opponent of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian
retail industry, the interests of the consumers have been disregarded. Therefore, interests of
consumers at large in relation to the interests of retailers must be considered first of all.
“Interestingly, in contradiction to the recommendations of the Parliamentary Committee’s
report, the Economic Survey 2008-09 raised hopes of all those looking for a favourable
response of the government on the subject. While, the Economic Survey has made a strong
case for opening up the FDI for multi-brand retail, it has recommended a gradual opening of
the sector. Improving the investment environment would require FDI in multi-format retail,
starting with food retailing. Initially the FDI could be allowed subject to the setting up a
modern logistics system, perhaps jointly with other organised retailers. A condition could
also be put that it must have, for five years say, wholesale outlets where small, unorganised
retailers can also purchase items to facilitate transition”––(India Retail Biz, Allowing FDI in
retail will enlarge scope, bring fresh capital, and increase competition, say industry leaders,
Welcoming Survey, 2009) and (Gupta, 2010).
The recommendation of the Survey made excited most of the organized retailers.
Investment Commission in July, 2006, suggested that 49% FDI shall be allowed in the Indian
retail sector without any restrictions on the number of outlets or location of stores. The
Commission also opined that foreign investment would help in improving the retail and
supply chain infrastructure, and generate large-scale employment in the country. In addition,
the Indian retailers could experience some of the best operational practices of these
international retailers. Ultimately, the benefit will reach to the consumers in the form of
product variety, lower price and efficient services. The recommendations of the Investment
Commission proved to be very promising and paved the way for a positive feedback to the
global retailers towards the Indian retail sector (Business Insights International, 2009).
The global retailers have advanced management practices inventory management and
have new technologies which can improve productivity and efficiency in retailing. Adoption
of integrated supply chain management by global retailers is likely to lower down the prices.
FDI in retailing will assure the customer service, quality of product and better shopping
experience. They promote the linkage of local suppliers, farmers and producers, to global
market and this will ensure a profitable and reliable market to these local players.
Therefore, FDI in retail would undoubtedly enable India to integrate its economy with
that of the global economy. FDI will help to overcome both–the lack of experience in
organized retailing as well as lack of trained manpower. FDI in retail would reduce cost of
intermediation and entail setting up of integrated supply chains that would minimize wastage,
give producers a better price and benefit both producers and consumers. From the stand point
of consumers, organized retailing would help reduce the problem of adulteration, short
weighing and substandard goods (Bhukta, 2009).
Moreover, with the free flow of finance in conjunction with advent of healthy inflow of
FDI, the supermarkets and hypermarkets will be in a better position than small retailers to
make shopping a pleasant experience by making investments in much needed infrastructure
facilities like parking lots, coffee shops, ATM machines, etc. It can thus be safely contended
that with the possible advent of unrestrained FDI flows in retail market, the interests of the
retailers constituting the unorganized retail sector will not be gravely undermined, since
nobody can force a consumer to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sabji
mandi. Consumers will shop in accordance with their utmost convenience, where ever they
get the lowest price, max variety, and a good consumer experience. Moreover, it is to be
noted that the small retailers will still remain in their business because of their location near
the residential societies.
Allowing FDI in the retail sector would lead to a substantial increase in the country’s
GDP and overall economic development. It will also help in integrating the Indian retail
market with that of the global retail market. It will provide better paying employment, which
the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have failed to provide.
Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly grow in terms of
standards of quality and consumer expectations. The interest of the consumers should take
precedence over the interest of the retailers and consequently FDI in retail should be
permitted.
4.1. Some Negative Aspects
4.1.0. Queue of Big Giants with Bags Full of Foreign Exchange Armours–Waiting
for Opening up of Doors of Indian Retail Industry and Ready to Present
Competition to Local Retailers1
TABLE 3: WAL-MART VS. INDIAN RETAIL
Wal-Mart Indian Retailer
The largest retailer in the world with annual
turnover-$ 256 billion and annual growth-12-
13%
Net Profit in 2004-$ 9,000 million
Had a turnover of Rs.1,86,075 only
Only 4% of the 12 million retail outlets were
larger than 500 square feet in size
Total turnover of the unorganized retail
1 This section throws light on the various challenges which FDI may present in retail trade in India.
Employing more than 1.4 million persons
More than 4,800 stores and more than 1,400
are outside USA
Average size of a Wal-Mart is 85, 000 square
feet
Average turnover per store was about $ 51
million and turnover per employee was
averaged at $ 1,75,000
In 2004 the return on assets was 9% and
return on equity was 21%
(Wal-Mart_Corporation, 2004)
sector was Rs.7,35,000 crores
Employing 39.5 million persons
From the perusal of the above (see TABLE 3) one can imagine the situation when a big
firm like Wal-Mart comes to India. Would the Indian Organized Retail sector be able to cope
up with the competition given by such big giants? Would the Indian Organized Retail sector
be able to suffer the losses whereas the big firms like Wal-Mart have deep pockets full of
billions and are able to sustain the losses for many years till the competition is wiped out?
Where the unemployed persons will go? These are some questions which are sufficient
enough to make us think of challenges which these giants can put before us.
Further India has 35 towns each with a population over 1 million. If Wal-Mart were to
open an average Wal-Mart store in each of these cities and they reached the average Wal-
Mart performance per store–we are looking at a turnover of over Rs.80,330 million with only
10,195 employees. Extrapolating this with the average trend in India, it would mean
displacing about 4,32,000 persons. If large FDI driven retailers were to take 20% of the retail
trade, as the now somewhat hard-pressed Hindustan Unilever Limited anxiously anticipates,
this would mean a turnover of Rs.800 billion on today’s basis. This would mean an
employment of just 43,540 persons displacing nearly eight million persons employed in the
unorganized retail sector.
Now from the perusal of the above discussion there are sufficient grounds that prudence
should go in to the policy making. Rather we seem to moving towards a policy steamrolled
obviously by vested interests acting in concert with the CII & FICCI. We need to take a deep
hard look at FDI in the retail sector. In this context we must be concerned about the statement
the Finance Minister, Mr. P. Chidambaram, made while making the mid-year review for
2004-05. “On retail, the review notes that creating an effective supply chain from the
producer to the consumer is critical for development of many sectors, particularly processed
and semi-processed agro-products. In this context, it says, the role that could be played by
organized retail chains, including international ones merits careful attention.”
(Chidambaram, 2004)
4.1.1. FDI in Retail Sector!
The recent initiatives of Government for opening up of retail sector for Foreign Direct
Investment become a very sensitive issue. Arguments are there on both sides. It is a well -
known fact that FDI can have some positive results on the economy not in short-term but in
the long-term. Further it triggers a series of reactions that leads to the greater efficiency and
improvement of standard of living. The supporters of FDI in retail trade argue that it brings
benefits to consumers in term of price reduction, increased and improved selection base, high
quality technique of the foreign players in the market. Further it can increase the domestic
consumption level.
Those who oppose the FDI in retail trade argue that the FDI brings the modern retailing
culture and thus displace the labour up to great extent and destroy the traditional retail sector.
Unless we are able to provide ample jobs in the manufacturing sector we should not think of
a policy which results in elimination of jobs in the unorganized retail sector. In India the
primary task of the Government is to provide livelihood to the mass and not create so called
efficiency of scale by creating redundancies. As per present regulations, no FDI is permitted
in retail trade in India. Allowing 49% or 26% FDI (which have been the proposed figures till
date) will have immediate and dire consequences. Entry of foreign players now will most
definitely disrupt the current balance of the economy; will render millions of small retailers
jobless by closing the small slit of opportunity available to them.
Imagine if Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer sets up operations in India at prime
locations in the 35 metro cities and towns that house more than 1 million people(Census,
2001). The supermarket will typically sell everything, from vegetables to the latest electronic
gadgets, at extremely low prices that will most likely undercut those in nearby local stores
selling similar goods. Wal-Mart would be more likely to source its raw materials from
abroad, and procure goods like vegetables and fruits directly from farmers at preordained
quantities and specifications. This means a foreign company will buy big from India and
abroad and be able to sell low–severely undercutting the small retailers. Once a monopoly
situation is created, this will then turn into buying low and selling high. Further this will
disintegrate the already established supply chain. As Nick Robbins wrote in the context of the
East India Company,–“by controlling both ends of the chain, the company could buy cheap
and sell dear” (Robbins, 2004).
From the above discussion it is clear that how the entry of a single big giant like Wal-
Mart can destroy the whole economy. The examples of various countries like China,
Malaysia and Thailand are there who first opened up the retail sector for FDI and then they
enacted various laws to restrict the fast expansion on foreign malls and hypermarkets (Tarun
& Vijay, 2004).
No doubt that a big domestic retailer or any new foreign player will be able to provide
their merchandise at cheaper rates than a smaller retailer, but somebody should not stop an
Indian retailer from growing bigger. Further it is the right of consumer to buy the best thing at
the lowest rate but this is privilege for an individual consumer and it cannot, in any
circumstance, override the responsibility of any society to provide economic security for its
population. Obviously collective well-being must take precedence over individual benefits.
Opening the retailing sector to FDI means, dislocating millions from their occupation, and
pushing a lot of families below the poverty line. This will increase efficiency but it is
beneficial in developed countries but not in developing countries like India. This will increase
social tension in a developing country like India where still millions of people are seeking for
a gainful employment. Further, how to accommodate this dislocated and unemployed work
force? There is a slowdown in the manufacturing industry so we can’t move this workforce
over there. So far as agriculture is concerned-60% workforce is busy over there. All sectors
are already full, so which sector is there to absorb this unemployed work force? (see TABLE
4) (FICCI & NSS)
TABLE 4: SECTORAL GDP, EMPLOYMENT & GROWTH RATES (%)
Sectors Share % in GDP (2004) Employment
Cumulative average
Growth Rate during
1994-2004
Agriculture 22.10 60.50 2.70
Industry 21.70 16.80 6.53
Service 56.20 22.70 7.90
(FICCI & NSS)
GRAPH 3: SECTORAL GDP, EMPLOYMENT & GROWTH RATES (%)
From the perusal of the TABLE 4 and GRAPH 3 it is clear that service sector contributes
56% of our GDP and over the last 5 years, service sector’s contribution to the increase of
GDP has been 63.9%. Does it signify that ours is developed economy because this much
contribution of service sector to the GDP is a sign of a developed economy? We have to
rethink. The problem is that unlike other counties like China where the manufacturing sector
accounts for a significant share in the GDP, in India this is not so (only 23.1% of GDP––see
TABLE 5 and GRAPH 4) and moreover the growth of the manufacturing sector is very slow
and below the estimates of the Government.
TABLE 5: INDIAN ECONOMY: SECTORAL SOURCES OF GROWTH (%
CONTRIBUTIONS TO INCREASE IN GDP)
Sectors 1992-93 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 2003-04
Agriculture & allied sectors 20.30 13.00
Manufacturing, construction & quarrying 30.90 23.10
Services 48.80 63.90
(Rao, 2004)
22.1
60.5
2.7
21.7 16.8
6.53
56.2
22.7
7.9 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Share % in GDP (2004) Employment Cumulative averageGrowth Rate during
1994-2004
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Agriculture Industry Service
GRAPH 4: INDIAN ECONOMY: SECTORAL SOURCES OF GROWTH
(PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTIONS TO INCREASE IN GDP)
Now, if Government thinks that retail is the only thing that can increase the GDP then
Government should not forget that retailing is an activity which does not boost the GDP itself
but it is a process of value addition. If there are no goods being manufactured then how one
can sold them in the market through the retailing process. This underlines the importance of
the manufacturing in the country. Only until the tardy growth of the manufacturing sector is
addressed properly and its productivity chart starts to look prettier, could one begin thinking
of dislocating some of the retailing workforce into this space.
4.1.2. Experience of FDI in Retail Trade in Various Countries
4.1.2.1. Experience of FDI in Retail Trade in China (FICCI-ICICI, 2005)
FDI in retailing was permitted in China for the first time in 1992. Foreign retailers
were initially permitted to trade only in six Provinces and Special Economic Zones.
Foreign ownership was initially restricted to 49%.
20.3
30.9
48.8
13
23.1
63.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Agriculture & alliedsectors
Manufacturing,construction &
quarrying
Services
Pe
rce
nta
ge G
row
th
1992-93 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 2003-04
Foreign ownership restrictions have progressively been lifted and, and following
China’s accession to WTO, effective December, 2004, there are no equity restrictions.
‘Wholesale and retail projects’ forms part of the Catalogue for Encouraged Foreign
Investment Industries (Annexure 1).
Retail trade in China has been growing since 1992.
Employment in the retail and wholesale trade increased from about 4% of the total
labour force in 1992 to about 7% in 2001. The number of traditional retailers also
increased by around 30% between 1996 and 2001.
In 2006, the total retail sale in China amounted to USD 785 billion, of which the share
of organized retail amounted to 20% (ICRIER, 2008).
Some of the changes which have occurred in China, following the liberalization of its
retail sector, include (CII-PwC, 2008):
o Over 600 hypermarkets were opened between 1996 and 2001
o The number of small outlets (equivalent to kiranas) increased from 1.9 million
to over 2.5 million
o Employment in the retail and wholesale sectors increased from 28 million
people to 54 million people from 1992 to 2001.
China is witnessing robust economic growth and increasing urban and rural incomes
are fuel consumption level in this vast and complex retail environment. According to
Euromonitor, retail sales in China, which amounted to nearly USD 554 billion in
2003, were expected to grow rapidly to reach USD 900 billion by 2009 (CII-PwC,
2008).
China’s retail sector registered growth in 2007. The nominal growth of China’s retail
sales of consumer goods accelerated to 16.8% in 2007, up from 13.7% in 2006. Total
retail sales amounted to 8,921 billion Yuan, of which the wholesale and retail trade
sector grew nominally by 16.7%, to reach 7,504 billion Yuan.
China’s promising consumer market has led to huge foreign interest. FDI in the
country’s retail and wholesale trade climbed in 2007. There were 6,338 new foreign
retail and wholesale enterprises in 2007, up by 35.9% year-on-year. The actual
utilized foreign direct investment value amounted to 2.68 billion US dollars, up by
49.6%. China’s retail and wholesale trade sector has witnessed impressive growth in
foreign direct investment, among others.
4.1.2.2. Experience of Thailand in Opening Retail Sector to FDI
Thailand is frequently referred to as a country in which FDI had an adverse effect on the local
retailers. It permits 100% foreign equity, with no limit on the number of outlets. For the retail
business, it has a capital requirement of TBH100 million and TBH20 million for each
additional outlet, while it has a capital requirement of TBH100 million for each wholesale
outlet.
The factual position, as reflected in the Report of ICRIER, is as follows:
Wet market and small family owned grocery stores dominated the Thai Retail
industry.
Modern retail outlets by local Thai people came to prominence during the economic
boom in the early 1990s.
Prior to 1997, no foreign investment was allowed and hence the retail sector faced
limited competition and thus had few incentives to upgrade their operation.
With the start of the Asian crisis in 1997, the entry ban on foreign players was
removed. Within a short span of time, the foreign players expanded their operations
significantly and marginalised the local retailers who were already suffering from a
recessionary trend of economy.
Many local players had to close down their business.
Entry of foreign players in a recessionary economy adversely impacted all segments –
wholesalers, manufacturers and domestic retailers in the short run.
However, entry of the foreign players had certain positive effects also, such as: (i) It
led to the development of organised retailing and Thailand has now become an
important shopping destination; (ii) It encouraged growth of agro-food processing
industry and enhanced the exports of Thai-made goods through networks of the
foreign retailers.
4.1.2.3. Experience of Russia (ICRIER, 2008)
The Russian supermarket revolution has occurred only in the 2000s. It is still a fragmented
sector in a country with a population of 140 million. Very high growth rates have been
recorded. In 2002, sales by the top-15 chains totalled US$2.7 billion; by 2006, sales by those
chains had soared to US$19.2 billion. The share of the top-3 chains was 40 per cent in 2002
and 54 per cent in 2006, with the lead domestic chains acquiring many small regional and
local chains. The foreign share of sales was 33 per cent in 2002 and 35 per cent in 2006—
only inching up and spreading over 8 foreign chains among the top 15. The two largest
companies are Russian, but the origin of the capital, even of the Russian companies, is
usually a mix of domestic and foreign.
4.1.2.4. Experience of Chile (ICRIER, 2008)
The Chilean supermarket sector is a case of a take-off driven by domestic capital, followed
by nascent multinationalization, followed by abrupt “demultinationalization” The
supermarket sector in Chile was launched in the 1990s, with the backing of domestic capital.
Late in the 1990s, the number two and number three global chains entered: Carrefour and
Ahold. By 2002, those two companies had 13 per cent of the US$4.6 billion in total sales of
the top-eight chains. However, by 2006 their share had plummeted to zero per cent of the
US$12.6 billion in total sales of the top eight (growing at a pace similar to China’s); the
Chilean subsidiaries of two foreign chains had been bought by the top-two Chilean chains in
2003. Today those top-two chains have 65 per cent of the market. The three market leaders,
all domestic, are expanding rapidly into other Latin American countries in mergers and
acquisitions, becoming regional multinationals. The domestic capital was based in a
combination of domestic bank credit and real estate, commercial, and financial services.
These were the tertiary sector ripple effects of the fundamental boom in copper and wood
products, and the fruit and fish boom.
4.1.2.5. Experience of Indonesia (ICRIER, 2008)
Indonesia permits 100% foreign equity in retail business, with no limit on the number of
outlets. It also does not impose any capital requirements. The take-off of modern retail in
Indonesia in the 1990s primarily involved domestic chains. The current leading chain,
Matahari, is indicative. Matahari started as a small shop in 1958, grew into a chain of
department stores, and was then purchased by a giant banking and real estate conglomerate,
Lippo Group, in 1997, just before the crisis. The crisis created a sharp dip in modern retail
sales, which began recovering in the 2000s. Matahari doubled its sales between 2002 and
2006, becoming a billion-dollar chain by 2006. The share of foreign chains (one European
and one Hong Kong) in the top-seven chains is now 40 per cent. However, because the sector
is still fragmented, foreign chains do not have more than a 20 per cent share, similar to the
situation in China.
5. ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED BEFORE ALLOWING FDI IN RETAIL
1. Should FDI in multi brand retail be permitted? If so, should a cap on investment be
imposed? If so, what should this cap be?
2. To develop the retail trade in food grains, other essential commodities and multi-
brand retail in general; should FDI be leveraged for creating back-end infrastructure?
To ensure that foreign investment makes a genuine contribution to the development of
infrastructure and logistics, should it be stipulated that a percentage of the FDI
coming in (say 50%) should be spent towards building up of back end infrastructure,
logistics or agro processing?
3. It is necessary to encourage only genuine players in this sector and avoid a situation
where retail outlets are run through working capital support from financial
institutions. Should a minimum threshold limit for investment in backend
infrastructure logistics be fixed? If so, what should this financial threshold be?
4. To develop our rural sector, should conditionalities be put on the FDI funded chains
relating to employment? For example, should we stipulate that at least 50% of the
jobs in the retail outlets should be reserved for the rural youth?
5. Similarly, to develop our SME sector through local sourcing, should we stipulate that
a minimum percentage of manufactured products be sourced from the SME sector in
India?
6. How best can small retailers be integrated into the upgraded value chain? Can they be
provided access to the logistics/ supply chain set up by the FDI funded retailers?
Should it be stipulated that a minimum percentage of the latter’s sales should be made
to retailers through special wholesale windows?
7. As a part of a calibrated reform process, should foreign investment for such stores be
initially allowed only in cities with population of more than 10 lakhs (2001 census)?
As there may be difficulties faced with regard to availability of real-estate in such
cities for setting up such ventures, should an area of 10 kilometres around the
municipal/urban agglomeration limits of such cities be included within the definition
of the city?
8. Will any of the conditionalities mentioned above be inconsistent with our
commitments under the agreement on TRIM at WTO? If not, to ensure national
treatment, can such conditionalities be extended to all retail chains in India above a
certain size? Will such extended conditionalities be consistent with Article 301 of the
Constitution?
9. What additional steps should be taken to protect small retailers? Should an exclusive
legal and regulatory framework be established to protect their interests? Is a Shopping
Mall Regulation Act required? Does this require intervention at national level or
should this be left to the States?
10. The present public distribution system provides a valuable safety net to vulnerable
sections of society. To ensure that the integrity of the PDS system is not weakened
and buffer stock is maintained at the desired level, should Government reserve the
right of first procurement for a part of the season or put in place a mechanism to
collect a certain amount of levy from private traders in case the level of buffer stock
falls below a certain level?
11. How should compliance be ensured with the above stipulations? Should a centralized
agency, to be nominated by the State Governments concerned, be empowered to grant
permissions to every outlet to be opened? The onus of proving compliance with these
conditions could rest with the concerned retail chain. The chains could submit an
annual statement to such State Government agency providing proof of compliance.
Should this agency be empowered to monitor compliance of the present cash and
carry outlets too?
12. The penalty for non-compliance could include cancellation of approvals as well as
denial of future permissions for such activities. What additional penalties could be
levied? Should civil penalties be imposed? Or criminal? Or both?
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