fdr & the shadow of war · 2013-03-04 · 1934 - tydings-mcduffie act –provided for the...
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FDR & the Shadow of War
1933 - 1941
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The London Conference Summer of 1933
Goal: organize a coordinated international
attack on the global depression
– Eager to stabilize the values of the various nation’s
currencies & the exchange rates
FDR was suspicious about the agenda
– Afraid that it could tie his hands & he did not want to
jeopardize domestic recovery for the sake of
international recovery
US withdrew from the negotiations
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Results of the Withdrawal
FDR’s every-man-for-himself attitude plunged
the planet even deeper into economic crisis
Began a global trend toward extreme
nationalism
Played into the hands of the power-mad
dictators
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Freedom for the Filipinos
Americans were eager to throw overboard their
expensive tropical liability and focus on the
depression at home.
1934 - Tydings-McDuffie Act
– Provided for the independence of the Philippines after
a 12 year period of economic & political guardianship
– US agreed to relinquish its army bases but not naval
bases
Instead of freeing the Filipinos, Americans were freeing
themselves
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Recognition for the Russians
FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union in
1933
– Against protest of anticommunist conservatives
FDR was hoping for trade with the Soviet
Union
– Also wanted to be friendly to Soviet Union to help
against possible German threat
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FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy
Goal: create good relations with Latin America
FDR renounced armed intervention
– Formally endorsed it at the 7th Pan-American
Conference
1934 – Marines left Haiti
Cuba was released from the Platt Amendment
– US naval base at Guantánamo Bay was retained
1936 – Grip on Panama was relaxed
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Good Neighbor Policy is Tested
1938 – Problems in Mexico
– Mexican gov’t seized Yankee oil properties
– US investors demanded intervention
– Settlement was worked out (1941) even though the
oil companies lost money
Policy was applauded by Latin Americans
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Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Headed by Sec of State Cordell Hull
– Believed trade was a 2 way street: a nation can sell
abroad only as it buys abroad
Tariff barriers choked off foreign trade & trade wars beget
shooting wars
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act - 1934
– Aimed at both relief & recovery
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conti
Amended the Hawley-Smoot Law
– FDR could lower rates by as much as 50%
– However, the other country involved had to do the
same
– Effective without congressional approval
Reversed the high-protective-tariff policy
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Dictators Emerge
After WWI, spread of totalitarianism – USSR – Joseph Stalin (Communism)
– Italy – Benito Mussolini (Fascist)
– Germany – Adolf Hitler (NAZI)
Hitler was the most dangerous
– Appealed to the German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
& Germany’s high unemployment
Japan also resented the Treaty of Versailles
– Also wanted more land
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Problems Begin
Japan
– 1934 – gave notice of termination of the Washington Naval
Treaty (limited armament of US, GB, FR, JA, IT
Started building up military
Mussolini
– 1935 – attacked Ethiopia
Actions in Europe reinforced American isolationism
– 1934 – Johnson Debt Default Act – prevented debt-dodging
nations from borrowing further from the US
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Congress Legislates Neutrality
1934 - Senate committee headed
by Gerald Nye were appointed to
investigate reasons for WWI
– Blamed Americans bankers & arms manufacturers
instead of German submarines
Congress was eager to make legislation that
would keep the nation out of future war
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Neutrality Acts 1935, 1936, 1937
When the president proclaimed the existence
of a foreign war, certain restrictions would go
into effect
– No Americans on belligerent ships
– Could not sell or transport munitions to a belligerent
– No loans to belligerents
Goal: to keep US out of war
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Problems for Spain
1936-1939 – Spanish Civil War
– Headed by General Francisco Franco
Aided by Hitler & Mussolini & some from Soviet Union
US sat & watched as Franco strangled the
republic government of Spain
US declined to build up its military
– Even allowed the navy to decline
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Appeasing Japan
1937 – Japan invades China
FDR declined to invoke the Neutrality Acts
– Not officially a war
– Japanese could continue to buy weapons from the US
FDR delivers his “Quarantine Speech” 1937
– Called for ways to “quarantine” aggressors – economic
embargos
Dec 1937 – Japanese sank American Panay in China
– Japan quickly apologized & paid reparations
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Appeasing Germany
1935 – Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles
– Started building up the military
– Marched into the Rhineland
– Started persecuting Jewish & other “undesirables”
1938 – Hitler took Austria & he wanted the
Sudetenland (Czech)
Great Britain & France were eager to appease
Hitler
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Munich Conference
Sept. 1938 – Munich, Germany
– Great Britain & France offered Hitler the
Sudetenland in exchange for Hitler stopping his
advances
– Hitler agreed --- “peace in our time?”
March 1939 – Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia
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Hitler’s Belligerency
Aug 23, 1939 – Hitler and Stalin signed the
Nazi-Soviet Pact
– They would not attack each other & would split
conquered territory
– Freed Hitler to invade Poland
Hitler demanded return of land from Poland
that was lost in WWI
Sept 1, 1939 – Hitler invaded Poland
Britain & France declared war on Germany
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US Neutrality
Britain & France needed US airplanes & other
weapons but the Neutrality Act prevented this
FDR asked Congress to revise the acts
– Neutrality Act of 1939
European democracies could buy US war materials on a
“cash-and-carry” basis
– Use their ships, pay in cash
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones into which
US merchant ships were forbidden to enter
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“Phony War”
Months following the collapse of Poland
Ominous silence fell on Europe
– Hitler was planning an attack on France
End of the “Phony War”
– Soviets attacked Finland
– Hitler attacked Denmark & Norway
Then the Netherlands , Belgium, & France
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Aftermath of the Fall of France
June 1940 – France surrendered to Germany
Successful evacuation at Dunkirk
– British saved the bulk of their army
Winston Churchill – Great Britain’s new leader
France’s collapse shocked the US
– Afraid that Great Britain would be next
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America Responds
FDR called for build up of military
– Increase air power & navy
– $37 billion
Sept 6,1940 - Congress passed a conscription
law
– 1st ever peace-time draft
Havana Conference of 1940
– US agreed to join Latin America & uphold the
Monroe Doctrine
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Problems for Britain
Aug 1940 – Hitler launched air attacks against
Britain
Battle of Britain lasted for months
– Royal Air Force eventually led Hitler to postpone his
invasion indefinitely
Radio broadcasts from Great Britain
caused American sympathy
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Gaining American Support
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies
– Produced propaganda that appealed to both the
interventionists & isolationists
America First Committee
– Believed the US should concentrate
on how to defend their own shores
– Speechmaker – Charles A. Lindbergh
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Destroyers For Bases
Sept 2, 1940 – FDR agreed to give Great
Britain 50 old modeled destroyers left over
from WWI
– In exchange, the British promised 8 valuable
defensive bases to the US for 99 years
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Election of 1940
Republican – Wendell L. Willkie
– Platform- condemned FDR’s alleged dictatorship &
the costly New Deal Programs
– Actively campaigned – 500+ speeches
Democrat – FDR
– Shattered the 2 term tradition
– Believed experience was needed in troubled times
FDR wins again
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The Lend-Lease Bill
Lend or lease American arms to democracies – “Send guns not sons.”
Send a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression – In return, the war would stay across the ocean
Accounts would be settled by returning the weapons or their equivalents to the US at the end of war
Approved in March 1941
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Germany Responds
May 21, 1941 - Germany torpedoed the
American merchant ship Robin Moor
June 22, 1941 – Germany attacks Soviet Union
– FDR responds by aiding Soviet Union (lend-lease
act). Total of $11 billion
– Hitler is stopped at the gates of Moscow
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Atlantic Charter
Aug 1941 – Atlantic Charter Conference
– Winston Churchill & FDR
Atlantic Charter:
– No territorial changes contrary to inhabitants wishes
– People should choose their own government
– Disarmament & peace security (a new League of
Nations)
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US Convoys Begin
July 1941 – FDR decided that lend-lease
shipments to Britain would be escorted by US
destroyers
Germany attacks
– Greer, Kearny, Reuben James
Nov 1941 - Congress voted to end Neutrality
Act of 1939
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Problems for Japan
Japan – Depended on shipments from the US of steel, scrap
iron, oil, & aviation gasoline
Late 1940 – Washington finally imposed an embargo on supplies to Japan
Mid 1941 – US froze all Japanese assets in US
Nov & Dec 1941 - Negotiations begin between US & Japan – US demanded the Japan
withdraw from China
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Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor
US officials “cracked” the Japanese code &
knew that Tokyo had decided for war
– FDR expected an attack in the Philippines
Attack came while negotiations were still going
on
– “Black Sunday” – Dec 7, 1941
3000 casualties, & destruction of US naval fleet & aircraft
WAR for the US had begun
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Clip from
Pearl Harbor