Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries .................................................1

Battery Construction ........................................................................................................2

Theory of Operation ..................................................................................................3 & 4

Battery Capacity ........................................................................................................5 & 6

Battery Capacity Selector ................................................................................................7

Performance Data ............................................................................................................8 Discharge..................................................................................................................................8 OpenCircuitVoltage.................................................................................................................8 Temperature.............................................................................................................................9 ShelfLifeandStorage...........................................................................................................10 BatteryLife.......................................................................................................................10-11 OverDischarge.......................................................................................................................12

Charging ...........................................................................................................................12 ChargingTechniquesSummary............................................................................................13 ChargingCharacteristics........................................................................................................13 ChargingMethods..................................................................................................................13 ConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................................14 ConstantCurrentCharging....................................................................................................15 Taper-CurrentCharging..........................................................................................................15 Overcharging..........................................................................................................................16 Undercharging........................................................................................................................16 ChargingforCycleOperation.................................................................................................16 ChargingforStandbyOperation............................................................................................16 Two-StepConstantVoltageCharging....................................................................................17 CharginginSeries..................................................................................................................17 CharginginParallel................................................................................................................18 TemperatureCompensation..................................................................................................18 TopCharging...........................................................................................................................18 ChargingEfficiency.................................................................................................................19

Important Do’s and Don’ts ............................................................................................20 Handling..................................................................................................................................20 Installation..............................................................................................................................20 Charging..................................................................................................................................21

Notes ................................................................................................................................22

Glossary ...........................................................................................................................24

Table of Contents

Sealed/Maintenance–FreeThevalveregulatedspillproofconstructionallowstrouble-freesafeoperationinanyposition.Thereisnoneedtoaddelectrolyte,asgasesgeneratedduringthechargephasearerecombinedinaunique“oxygencycle”.

Power-Sonicsealedleadacidbatteriescanbeoperatedinvirtuallyanyorientationwithoutthelossofcapacityorelectrolyteleakage.However,upsidedownoperationisnotrecommended.

Long Shelf LifeAlowself-dischargerate,uptoapproximately3%permonth,mayallowstorageoffullychargedbatteriesforuptoayear,dependingonstoragetemperatures,beforechargingbecomescritical.However, we strongly recommend that all batteries should be recharged within six months of receipt as it will enhance their long term life.

PleaserefertothisTechnicalManualandindividualbatteryspecificationsheetsformoredetails.

Design FlexibilitySamemodelbatteriesmaybeusedinseriesand/orparalleltoobtainchoiceofvoltageandcapacity.Thesamebatterymaybeusedineithercyclicorstandbyapplications.Over80modelsavailabletochoosefrom.

Deep Discharge RecoverySpecialseparators,advancedplatecompositionandacarefullybalancedelectrolytesystemensurethatthebatteryhastheabilitytorecoverfromexcessivelydeepdischarge.

EconomicalThehighwatt-hourperdollarvalueismadepossiblebythematerialsusedinasealedlead-acidbattery;theyarereadilyavailableandlowincost.

Easy HandlingNospecialhandlingprecautionsorshippingcontainers,surfaceorair,arerequiredduetotheleak-proofconstruction.PleaserefertothedeclarationofnonrestrictedstatusforD.O.T.andI.A.T.A.aslistedintheLiteraturesectionofourwebsite:www.power-sonic.com.

CompactPower-Sonicbatteriesutilizestateoftheartdesign,highgradematerials,andacarefullycontrolledplate-makingprocesstoprovideexcellentoutputpercell.Thehighenergydensityresultsinsuperiorpower/volumeandpower/weightratios.

Low Pressure Valve RegulatorsAllbatteriesfeatureaseriesoflowpressureone-wayreliefvalves.Thesevalvessafelyreleaseanyexcessiveaccumulationofgasinsidethebatteryandthenreseal.

High Discharge RateLowinternalresistanceallowsdischargecurrentsofuptotentimestheratedcapacityofthebattery.Relativelysmallbatteriesmaythusbespecifiedinapplicationsrequiringhighpeakcurrents.

Wide Operating Temperature RangePower-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedoveratemperaturerangeof-40°Cto+60°C(-40°Fto+140°F)andchargedattemperaturesrangingfrom-20°Cto+50°C(-4°Fto+122°F).

Rugged ConstructionThehighimpactresistantbatterycaseismadeofnon-conductiveABSplastic.Thecasematerialsimpartgreatresistancetoshock,vibration,chemicalsandheat.FlameRetardant(FR)batterycasesandlidsareavailablewheretheendapplicationdictates.

Long Service LifePS/PSHandPSGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofuptofiveyearsinstandbyapplications.Incyclicalapplicationsupto1,000charge/dischargecyclescanbeexpecteddependingonaveragedepthofdischarge.

PGSeries:Haveadesignlifeofupto10yearsinfloatapplications.

PleaseconsultthisTechnicalManualandproductspecificationstobecomeawareofthemanyfactorsthateffectproductlife.

Theinformationcontainedwithinisprovidedasaservicetoourcustomersandisfortheirinformationonly.Theinformationandrecommendationssetforthhereinaremadeingoodfaithandarebelievedtobeaccurateatthedate

compiled.Power-SonicCorporationmakesnowarrantyexpressedorimplied.

Features of Power-Sonic Sealed Lead Acid Batteries

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries �

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Battery Construction

Relief valveIn case of excessive gas pressure build-up inside the battery, the relief valve will open and relieve the pressure. The one-way valve not only ensures that no air gets into the battery where the oxygen would react with the plates causing internal discharge, but also represents an important safety device in the event of excessive overcharge.

Vent release pressure is between 2-6 psi; the seal ring material is neoprene rubber.

TerminalsDepending on the model, batteries come either with AMP Faston type terminals made of tin plated brass, post type terminals of the same composition with threaded nut and bolt hardware, or heavy duty flag terminals made of lead alloy.

A special epoxy is used as sealing material surrounding the terminals.

ElectrolyteImmobilized dilute sulfuric acid: H2S04.

SeparatorsPower-Sonic separators are made of non-woven glass fiber cloth with high heat and oxidation resistance. The material further offers superior electrolyte absorption and retaining ability, as well as excellent ion conductivity.

Plates (electrodes)Power-Sonic utilizes the latest technology and equipment to cast grids from a lead-calcium alloy free of antimony. The small amount of calcium and tin in the grid alloy imparts strength to the plate and guarantees durability even in extensive cycle service. Lead dioxide paste is added to the grid to form the electrically active material.

In the charged state, the negative plate paste is pure lead and that of the positive lead dioxide. Both of these are in a porous or spongy form to optimize surface area and thereby maximize capacity. The heavy duty lead calcium alloy grids provide an extra margin of performance and life in both cyclic and float applications and give unparalleled recovery from deep discharge.

Leakproof Design & Operational SafetyThe leak proof construction of Power-Sonic batteries has ensured that our batteries have been approved for shipment by air, both by D.O.T. and I.A.T.A. Copies of these approvals are available on our website: www.power-sonic.com.

U.L’s component recognition program for emergency lighting and power batteries lists Power-Sonic under file number MH20845

Case SealingDepending on the model the case sealing is ultrasonic, epoxy or heat seal.

ContainerCase and lid material is ABS, high impact, resin with high resistance to chemicals and flammability. Case and cover are made of non-conductive ABS plastic to UL94-HB or UL94 V-O.

This case has molded-in dividers for each 2 volt cell.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries �

DischargeDuringthedischargeportionofthereaction,leaddioxide(PbO2)isconvertedintoleadsulfate(PbSO4)atthepositiveplate.Atthenegativeplatespongelead(Pb)isconvertedtoleadsulfate(PbSO4).Thiscausesthesulfuricacid(2H2SO4)intheelectrolytetobeconsumed.

Figure �: Chemical reaction when a battery is being discharged

ChargeDuringtherechargephaseofthereaction,thecycleisreversed.Theleadsulfate(PbSO4)andwaterareelectrochemicallyconvertedtolead(Pb),leaddioxide(PbO4)andsulfuricacid(2H2SO4)byanexternalelectricalchargingsource.

Figure �: Chemical reaction when a battery is being charged

Theory of Operation

Thebasicelectrochemicalreactionequationinaleadacidbatterycanbewrittenas:

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Oxygen Recombination Toproduceatrulymaintenance-freebattery,itisnecessarythatgasesgeneratedduringoverchargearerecombinedinaso-called“oxygencycle”.Shouldoxygenandhydrogenescape,agradualdryingoutwouldoccur,eventuallyaffectingcapacityandbatterylife.

Duringcharge,oxygenisgeneratedatthepositiveandreactswithandpartiallydischargesthespongeleadofthenegative.Aschargingcontinuestheoxygenrecombineswiththehydrogenbeinggeneratedbythenegative,formingwater.Thewatercontentoftheelectrolytethusremainsunchangedunlessthechargingrateistoohigh.

Incaseofrapidgenerationofoxygenexceedingtheabsorbingcapacityofthenegativeplate,thepressurereliefvalvewillopentoreleaseexcessivegas.

Deep DischargePower-Sonicbatteriesareprotectedagainstcellshortingbytheadditionofabufferingagentthatensuresthepresenceofacidionseveninafullydischargedstate.Power-Sonicdefines“deepdischarge”asonethatallowsthebatteryvoltageunderloadtogobelowthecut-off(or“final”)voltageofafulldischarge.Therecommendedcutoffvoltagevarieswiththedischargerate.Table1showsthefinaldischargevoltagespercell.

Itisimportanttonotethatdeepdischargingabatteryathighratesforshortperiodsisnotnearlyassevereasdischargingabatteryatlowratesforlongperiodsoftime.Toclarify,let’sanalyzetwoexamples:

• Battery A – Dischargedatthe1Cratetozerovolts.“C”fora4AHbattery,forexample,is4amps.Fulldischargeisreachedafterabout30minuteswhenthebatteryvoltagedropsto1.5V/cell.Atthispoint,only50%ofratedcapacityhasbeendischarged(1Campsx0.5hrs=0.5CAmp.Hrs).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillbringthetotalamountofdischargedampere-hourstoapproximately75%becausetherapidlydecliningvoltagequicklyreducescurrentflowtoatrickle.Thebatterywillrecovereasilyfromthistypeofdeepdischarge.

• Battery B – Dischargedatthe0.01Cratetozerovolts.0.0ICfora4AHbatteryis40mA.Fulldischargeisreachedafter100+hourswhentheterminalvoltagedropsto1.75V/cell.Atthispoint,thebatteryhasalreadydelivered100%ofitsratedcapacity(0.01x100hrs=1CAmp.Hrs.).Continuingthedischargetozerovoltswillkeepthebatteryunderloadforafurtherperiodoftime,squeezingouteverybitofstoredenergy.Thistypeof“deep”dischargeissevereandislikelytodamagethebattery.Thesooneraseverelydischargedbatteryisrecharged,thebetteritschancestofullyrecover.

Theory of Operation

Discharge Current Final Discharge Voltage Per Cell

0.1Corbelow,orintermittentdischarge 1.75

0.17Corcurrentclosetoit 1.75

0.6Corcurrentclosetoit 1.70

From1Cto2Corcurrentclosetoit 1.50

3Corcurrentclosetoitandabove 1.37

Table �: Final discharge voltage per cell

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries �

Capacity

Thecapacityofabatteryisthetotalamountofelectricalenergyavailablefromafullychargedcellorcells.Itsvaluedependsonthedischargecurrent,thetemperatureduringdischarge,thefinal(cut-off)voltageandthegeneralhistoryofthebattery.

Table2showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPS,PSHandPSGmodels.

Rated Capacity

20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate

Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH

0.5 AH 0.025 0.50 0.045 0.45 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.300.8 AH 0.04 0.80 0.072 0.72 0.13 0.65 0.48 0.481.1 AH 0.055 1.10 0.10 1.00 0.19 0.95 0.68 0.681.4 AH 0.07 1.40 0.13 1.30 0.24 1.20 0.85 0.852.0 AH 0.10 2.00 0.19 1.90 0.34 1.70 1.24 1.242.3 AH 0.115 2.30 0.225 2.25 0.39 1.95 1.38 1.382.5 AH 0.125 2.50 0.22 2.20 0.40 2.00 1.50 1.502.8 AH 0.14 2.80 0.25 2.50 0.48 2.40 1.70 1.702.9 AH 0.145 2.90 0.26 2.60 0.49 2.45 1.80 1.803.2 AH 0.16 3.20 0.30 3.00 0.54 2.70 2.00 2.003.4 AH 0.17 3.40 0.33 3.30 0.58 2.90 2.20 2.203.5 AH 0.175 3.50 0.33 3.40 0.59 2.95 2.17 2.173.8 AH 0.19 3.80 0.35 3.50 0.64 3.20 2.40 2.404.5 AH 0.225 4.50 0.41 4.10 0.64 3.20 2.75 2.755.0 AH 0.25 5.00 0.43 4.30 0.80 4.00 3.00 3.005.4 AH 0.27 5.40 0.50 5.00 0.90 4.50 3.60 3.605.5 AH 0.275 5.50 0.54 5.40 0.95 4.75 3.70 3.706.0 AH 0.30 6.00 0.56 5.60 0.98 4.90 3.60 3.606.5 AH 0.325 6.50 0.61 6.10 1.10 5.50 4.03 4.037.0 AH 0.35 7.00 0.63 6.30 1.19 5.95 4.34 4.347.2 AH 0.36 7.20 0.70 7.00 1.30 6.50 4.60 4.608.0 AH 0.40 8.00 0.78 7.75 1.40 7.00 4.80 4.808.5 AH 0.425 8.50 0.81 8.10 1.50 7.50 6.50 6.509.0 AH 0.45 9.00 0.83 8.30 1.54 7.70 5.60 5.60

10.0 AH 0.50 10.00 0.93 9.30 1.70 8.50 6.20 6.2010.5 AH 0.53 10.50 0.98 9.80 1.87 9.35 6.82 6.8212.0 AH 0.60 12.00 1.15 11.50 2.10 10.50 7.30 7.3013.0 AH 0.65 13.00 1.22 12.20 2.30 11.50 8.00 8.0014.0 AH 0.70 14.00 1.30 13.00 2.50 12.50 8.45 8.4518.0 AH 0.90 18.00 1.70 17.00 3.20 16.00 11.10 11.1020.0 AH 1.00 20.00 1.85 18.50 3.40 17.00 12.40 12.4021.0 AH 1.05 21.00 2.00 20.00 3.70 18.50 13.00 13.0026.0 AH 1.30 26.00 2.40 24.00 4.40 22.00 16.10 16.1028.0 AH 1.40 28.00 2.62 26.20 5.00 25.00 18.60 18.6035.0 AH 1.75 35.00 3.30 33.00 6.20 31.00 25.00 25.0036.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.35 33.50 6.12 30.60 22.30 22.3040.0 AH 2.00 40.00 3.80 38.00 6.70 33.50 24.00 24.0055.0 AH 2.75 55.00 5.10 51.00 8.80 44.00 30.60 30.6075.0 AH 3.75 75.00 7.20 72.00 13.60 68.00 47.00 47.00

100.0 AH 5.00 100.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20110.0 AH 5.50 110.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80140.0 AH 7.00 140.00 13.50 135.00 24.00 120.00 84.00 84.00210.0 AH 10.50 210.00 20.00 200.00 36.00 180.00 168.00 168.00

Table �: Capacities for various multiples of the �0-hour discharge current - PS, PSH and PSG models.

Capacity

Capacity,expressedinampere-hours(AH),istheproductofthecurrentdischargedandthelengthofdischargetime.Theratedcapacity(C)ofaPower-Sonicbattery(PS,PSHandPSG-Series)ismeasuredbyitsperformanceover20hoursofconstantcurrentdischargeatatemperatureof20°C(68°F)toacutoffvoltageof1.75volts/cell.

Asanexample,modelPS-610,witharatedcapacityof1.1AHwilldeliver55mA(1/20of1.1AH,or0.05C)for20hoursbeforethevoltagereachesanendvoltageof5.25volts.

Bycyclingthebatteryafewtimesorfloatchargingitforamonthortwo,thehighestlevelofcapacitydevelopmentisachieved.Power-Sonicbatteriesarefullychargedbeforeleavingthefactory,butfullcapacityisrealizedonlyafterthebatteryhasbeencycledafewtimesorbeenonfloatchargeforsometime.

Whenabatterydischargesataconstantrate,itscapacitychangesaccordingtotheamperageload.Capacityincreaseswhenthedischargecurrentislessthanthe20hourrateanddecreaseswhenthecurrentishigher.

Rated Capacity

20 Hour Rate 10 Hour Rate 5 Hour Rate 1 Hour Rate

Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH Amps AH

28.0 AH 1.50 30.00 2.80 28.00 5.10 25.50 18.60 18.60

35.0 AH 1.80 36.00 3.50 35.00 6.50 32.50 27.00 27.00

42.0 AH 2.25 45.00 4.20 42.00 7.20 36.00 25.20 25.20

56.0 AH 3.00 60.00 5.60 56.00 9.50 47.50 33.00 33.00

65.0 AH 3.53 70.60 6.50 65.00 11.20 56.00 39.00 39.00

75.0 AH 4.00 80.00 7.50 75.00 12.90 64.50 45.00 45.00

92.0 AH 4.90 98.00 9.20 92.00 15.80 79.00 55.20 55.20

103.0 AH 5.55 111.00 10.30 103.00 17.70 88.50 61.80 61.80

124.0 AH 6.45 129.00 12.40 124.00 21.30 106.50 74.40 74.40

144.0 AH 7.70 154.00 14.40 144.00 24.08 120.40 84.00 84.00

153.0 AH 8.30 166.00 15.30 153.00 26.30 131.50 91.80 91.80

210 0 AH 11.30 226.00 21.00 210.00 36.10 180.50 126.00 126.00

Table �: PG-Series batteries, by industry convention, are rated at their �0 hour rate.

Table3showscapacitiesforvariousmultiplesofthe20-hourdischargecurrentforPGmodels.

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POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries �

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Performance Data

DischargeDuringdischargethevoltagewilldecrease.ThegraphsinFigure4illustratethisfordifferentdischargeratesandambienttemperatures.“C”istheratedcapacityofabattery:“C”formodelPS-61O(6V–1.1AH)is1.1AH.Byconventiontheratingofnearlyallsealed-leadacidbatteries,isbasedona20-hour(0.05C)dischargerate.ForlargerbatteriesusedfortelecomandlargeUPSsystems(ourPG-Series)theconventionistousea10-hourrate(0.1C).

AnimportantfeatureofPower-Sonicbatteriesisshowninthedischargecurves;namely,thevoltagetendstoremainhighandalmostconstantforarelativelylongperiodbeforedecliningtoanendvoltage.

Open-Circuit VoltageOpencircuitvoltagevariesaccordingtoambienttemperatureandtheremainingcapacityofthebattery.Generally,opencircuitvoltageisdeterminedbythespecificgravityoftheelectrolyte.Dischargingabatterylowersthespecificgravity.TheopencircuitvoltageofaPower-Sonicbatteryis2.16V/cellwhenfullychargedand1.94V/cellwhencompletelydischarged.

AsseeninFigure4,underload,thebatterycandeliverusefulenergyatlessthan1.94V/cell,butaftertheloadisremovedtheopencircuitvoltagewill“bounceback”tovoltagesshowninFigure5,dependentuponresidualcapacity.

Figure �: Discharge Characteristic Curves at �0°C (��°F)

Figure �: Open-Circuit Voltage Characteristics

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Residual Capacity (%)

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries �

TemperatureActualcapacityisafunctionofambienttemperatureandrateofdischarge.At20°C(68°F)ratedcapacityis100%.Thecapacityincreasesslowlyabovethistemperatureanddecreasesasthetemperaturefalls.Evenat-40ºC(-40°F),however,thePower-Sonicbatterywillstillfunctionatbetterthan30%ofitsratedcapacitywhendischargedatthe20-hourrate(0.05C).Atanyambienttemperature,thehighertherateofdischarge,thelowertheavailablecapacity.ThisrelationshipisshowninFigure6.

Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybedischargedattemperaturesrangingfrom-40°Cto60°C(-40°Fto140°F)andchargedattemperaturesfrom-20°Cto50°C(-4°Fto122°F).

Whileraisingambienttemperatureincreasescapacity,italsodecreasesusefulservicelife.Itisestimatedthatbatterylifeishalvedforeach10°C(18°F)abovenormalroomtemperature.

Performance Data

Figure �: Relationship between current and discharge time for different ambient temperatures

Figure �: Effect of Temperature on Capacity

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Temperature (°C)

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Performance Data

Shelf Life & StorageLowinternalresistanceandspecialalloysintheelectrodesassurealowselfdischargerateand,consequently,alongshelflife.Ifkeptat20°C(68°F),about60-70%ofthenominalcapacityremainsafteroneyearofstorage.Duetotheself-dischargecharacteristicsofthistypeofbattery,itisimperativethattheybechargedwithin6monthsofstorage,otherwisepermanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultofsulfation.

Therateofselfdischargevarieswiththeambienttemperature.Atroomtemperature(20°C(68°F))itisabout3%permonth.Atlowtemperaturesitisnearlynegligible;athigherambienttemperaturesselfdischargeincreases.Toobtainmaximumbatterylifeandperformance,batteriesshouldberechargedassoonaspossibleaftereachuseandnotstoredinadischargedstate.Ifpossiblebatteriesshouldbestoredat20°C(68°F)orlower,andrechargedeverysixmonthswhennotinuse.

Battery LifeCyclicUse:Thenumberofcharge/dischargecyclesdependsonthecapacitytakenfromthebattery(afunctionofdischargerateanddepthofdischarge),operatingtemperatureandthechargingmethod.

Figure 8: Self Discharge Characteristics

Figure �: Relationship between depth of discharge and number of cycles as well as increases of capacity during the early cycles.

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POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Performance Data

Battery Life (continued)StandbyUse:Thefloatservicelife,orlifeexpectancyundercontinuouscharge,dependsonthefrequencyanddepthofdischarge,thechargevoltage,andtheambienttemperature.Atafloatvoltageof2.25Vto2.30V/cellandanambienttemperatureof20°Cto25°C(60°Fto77°F)Power-Sonicbatteriesshouldlastfourtofiveyearsbeforethecapacitydropsto60%ofitsoriginalrating.

ThegraphinFigure11showslifecharacteristicsinfloat(standby)serviceforambienttemperaturesrangingfrom15°Cto55°C(60°Fto130°F).Ifprevailingambienttemperaturesarewellabove20°Cto25°C(68°Fto77°F)thelifeexpectancyofthistypeofbatteryinfloatservicedependsgreatlyontemperaturecompensatedcharging.Thetypicaltemperaturecoefficientis2mV/cell/20°Candunder.

Figure �0: Indicates how capacity changes over time.

Figure ��: Service life at various ambient temperatures

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Performance Data

Over DischargeTooptimizebatterylife,itisrecommendedthatthebatterybedisconnectedfromtheload(eitherelectronicallyormanually)whentheendvoltage-afunctionofthedischargerate-isreached.Itisthevoltagepointatwhich100%oftheusablecapacityofthebatteryhasbeenconsumedorcontinuationofthedischargeisuselessbecauseofthevoltagedroppingbelowusefullevels.ThefinaldischargevoltagespercellareshowninTable1(Page4).

Dischargingasealedlead-acidbatterybelowthisvoltageorleavingabatteryconnectedtoaloadwillimpairthebattery’sabilitytoacceptacharge.Topreventpotentialoverdischargeproblems,voltagecutoffcircuitsasshowninFigure12maybeused.

Figure ��: Circuits of Over-Discharge Preventative Device

ChargingDependableperformanceandlongservicelifedependuponcorrectcharging.Faultyproceduresorinadequatechargingequipmentresultindecreasedbatterylifeand/orunsatisfactoryperformance.Theselectionofsuitablechargingcircuitsandmethodsisasimportantaschoosingtherightbatteryfortheapplication.

Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybechargedbyusinganyoftheconventionalchargingtechniques:

• ConstantVoltage • ConstantCurrent • Taper-Current • TwoStepConstantVoltage

Toobtainmaximumservicelifeandcapacity,alongwithacceptablerechargetimeandeconomy,constantvoltage-currentlimitedchargingisrecommended.

TochargeaPower-SonicSLAbattery,aDCvoltagebetween2.30voltspercell(float)and2.45voltspercell(fast)isappliedtotheterminalsofthebattery.Dependingonthestateofcharge,thecellmaytemporarilybelowerafterdischargethantheappliedvoltage.Aftersometime,however,itshouldleveloff.

Duringcharge,theleadsulfateofthepositiveplatebecomesleaddioxide.Asthebatteryreachesfullcharge,thepositiveplatebeginsgeneratingdioxidecausingasuddenriseinvoltageduetodecreasinginternalresistance.Aconstantvoltagecharge,therefore,allowsdetectionofthisvoltageincreaseandthuscontrolofthecurrentchargeamount.

Additionalinformationregardingchargingmethodscanbefoundonpages13through19.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Charging

Charging CharacteristicsDuringconstantvoltageortapercharging,thebattery’scurrentacceptancedecreasesasvoltageandstateofchargeincrease.Thebatteryisfullychargedoncethecurrentstabilizesatalowlevelforafewhours.Therearetwocriteriafordeterminingwhenabatteryisfullycharged:(1)thefinalcurrentleveland(2)thepeakchargingvoltagewhilethiscurrentflows.

Charging MethodsSelectingtheappropriatechargingmethoddependsontheintendeduse(cyclicorfloatservice),economicconsiderations,rechargetime,anticipatedfrequencyanddepthofdischarge,andexpectedservicelife.Thekeygoalofanychargingmethodistocontrolthechargecurrentattheendofthecharge.

Figure ��: Typical charge characteristics for cycle service where charging is non-continuous and peak voltage can be higher.

Figure ��: Typical characteristics for standby service type charge. Here, charging is continuous and the peak charge voltage must be lower.

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Charging

Constant Voltage Charging ConstantvoltagechargingisthebestmethodtochargePower-Sonicbatteries.Dependingontheapplication,batteriesmaybechargedeitheronacontinuousornon-continuousbasis.InapplicationswherestandbypowerisrequiredtooperatewhentheACpowerhasbeeninterrupted,continuousfloatchargingisrecommended.Non-continuouscyclicchargingisusedprimarilywithportableequipmentwherechargingonanintermittentbasisisappropriate.

Theconstantvoltagechargemethodappliesaconstantvoltagetothebatteryandlimitstheinitialchargecurrent.Itisnecessarytosetthechargevoltageaccordingtospecifiedchargeandtemperaturecharacteristics.Inaccuratevoltagesettingscauseover-orunder-charge.Thischargingmethodcanbeusedforbothcyclicandstandbyapplications.

Figure ��: Constant voltage charging circuit

Figure ��: Constant voltage charging characteristics

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Charging

Constant Current Charging Constantcurrentchargingissuitedforapplicationswheredischargedampere-hoursoftheprecedingdischargecycleareknown.Chargetimeandchargequantitycaneasilybecalculated,howeveranexpensivecircuitisnecessarytoobtainahighlyaccurateconstantcurrent.Monitoringofchargevoltageorlimitingofchargetimeisnecessarytoavoidexcessiveovercharge.

Whilethischargingmethodisveryeffectiveforrecoveringthecapacityofabatterythathasbeenstoredforanextendedperiodoftime,orforoccasionaloverchargingtoequalizecellcapacities,itlacksspecificpropertiesrequiredintoday’selectronicenvironment.

Taper-Current Charging Thismethodisnotrecommendedasitissomewhatabusiveofsealedleadacidbatteriesandcanshortenservicelife.However,becauseofthesimplicityofthecircuitandlowcost,taper-currentchargingisextensivelyusedtochargemultiplenumbersand/orforcycliccharging.

Whenusingataper-currentchargerthechargertimeshouldbelimitedorachargingcut-offcircuitbeincorporatedtopreventovercharge.Pleasecontactourtechnicaldepartmentifyouneedassistancewiththis.

Inataper-currentchargingcircuit,thecurrentdecreasesinproportiontothevoltagerise.Whendesigningataperchargeralwaysconsiderpowervoltagefluctuations.Inthiseventtheinternalresistancedropwillconverttoheat.Heatgeneratedbythecircuitshouldbemeasuredandifrequiredaheatsinkshouldbeincorporatedinthedesign.

Figure ��: Taper-current charging characteristics for this type of basically unregulated charger.

Figure ��: Taper-current charging circuit

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Overcharging Asaresultoftoohighachargevoltageexcessivecurrentwillflowintothebattery,afterreachingfullcharge,causingdecompositionofwaterintheelectrolyteandprematureaging.

Athighratesofoverchargeabatterywillprogressivelyheatup.Asitgetshotter,itwillacceptmorecurrent,heatingupevenfurther.Thisiscalledthermalrunawayanditcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.

Undercharging Iftoolowachargevoltageisapplied,thecurrentflowwillessentiallystopbeforethebatteryisfullycharged.Thisallowssomeoftheleadsulfatetoremainontheelectrodes,whichwilleventuallyreducecapacity.

Batterieswhicharestoredinadischargedstate,orleftontheshelffortoolong,mayinitiallyappeartobe“opencircuited”orwillacceptfarlesscurrentthannormal.Thisiscausedbyaphenomenoncalled“sulfation”.Whenthisoccurs,leavethechargerconnectedtothebattery.Usually,thebatterywillstarttoacceptincreasingamountsofcurrentuntilanormalcurrentlevelisreached.Ifthereisnoresponse,eventochargevoltagesaboverecommendedlevels,thebatterymayhavebeeninadischargedstatefortoolongtorecover.

Ifinanydoubt,orifconceptsofproperuseandcareareunclear,pleaseensurethatyoucontactPower-Sonic’stechnicaldepartment.

Charging for Cycle OperationCyclicapplicationsgenerallyrequirethatrechargingbedoneinarelativelyshorttime.Theinitialchargecurrent,however,mustnotexceed0.30xCamps.Justasbatteryvoltagedropsduringdischarge,itslowlyrisesduringcharge.Fullchargeisdeterminedbyvoltageandinflowingcurrent.When,atachargevoltageof2.45±0.05volts/cell,thecurrentacceptedbythebatterydropstolessthan0.01xCamps(1%ofratedcapacity),thebatteryisfullychargedandthechargershouldbedisconnectedorswitchedtoafloatvoltageof2.25to2.30volts/cell.Thevoltageshouldnotbeallowedtoriseabove2.45±0.05volts/cell.

Charging for Standby OperationStandbyapplicationsgenerallydonotrequirethatthebatterybechargedasfastorasfrequentlyasincycleoperation.However,thebatterymustbekeptconstantlychargedtoreplacetheenergythatisexpendedduetointernallossanddeteriorationofthebatteryitself.AlthoughtheselossesareverylowinPower-Sonicbatteries,theymustbereplacedattheratethebatteryselfdischarges;atthesametimethebatterymustnotbegivenmorethantheselossesoritwillbeovercharged.Toaccomplishthis,aconstantvoltagemethodofchargingcalled“floatcharging”isused.

Therecommendedconstantfloatvoltageis2.25-2.30voltspercell.Maintainingthisfloatvoltagewillallowthebatterytodefineitsowncurrentlevelandremainfullychargedwithouthavingtodisconnectthechargerfromthebattery.ThetricklecurrentforafullychargedbatteryfloatingattherecommendedchargevoltagewilltypicallyhoveraroundtheO.OO1Crate(1OmAfora10AHbattery,forexample.)

Thefloatchargerisbasicallyaconstantvoltagepowersupply.Asincyclechargers,caremustbeexercisednottoexceedtheinitialchargecurrentof0.30xCamperes.

Charging

Caution! Never charge or discharge a battery in a hermetically sealed enclosure. Batteries generate a mixture of gases internally. Given the right set of circumstances, such as extreme overcharging or shorting of the battery, these gases might vent into the enclosure and create the potential for an explosion when ignited by a spark.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Charging

Two-Step Constant Voltage ChargingThismethodusestwoconstantvoltagedevices.Intheinitialchargephasethehighvoltagesettingisused.Whenchargingisnearlycompleteandthechargevoltagehasrisentoaspecifiedvalue(withthechargecurrentdecreased),thechargerswitchesthevoltagetothelowersetting.Thismethodallowsrapidchargingincycleorfloatservicewithoutthepossibilityofovercharging,evenafterextendedchargingperiods.

Charging in Series Lead-acidbatteriesarestringsof2voltcellsconnectedinseries,commonly2,3,4or6cellsperbattery.StringsofPower-Sonicbatteries,upto48voltsandhigher,maybechargedinseriessafelyandefficiently.However,asthenumberofbatteriesinseriesincreases,sodoesthepossibilityofslightdifferencesincapacity.Thesedifferencescanresultfromage,storagehistory,temperaturevariationsorabuse.

Fullychargedbatteriesshouldneverbemixedwithdischargedbatterieswhencharginginseries.Thedischargedbatteriesshouldbechargedbeforeconnection.

Whenasingleconstantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrossanentirehighvoltagestring,thesamecurrentflowsthroughallcellsinthestring.Dependingonthecharacteristicsoftheindividualbatteries,somemayoverchargewhileothersremaininaslightlyunderchargedcondition.

Tominimizetheeffectsofindividualbatterydifferences,usebatteriesofthesameage,amphour,andhistoryand,ifpossible,chargeinstringsofnogreaterthan24or48volts.

Figure ��: Dual stage current limited battery charger.

Figure �0: Two-step constant voltage charging characteristics.

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Charging

Charging in Parallel Power-Sonicbatteriesmaybeusedinparallelwithoneormorebatteriesofequalvoltage.

Whenconnectedinparallel,thecurrentfromachargerwilltendtodividealmostequallybetweenthebatteries.Nospecialmatchingofbatteriesisrequired.Ifthebatteriesofunequalcapacityareconnectedinparallel,thecurrentwilltendtodividebetweenthebatteriesintheratioofcapacities(actually,internalresistances).

Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel,wheredifferentratiosofchargearetobeexpected,itisbesttomakeprovisionstoassurethatthecurrentswillnotvarytoomuchbetweenbatteries.

Temperature CompensationPower-Sonicbatteriesperformwellbothatlowandhightemperatures.Atlowtemperatures,however,chargeefficiencyisreduced;attemperaturesabove45°C(113°F),chargeefficiencyincreasessorapidlythatthereisadangerofthermalrunawayiftemperaturecompensationisnotprecise.

Theeffectoftemperatureonchargevoltageislesscriticalinfloatapplicationsthanincyclicuse,whererelativelyhighchargecurrentsareappliedforthepurposeofshortrechargetimes.

Temperatureeffectsshoulddefinitelybeconsideredwhendesigningorselectingachargingsystem.Temperaturecompensationisdesirableinthechargingcircuit,especiallywhenoperatingoutsidetherangeof5°Cto35°C(41°Fto95°F).Thetemperaturecoefficientis-2mV/cell/ºCbelow20°C(68°F)infloatuseand-6mV/cell/ºCbelow20°Cincyclicuse.Forhighertemperaturesthechargevoltageshouldbecorrespondinglydecreased.

Top ChargingAllbatterylosecapacitythroughself-discharge,itisrecommendedthata“topupcharge”beappliedtoanybatterythathasbeenstoredforalongperiodoftime,priortoputtingthebatteryintoservice.

Tosuccessfullytopchargeabatterystoredformorethan12months,theopencircuitvoltagemustbehigherthan2.0voltspercell,inthiscase,alwaysconfirmopencircuitvoltagepriortoattemptingtopupcharging.

Ambient Charge Voltage Per Cell

Temperature Cyclic Use (V) Float Use (V)

-40°C(-40°F) 2.85–2.95 2.38–2.43

-20°C(-4°F) 2.67–2.77 2.34–2.39

-10°C(14°F) 2.61–2.71 2.32–2.37

0°C(32°F) 2.55–2.65 2.30–2.35

10°C(50°F) 2.49–2.59 2.28–2.33

20°C(68°F) 2.43–2.53 2.26–2.31

25°C(77°F) 2.40–2.50 2.25–2.30

30°C(86°F) 2.37–2.47 2.24–2.29

40°C(104°F) 2.31–2.41 2.22–2.27

50°C(122°F) 2.25–2.35 2.20–2.25

Table �: Recommended charge voltages for different temperatures.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Charging EfficiencyThechargingefficiency(η)ofabatteryisexpressedbythefollowingformula:

Thechargingefficiencyvariesdependinguponthestateofchargeofthebattery,temperatures,andchargingrates.Figure21illustratestheconceptofthestateofchargeandchargingefficiency.AsshowninFigure22.Power-Sonicbatteriesexhibitveryhighchargingefficiency,evenwhenchargedatlowchargingrates.

Charging

Figure 21: Charge efficiency vs. state of charge.

Char

ge E

ffici

ency

State of Charge (%)

Figure 22: Charge efficiency vs. charging current.

Char

ge E

ffici

ency

Charging Current (xCA)

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Important Do’s and Don’ts

Power-Sonicrechargeablesealedlead-acidbatteriesaredesignedtoprovideyearsofdependableservice.Adherencetothefollowingguidelineswillensurethatbatterylifeismaximizedandoperationistrouble-free.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

• Itisimportantthatyoufamiliarizeyourselfwiththesepriortohandling,installinganddisposingofallbatteries.IfthereareanyquestionsraisedfromthesepleasecontactPower-Sonic’stechnicaldepartment.

Handling

•Alwayswearinsulatedgloveswhenhandlingbatteries;especiallywhenconnectingseriesandparallelgroupsofbatteries.

•FollowallprecautionsasdescribedinourMaterialsSafetyDataSheets(MSDS).Thisinformationissubjecttochangedependingupongovernmentlegislation.Visitourwebsite:www.power-sonic.comforup-to-datecopiesofthese.

•Ifequipmentistobestoredforalongperiodoftimethebatteriesshouldbedisconnectedtoavoidunduedrainonthebatteriesandanypotentialfordamagetotheequipment.

Installation

•Fastenbatteriestightlyandmakeprovisionsforshockabsorptionifexposuretoshockorvibrationislikely.

•Wheninstallingthebatterywithinapieceofequipment,fixitsecurelyatthelowestpracticablepoint.

•Thebatteryshouldnotbeattachedtoanypieceofequipmentduring“burn-in”testing.

•Donotapplyundueforcetotheterminalsorbendthem.Avoidapplyingheattotheterminalsthroughprocessessuchassoldering.

•Ifsolderingtothebatteryterminalsisunavoidableitmustbeaccomplishedwithin3seconds,usingasolderingironnogreaterthan100watts.

•Donotplacebatteriesincloseproximitytoobjectswhichcanproducesparksorflames,anddonotchargebatteriesinaninvertedposition.

•Avoidexposingbatteriestoheat!Careshouldbetakentoplacebatteriesawayfromheat-emittingcomponents.Ifcloseproximityisunavoidable,provideventilation.Servicelifeisshortenedconsiderably’atambienttemperaturesabove30°C(86°F).

•Topreventproblemsarisingfromheatexchangebetweenbatteriesconnectedinseriesorparallel,itisadvisabletoprovideairspaceofatleast0.4”(10mm)betweenbatteries.

•Donotmixbatterieswithdifferentcapacities,differentagesorofdifferentmakes.Thedifferenceincharacteristicswillcausedamagetothebatteriesandpossiblytotheattachedequipment.

•BatterycasesandlidsmadeofABSplasticcansustaindamageifexposedtoorganicsolventsoradhesives.

•Forbestresultsandgenerallyacceptableperformanceandlongevity,keepoperatingtemperaturerangebetween-40°C(-40°F)and60°C(140°F).

•Itisgoodpracticetoensurethattheconnectionsarere-torquedandthebatteriesarecleanedperiodically.

•Donotattempttodisassemblebatteries.Contactwithsulfuricacidmaycauseharm.Shoulditoccur,washskinorclotheswithliberalamountsofwater.Donotthrowbatteriesintoafire;batteriessodisposedmayruptureorexplode.Disassembledbatteriesarehazardouswasteandmustbetreatedaccordingly.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Important Do’s and Don’ts

Charging

•Batteriesshouldnotbestoredinadischargedstateoratelevatedtemperatures.Ifabatteryhasbeendischargedforsometime,ortheloadwasleftonindefinitely,itmaynotreadilytakeacharge.Toovercomethis,leavethechargerconnectedandthebatteryshouldeventuallybegintoacceptcharge.

•Continuousover-orunderchargingisthesingleworstenemyofalead-acidbattery.Cautionshouldbeexercisedtoensurethatthechargerisdisconnectedaftercyclecharging,orthatthefloatvoltageissetcorrectly.

•AlthoughPower-Sonicbatterieshavealowself-dischargeratewhichpermitsstorageofafullychargedbatteryforuptoayear,itisimportantthatabatterybechargedwithin6monthsafterreceipttoaccountforstoragefromthedateofmanufacturetothedateofpurchase.Otherwise,permanentlossofcapacitymightoccurasaresultofsulfation.Toprolongshelflifewithoutcharging,storebatteriesat10°C(50°F)orless.

•AlthoughitispossibletochargePower-Sonicbatteriesrapidly,i.e.in6-7hrs.itisnotnormallyrecommended.Unlimitedcurrentchargingcancauseincreasedoff-gassingandprematuredrying.Itcanalsoproduceinternalheatingandhotspotsresultinginshortenedservicelife.Toohighachargecurrentwillcauseabatterytogetprogressivelyhotter.Thiscanleadto“thermalrunaway”andcandestroyabatteryinaslittleasafewhours.

•Caution:Neverchargeordischargeabatteryinanairtightenclosure.Batteriesgenerateamixtureofgasesinternally.Giventherightsetofcircumstances,suchasextremeoverchargingorshortingofthebattery,thesegasesmightventintotheenclosureandcreatethepotentialforanexplosionwhenignitedbyaspark.Generally,ventilationinherentinmostenclosuresissufficienttoavoidproblems.

•Whenchargingbatteriesinseries(positiveterminalofonebatteryisconnectedtothenegativeterminalofanother)theinterconnectingcablesmustallbeofequallengthandresistancetoinsureequalizationoftheload.Allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesameamountofchargecurrent,thoughindividualbatteryvoltagesmayvary.

•Whenchargingbatteriesinparallel(positiveterminalsareconnectedtothepositiveterminalandnegativeterminalstothenegative),allbatteriesinthestringwillreceivethesamechargevoltage,butthechargecurrenteachbatteryreceiveswillvaryuntilequalizationisreached.

•Highvoltagestringsofbatteriesinseriesshouldbelimitedtotwenty6voltorten12voltbatterieswhenasingleconstantvoltagechargerisconnectedacrosstheentirestring.Differencesincapacitycancausesomebatteriestooverchargewhileothersremainunderchargedthuscausingprematureagingofbatteries.Itis,therefore,notadvisabletomixbatteriesofdifferentcapacities,make,orageinaseriesstring.

•Tominimizetheeffectsofcellorbatterydifferences,chargethestringin24voltbatterygroupsthroughaconstantcurrentsourcewithzenerdioderegulationacrossindividualbatteriesorbatterygroups.

•Rechargetimedependsonthedepthoftheprecedingdischargeandtheoutputcurrentofthecharger.Todeterminetheapproximaterechargetimeofafullydischargedbattery,dividethebattery’scapacity(amp.hrs)bytheratedoutputofthechargercurrent(amps)andmultiplytheresultingnumberofhoursbyafactorof1.75tocompensateforthedecliningoutputcurrentduringcharge.Iftheamountofamp.hrs.dischargedfromthebatteryisknown,useitinsteadofthebattery’scapacitytomakethecalculation.

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Notes

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries ��

Notes

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Glossary

Active MaterialTheactiveelectro-chemicalmaterialsusedinthemanufactureofpositiveandnegativeelectrodes.

Ambient TemperatureTheprevailingsurfacetemperaturetowhichabatteryisexposed.

AmpereUnitofmeasurementforelectriccurrent.

Ampere-HourTheproductofcurrent(amperes)multipliedbytime(hours).Usedtoindicatethecapacityofabattery.AlsoAmp.Hr.orA.H.

BatteryTwoormorecellsconnectedtogether,mosttypicallyinseries.

CUsedtosignifyachargeordischargerateequaltothecapacityofabatterydividedbyonehour.ThusCfora1600mAhbatterywouldbe1.6A.C/5forthesamebatterywouldbe320mAandC/10wouldbe160mA.

CapacityTheelectricalenergyavailablefromacellorbatteryexpressedinampere-hours.

• Available capacity:ampere-hoursthatcanbedischargedfromabatterybasedonitsstateofcharge,rateofdischarge,ambienttemperature,andspecifiedcut-offvoltage.

• Rated capacity (“C”):thedischargecapacitythemanufacturerstatesmaybeobtainedatagivendischargerateandtemperature.

• Capacity fade:thelossofcapacityduetoinadequaterecharging.

CellThebasicbuildingblockofabattery.Thenominalvoltageofalead-acidcellis2volts.

• Cell reversal:theactofdrivingacellintoreversepolaritybyexcessivedischarge.

• Primary cell:cellorbatterythatcanbedischargedonlyonce.

• Secondary cell:theprocessisreversiblesothatcharginganddischargingmayberepeatedoverandover.

ChargeTheconversionofelectricalenergytochemicalenergy;theprocesswhichrestoreselectricalenergytoacellorbattery.

• Charge retention:abattery’sabilitytoholdacharge.Itdiminishesduringstorage.

• Charge acceptance:quantifiestheamountofelectricchargethataccumulatesinabattery.

• Float charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatterybyapplyingaconstantvoltage.

Charge (Continued) • Trickle charge:maintainsthecapacityofacellorbatteryby

applyingasmallconstantcurrent. • Charge equalization:bringsallofthecellsinabatteryor

stringtothesamestateofcharge.

Closed Circuit Voltage TestAtestmethodinwhichthebatteryisbrieflydischargedataconstantcurrentwhilethevoltageismeasured.

Cutoff VoltageThefinalvoltageofacellorbatteryattheendofchargeordischarge.

CycleAsinglechargeanddischargeofacellorbattery.

Deep CycleAcycleinwhichthedischargecontinuesuntilthebatteryreachesit’scut-offvoltage,usually80%ofdischarge.

Direct Current (DC)Thetypeofelectricalcurrentthatabatterycansupply.Oneterminalisalwayspositiveandtheotheralwaysnegative.

DischargeTheprocessofdrawingcurrentfromabattery.

• Deep Discharge:thedischargeofacellorbatterytobetween80%and100%ofratedcapacity.

• Depth of Discharge:theamountofcapacity-typicallyexpressedasapercentage-removedduringdischarge.

• Self Discharge:thelossofcapacitywhilestoredorwhilethebatteryisnotinuse.

• Self Discharge Rate:thepercentofcapacitylostonopencircuitoveraspecifiedperiodoftime.

DrainThewithdrawalofcurrentfromabattery.

ElectrodePositiveornegativeplatecontainingmaterialscapableofreactingwithelectrolytetoproduceoracceptcurrent.

ElectrolyteConductsionsinacell.Leadacidbatteriesuseasulfuricacidsolution.

End of Charge VoltageThevoltagereachedbythecellorbatteryattheendofcharge,whilethechargerisstillattached.

Energy DensityRatioofbatteryenergytovolumeorweightexpressedinwatt-hourspercubicinchorpound.

Glossary

Gas RecombinationTheprocessbywhichoxygengasgeneratedfromthepositiveplateduringthefinalstageofchargeisabsorbedintothenegativeplate,preventinglossofwater.

High Rate DischargeAveryrapiddischargeofthebattery.NormallyinmultiplesofC(theratingofthebatteryexpressedinamperes).

ImpedanceTheresistivevalueofabatterytoanACcurrentexpressedinohms(Ω).Generallymeasuredat1000Hzatfullcharge.

Internal ResistanceTheresistanceinsideabatterywhichcreatesavoltagedropinproportiontothecurrentdraw.

Negative TerminalTheterminalofabatteryfromwhichelectronsflowintheexternalcircuitwhenabatterydischarges.SeePositiveTerminal

Nominal Voltage / Nominal CapacityThenominalvalueofratedvoltage/thenominalvalueofratedcapacity.Thenominalvoltageofalead-acidbatteryis2voltspercell.

Open Circuit VoltageThevoltageofabatteryorcellwhenmeasuredinanoloadcondition.

OverchargeThecontinuouschargingofacellafteritachieves100%ofcapacity.Batterylifeisreducedbyprolongedovercharging.

Parallel ConnectionConnectingagroupofbatteriesorcellsbylinkingallterminalsofthesamepolarity.Thisincreasesthecapacityofthebatterygroup.

PolarityThechargesresidingattheterminalsofthebattery.

Positive TerminalTheterminalofabatterytowardwhichelectronsflowthroughtheexternalcircuitwhenthecelldischarges.SeeNegativeTerminal.

Rated CapacityThecapacityofthecellexpressedinamperes.Commonly,aconstantcurrentforadesignatednumberofhourstoaspecifieddepthofdischargeatroomtemperature.

RecombinationThestateinwhichthegassesnormallyformedwithinthebatterycellduringitsoperationarerecombinedtoformwater.

Series ConnectionTheconnectionofagroupofcellsorbatteriesbylinkingterminalsofoppositepolarity.Thisincreasesthevoltageofthebatterygroup.

Self DischargeThelossofcapacityofabatterywhileinstoredorunusedconditionwithoutexternaldrain.

SeparatorMaterialisolatingpositivefromnegativeplates.Insealedleadacidbatteriesitnormallyisabsorbentglassfibertoholdtheelectrolyteinsuspension.

SLA BatterySealedlead-acidbattery,generallyhavingthefollowingcharacteristics:Maintenance-free,leak-proof,position-insensitive.Batteriesofthistypehaveasafetyventtoreleasegasincaseofexcessiveinternalpressurebuild-up.Hencealsotheterm:Valveregulatedbattery.

“GelCells”areSLAbatterieswhosedilutesulfuricacidelectrolyteisimmobilizedbywayofadditiveswhichturntheelectrolyteintoagel.

Service LifeTheexpectedlifeofabatteryexpressedinthenumberoftotalcyclesoryearsofstandbyservicetoadesignatedremainingpercentageoforiginalcapacity.

Shelf LifeThemaximumperiodoftimeabatterycanbestoredwithoutsupplementarycharging.

Standby ServiceAnapplicationinwhichthebatteryismaintainedinafullychargedconditionbytrickleorfloatcharging.

State of ChargeTheavailablecapacityofabatteryatagiventimeexpressedasapercentageofratedcapacity.

SulfationTheformationordepositofleadsulfateonthesurfaceandintheporesoftheactivematerialofthebatteries’leadplates.Ifthesulfationbecomesexcessiveandformslargecrystalsontheplatesthebatterywillnotoperateefficientlyandmaynotworkatall.

Thermal RunawayAconditioninwhichacellorbatteryonconstantpotentialchargecandestroyitselfthroughinternalheatgeneration.

Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery (VRLA)See“SLABattery”listedabove.

POWER-SONIC Rechargeable Batteries

Quality is always #1 WeemployIQC,PQCandISO9001QualityManagementSystemstotestmaterials,monitormanufacturingprocessesandevaluatefinishedproductspriortoshipment.Allourbatteriesare100%testedwithadvancedcomputerequipmentpriortobeingreleasedforsale.

Power-Sonicmanagementandstaffarecommittedtoprovidingthebestpossibleservicetosatisfyourcustomer’sneeds,andfulfillourundertakingtodelivertopgradeproductsontimeandatacompetitiveprice.

OurbatteriesaremanufacturedtointernationalstandardsincludingJIS,DINandIECandhaveULandCEcertification.

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